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Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrumGerman Biomass Research Centre
Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Str. 116, D-04347 Leipzig, www.dbfz.de
Technology and innovation trends in the biogas sector
Biogas Dialogue – Policy Framework and Innovation Trends in the Baltic Sea Region
Policy workshop of the SPIN project
Thursday, 2nd December 2010, Berlin,
Federal Press Office (Bundespresseamt)
Jan Postel
Content
The German Biomass Research Centre
State of Biogas production and use in Germany connected withreliability and efficiency
Problematic issues of R&D - How to explore the potentials mostefficient?
Challenges for the future and expectations
Example 1: Upgrading of biogas
Example 2: Energy efficiency
Example 3: Pre-treatment of organic waste and other substrates
4
DBFZStructure and organisation
Researchcouncil
BMELVSupervisory board
(BMELV, BMU, BMVBS, BMBF,
SMUL)
DBFZ founded in 2008 as a non-profit company owned by the German FederalMinistry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV)
2009: 134 employees, 149 projects
Application oriented technical, economic and environmental R&D activities
Consultancies for private/public institutions
Policy assessment for federal ministries
Feasibility studies for bioenergy plants
Substrate
7
Biowaste
n=420
Maissilage
78%
Getreide-
GPS
6%
Getreidekorn
4%
Grassilage
11%
sonstiges
1%
Maize
Others Gras silage
Grain whole plant silage
Grain
Substrate input (mass-related)in biogas plants (operator survey 2009)
Input of energy crops (mass-related)in biogas plants (operator survey 2009)
n=420
Bioabfall
10%
industrielle
und landw.
Reststoffe
6%
Exkremente
43%
NawaRo
41%
Industrial and Agricultural residues
Excrements
Energy crops
Biowaste
Questions: Energy crops or not? What is a reliable mix?
Fermentation technology
8
n=437
86%
14%
Nassfermentation
Trockenfermentation
Question: Static, Plug flow or fully mixed fermenters?? Which one is more efficient and reliable?
Wet fermentation
High solids fermentation
Environmental behaviour: Closed oropen storage tanks for residues
9
n=453
44%
5%7%
44%
offen
offen und geschlossen
keine Angaben
geschlossen
OpenOpen and closed No informationClosed gastight
Question: Connection to efficiency and reliability?
Weiland et. al. (2008): about 50 % of new German biogas plants donot invest into measurement and control equipment.
Process Control – State of the Art
Installed electrical capacity kWel
Shar
e of
inve
stm
ent c
osts
for
mea
srur
emen
t a
nd c
ontr
ol e
quip
men
t in
%
Weiland et. al. (2008): Biology: 5th main reason for disturbances
Process Control –Reasons for disturbances of
operation
Relative frequency Working efforts
Wor
king
effo
rts
hou
rs p
er w
eek
Rel
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
of d
istu
rban
ces
in %
Was
te in
put
tech
nolo
gies
Mec
hani
cal
Pret
reat
men
t
Sepa
ratio
n of
impu
ritie
s
Hyg
ieni
satio
n
Bio
logi
cal
Proc
ess
Pum
ps
Solid
sub
stra
te
Feed
ing
Stirr
ing
Clo
ggin
gs
Gas
pur
ifica
tion
CH
P un
it
Con
trol
eq
uipm
ent
Gas
loss
es
Oth
ers
Efficiency –CHP - Reliability experiences
12
Cumulated annual standstill of CHP units in 60 German biogas plants [d/a]
-> Availability between 75 and 95 %!
Weiland et. al. (2008)
Efficiency –Own electricity demand
13
n=297
0
10
20
30
40
50
10 100 1.000 10.000
installierte Leistung [kWel]
Eig
enstr
om
bedarf
[%
]
Installed electrical capacity [kWel]
Ow
n el
ectri
city
dem
and
[% o
f pro
duct
ion]
Efficiency –Heat use of decentralised plants
14
n=166
0
20
40
60
80
100
! 50 51 - 150 151 - 500 501 – 1.000 > 1.000
installierte elektr. Anlagenleistung [kWel]
An
teil B
iog
asa
nla
ge
n m
it e
nts
pre
ch
en
de
n
Wä
rme
nu
tzu
ng
sg
rad
[%
]
Biogasanlagen Wärmenutzungsgrad !50% [%] Biogasanlagen Wärmenutzungsgrad >50% [%]
• Upgradring or decental production of electricity?
Sha
re o
f pla
nts
with
giv
en h
eat
utliz
atio
n sh
are
[%]
Installed electrical capacity [kWel]
Average heat utilization share < 50 % Average heat utilization share > 50 %
logistics
Substrates
sto-rage
short storage substrate
Electricity
Substratemixture
fermenter
gas storage
gas utilization
Storage of residues
Emissions atuse of residues
Emissions,losses
effizienttechnologies
HeatBiomethane
Biomass supply andlosses criticised
utilizationof wastes
Black boxmicrobiology,
additives
Knowledgedemand at operators
and investors
inefficienttechnologies and
system integration
Research for more efficient andenvironmentally friendly potential
excavation
Expectations for the futuredevelopment (2020)
Average plant size: no relevant changes for decentral plants; slightincrease towards 1,000 m³/h biomethane for injection plants
Substrate feed: increased pre-treatment for increased degradationspeed
Decreased maize silage shares; increase in gras silage, sugar beet,etc.
Fermentation technology: better adapted to substrates but no realchanges
Biogas yields: increase approximately 10 %
Own heat and electricity demand: slight decrease
Electrical efficiencies: + 2% for CHP units; no commercial differenttechnologies
Full load hours: increase from 8,000 to 8,300 h/a
Methane losses biogas plant: reduction to < 1.5 %
Injection of biogas into the gas grid
substrates
return ofdigestate
biogas plant
sale and trade
electricity
heat
fuelGas grid
possibility of a multiple and more efficient usage of biogas costs, efficiency and methane losses for upgrading and injection have to be considered
Source: dena
Biogas upgradation and feed in
21
• Mainly 4 technologies• Very good and stable
experiences after somelearning…
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010*
An
lag
en
zah
l [-
]
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Au
fbere
itu
ng
skap
azit
ät
Bio
meth
an
[N
m_/h
]
Schätzung Zubau 2.HJ
Anlagenzahl
Aufbereitungskapazität [Nm_/h]
• 41 running plants withabout 25,000 m³/hbiomethane
• Largest: 5,300 m³/hbiomethane
Steps of upgrading biogas
Removal of solid and liquidcomponents / drying of the gas
Desulphurization Enrichment of methane and
separation of CO2 Removal of other components,
like siloxane and ammonia
Upgrading technologies
Water scrubbing: Solubility of CO2 against different pressure stages; practicalapplication
Pressure swing adsorption: Adsorption on molecular sieve or charcoal at highpressure; practical application
Amine scrubbing: Dilution of CO2 in scrubbing solution, desorption of scrubbingsolution at high temperatures; practical application
Membrane technology: Different permeability of different components, first pilotplants
Cryogenic gas separation: Cooling to the evaporating temperature of CO2;research to be done
Goals in terms of R&D on upgradingtechnologies
Reduction of specific energy consumption→ 0,25 kWhel to 0,18 kWhel
Reduction of methane losses (e.g. oxidation or post-combustion)→ less then 0,2 %
Optimization of availability (redundancy and service)→ 8.200 to 8.500 FLH
Reduction of investment costs→ reduction about 20 %
Heat use of decentralised plants
26
n=166
0
20
40
60
80
100
! 50 51 - 150 151 - 500 501 – 1.000 > 1.000
installierte elektr. Anlagenleistung [kWel]
An
teil B
iog
asa
nla
ge
n m
it e
nts
pre
ch
en
de
n
Wä
rme
nu
tzu
ng
sg
rad
[%
]
Biogasanlagen Wärmenutzungsgrad !50% [%] Biogasanlagen Wärmenutzungsgrad >50% [%]
• Upgradring or decental production of electricity?
Sha
re o
f pla
nts
with
giv
en h
eat
utliz
atio
n sh
are
[%]
Installed electrical capacity [kWel]
Average heat utilization share < 50 % Average heat utilization share > 50 %
100 % SubstrateChemical Energy Heat Supply; 80.5 % of T.E.
Thermal Energy
C.E. in Biogas
T.E. in Biogas 20.9 % of T.E.
T.E. in Residue 79.1 % of T.E.
C.E. in Residue 27.8 %
Gas potential in Residue 5.1 %
Fermentation
CHP
Microbiological heat release
Methane losses
Methane not used
Conversion losses
Plant heat demand
Additional usable heatOwn electricity demand
Heat used (housing)Electricity sold
If not stated otherwisenumbers show the share ofthe C.E. in the input
C.E. Chemical EnergyT.E. Thermal Energy
Analysisof Efficiency of
electricity productionfrom Biogas
A German Example
Examples for the efficient use ofproduced energy
Bio energy commune like Jühnde or Radiborwith a combination of biogas plant and woodchip heating station
Feasibility study of a local gas distributionsystems with 2 biogas plants in Burkersdorf(done by DBI/Freiberg)
Construction of local biogas distibutionsystems to provide 2 local heat systems inTheuma
Quelle: Erler, DBI 2010Quelle: Hommel, 2010
Pre-treatment of organic matter –Goal
Increasing biogas yield by cell disruption and enlargement ofsurface (lignin und cellulose containing substrates)
Acceleration of degradation and therewith a more efficientuse of the biogas plant (all substrates in common)
Avoiding of layers of floating or/and sinking matters andtherewith the decreasing of energy effort for mixing andpumping (all substrates in common)
Securing of the digestion process by improvement of qualityof input material (e.g. sugar beets or bio waste)
Physical methods (numerously available, but scope of application should beconsidered)
• Disintegration by crushing or milling• thermal treatment by hot water, steam or hydrolysis with heat and
pressure (combination of different methods)• Radiation by microwave or ultra sound
Chemical methods• use of acids or bases (as far as possible without any importance, because
of high demand of acids/bases and the impact of the methanogenesis)
biological methods (microorganisms and enzymes)• as an additive for ensilage to minimize losses• hydrolytic bacteria for disintegration of substrates containing
lignocellulose• characterization of biocenosis, Identification of leading organisms and
expression of “key genes”
Pre-treatment of organic matter -Disintegration - methods
Thank you for your attention!
Dipl.-Ing. Jan PostelDepartment Biochemical Conversion
[email protected] BiomasseForschungsZentrum
German Biomass Research CentreTorgauer Straße 116
04347 Leipzig, Germanywww.dbfz.de
Tel./Fax. +49 341 – 2434 – 112 / – 133
Problematic issues of R&D
substratespre-
storage electricity
substrate-mixture
fermenter
gas storage
energy-recovery
digestate-storage
heatbiomethane
storage
logistic criticism on biomass-supply, lossesuse of
organicwaste
Use of catch crops and agricultural waste material Optimization of cultivation and supply Definition of aspects of sustainability Optimization of biomass logistic Low-loss conservation and storage methods
Problematic issues of R&D
substratespre-
storage electricity
substrate-mixture
fermenter
gas storage
energy-recovery
digestate-storage
heatbiomethane
storage
Disintegration of substrates (e.g. enzymes or mechanically) Concepts for a separated use of solid and liquid phases Fermentation of solids (e.g. straw) and special substrates
(e.g. sugar beet) Intelligent / automatic control of the process
inefficienttechnologies
Problematic issues of R&D
substratespre-
storage electricity
substrate-mixture
fermenter
gas storage
energy-recovery
digestate-storage
heatbiomethane
storage
Diagnostic tools for process control Improve methane yield by process optimization Microbial indicators for process stability Exploit novel feedstocks
Black boxmicrobiology
Problematic issues of R&D
substratespre-
storage electricity
substrate-mixture
fermenter
gas storage
energy-recovery
digestate-storage
heatbiomethane
storage
New methods and optimization of gas drying anddesulphurization
Upgrading technologies Optimization of CHP-efficiency Reduction of emissions Integration of Energy from biomass into the energy system
efficienttechnologies andenergy-recovery
Problematic issues of R&D
substratespre-
storage electricity
substrate-mixture
fermenter
gas storage
energy-recovery
digestate-storage
heatbiomethane
storage
Correlation between ammonia and Green-house gasemissions and leaching of nutrients
Methods for the separation and preparation of digestate Thermal usage of digestate
environmentalimpacts on
digestate usage