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Making Concrete Green: Sustainability in Engineering

Technical Topic Webinar

Presented by

Wednesday 09th December

Dr Ana Evangelista Civil Engineering Lecturer & Work Integrated Learning Coordinator

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1 Introduction to Sustainability in Construction Engineering

2 Environmental Impacts

3 Recycled Concrete

4 Applications

5 Summary

Agenda

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Introductions

Dr. Ana EvangelistaCivil Engineering Lecturer

Ana is a passionate Civil Engineer and is currently a Lecturer and Work Integrated Learning Coordinator at EIT. Her research in Australia has been focused on sustainability in construction and engineering materials and her PhD research was mostly concentrated on non-destructive tests to evaluate concrete structures.

In 1997, she started her academic career coordinating and teaching units at the School of Civil Engineering at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Additionally, she managed the Construction Materials Laboratory providing external consultancy to the Construction Engineering sector.

In 2008, she joined the Environmental Engineering Program at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) conducting research and supervising higher degree students investigating eco-friendly engineering materials. From 2016 to 2019 she worked as a visiting research fellow in the area of recycled concrete at Western Sydney University / School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics. Also, she worked as a casual academic teaching Engineering and Construction Management Units.

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About EITEIT is one of the only institutes in the world specializing in engineering.

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Emerged in 2008 from sister company IDC Technologies. Since 1991, IDC’s portfolio of 300 courses has been attended by over 500,000 engineers, technicians and technologists.

In 2019, EIT delivered courses to over 2,000 students globally and has alumni from 146 countries.

80 programs from professional certificates through to Australian accredited diplomas, degrees and a Doctor of Engineering.

Network of 300+ industry-based expert lecturers with applied knowledge.

Unique methodology that makes use and state-of-the-art technologies including remote and virtual labs

Programs designed by industry experts to provide cutting edge skills valued by employers globally

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Sustainability in Engineering

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Why Sustainability in Engineering ?

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UN GOALS

‘that a healthy economy is underpinned by a healthy environment and respect for all life on earth’ (Engineers Australia)

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TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE

Environmental impacts that may result from the project or product

Social impacts and community needs

Economic impacts and financial viability of the project or product

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Environmental impacts

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How we can reduce the environmental impacts?

Using materials with low(er) embodied energy

Reducing transport of materials and associated fuel, emissions and road congestion

Preventing waste going to landfill

Designing and constructing for ease of reuse and recycling at end-of-life (design for

deconstruction).

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Life Cycle Assessment

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source

Waste Minimisation

Australia generated 75.8 million tonnes of solid waste in 2018-19, which was a 10% increase over the last two years (since 2016-17).

Construction• 16.8% of total waste• Largest supply of masonry materials (8 million

tonnes), 35% of all masonry material waste• $2 billion spent on waste services• Construction waste increased by 22% since 2016-17

Over 200 million tonnes ofaggregates are used in theconstruction of homes,workplaces, public buildingsand roads every year.(Source : CCAA,2020)

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Making Concrete Green

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Recycled Aggregate Concrete - LCA

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Conventional Concrete

Portland cement

Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate

Water

Fibers

Admixtures/Additives

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Cementitious Materials & Carbon Emissions

Carbon emissions arise from fossil fuel combustion and from the calcining reaction

Globally 5% of all greenhouse gas emissions are from making cement; expected emissions of 5 billion tonnes/year by 2050 (grantadesign.com)

1 tonne of cement releases around 1 tonne of CO2eq

(CaCO3 → CaO + CO2)

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Cementitious materials

Cement Portland

Rice husk ash / sugar cane bagasse ash

Metakaolin/

ceramic wastes

Fly Ash/

GGBS /

Silica fume

30%

70%

100%

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Agro-waste for cement replacement

Agro-wasteCement

replacement (%)w/c ratio

(%)Compressive strength, 28 days

(MPa)Design strength

(MPa)Rice husk 10 0.28 86 78Barak ash 20 0.28 88

30 0.28 85

Palm oil fuel ash 10 0.28 81 7820 0.28 8630 0.28 80

Bagasse ash 10 0.3 65 6520 0.3 6730 0.3 68

Cement replacement, water to cement ratio (w/c) and compressive strength of various agro-wastes for high strength concrete.

(Source : M.V. Madurwar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 38 (2013) 872–878)

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Recycled Aggregates

Coarse Aggregate

CDW

RCA

Fine Aggregate

CDW

Tyre rubber

Ceramic waste

Concrete waste

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Mix Design Options

Source : Knaack, A.M. and Y.C. Kurama 92013)

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Recycled Aggregate –Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW)

Surface and shape aspects of natural and recycled aggregate: a) NFA (>4,8mm); b) Ceramic RFA (> 4,8mm); c) Mortar RFA (>4,8mm); d) RFA grains less than 0.6 and greater than 0.3mm (Silva e Leite, 2008)

(a) (b)

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Recycled Aggregate - Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW)

46.639.3

30.336.1

28.5 30.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

COM

PRES

SIVE

STR

ENG

TH

(MPa

)

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In the past twenty years, many attempts have been made to utilise recycled waste tyre rubber as an aggregate substitute in concrete and pavements

Recycled concrete – tyre waste

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Properties of concrete prepared with waste tyre rubber particles

28 days compressive strength of all the mixes. Water permeability indices of all the mixes.

RA (cut to 3 mm), RB (grounded to 0.5 mm) and RC (grounded to 0.3 mm)

Source : (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.022)

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Fibres

Steel fibres from tyre wasteNatural : Sisal , jute, coconut fibre

Four bending point test.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Displacement (mm)

Equi

vale

nt F

lexu

ral S

tren

ght (

MPa

)

M0%

M2%

M3%

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Is it possible to improve RAC ?

Source : Senaratne et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017)

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Applications

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Applications of Green Concrete

In Australia, it is common to mix recycled concrete aggregate with small amounts of crushed bricks and soil to obtain a suitable recycled product for use in pavements

Recycled aggregate in European CountriesRecycled aggregate in U.S.A

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Applications of Green Concrete

Source : CCAA, 2008

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Standards for Recycled AggregateNational Standard

RA type Dry density (kg/m3)

Water absorption (%)

Cl &SO4 content

Limitations

Percentage of recycled aggregateallowed

Conditions of application Notes

OCEANIAAustralia

(HB 155:2002)

(AS 1141.6.2)

RCA

(Class 1A)

≥ 2,100 ≤ 6

Cl & SO4 (Equivalent specifications as for NA)

Coarse Aggregate Size(4-32 mm)

30%40MPa (28 days Comp. Strength)

Well graded RCA with no more than 0.5% brick contentTotal contaminants* < 1.0% (by wt.)

RCA

(Class 1B)

≥ 1,800 ≤ 8

Cl & SO4 (Equivalent specifications as for NA)

100%25MPa (28 days Comp. Strength)

RCA blended with no more than 30% crushed bricksTotal contaminants* < 2.0% (by wt.)* (Brick, stony material,

gypsum, wood, clay lumps, plate glass)

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Summary

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Summary

A “sustainable development” is a little easier to pin down – it is any development that moves us from a less sustainable to a more sustainable state – but even this has a large number of dimensions. Three of the more important ones can be summarized as the “3Ps”: prosperity, people and planet (Michael F. Ashby, 2016)

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References1. https://www.environment.gov.au

2. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/environment/environmental-management

3. Tao Ding, Jianzhuang Xiao, Vivian W.Y. Tam, A closed-loop life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete utilization in China, Waste Management, Volume 56,2016, Pages 367-375.

4. M.V. Madurwar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 38 (2013) 872–878)

5. VWY Tam, M Soomro, ACJ Evangelista, A review of recycled aggregate in concrete applications (2000–2017), Construction and Building Materials, 2018.

6. LV Carvalho, ACJ Evangelista, RD Toledo Filho Mechanical Behavior of Jute Fiber-Cement Based Composites, Key Engineering Materials, 2012.

7. AN Haddad, BGFR Cortes, ACJ Evangelista Use of cement hydration stabilizer admixture at ready mix concrete to avoid material waste, Advanced Materials Research, 2013.

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