1

2009.10.19

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.SVP Minoru SHINOHARA

Technology development and future vision of Nissan's

Electric Vehicle

2

1. Background on the Electric Powertrain

2. Development of Nissan’s EV

3. Preparation for Widespread EV Adoption

4. Approach to Future Mobility

2000

新車

のC

O2排

出量比

(Well t

o W

heel)

40

60

80

100

0

20

Nissan Green Program (NGP) 2010

In 2050 vs. 2000 : -90%(estimation)

In 2050 vs. 2000 : -90%(estimation)

Cube (SU-LEV)

Expanding SU-LEVs

Atmosphere-level emissionAtmosphere-level emission

2000 2050 ICE

HE

V

EV

FC

V40

60

80

100

0

20

450ppm450ppm450ppm

Short-term: Evolution of engine technologies including HEV

Long-term: Expanding Zero-emission vehicles

CO2 Reduction

New

car’

s C

O2

em

issi

on

s(W

ell

To

Wh

ee

l) (

%)

Cleaner Emissions

Recycling resources

Recycling rate: over 95%Recycling rate: over 95%

Resource recovery rate: 100%Resource recovery rate: 100%

Environmental conscious

vehicle design

4

FCVs

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Gasoline cars HEVs EVsDiesel cars

Use

of

ele

ctri

city

U

se o

f ele

ctri

city

fr

om

recy

clab

le e

nerg

yfr

om

recy

clab

le e

nerg

y

Use

of

hyd

rog

en

U

se o

f h

ydro

gen

fr

om

recy

clab

le e

nerg

yfr

om

recy

clab

le e

nerg

y

Zero-emission vehiclesZero-emission vehicles

New

car’

s C

O2

em

issi

on

s(W

ell T

o W

heel)

(%

)

Environment : Electric powertrain for CO2 reduction

Ultimate goal of Zero-emission vehicles and clean energy

90%90%

5

Electricity

Zero-emission energy

Energy : Electricity for powertrains

Electricity is a highly efficient use of energyElectric energy can be generated from various sourcesElectric energy is essential for securing energy and lessening dependence on oil

Oil

Biomass

CoalNatural gas

Nuclear

hydroelectric, wind, solar

6

1. Background on the Electric Powertrain

2. Development of Nissan’s EV

2-1．Newly Developed EV LEAF

2-2．Core Technologies for Competitive EV

3. Preparation for Widespread EV Adoption

4. Approach to Future Mobility

7

LEAF unveiled in August 2009Launch Nissan’s original EV in Japan, US and Europe in FY10Expand globally in 2012

8

LEAF overview

Seating capacity： 4-5 adultsCruising range : over 160km (US LA4)Motor : 80kW, 280NmBattery : 24kWh Li-ion (produced by AESC)

9

EV dedicated IT support systemEV dedicated IT support system

LEAF overview

Various merits of EVICE EV

NoiseNoise

Gas stationGas station

Exhaust gasExhaust gas

（20km/L、1,000km/mth driving）

Gasoline cost6,000yen/mth

Stimulating acceleration

Smooth start

Sustainable mobility society

Filled-up every morning

Quietness from start-up to high-speed

Equivalent gasoline cost of 100km/L（Charge using nighttime electricity

、1,000km/mth driving）

Electricity cost1,200yen/mth

Quiet, for you and your neighbors

Quiet, for you and your neighbors

EV unique dynamic performance

EV unique dynamic performance

Charge at homeCharge at home

Zero-emissionZero-emission

11

Quick acceleration with equal performance to 3L gasoline vehicle

LEAF acceleration

Time [sec]

LEAF

Hypermini

FUGA

30ｍ

3L gasoline vehicle

10ｍ 20ｍ

LEAF

Acc

ele

rati

on

[G]

12

No

ise (

dB

)

Quietness at all speeds

LEAF

TEANA 2.5L

Total silence with no engine sound from start-up to accelerationWind noise at high speeds is minimized by diverting airflow

Start-up acceleration

Position and style of headlights can reduce wind noise from the door mirrors

13

地図

東京銀座中心で

100kmだとどこまで

160kだと・・・・

150km

0 50 100 150 2000

20

40

60

80

100

Average range (km) per day Distance from Tokyo

Perc

en

tag

e (

%)

100km

50km

Cruising range for a fully charged Nissan EV is over 160km (US LA4)Covers daily commute for most major cities in urban areas

Cruising range sufficient for daily use

14

Cruising range test mode of US LA4

31.5km/h

Average speed

approx. 80km/h

Top speed

US LA4Cold cycle +

Hot cycle

Engine

Based on driving conditions in Los Angeles suburbsSimilar to actual use including start-up in cold cycle to frequent acceleration and deceleration

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 (s)

40

20

Cold cycle Soak Hot cycle

Sp

eed

(m

ile/h

) 60

15

充電

Charging Level

0 1/2 Full

Autonomy Range

１２３ｋｍ※Estimation

Charging Start !OFF

80%

ON

充電

Charging Level

0 1/2 Full

Autonomy Range

１２３ｋｍ※Estimation

Charging Start !OFF

80%

ONON

Driving range

Nearby charging stations

Fully charged notice

Off-board support On-board support Off-board support

Before riding Riding After riding

Trip review

Pre-cooling system Charging timer

24 hours IT EV charging supportIT support of EV charging for both on-board and off-board

16

1. Background on Electric Powertrain

2. Development of Nissan’s EV

2-1．Newly Developed EV LEAF

2-2．Core Technologies for Competitive EV

3. Preparation for Widespread EV Adoption

4. Approach to Future Mobility

Newly developed dedicated EV platform

High response motor and inverter are mounted on the front

Laminated Lithium ion batteries are installed under the floor

• Front mounted high performance powertrain• Laminated Lithium ion batteries are

installed under the floor• High body stiffness achieved by the

dedicated flame with battery and inverter

Comfortable cabin space, quiet and lively driving

18

Laminated cell are housed in the battery moduleAssembled modules are combined to form battery pack, which

is then installed in EV

Structure of Li-ion battery pack

Battery moduleBattery moduleLaminated cellLaminated cell

Installed under the floor as a battery pack

19

Drive

Battery’s role for EVBattery not only stores energy but also generates power

Battery performance defines main values of EV, such as

cruising range, acceleration and cabin space

General ICE vehicle EV

Fuel tank

Engine

Trans-mission

Drive

BatteryBattery

Inverter

Motor

Energy storage

Generate power

Shift gears

Drive

20

140Wh/kg*> 2.5kW/kg*½ the Size

Charge

Discharge

* after durability test * after durability test

Nissan was the first to believe in the potential of Li-ion batteries for automotive applications and began development in 1992

Developed a commercially viable automotive battery with high performance and reliability

Cylindrical(2000)

LaminatedLaminatedCylindrical

Stable crystal structure material

Higher cooling efficiency by laminated structure

High reliability

Twice the energyTwice the power Halved size and flexible packaging

Performance of laminated Li-ion battery

Cylindrical(2000)

Laminated

21

Advanced battery installed under vehicle floor, which results in improved cabin space

Evolution of vehicle

Mounting image

Year 2000

Lead-acidbattery

Li-ion battery

1600L

200L

CurrentMotorMotor InverterInverter BatteryBattery

eg) Capacity for storing 20kwh of energyeg) Capacity for storing 20kwh of energy

22

Principally high potential and durability/reliability.Higher energy density with high theoretical capacity compared to other batteries.To achieve higher power output for automotive, due to optimized design of electrode structure.

Feature and potential of Li-ion battery

Charge/discharge mechanism without chemical change

Mechanism of Li-ion

e-e-

Li+

Cathode Anode

Purple: Conductive network(power output)

White: Electrode active material (Capacity)

Optimizing capacity and power output by electrode structure

More than twice energy performance

Energy density Electrode model

Li-ion(3.6V)

Ni-MH(1.2V)

Ni-Cd(1.2V)

Lead Acid(2.0V)

0 100 200 300 400Volume energy density Wh/L

Weig

ht

en

erg

y d

en

sity

Wh

/kg

0

50

100

150

Light w

eight /

compact

Furthermore future potential of technical innovation due to material design flexibility.

23

Battery management on EVBattery management is necessary in order to maximize battery performanceControl temperature and manage driving conditions

Temperature

Charging condition

• Deterioration with heat• Low power with cold

• Deterioration with charging frequency and quick charging

SOC* (remaining of battery)Battery’s driving condition management

Temperature control

Factors for changing battery performance

Battery management through vehicle

• Deterioration with over discharge• Deterioration with full charge

*SOC：State of Charge

24

Charger

Battery packs

Inverter

Motor

Regeneration braking

Electric air-conditioner

Electric power steering

All major components of the EV are electric, including the powertrain, power steering and air-conditioner

LED headlights

Electric parts on the EV

25

EV’s ability to meet global market needsFor global markets, acceptance of the EV requires reliability under

various conditions and comparable performance to current vehicles

26

1. Background on Electric Powertrain

2. Development of Nissan’s EV

2-1．Newly Developed EV LEAF

2-2．Core Technologies for Competitive EV

3. Preparation for Widespread EV Adoption

4. Approach to Future Mobility

27

Charging network

8h

Three-phase200V

Single-phase200V

Single-phase100V

Power source

30min

16h

Charging time

~15A

~20A

Type

Basic concept of charging infrastructure

Ordinary charge

Quick charging

Charge on the roadCharge at destination

Ordinary charge

Home charge

Quick chargingChoose ordinary or quick charge depending on how long stay

Charging methods

EVuses

Charging network

ChargerCharger

Charger

Charger

Charging type

Short distance Short / middle distance Long distance

Nissan is developing a network of charging points with multiple partners

1000(～2014)

160(planned)

Ordinarycharger

10023(current)

Quick charger

2010 Target

Today

10 km

10km

Kanagawa prefecture

YokohamaYokohama

Urban area

Ex：Infrastructure in Kanagawa Prefecture

Number of public charging facilities in Kanagawa pref.

Quick chargerPotential sites for ordinarycharging station

As of March 2009

29

Estimate for EV demandCurrently, there are many views on the future EV market

Estimate on future global EV market(from various public data)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2010 2015 2020

(million units)

(Year)

C

A

B

D

30

EV Market：Potential demand of 100 million units in urban areas

ドイツ 中国

米国New YorkNew York

Los AngelesLos Angeles

Chicago

San San FranciscoFrancisco

Philadelphia

Dallas Atlanta

Houston

Detroit

Sao Paulo

BeijingBeijingTokyo

MoscowParisParis

London

Madrid

5000k -

3000k -2000k -

1000k -

Shanghai Yokohama

Lisbon

Manchester

Singapore

Seattle

Phoenix

San Diego

Portland

Seoul

*Number of automobiles counts only the city holds over 1 million units of passenger vehicle (CY2006)

Initial customers are users in urban areas, with a daily commutes within the charging station network

Approximately 100 million units or 15 % of the global automobile market is in urban areas

31

1. Background on Electric Powertrain

2. Development of Nissan’s EV

2-1．Newly Developed EV LEAF

2-2．Core Technologies for Competitive EV

3. Preparation for Widespread EV Adoption

4. Approach to Future Mobility

32

windwind

nuclearnuclear

・car sharing・park & ride・ITS support

urban mobility

storage of energystorage of energy

New businesses surrounding EVTo expand EV, consider wide range of views on energy

supply, power storage and optimization of mobility

introduction of clean energy

power supply stabilizationpower supply stabilizationpeak shavingpeak shaving

powerproduction

chargenetwork

power network

battery reuse

EV・battery optimization of mobility

EV

BATcompany

solar batterypanel

storage battery (Li-ion Batt.)

converter

V2H H2V

switchboardAC

DC

ACDC

Storage

Selling

Smart houseSmart house

nighttimeelectricity

Effective utilization of clean energyEffective utilization of clean energy：：smart housesmart house

Resulting in ultimate energy savings for the household, possible to deliver more clean energy through solar power and EV battery

34

Ministry introduced subsidy for solar power generation(budget: 20 billion yen, cases: 84,000, subsidy: 70,000yen/1kW)

Various governments introduced measures at local levels

kanagawa pre.35,000yen/1kW

up to 120,000yen

kanagawa pre.35,000yen/1kW

up to 120,000yen

Sapporo city70,000 yen/1kWup to 200,000yen

Sapporo city70,000 yen/1kWup to 200,000yen

Osaka100,000yen/1kW

up to 400,000yen

Osaka100,000yen/1kW

up to 400,000yen

Kyoto25,000yen/1kW

up to 10kW

Kyoto25,000yen/1kW

up to 10kW

Kita kyusyu city30,000yen/1kW

up to 120,000yen

Kita kyusyu city30,000yen/1kW

up to 120,000yen

Miyazaki pre.low-interest rate

loanup to 3million yen

Miyazaki pre.low-interest rate

loanup to 3million yen

Tokyo100,000yen/1kW

up to 1million yen

Tokyo100,000yen/1kW

up to 1million yenSaitama pre.60,000/1kW

up to 210,000yen

Saitama pre.60,000/1kW

up to 210,000yen

Niigata city35,000yen/1kW

up to 350,000yen

Niigata city35,000yen/1kW

up to 350,000yenMiyagi pre.

35,000yen/1kWup to 125,000yen

Miyagi pre.35,000yen/1kW

up to 125,000yen

Akita pre.60,000yen/1kWup to 240,00yen

Akita pre.60,000yen/1kWup to 240,00yen

Fukushima pre.15,000yen/1kW

up to 4kW

Fukushima pre.15,000yen/1kW

up to 4kW

Kagoshima pre.45,000yen/1kW

up to 135,000yen

Kagoshima pre.45,000yen/1kW

up to 135,000yenChiba city

30,000yen/1kWup to 90,000yen

Chiba city30,000yen/1kWup to 90,000yenHyogo pre.

30,000yen/1kWup to 100,000yen

Hyogo pre.30,000yen/1kW

up to 100,000yen

Gunma pre.35,000yen/1kW

up to 100,000yen

Gunma pre.35,000yen/1kW

up to 100,000yen

Ishikawa pre.100,000-250,000yen

Ishikawa pre.100,000-250,000yen

Tottori city20,000円/1kW

up to 80,000yen

Tottori city20,000円/1kW

up to 80,000yen

Matsuyama city50,000yen/1kW

up to 200,000yen

Matsuyama city50,000yen/1kW

up to 200,000yen

(excerpt from J-PEC HP)

Effective utilization of clean energy：solar power generation

35

Increase facilities and houses with high energy

self-sufficient rate

Power sharing among facilities

and network

Introduction scenario for smart grid

Connection with clean power basement

mega solar wind

renewable

fossil energy

100％

<image of power energy breakdown>

Evolution to smart house, smart community and smart grid

smart house smart community smart grid

renewable

fossil energy

renewable

fossil energy

36

quick chargeDC/DC

storage

selling

charge

Solar electric charging station demonstration (started 2009)

50kW

Created battery storage facility through EV located on parking area

Integrated solar electric generation for emergency power and quick charging station

general load

battery storage（EV on parking area）

168kWh

solar battery panel

switchboard

37

Zero CarbonZero CarbonZero Carbon

Low CarbonLow CarbonLow Carbon

Popularization of EVPopularization of EV

Spread of eco-drivingSpread of eco-driving Improvement of traffic jam

Improvement of traffic jam

For the most suitable mobility：

YOKOHAMA mobility “Project ZERO”Began examination that aims for a model low carbon cityDivided areas in order to provide suitable mobility andreduce the city’s overall CO2 levels

38

Approach for “Zero Carbon”：EV expansion

EV expansion• preferential purchasing• preferential use

- parking with charge- express highwayInfrastructure development

• more charging systems at

public parking areas

• support for private

businesses

Urban area mobility

• EV car sharing• personal mobility• effect of reducing CO2

Considering various measures to introduce and spread EV use

2,000～5,000£ subvention for EV/PHEV (scale of budget：250 millions £ )

25 thousands points in London (～2015)

2.3 billions £(20 m £ : Invest for

charging infrastructure)

1.2 million units (～2020)

United Kingdom

4 billions €(1.5 billion € : Invest for charging infrastracture)

500 millions €(Federal government)

Scale of budget

5,000€ subvention for 100,000 units of EV/PHEV(～2012)

3,000 - 5,000€ subvention for initial 100,000 units (2012-2014)

Purchasing incentive

1 million points (～2015)4.4 millions points (～2020)

-Charging infrastructure

2 millions units (～2020)1 million units (～2020)Target volume

FranceGermany

Governmental support for EV usageActive support through resources for charging infrastructure and purchasing incentives

40

Partnership

Oregon

California

Arizona

Tennessee

U.S.A（2010）

Washington

North. Carolina

Israël（2011）Monaco（2011）

UK

Japan（2010）

Singapore

China（2011）Portugal（2011）

Ireland

Australia

＊） As of the end of August, 2009

Switzerland（2011）

France（2011）

（EV introduction year）

Global partnership for EV popularizationApproximately 30 partnerships announced worldwide