8/14/2019 Technical Reading psychology 1702

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|UNIVERSIDAD COOPERATIVA DE COLOMBIAProfesionales con Criterios Polticos

Villavicencio Meta Colombia

Faculty of PsychologyEnglish II group 1702 Technical reading III

Name: _______________________________ Code: __________ Date _____________

PAV LOVS EARLY WORK : THE BASIC NATURE OF CLASSICAL CONDITI ONI NG

In order to examine the process of classical conditioning in a systematic manner, Pavlovinserted a small rubber tube into the salivary glands of his canine subjects. After they hadfully recovered from this minor operation, the dogs were placed in an apparatus designed toaccomplish two goals. First, it restrained their movements, and second, it enabled Pavlov toobtain a precise record of the amount of saliva that was secreted (see Figure 4-4). Actualconditioning procedures were then begun. During these procedures, some neutral stimulus which had previously been shown to haveno noticeable effect upon the dogs rate of salivation (e.g., a bell) was presented for a brief period of time. A second stimulus, known to exert a strong effect upon salivation (e.g., asmall quality of dried meat powder squirted directly into the subjects mouth) was thequickly delivered. The bell (or other neutral stimulus) was termed the conditionedstimulus (or CS .) This was because at first it did not cause subjects to salivate, and onlygradually acquired this ability. The meat powder was termed the uncon-ditionedstimulus (or UCS ). This was because it produced salivation the first time it was presented,without any prior conditioning. Each pairing of these two stimuli served as conditioning trial ,and a number of such trials were conducted, one after another. The major purpose, of course , was to determine whether the bell would gain the ability of elicit salivation as resultof repeated pairing with the meat powder. To determine whether this was the case,special test trials were employed. On these trials, the bell was rung, but no meat powderwas presented. As you might expect on the basis of the shower example presented earlier, itwas found that on these occasions subjects did in fact begin to salivate when they heard thebell. (For a related example of classical conditioning, please see Figure 4-5. And for anexample of a stimulus which will almost certainly elicit a conditioned response from you,please see Color Plate 4-1.) Because reactions to the bell began to occur only as conditioning pro-ceeded, they weretermed conditioned responses ( CR s). In contrast, since reactions to the meat powdertook place the very first time it was presented, in a seemingly automatic manner, they weretermed unconditioned responses ( UR s). It is important to note that although theresponses induced by con-ditioned and unconditioned stimuli are often very similar, they areby no means identical. For example , conditioned responses are often smaller and areslower to occur than unconditioned responses, and they are frequently different in form aswell. Thus, although conditioned stimuli often elicit strong reactions from subjects, they donot usually evoke responses identical in all respects to those produced by unconditionedstimuli.

Vocabulary for the written test:

Stimulus : EstimuloRestrain : Restringir ContenerProcedure : ProcedimientoSecrete : SegregarConditioned response : RespuestaCondicionadaSeemingly : Aparentemente

Although : AunqueElicit : ProvocarNoticeable : PerceptibleBrief : Breve

Teacher William Cspedes