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Technology and WarA Quick Look at World War I
When, Where, Why, Who…Outcomes orSo What Factor???
• When: 1914-1918• Where: Europe, Africa, The Middle East, Asia• Why…a series of unfortunate decisions, events, and…
Extreme Nationalism, Extreme Militarism, Extreme Imperialism and Alliances That Were a Result of the “Extremes”
• The Allied Powers vs. The Central Powers
• Outcomes…The “So What” Factor
Politicians create wars, soldiers then must fight them!War is a failure of Statesmanship!
TheAllied Powers
The Central Powers
Key Players
Great Britain
France
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
The Triple Entente The Triple Alliance
Italy
Italy Ottoman Empire
The United States
The Rulers
George VHouse of Battenburg
(Mountbatten)
Tsar Nicholas IIRomanov
Kaiser WilhelmHohenzollern
Franz Joseph IIHabsburg
Mehmed V
Key Theories on War
Sun Tzu Jomini Von Clausewitz
• All war is based on deception• Move around the enemy’s
strengths• If you know the enemy and
know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
• War is a science• Employ maximum
combat power to defeat the enemy’s strength
• Logistics is the practiced art of moving armies
• The Fog of War• The Seething Cauldron
of Fire• The Center of Gravity• The Operational Art of
War
The Plans
New Technologies On Land
Aviation
Armored Warfare (Tanks) Poison Gas
Modern Logistics???
Improved Artillery
Electronic Communications
Machine Guns and Automatic Weapons
New Technologies
Poison Gas
• Chlorine• Phosgene• Mustard
Communications
Armor and Cavalry
Aircraft in War
The British Empire
Field Marshall Sir Douglas Haig General Sir John
French, Commander in Chief of the British Expeditionary Forces
Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum
French Leadership
Marshall JoffreHero of the Battle of
the Marne
Marshall FocheSupreme
Commander of the Allied Armies
Marshall PetainHero of Verdun
Germany’s Leadership
Von Schleiffen Kaiser Wilhelm II Von Moltke
Von Falkenhayn Von HindenburgLudendorff
Verdun 1916
“They Shall Not Pass”
Verdun/Ft Douamont Jan-Dec 1916
>700,000 Casualties
1917-1918
• The US Enters the War and Engages on the Western Front• American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)…Port of Newport News• GEN Pershing will not allow US Soldiers to be used as replacements• The Tsar falls and Germany and Russia sign a Peace Treaty • The German Final Offensive• The American’s engage
• Cantigny• Meuse-Argonne • Belleau Wood• St Mihiel
America’s Entry into the War
Lafayette, We are here!
1917-1918
• German Collapse at home (later called the knife in the back)• The General Staff advises the Kaiser to abdicate• Germany agrees to a cease fire on 11/11/11/11 …the Rail Car at Compeigne
• Revolution in Russia• Demands for reparation and for Germany to be neutralized (economically, militarily
… buffers to prevent future wars)
The Treaty of Versailles
Orlando, Lloyd –George, , Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson
June 28, 1919
Germany is responsible for the war?Germany is to pay reparations and is forbidden to have:• A Navy• An Air Force• The Army is limited to 100K and may not have
tanks, artillery, limited machine guns, etc.• German territories in Africa and China (to Japan)
are taken
The 14 Points:The League of Nations (Wilson’s Dream), Alsace-Lorraine, Poland established, freedom of the seas, Italy, the Balkans (Serbia free access to the sea, Austria-Hungary is dissolved (new countries along ethnic lines sort of), De-militarization, Turkey vice Ottoman Empire, Russia withdraws (creating Poland and the Baltic States), Self-determination, no secret alliances/treaties, etc. etc.
The New Map of Europe
• Poland is re-born• Polish Corridor to the Baltic• Germany is split• Saar Region• Rhineland De-militarized • Alsace returned to France• The Baltic States• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
Outcomes…a very short list of many
• Germany’s new government is confronted with revolution… Spartacists, Communists, Nationalists (Germany was never defeated and was stabbed in the back at home)• Rampant inflation in Germany• The rise of National Socialism• The Strictures of Versailles are circumvented, renounced and ignored
• France has suffered horrific losses of young men which in the 30’s creates the “hollow years”• The need for protection creates the application of technology… The Maginot Line• Weak governments, weak leaders, passivism
• The Soviet Union is created• Great Britain retains much of its Empire but is in a weakened state• Italy is in chaos … not unusual for any of the new or revamped states which creates
opportunity for a new order• Mussolini and Fascism rise in Italy• Declaration of a New Roman Empire
• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, the Baltic States, etc.• Japan emerges again as a winner and expands footprint in China• Treaties, agreements, Kellogg-Briand Pact to ban war• The United States reverts to isolationism
Global Financial Crisis
1918
“We have a pause of twenty years before the next war”Ferdinand Foch, Marshall of France, commenting on the Treaty of Versailles
1919-1939
Politicians create wars, soldiers then must fight them!War is a failure of Statesmanship!