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Techniques for Hydrogen Production at High Temperature
IAEA’s Technical Meeting to
Examine the Role of Nuclear Hydrogen Production in the Context of the Hydrogen Economy
Vienna, 17-19 July 2017
R. Boudries
1 2
• Hydrogen production
• High temperature solar hydrogen production
• High temperature nuclear hydrogen production
• Possibilities of high temperature hydrogen production using hybrid solar-nuclear systems
• Conclusion
Interest in hydrogen
The big demand for hydrogen as a chemical feedstock in the industry sector:
Fast increase in hydrogen needs in the refinery sector because of the stringent regulation in the conventional fuel production
Flat glass manufacturing using float glass technique
Petrochemical sector needs (ammonia, ethanol, etc.)
The big interest in developing hydrogen as an energy vector:
Could solve the problem related to the conventional energy source: pollution and the limited resources
Could be used in different sectors: transport, energy , domestic, etc.
Versatility in its use
4
The big in role in the energy transition Power to Gas
It stems from:
Hydrogen exists in nature mainly in combination with other elements
Must be produced by dissociation
(water, hydrocarbons, etc.)
Hydrogen production
Hydrogen Generation Process Energy
Nuclear Energy
Any reactors, providing electrical and/or thermal energy can be coupled to hydrogen production process.
Clean hydrogen production Clean energy sources
Renewable Energy
Nuclear Energy Renewable Energy
Most of RE, providing electrical and/or thermal energy can be used in the hydrogen production process.
Hydrogen Generation Process Energy
Nuclear Energy Technologies
Technology Temperature
Very high temperature Reactor
1000°C
Gas cooled fast reactor 850 °C
Sodium cooled fast reactor 550 °C
Liquid metal cooled reactor 550 °C
Water cooled reactor 320 °C
Hydrogen Generation Process Energy
Solar Energy technologies
Technology Form of Energy Temperature
Solar PV
electricity
50 °C
CPV Electricity + heat Depends on concentrator
Solar parabolic trough Electricity + heat 300 ° C - 400 °C
Solar central receiver Electricity + heat 800 ° C - 1000 °C
Dish Heat 1000 °C
Energy form requirement
Electrical form: Conventional electrolysis
Thermo-chemical cycle
Thermal and electrical form
HTSE
HyS cycle
Hydrogen Generation Process
9
Thermal form:
High Temperature Process: HTSE
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000
15
30
45
60
75
T∆S
∆G
∆H
Temperature (°C)
Ener
gie
(Wh/
mol
e)
STGHE ∆+∆=∆=
Real case: we have to add losses
eHE η/∆=
Theoretically: Water electrolysis
10
Heat vaporizes the water and brings it to the electrolysis temperature
Electricity Water splitting
H2SO4 -------> SO2 + H2O + 1/2 O2
SO2 + I2 + 2H2O -----> H2SO4 + 2HI
2HI---------> H2 + I2
SO2 & H2O
I2 regeneration
~900oC
~120oC
~400oC
H2
O2
H2SO4 Regeneration
HI
H 2O
High Temperature Process: Thermo-chemical cycle
Heat for process operation on each cycle
CPV-electrolysis system
Energy source: solar
Feedstock: water
Production Process: Electrolysis
Energy form:
Electric for electrolysis Thermal for steam generation
CPV-electrolysis system
Type of technology Reflective (mirror)
Cell Technology
Advanced silicon cell Type
Efficiency 14% to 20 %
Type of mirror Parabolic trough
Concentrator
Size of concentration 20 to 100
CPV-electrolysis system
Parameters values
Optical efficiency 85 %
Cell efficiency 14 % -20%
Module efficiency
0.85xcell efficiency
BOS efficiency
85 %
Electrolyzer efficiency
85 %
Temperature effect
75 %
Factors
values
BOS cost ($/m²)
114
BOS power cost ($/Wp)
1.61
Tracking cost ($/m²)
159
Module cost ($/m²)
290
O&M cost
2% X capital cost
PV lifetime
30 years
Factor Value
Coupling efficiency
0.85
lifetime
20 years
Rated current (mA/cm²)
134
Rated voltage (V)
1.74
Operating current (mA/cm²)
268
Capital cost ($/kW)
800
Electrolyzer characteristics
CPV-electrolysis system
CPV-electrolysis system
20 40 60 80 100 120 1401,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
14% 16% 20% 26%
cost
of h
ydro
gen
($/k
g)
concentration
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
2
3
4
cost
of h
ydro
gen
($/k
g)
concentration
14% 16% 20% 26%
PV efficiency:
DNI = 2350 kWh/m2 year
PV efficiency:
DNI = 1850 kWh/m2 year
Evolution of hydrogen cost with concentration for different values of the PV cell efficiency .
CPV-electrolysis system
15 18 21 241,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
cost
of h
ydro
gen
($/k
g)
PV cell efficiency (%)
20 40 60 100
Concentration:
DNI = 2350 kWh/m2 year
15 18 21 241
2
3
4
5
20 40 60 100
cost
of h
ydro
gen
($/k
g)
PV cell efficiency (%)
Concentration:
DNI = 1850 kWh/m2 year
Evolution of hydrogen cost with PV cell efficiency for different values of concentration
CPV-electrolysis system
20 40 60 80 10020
40
60
80
100
PV eficiency: 20 %
Po
wer g
ener
atio
n fra
ctio
nal c
ost (
%)
Concentration
PV eficiency: 14 %
DNI = 2350 kWh/m2 year
20 40 60 80 10020
40
60
80
100
PV efficiency: 20 %
Powe
r gen
erat
ion
fract
iona
l cos
t (%
)
Concentration
PV efficiency: 14 %
DNI = 1850 kWh/m2 year
Fractional hydrogen production cost related to the CPV power generation
CSP-electrolysis system
Solar field Thermodynamic unit
AC/DC
Solar field technology: parabolic trough
Power Plant unit
Electrolyzer unit
CSP-electrolysis system
Parameters values
Reflector shape Parabolic trough
Incident angle efficiency
87.5 %
Optical efficiency
75 %
Receiver thermal efficiency
73. %
Solar field availability
99.%
Piping thermal losses
96.5 %
Low insolation losses 99.6 %
Parameters values
Thermal to power plant efficiency
95.0 %
Gross steam cycle efficiency
37.5 %
Parasitics*
85. %
Plant availability
98 %
Solar capacity factor 25 %
*(1-%auxiliary power consumed by plant)
Solar field characteristics
Thermodynamic unit characteristics
CSP-electrolysis system
Components (capital cost)
Values ($/m2)
Reflector
40
Receiver capital cost 43
Concentrator (structure + erection)
61
Tracking system
13
Interconnecting & header pipes
17
others 60
Solar unit economics
Components (capital cost)
Values ($/kW)
Structure
73
Steam generator
100
Electric power generating system
367
Balance of system
213
Thermodynamic unit economics
O&M factor
2 %
O&M factor
2 %
Power Plant unit economics
CSP-electrolysis system
Factor Value
Coupling efficiency
0.85
lifetime
20 years
Rated current (mA/cm²)
134
Rated voltage (V)
1.74
Operating current (mA/cm²)
268
Capital cost ($/kW)
800
Capacity factor 70 %
Electrolyzer characteristics
Electrolysis unit
CSP-electrolysis system
1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
86
87
88
Frac
tiona
l hyd
roge
n co
st re
late
d to
STP
P (%
)
DNI (MWh/m2.year)
Fractional hydrogen production cost related to solar thermal power plant
CSP-electrolysis system
1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
6,0
6,3
6,6
6,9
7,2
Hydr
ogen
pro
duct
ion
cost
($/k
g)
DNI (MWh/m2.year)
Evolution of hydrogen production cost with DNI
CSP-electrolysis system
1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,50,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
Rela
tive
colle
ctor
are
a (m
2 /kg.
H2)
DNI (MWh/m2.year)
Evolution of relative collector area with DNI
Nuclear reactor Thermodynamic unit
AC/DC
Nuclear reactor technology: HTR
Nuclear Power Plant
Electrolyzer/SI unit
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
Heat
HTSE SI Reactor type HTGR HTGR
Thermal rating (MWth/unit) 250 250
Heat for H2 plant (MWth/unit) 250 250
Electricity rating (Mwe/unit) 0 0
Nombre of units 2 2
Initial fuel load (kg/unit) 2950 2950
Annual fuel feed (kg/unit) 1155 1155
Capital cost (106 $/unit) 416 395
Capital cost fraction for electricity generating infrastructure (%)
0 0
Fuel cost ($/kg) 4800 4800
O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 3.1 3.1 Decommissioning cost ( in % of capital cost 6.3 6.3
Nuclear Power Plant : case of no cogeneration
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
Hydrogen Generation Plant : case of no cogeneration
Process type HTSE SI
Hydrogen generation per unit (106 kg/year) 506 68
Heat consumption (MWth/unit ) 500 500
Electricity required (MWe/unit ) 1975 16.5
Number of units 1 1
Capital cost (106 $) 1720 340 Other O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 9.15 7.5
Decommissioning costs (in % of capital cost) 10 10
Temperature 850 °C 900 °C
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
HTSE SI
Reactor type HTGR -co HTGR -co
Thermal rating (MWth/unit) 250 250
Heat for H2 plant (MWth/unit) 19.5 234
Electricity rating (Mwe/unit) 89.5 16.5
Nombre of units 2 2
Initial fuel load (kg/unit) 2950 2950
Annual fuel feed (kg/unit) 762 1000
Capital cost (106 $/unit) 416 395
Capital cost fraction for electricity generating infrastructure (%)
10 10
Fuel cost ($/kg) 4800 4800
O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 3.1 3.1 Decommissioning cost ( in % of capital cost 6.3 6.3
Nuclear Power Plant: cogeneration case
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
Process type HTSE -co SI –co
Hydrogen generation per unit (106 kg/year) 46 49.6
Heat consumption (MWth/unit ) 39 467
Electricity required (MWe/unit ) 179 0
Number of units 1 1
Capital cost (106 $) 156 168 Other O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 9.15 7.5
Decommissioning costs (in % of capital cost) 10 10
Temperature 850 °C 900 °C
Hydrogen Generation Plant: cogeneration case
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
SI
HTSE
Hydrogen production cost ($/kg H2)
conventional cogeneration
HTSE
SI
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
Nuclear hydrogen production cost for HTSE and SI production process
Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process
Fractional hydrogen production cost related to nuclear power plant
0 20 40 60 80 100
HTSE
HTSE
SI
SI SI
conventional co-generation
Fractional hydrogen cost related to NPP (%)
Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
A solar-nuclear hybrid hydrogen production system comprises:
a solar-nuclear hybrid energy system
a hydrogen production unit
Solar -nuclear hybrid energy system offers the opportunity for a better use of nuclear and solar energy resources.
It is intended as a flexible energy system that is more reliable and more efficient.
Solar nuclear hybrid energy system includes several subsystems:
a nuclear reactor
one of more solar sources (PV, CSP or both)
one power generation
an energy storage device
Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
There are numerous configurations, depending on:
the technical specifications
the economic constraints
the local solar resources
Hybrid system configurations
For high temperature hydrogen production, there is a need for: a high temperature nuclear reactor
and/or a CSP
Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
High Temperature Reactor
Power Generation AC/DC
DC/DC
PV module
Hydrogen Generation unit
Heat lines
Electricity lines
High Temperature Reactor
Power Generation AC/DC
DC/DC
PV module
Hydrogen Generation unit
Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
CSP system
Heat lines Electricity lines
High Temperature Reactor
Power Generation AC/DC
Hydrogen Generation unit
CSP system
Heat lines Electricity lines
Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
A solar nuclear hybrid energy system offer the opportunities for the:
production of clean energy
increase in energy conversion efficiency
optimal use of equipments
increase in profitability
optimization of the system reliability
stability in energy supply.
fast solar energy market penetration
As a clean source of energy, Nuclear can play an important role in the development of a sustainable hydrogen economy
Nuclear energy can produce energy under different forms and so it can be used to drive different hydrogen production processes
Techno-economic studies have shown that nuclear based hydrogen production is economically competitive
Conclusions
In combination with solar energy, nuclear offers better opportunities for hydrogen economy development
SMR , by their properties of:
Modularity Shorter construction time
Suitability for remote areas Fewer operators
Lower investment costs. High availability (≥ 90%).
Conclusions
Could play an important role not only in the energy transition by also for the development of the hydrogen economy