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Technologies for LFG Abatement, Extrac9on and U9liza9on
Philippine Landfill Forum February 21 -‐ 22, 2012 Manila, Philippines
Presented by Bryce Lloyd
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Presenta(on Outline
§ What is landfill biogas (LFG)? § Proper(es of LFG § How to collect and control LFG? § Typical LFG collec(on system components § How to beneficially use the LFG? § Conver(ng the LFG to electrical power or process heat § Examples of the technologies that have been used to convert LFG to Power and/or Heat
§ Poten(al benefits and revenue from LFG recovery and u(liza(on
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Background § Even aKer the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) and with the
employment of other waste management op(ons (incinera(on, compos(ng, anaerobic diges(on), some waste will con(nue to be landfilled)
§ Landfills will con(nue to produce some landfill biogas ( LFG), which can and should be controlled, collected and u(lized
§ Benefits of controlling and u(lizing LFG include: § elimina(ng odor nuisance and safety hazards § improving local and regional air quality § reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and § harves(ng a renewable energy resource
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What is LFG?
§ Formed during anaerobic decomposi(on of organic materials in landfills § Amount & composi(on dependent on solid waste characteris(cs § Increase in organics equals an increase in gas genera(on § Gas produc(on ends with end of decomposi(on § Collec(on efficiency can vary from 20% to 80% § Landfill fires destroy organics and reduce the amount of LFG generated
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Characteris(cs of LFG § Methane (CH4) -‐ 50% to 65% § Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -‐ 35% to 50% § Vola(le Organic Compounds (VOCs) – trace § Ammonia, H2S, Mercaptans, etc. § Explosive and asphyxia(on danger § Health hazards associated with trace gases (VOCs; HAPs)
§ Groundwater contamina(on (in some areas this means drinking water!)
§ Methane is a potent greenhouse gas (CH4 GWP – 23 (mes CO2)
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§ Local, Available Fuel Source § Rela(vely Easy to Capture and Use § Source of Energy that Otherwise would have been Wasted
§ Con(nuous Supply -‐ 24 Hours a Day & 7 Days a Week
§ Reliable Technologies Exist for Using LFG § >95% On Line Availability
§ Improves the Environment by Reducing Uncontrolled Emissions of LFG
Why Use LFG?
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LFGE Project Benefits § Improves air quality and reduces greenhouse gas
§ Offsets non-‐renewable resource use § Each 1 MW Of Genera(on Capacity:
§ Annual environmental equivalent to plan(ng 4,900 hectare of trees or removing the CO2 emissions of 9,000 cars
§ Annual energy equivalent to preven(ng the use of 99,000 barrels of oil, offselng the use of 200 railcars of coal, or powering more than 650 homes
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Conver(ng LFG to U(lizable Energy
§ Energy Recovery Poten(al (~18 MJ/m3) § Approx. amount of electrical energy that can be produced by LFG from a small, medium, large LFGE: § Small: 25kW to 1MW § Medium: 1~ 3MW § Large: 3 ~ 30MW
§ A moderate frac(on of landfills in Asia have LFGE
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LFGE System Design
§ Array of ver(cal or horizontal extrac(on wells § Main header and lateral piping network with control valves and monitoring ports
§ Moisture (condensate) removal ( KOP and sumps)
§ Gas extrac(on blowers
§ Flares § LFG Pretreatment equipment
§ LFGE equipment 9
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Ver(cal Wells
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Horizontal Collectors
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LFG Well Field
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Blowers 吹风机类别….
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Flare and Pre-‐treatment Unit
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LFGE Technology Op(ons
§ Electrical Power Genera(on § On-‐site Use § Connec(on to Grid
§ Gas Purifica(on § Direct Thermal Applica(ons
§ Combined Heat and Power
(CHP)
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Electrical Power Genera(on
Available Technologies
§ Reciproca(ng internal combus(on engine § ~80 % of LFGE projects worldwide
§ Gas turbine § Steam turbine
§ Microturbine
§ Cogenera(on
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Electricity Genera(on § Most prevalent type of LFG u(liza(on
§ In US, 1100 MW of capacity from over 250 opera(onal projects
Advantages § Electricity can be used on-‐site, or sold to nearby customer, coopera(ve or u(lity
Disadvantages § LFG will require pre-‐treatment
§ Connec(ng to the grid could be expensive § Capital cost typically higher than for direct use, but less than for purifica(on/high BTU
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LFG Electricity Genera(on Projects Technology No. of Projects in
USA*
Internal Combus(on (55kW-‐3MW) 279
Gas Turbine (1-‐10MW) 28
Cogenera(on 26
Steam Turbine (1-‐10MW) 14
Microturbine (30-‐200kW) 13
Combined Cycle (1-‐10MW) 6
S(rling Engine (25-‐55kW) 2
*Source: LMOP (2010) 18
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Kam Phaeng Saen Landfill, Thailand
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (16 MW) § Connected to electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 26 Million tonnes Landfilling began: 2005 (10 years design life) Waste In place: 12 Million tonnes Waste Intake: ~ 5000 tpd LFG Recovery: ~ 6000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Xiaping Landfill, Shenzhen
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (7.5MW+) § Tied into electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 47 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1997 (30 years design life) Waste In place: 13 Million tonnes Waste Intake: 3000~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >9000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Gaoantun Landfill, Beijing
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (2.5MW+) § Provides electricity to on-‐site leachate treatment plant and offices
Landfill Capacity: 8.92 Million m3
Landfilling began: 2002 (20 years design life) Waste In place: 6.5 Million tonnes Waste Intake: ~1000 tpd (upto 3200 tpd) LFG Recovery: 2500 m3/hr
Flaring System and Generator House
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Bantar Gebang Landfill, Indonesia
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (14 MW+) § Connected to electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 35 Million tonnes Landfilling began: 1989 (~30 years design life) Waste In place: ~26 Million tonnes Waste Intake: ~5000 tpd LFG Recovery: >3000 m3/hr
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