The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan 3-2-4 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0013, Japan

Copyright 2002 by The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan Printed by Daikousha Printing Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems, transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Original Japanese language edition published by the Japan Ports and Harbours Association. Printed in Japan

PREFACE

PrefaceThis book is a translation of the major portion of the Technical Standards and Commentaries of Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan (1999 edition) published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association, stipulated by the Ordinance of the Minister of Transport, which was issued in April 1999. The translation covers about two thirds of the Japanese edition. Japanese islands have a long extension of coastline, measuring about 34,000 km, for the total land area of some 380,000 square kilometers. Throughout her history, Japan has depended on the ports and harbors on daily living and prosperity of people there. Japan did not develop extensive inland canal systems as found in the European Continent because of its mountainous geography, but rather produced many harbors and havens along its coastline in the past. Today, the number of officially designated commercial ports and harbors amounts to about 1,100 and the number of fishing ports exceeds 3,000. After 220 years of isolation from the world civilization from the 17th to 19th centuries, Japan began to modernize its society and civilization rapidly after the Meiji revolution in 1868. Modern technology of port and harbor engineering has been introduced by distinguished engineers from abroad and learned by many ambitious and capable young engineers in Japan. Ports of Yokohama, Kobe, and others began to accommodate large ocean-going vessels in the late 19th century as the Japanese economy had shown a rapid growth. Japanese engineers had drafted an engineering manual on design and construction of port and harbor facilities as early as in 1943. The manual was revised in 1959 with inclusion of new technology such as those of coastal engineering and geotechnical engineering, which were developed during the Second World War or just before it. The Japanese economy that was utterly destroyed by the war had begun to rebuild itself rapidly after the 1950s. There were so many demands for the expansion of port and harbor facilities throughout Japan. Engineers were urged to design and construct facilities after facilities. Japan has built the breakwaters and the quays with the rate of about 20,000 meters each per year throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Such a feat of port development was made possible with provision of sound engineering manuals. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Transport up to January 2001) which was responsible for port development and operation, revised the basic law on ports and harbors in 1974 so as to take responsibility for provision of technical standards for design, construction, and maintenance of port and harbor facilities. The first official technical standards and commentaries for port and harbor facilities were issued in 1979, and published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association for general use. The technical standards were prepared by a technical committee composed of government engineers within the former Ministry of Transport, including members of the Port and Harbour Research Institute and several District Port Construction Bureaus that were responsible for design and construction in the field. Its English version was published by the Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute in 1980, but it introduced only the skeleton of the Japanese version without giving the details. The Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbor Facilities in Japan have been revised in 1988 and 1999, each time incorporating new technological developments. The present English translation endeavors to introduce the newest edition of 1999 to the port and harbor engineers overseas. It is a direct translation of essential parts of Japanese edition. Many phrases and expressions reflect the customary, regulatory writings in Japanese, which are often awkward in English. Some sentences after translation may not be fluent enough and give troubles for decipher. The editors in charge of translation request the readers for patience and generosity in their efforts for understanding Japanese technology in port and harbor engineering. With the globalization in every aspect of human activities, indigenous practices and customs are forced to comply with the world standards. Technology by definition is supposed to be universal. Nevertheless, each country has developed its own specialty to suit its local conditions. The overseas readers may find some of Japanese technical standards strange and difficult for adoption for their usage. Such conflicts in technology are the starting points for mutual understanding and further developments in the future. The editors wish wholeheartedly this English version of Japanese technical standards be welcomed by the overseas colleagues and serve for the advancement of port and harbor technology in the world. January 2002 Y. Goda, T. Tabata and S. Yamamoto Editors for translation version-i-

TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

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CONTENTS

CONTENTSPreface Part I GeneralChapter 1 General Rules .................................................................................................................................................11.1 1.2 1.3 Scope of Application .............................................................................................................................1 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................................2 Usage of SI Units ...................................................................................................................................2

Chapter 2 Datum Level for Construction Work .........................................................................................................4 Chapter 3 Maintenance ....................................................................................................................................................5

Part II Design ConditionsChapter 1 General .............................................................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2 Vessels ..............................................................................................................................................................92.1 2.2 Dimensions of Target Vessel ...............................................................................................................9 External Forces Generated by Vessels ...........................................................................................162.2.1 2.2.2 General .....................................................................................................................................16 Berthing.....................................................................................................................................16 [1] Berthing Energy..................................................................................................................16 [2] Berthing Velocity ................................................................................................................17 [3] Eccentricity Factor..............................................................................................................20 [4] Virtual Mass Factor ............................................................................................................21 Moored Vessels .......................................................................................................................22 [1] Motions of Moored Vessel..................................................................................................22 [2] Waves Acting on Vessel.....................................................................................................22 [3] Wind Load Acting on Vessel ..............................................................................................23 [4] Current Forces Acting on Vessel........................................................................................24 [5] Load-Deflection Characteristics of Mooring System ..........................................................25 Tractive Force Acting on Mooring Post and Bollard..................................................................25

2.2.3

2.2.4

Chapter 3 Wind and Wind Pressure ..........................................................................................................................283.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 General..................................................................................................................................................28 Wind .......................................................................................................................................................29 Wind Pressure......................................................................................................................................30 General..................................................................................................................................................32Procedure for Determining the Waves Used in Design.............................................................32 Waves to Be Used in Design ....................................................................................................32 Properties of Waves..................................................................................................................33 [1] Fundamental Properties of Waves .....................................................................................33 [2] Statistical Properties of Waves...........................................................................................37 [3] Wave Spectrum..................................................................................................................38 Method of Determining Wave Conditions to Be Used in Design .................................................40 4.2.1 Principles for Determining the Deepwater Waves Used in Design ...........................................40 4.2.2 Procedure for Obtaining the Parameters of Design Waves ......................................................41 Wave Hindcasting................................................................................................................................42 4.3.1 General .....................................................................................................................................42 4.3.2 Wave Hindcasting in Generating Area ......................................................................................42 4.3.3 Swell Hindcasting......................................................................................................................46 Statistical Processing of Wave Observation and Hindcasted Data .............................................47 Transformations of Waves .................................................................................................................49 4.5.1 General .....................................................................................................................................49 4.5.2 Wave Refraction........................................................................................................................49 4.5.3 Wave Diffraction........................................................................................................................52 [1] Diffraction ...........................................................................................................................52 [2] Combination of Diffraction and Refraction..........................................................................69 4.5.4 Wave Reflection ........................................................................................................................70 -iii4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3

Chapter 4 Waves ..............................................................................................................................................................32

4.2 4.3

4.4 4.5

TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

4.6

4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 5.1 5.2

[1] General .............................................................................................................................. 70 [2] Reflection Coefficient ......................................................................................................... 71 [3] Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners, near the Heads of Breakwaters, and around Detached Breakwaters ................................................................................... 72 4.5.5 Wave Shoaling.......................................................................................................................... 74 4.5.6 Wave Breaking ......................................................................................................................... 75 Wave Runup, Overtopping, and Transmission............................................................................... 80 4.6.1 Wave Runup ............................................................................................................................. 80 4.6.2 Wave Overtopping .................................................................................................................... 84 4.6.3 Wave Transmission .................................................................................................................. 90 Wave Setup and Surf Beat ................................................................................................................ 91 4.7.1 Wave Setup .............................................................................................................................. 91 4.7.2 Surf Beat................................................................................................................................... 92 Long-Period Waves and Seiche ....................................................................................................... 93 Waves inside Harbors ........................................................................................................................ 94 4.9.1 Calmness and Disturbances..................................................................................................... 94 4.9.2 Evaluation of Harbor Calmness ................................................................................................ 94 Ship Waves .......................................................................................................................................... 94

Chapter 5 Wave Force ................................................................................................................................................. 100General ............................................................................................................................................... 100 Wave Force Acting on Upright Wall ............................................................................................... 100General Considerations .......................................................................................................... 100 Wave Forces of Standing and Breaking Waves ..................................................................... 101 [1] Wave Force under Wave Crest........................................................................................ 101 [2] Wave Force under Wave Trough..................................................................................... 105 5.2.3 Impulsive Pressure Due to Breaking Waves .......................................................................... 106 5.2.4 Wave Force on Upright Wall Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks..................... 109 5.2.5 Effect of Alignment of Breakwater on Wave Force ................................................................. 110 5.2.6 Effect of Abrupt Change in Water Depth on Wave Force ....................................................... 110 5.2.7 Wave Force on Upright Wall near Shoreline or on Shore........................................................111 [1] Wave Force at the Seaward Side of Shoreline .................................................................111 [2] Wave Force at the Landward Side of Shoreline ...............................................................111 5.2.8 Wave Force on Upright Wave-Absorbing Caisson ..................................................................111 Mass of Armor Stones and Concrete Blocks ................................................................................ 112 5.3.1 Armor Units on Slope.............................................................................................................. 112 5.3.2 Armor Units on Foundation Mound of Composite Breakwater ............................................... 117 Wave Forces Acting on Cylindrical Members and Large Isolated Structures ......................... 119 5.4.1 Wave Force on Cylindrical Members...................................................................................... 119 5.4.2 Wave Force on Large Isolated Structure ................................................................................ 121 Wave Force Acting on Structure Located near the Still Water Level........................................ 122 5.5.1 Uplift Acting on Horizontal Plate near the Still Water Level .................................................... 122 5.2.1 5.2.2

5.3 5.4 5.5

Chapter 6 Tides and Abnormal Water Levels....................................................................................................... 1276.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 Design Water Level........................................................................................................................... 127 Astronomical Tide ............................................................................................................................. 128 Storm Surge ....................................................................................................................................... 128 Tsunami .............................................................................................................................................. 130 Seiche ................................................................................................................................................. 133 Groundwater Level and Permeation .............................................................................................. 135 General ............................................................................................................................................... 138 Current Forces Acting on Submerged Members and Structures .............................................. 138 Mass of Armor Stones and Concrete Blocks against Currents ................................................. 140 General ............................................................................................................................................... 142 External Forces Acting on Floating Body ...................................................................................... 143 Motions of Floating Body and Mooring Force ............................................................................... 145 General ............................................................................................................................................... 148

Chapter 7 Currents and Current Force ................................................................................................................... 138

Chapter 8 External Forces Acting on Floating Body and Its Motions ........................................................... 142

Chapter 9 Estuarine Hydraulics ................................................................................................................................ 148 Chapter 10 Littoral Drift .................................................................................................................................................. 15410.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 154 10.2 Scouring around Structures ............................................................................................................. 161 10.3 Prediction of Beach Deformation .................................................................................................... 163-iv-

CONTENTS

Chapter 11 Subsoil ...........................................................................................................................................................16711.1 Method of Determining Geotechnical Conditions .........................................................................167Principles.................................................................................................................................167 Selection of Soil Investigation Methods ..................................................................................168 Standard Penetration Test ......................................................................................................168 Physical Properties of Soils .............................................................................................................168 11.2.1 Unit Weight of Soil...................................................................................................................168 11.2.2 Classification of Soils ..............................................................................................................169 11.2.3 Coefficient of Permeability of Soil ...........................................................................................169 Mechanical Properties of Soils ........................................................................................................170 11.3.1 Elastic Constants ....................................................................................................................170 11.3.2 Consolidation Properties .........................................................................................................170 11.3.3 Shear Properties .....................................................................................................................173 Angle of Internal Friction by N-value ..............................................................................................175 Application of Soundings Other Than SPT....................................................................................176 Dynamic Properties of Soils .............................................................................................................178 11.6.1 Dynamic Modulus of Deformation ...........................................................................................178 11.6.2 Dynamic Strength Properties ..................................................................................................180 11.1.1 11.1.2 11.1.3

11.2

11.3

11.4 11.5 11.6

Chapter 12 Earthquakes and Seismic Force ...........................................................................................................18212.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 General................................................................................................................................................182 Earthquake Resistance of Port and Harbor Facilities in Design ................................................182 Seismic Coefficient Method .............................................................................................................184 Design Seismic Coefficient ..............................................................................................................184 Seismic Response Analysis .............................................................................................................190 Seismic Deformation Method ..........................................................................................................192

Chapter 13 Liquefaction .................................................................................................................................................19513.1 General................................................................................................................................................195 13.2 Prediction of Liquefaction .................................................................................................................195 13.3 Countermeasures against Liquefaction .........................................................................................199

Chapter 14 Earth Pressure and Water Pressure ...................................................................................................20014.1 Earth Pressure ...................................................................................................................................200 14.2 Earth Pressure under Ordinary Conditions ...................................................................................200Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil under Ordinary Conditions .......................................................200 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil under Ordinary Conditions ..................................................201 14.3 Earth Pressure during Earthquake .................................................................................................202 14.3.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil during Earthquake....................................................................202 14.3.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil during Earthquake...............................................................204 14.3.3 Apparent Seismic Coefficient ..................................................................................................204 14.4 Water Pressure ..................................................................................................................................205 14.4.1 Residual Water Pressure ........................................................................................................205 14.4.2 Dynamic Water Pressure during Earthquake..........................................................................205 14.2.1 14.2.2

Chapter 15 Loads .............................................................................................................................................................20715.1 General................................................................................................................................................207 15.2 Deadweight and Surcharge .............................................................................................................207 15.3 Static Load ..........................................................................................................................................207Static Load under Ordinary Conditions ...................................................................................207 Static Load during Earthquake................................................................................................208 Unevenly Distributed Load ......................................................................................................208 Snow Load ..............................................................................................................................208 15.4 Live Load ............................................................................................................................................209 15.4.1 Train Load ...............................................................................................................................209 15.4.2 Vehicle Load ...........................................................................................................................209 15.4.3 Cargo Handling Equipment Load ............................................................................................209 15.4.4 Sidewalk Live Load .................................................................................................................209 15.3.1 15.3.2 15.3.3 15.3.4

Chapter 16 Coefficient of Friction ................................................................................................................................21016.1 General................................................................................................................................................210

Part III MaterialsChapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 2111.1 Selection of Materials........................................................................................................................ 211-v-

TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3

Safety of Structural Elements .......................................................................................................... 211 Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 212 Steel Meterial Constants Used in Design Calculation ................................................................. 212 Allowable Stresses ............................................................................................................................ 212General ................................................................................................................................... 212 Structural Steel ....................................................................................................................... 212 Steel Piles and Steel Pipe Sheet Piles ................................................................................... 213 Steel Sheet Piles .................................................................................................................... 214 Cast Steel and Forged Steel................................................................................................... 214 Allowable Stresses for Steel at Welded Zones and Spliced Sections .................................... 214 Increase of Allowable Stresses............................................................................................... 215 Corrosion Control .............................................................................................................................. 216 2.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 216 2.4.2 Corrosion Rates of Steel Materials ......................................................................................... 216 2.4.3 Corrosion Control Methods..................................................................................................... 217 2.4.4 Cathodic Protection Method ................................................................................................... 217 [1] Range of Application........................................................................................................ 217 [2] Protective Potential .......................................................................................................... 218 [3] Protective Current Density ............................................................................................... 219 2.4.5 Coating Method ...................................................................................................................... 220 [1] Extent of Application ........................................................................................................ 220 [2] Applicable Methods.......................................................................................................... 220 [3] Selection of Method ......................................................................................................... 220 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7

Chapter 2 Steel ............................................................................................................................................................... 212

2.4

Chapter 3 Concrete ....................................................................................................................................................... 2213.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 General ............................................................................................................................................... 221 Basics of Design Based on the Limit State Design Method ....................................................... 221 Design Based on Allowable Stress Method .................................................................................. 223 Concrete Materials ............................................................................................................................ 224 Concrete Quality and Performance ................................................................................................ 225 Underwater Concrete ....................................................................................................................... 227 General ............................................................................................................................................... 228 Asphalt Mat ........................................................................................................................................ 228General ................................................................................................................................... 228 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 228 Mix Proportioning.................................................................................................................... 229 Paving Materials ................................................................................................................................ 229 Sand Mastic Asphalt ......................................................................................................................... 229 4.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 229 4.4.2 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 230 4.4.3 Mix Proportioning.................................................................................................................... 230 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3

Chapter 4 Bituminous Materials ................................................................................................................................ 228

4.3 4.4

Chapter 5 Stone ............................................................................................................................................................. 2315.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 General ............................................................................................................................................... 231 Rubble for Foundation ...................................................................................................................... 231 Backfilling Materials .......................................................................................................................... 231 Base Course Materials of Pavement ............................................................................................. 232 Quality of Timber ............................................................................................................................... 233Structural Timber .................................................................................................................... 233 Timber Piles............................................................................................................................ 233 Allowable Stresses of Timber .......................................................................................................... 233 6.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 233 6.2.2 Allowable Stresses of Structural Timber ................................................................................. 233 Quality of Glued Laminated Timber ............................................................................................... 233 6.3.1 Allowable Stress for Glued Laminated Timber ....................................................................... 233 Joining of Timber ............................................................................................................................... 233 Maintenance of Timber..................................................................................................................... 233 6.1.1 6.1.2

Chapter 6 Timber ........................................................................................................................................................... 233

Chapter 7 Other Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 234Metals Other Than Steel .................................................................................................................. 234 Plastics and Rubbers ........................................................................................................................ 234 Coating Materials .............................................................................................................................. 236-vi-

CONTENTS

7.4

Grouting Materials .............................................................................................................................2377.4.1 7.4.2 General ...................................................................................................................................237 Properties of Grouting Materials .............................................................................................237

Chapter 8 Recyclable Resources .............................................................................................................................2388.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 General................................................................................................................................................238 Slag ......................................................................................................................................................238 Coal Ash..............................................................................................................................................239 Crashed Concrete .............................................................................................................................240

Part IV Precast Concrete UnitsChapter 1 Caissons .......................................................................................................................................................2411.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 General................................................................................................................................................241 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................242 Floating Stability ................................................................................................................................242 Design External Forces ....................................................................................................................243Combination of Loads and Load Factors ................................................................................243 External Forces during Fabrication .........................................................................................249 External Forces during Launching and Floating......................................................................249 External Forces during Installation..........................................................................................250 External Forces after Construction..........................................................................................250 [1] Outer Walls.......................................................................................................................250 [2] Bottom Slab......................................................................................................................251 [3] Partition Walls and Others................................................................................................253 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................254 1.5.1 Outer Wall ...............................................................................................................................254 1.5.2 Partition Wall ...........................................................................................................................254 1.5.3 Bottom Slab.............................................................................................................................254 1.5.4 Others .....................................................................................................................................255 Design of Hooks for Suspension by Crane ...................................................................................255 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5

1.5

1.6 2.1 2.2 2.3

Chapter 2 L-Shaped Blocks ........................................................................................................................................256General................................................................................................................................................256 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................256 Loads Acting on Members ...............................................................................................................257General ...................................................................................................................................257 Earth Pressure ........................................................................................................................258 Converted Loads for Design Calculation.................................................................................258 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................259 2.4.1 Front Wall................................................................................................................................259 2.4.2 Footing ....................................................................................................................................259 2.4.3 Bottom Slab.............................................................................................................................259 2.4.4 Buttress ...................................................................................................................................260 Design of Hooks for Suspension by Crane ...................................................................................260 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

2.4

2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3

Chapter 3 Cellular Blocks ............................................................................................................................................261General................................................................................................................................................261 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................261Shape of Cellular Blocks .........................................................................................................261 Determination of Dimensions ..................................................................................................261 Loads Acting on Cellular Blocks......................................................................................................262 3.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................262 3.3.2 Earth Pressure of Filling and Residual Water Pressure..........................................................262 3.3.3 Converted Loads for Design Calculation.................................................................................264 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................264 3.4.1 Rectangular Cellular Blocks ....................................................................................................264 3.4.2 Other Types of Cellular Blocks................................................................................................265 3.2.1 3.2.2

3.4

Chapter 4 Upright Wave-Absorbing Caissons ......................................................................................................2674.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 General................................................................................................................................................267 External Forces Acting on Members ..............................................................................................267 Design of Members ...........................................................................................................................269 General................................................................................................................................................270 Determination of Dimensions ..........................................................................................................270-vii-

Chapter 5 Hybrid Caissons .........................................................................................................................................270

TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

5.3 5.4

Design External Forces .................................................................................................................... 271 Design of Members ........................................................................................................................... 271Section Force.......................................................................................................................... 271 Design of Composite Slabs .................................................................................................... 271 Design of SRC Members ........................................................................................................ 271 Design of Partitions................................................................................................................. 271 Design of Corners and Joints ................................................................................................. 271 Safety against Fatigue Failure ................................................................................................ 272 Corrosion Control .............................................................................................................................. 272 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6

5.5

Part V FoundationsChapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 273 Chapter 2 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations ........................................................................................ 2742.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 274 Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Sandy Ground ..................................................................... 274 Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Clayey Ground .................................................................... 275 Bearing Capacity of Multilayered Ground ..................................................................................... 276 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined Loads ..................................................................... 277 General ............................................................................................................................................... 280 Vertical Bearing Capacity................................................................................................................. 280 Lateral Bearing Capacity .................................................................................................................. 281 Allowable Axial Bearing Capacity of Piles ..................................................................................... 284General ................................................................................................................................... 284 Standard Allowable Axial Bearing Capacity............................................................................ 284 Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity of Single Piles...................................................................... 285 Estimation of Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity by Loading Tests ........................................... 285 Estimation of Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity by Static Bearing Capacity Formulas ............ 286 Examination of Compressive Stress of Pile Materials ............................................................ 288 Decrease of Bearing Capacity Due to Joints .......................................................................... 288 Decrease of Bearing Capacity Due to Slenderness Ratio ...................................................... 288 Bearing Capacity of Pile Group .............................................................................................. 288 Examination of Negative Skin Friction .................................................................................... 290 Examination of Settlement of Piles ......................................................................................... 291 Allowable Pulling Resistance of Piles ............................................................................................ 291 4.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 291 4.2.2 Standard Allowable Pulling Resistance .................................................................................. 292 4.2.3 Maximum Pulling Resistance of Single Pile............................................................................ 292 4.2.4 Examination of Tensile Stress of Pile Materials...................................................................... 293 4.2.5 Matters to Be Considered for Obtaining Allowable Pulling Resistance of Piles...................... 293 Allowable Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles ................................................................................. 293 4.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 293 4.3.2 Estimation of Allowable Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles ..................................................... 295 4.3.3 Estimation of Pile Behavior Using Loading Tests ................................................................... 295 4.3.4 Estimation of Pile Behavior Using Analytical Methods ........................................................... 295 4.3.5 Consideration of Pile Group Action......................................................................................... 301 4.3.6 Lateral Bearing Capacity of Coupled Piles ............................................................................. 301 Pile Design in General ...................................................................................................................... 304 4.4.1 Load Sharing .......................................................................................................................... 304 4.4.2 Load Distribution..................................................................................................................... 305 4.4.3 Distance between Centers of Piles......................................................................................... 305 4.4.4 Allowable Stresses for Pile Materials...................................................................................... 305 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 306 4.5.1 Examination of Loads during Construction ............................................................................. 306 4.5.2 Design of Joints between Piles and Structure ........................................................................ 307 4.5.3 Joints of Piles.......................................................................................................................... 308 4.5.4 Change of Plate Thickness or Materials of Steel Pipe Piles................................................... 308 4.5.5 Other Points for Caution in Design ......................................................................................... 308 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 4.1.10 4.1.11

Chapter 3 Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations ............................................................................................. 280

Chapter 4 Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations ................................................................................................ 284

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Chapter 5 Settlement of Foundations ..................................................................................................................... 3105.1 5.2 Stress in Soil Mass ........................................................................................................................... 310 Immediate Settlement....................................................................................................................... 310-viii-

CONTENTS

5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2

Consolidation Settlement .................................................................................................................310 Lateral Displacement ........................................................................................................................312 Differential Settlements ....................................................................................................................312 General................................................................................................................................................314 Stability Analysis ................................................................................................................................3156.2.1 6.2.2 Stability Analysis Using Circular Slip Surface Method ............................................................315 Stability Analysis Assuming Slip Surfaces Other Than Circular Arc Slip Surface...................316

Chapter 6 Stability of Slopes ......................................................................................................................................314

Chapter 7 Soil Improvement Methods .....................................................................................................................3187.1 7.2 7.3 General................................................................................................................................................318 Replacement Method ........................................................................................................................318 Vertical Drain Method .......................................................................................................................3187.3.1 7.3.2

Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................318 Determination of Height and Width of Fill................................................................................319 [1] Height and Width of Fill Required for Soil Improvement ..................................................319 [2] Height and Width of Fill Required for Stability of Fill Embankment ..................................319 7.3.3 Design of Drain Piles...............................................................................................................319 [1] Drain Piles and Sand Mat.................................................................................................319 [2] Interval of Drain Piles .......................................................................................................320 7.4 Deep Mixing Method .........................................................................................................................322 7.4.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................322 [1] Scope of Application.........................................................................................................322 [2] Basic Concept ..................................................................................................................323 7.4.2 Assumptions for Dimensions of Stabilized Body.....................................................................323 [1] Mixture Design of Stabilized Soil......................................................................................323 [2] Allowable Stress of Stabilized Body .................................................................................324 7.4.3 Calculation of External Forces ................................................................................................325 7.5 Lightweight Treated Soil Method ....................................................................................................326 7.5.1 Outline of Lightweight Treated Soil Method ............................................................................326 7.5.2 Basic Design Concept.............................................................................................................326 7.5.3 Mixture Design of Treated Soil................................................................................................327 7.5.4 Examination of Area to Be Treated .........................................................................................328 7.5.5 Workability Verification Tests ..................................................................................................328 7.6 Replacement Method with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ........................................................328 7.6.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................328 7.6.2 Physical Properties of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ...........................................................328 7.7 Premixing Method..............................................................................................................................329 7.7.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................329 [1] Scope of Application.........................................................................................................329 [2] Consideration for Design..................................................................................................329 7.7.2 Preliminary Survey ..................................................................................................................329 7.7.3 Determination of Strength of Treated Soil...............................................................................330 7.7.4 Mixture Design of Treated Soil................................................................................................330 7.7.5 Examination of Area of Improvement......................................................................................331 7.8 Active Earth Pressure of Solidified Geotechnical Materials........................................................333 7.8.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................................333 7.8.2 Active Earth Pressure .............................................................................................................333 [1] Outline ..............................................................................................................................333 [2] Strength Parameters ........................................................................................................334 [3] Calculation of Active Earth Pressure................................................................................334 [4] Case of Limited Area of Subsoil Improvement .................................................................335 7.9 Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Sandy Subsoil) .....................................................................336 7.9.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................336 7.9.2 Sand Volume to Be Supplied ..................................................................................................336 7.9.3 Design Based on Trial Execution ............................................................................................338 7.10 Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Cohesive Subsoil) ...............................................................339 7.10.1 Principle of Design ..................................................................................................................339 [1] Scope of Application.........................................................................................................339 [2] Basic Concept ..................................................................................................................339 7.10.2 Strength and Permeability of Sand Piles.................................................................................339 7.10.3 Shear Strength of Improved Subsoil .......................................................................................339 7.10.4 Stability Analysis .....................................................................................................................340 7.10.5 Examining Consolidation.........................................................................................................341

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

Part VI Navigation Channels and BasinsChapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 345 Chapter 2 Navigation Channels ................................................................................................................................ 3462.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 General ............................................................................................................................................... 346 Alignment of Navigation Channel .................................................................................................. 346 Width of Navigation Channel ........................................................................................................... 347 Depth of Navigation Channel .......................................................................................................... 348 Length of Navigation Channel at Harbor Entrance ...................................................................... 348 Calmness of Navigation Channel ................................................................................................... 348 General ............................................................................................................................................... 350 Width of Navigation Channel ........................................................................................................... 350 Depth of Navigation Channel .......................................................................................................... 350 General ............................................................................................................................................... 351 Location and Area of Basin ............................................................................................................. 351Location .................................................................................................................................. 351 Area of Basin Used for Anchorage or Mooring ....................................................................... 351 Area of Basin Used for Ship Maneuvering.............................................................................. 352 [1] Turning Basin................................................................................................................... 352 [2] Mooring / Unmooring Basin ............................................................................................. 353 Depth of Basin ................................................................................................................................... 353 Calmness of Basin ............................................................................................................................ 353 Timber Sorting Pond ......................................................................................................................... 354 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3

Chapter 3 Navigation Channels outside Breakwaters ....................................................................................... 350

Chapter 4 Basins............................................................................................................................................................ 351

4.3 4.4 4.5

Chapter 5 Small Craft Basins ..................................................................................................................................... 355 Chapter 6 Maintenance of Navigation Channels and Basins .......................................................................... 3556.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 355

Part VII Protective Facilities for HarborsChapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 3571.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 General Consideration ..................................................................................................................... 357 Maintenance....................................................................................................................................... 357 General ............................................................................................................................................... 358 Layout of Breakwaters ...................................................................................................................... 358 Design Conditions of Breakwaters ................................................................................................. 359 Selection of Structural Types .......................................................................................................... 359 Determination of Cross Section ...................................................................................................... 362Upright Breakwater ................................................................................................................. 362 Composite Breakwater ........................................................................................................... 363 Sloping Breakwater................................................................................................................. 363 Caisson Type Breakwater Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks ........................ 364 External Forces for Stability Calculation ........................................................................................ 364 2.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 364 2.6.2 Wave Forces........................................................................................................................... 365 2.6.3 Hydrostatic Pressure .............................................................................................................. 365 2.6.4 Buoyancy ................................................................................................................................ 365 2.6.5 Deadweight............................................................................................................................. 365 2.6.6 Stability during Earthuakes ..................................................................................................... 365 Stability Calculation........................................................................................................................... 365 2.7.1 Stability Calculation of Upright Section................................................................................... 365 2.7.2 Stability Calculation of Sloping Section .................................................................................. 369 2.7.3 Stability Calculation of Whole Section .................................................................................... 369 2.7.4 Stability Calculation for Head and Corner of Breakwater ....................................................... 369 Details of Structures ......................................................................................................................... 370 2.8.1 Upright Breakwater ................................................................................................................. 370 2.8.2 Composite Breakwater ........................................................................................................... 371 2.8.3 Sloping Breakwater................................................................................................................. 372 -x2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4

Chapter 2 Breakwaters ................................................................................................................................................ 358

2.6

2.7

2.8

CONTENTS

2.8.4

Caisson Type Breakwater Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks.........................372

2.9 Detailed Design of Upright Section .................................................................................................372 2.10 Breakwaters for Timber-Handling Facilities ..................................................................................372Breakwaters for Timber Storage Ponds and Timber Sorting Ponds .......................................372 Fences to Prevent Timber Drifting ..........................................................................................373 2.11 Storm Surge Protection Breakwater ...............................................................................................373 2.12 Tsunami Protection Breakwater ......................................................................................................373 2.10.1 2.10.2

Chapter 3 Other Types of Breakwaters ..................................................................................................................3763.1 3.2 Selection of Structural Type .............................................................................................................376 Gravity Type Special Breakwaters..................................................................................................377General ...................................................................................................................................377 Upright Wave-Absorbing Block Breakwater ............................................................................378 [1] General.............................................................................................................................378 [2] Crest Elevation .................................................................................................................378 [3] Wave Force ......................................................................................................................379 3.2.3 Wave-Absorbing Caisson Breakwater ....................................................................................379 [1] General.............................................................................................................................379 [2] Determination of Target Waves to Be Absorbed..............................................................380 [3] Determination of Dimensions for Wave-Absorbing Section .............................................380 [4] Wave Force for Examination of Structural Stability ..........................................................380 [5] Wave Force for Design of Structural Members ................................................................380 3.2.4 Sloping-Top Caisson Breakwater............................................................................................380 [1] General.............................................................................................................................380 [2] Wave Force ......................................................................................................................381 Non-Gravity Type Breakwaters .......................................................................................................382 3.3.1 Curtain Wall Breakwater .........................................................................................................382 [1] General.............................................................................................................................382 [2] Wave Force ......................................................................................................................384 [3] Design of Piles .................................................................................................................384 3.3.2 Floating Breakwater ................................................................................................................384 [1] General.............................................................................................................................384 [2] Selection of Design Conditions ........................................................................................385 [3] Design of Mooring System ...............................................................................................385 [4] Design of Floating Body Structure....................................................................................386 3.2.1 3.2.2

3.3

Chapter 4 Locks..............................................................................................................................................................3884.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Selection of Location .........................................................................................................................388 Size and Layout of Lock ...................................................................................................................388 Selection of Structural Type .............................................................................................................389Gate ........................................................................................................................................389 Lock Chamber.........................................................................................................................389 External Forces and Loads Acting on Lock...................................................................................389 Pumping and Drainage System ......................................................................................................389 Auxiliary Facilities ..............................................................................................................................389 4.3.1 4.3.2

Chapter 5 Facilities to Prevent Shoaling and Siltation .......................................................................................390General................................................................................................................................................390 Jetty .....................................................................................................................................................390Layout of Jetty.........................................................................................................................390 Details of Jetty.........................................................................................................................391 Group of Groins .................................................................................................................................392 Training Jetties ...................................................................................................................................392 5.4.1 Layout of Training Jetties ........................................................................................................392 5.4.2 Water Depth at Tip of Training Jetty .......................................................................................393 5.4.3 Structure of Training Jetty .......................................................................................................393 Facilities to Trap Littoral Transport and Sediment Flowing out of Rivers .................................393 Countermeasures against Wind-Blown Sand ...............................................................................394 5.6.1 General ...................................................................................................................................394 5.6.2 Selection of Countermeasures................................................................................................394 5.2.1 5.2.2

5.5 5.6

Chapter 6 Revetments ..................................................................................................................................................3966.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................396 Design Conditions .............................................................................................................................396 Structural Stability..............................................................................................................................398 Determination of Cross Section ......................................................................................................398 Details..................................................................................................................................................398-xi-

TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

Part VIII Mooring FacilitiesChapter 1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 4011.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 General Consideration ..................................................................................................................... 401 Maintenance of Mooring Facilities .................................................................................................. 401 Length and Water Depth of Berths ................................................................................................. 402 Crown Heights of Mooring Facilities............................................................................................... 405 Ship Clearance for Mooring Facilities ............................................................................................ 405 Design Water Depth ......................................................................................................................... 405 Protection against Scouring............................................................................................................. 406 Ancillary Facilities .............................................................................................................................. 406

Chapter 2 Dimensions of Mooring Facilities.......................................................................................................... 402

Chapter 3 Structural Types of Mooring Facilities ................................................................................................ 407 Chapter 4 Gravity Type Quaywalls .......................................................................................................................... 4084.1 4.2 4.3 Principle of Design ............................................................................................................................ 408 External Forces and Loads Acting on Walls ................................................................................. 408 Stability Calculations......................................................................................................................... 410Items to Be Considered in Stability Calculations .................................................................... 410 Examination against Sliding of Wall........................................................................................ 410 Examination Concerning Bearing Capacity of Foundation ..................................................... 411 Examination Concerning Overturning of Wall......................................................................... 411 Examination on Soft Foundation............................................................................................. 411 Stability Calculations of Cellular Concrete Blocks ....................................................................... 412 Effects of Backfill ............................................................................................................................... 413 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 414 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5

4.4 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.3

Chapter 5 Sheet Pile Quaywalls ............................................................................................................................... 415General ............................................................................................................................................... 415 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall ................................................................................... 4155.2.1 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 External Forces to Be Considered.......................................................................................... 415

Design of Sheet Pile Wall ................................................................................................................ 417Setting Level of Tie Rod ......................................................................................................... 417 Embedded Length of Sheet Piles ........................................................................................... 417 Bending Moment of Sheet Piles and Reaction at Tie Rod Setting Point ................................ 418 Cross Section of Sheet Piles .................................................................................................. 419 Consideration of the Effect of Section Rigidity of Sheet Piles ................................................ 419 Design of Tie Rods ........................................................................................................................... 424 5.4.1 Tension of Tie Rod ................................................................................................................. 424 5.4.2 Cross Section of Tie Rod........................................................................................................ 424 Design of Wale .................................................................................................................................. 425 Examination for Circular Slip ........................................................................................................... 425 Design of Anchorage Work .............................................................................................................. 426 5.7.1 Selection of Structural Type of Anchorage Work.................................................................... 426 5.7.2 Location of Anchorage Work .................................................................................................. 426 5.7.3 Design of Anchorage Work..................................................................................................... 427 Detailed Design ................................................................................................................................. 428 5.8.1 Coping .................................................................................................................................... 428 5.8.2 Fitting of Tie Rods and Wale to Sheet Piles ........................................................................... 429 5.8.3 Tie Rod ................................................................................................................................... 429 5.8.4 Fitting of Tie Rods to Anchorage Work................................................................................... 429 Special Notes for Design of Sheet Pile Wall on Soft Ground..................................................... 429

5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

5.8

5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Chapter 6 Sheet Pile Quaywalls with Relieving Platform ................................................................................. 431Scope of Application ......................................................................................................................... 431 Principles of Design .......................................................................................................................... 431 Determination of Height and Width of Relieving Platform .......................................................... 431 Earth Pressure and Residual Water Pressure Acting on Sheet Piles ...................................... 432 Design of Sheet Pile Wall ................................................................................................................ 432Embedded Length of Sheet Piles .............................................