Biodiesel 101 &

Technical Overview

National Biodiesel Board Technician Outreach Program

February 2010

After today’s session, you will be able to do the following:

Understand why your customers want biodiesel Answer general questions about biodiesel that

your customers may ask you Understand the importance of quality and the

BQ-9000 program Be able to discern issues between normal

diesel problems and poor quality biodiesel imposters or out-of-spec biodiesel when they hit your shop

Biodiesel Driving Forces Reduce dependence on imported crude oil and

petrodiesel from unstable parts of the world Reduce global warming by using a renewable fuel Reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines Can be used in any diesel engine without modifications,

existing fueling stations can be used Easy to use--drop in substitute for petroleum diesel fuel Produces over 3 times more energy than it takes to

grow and process the fuel Engine and vehicle companies approve the fuel for use Over 100 million miles of on-road trouble-free use both

here and abroad

National Biodiesel Board 4

Why People Want Biodiesel Energy Security

amount imported from Iraq U.S. Industry Goal:

5% on-road displacement by 2015 ≈ 1.85 BGY (met in various blend levels)

5% ≈ ¼ of diesel equivalent refined from Persian Gulf Crude or about the

Environmental benefits Biodegradable and Non-Toxic -

safer than diesel and biodegrades as fast as dextrose, a test sugar.

Greenhouse Gases – A 78% life cycle decrease in CO2 according to a USDA and DOE study.

Green Jobs 2007: 21,803 jobs 2007: $4.1 billion to GDP $26 billion to U.S. economy

by 2012 Create 38,856 new jobs in

all sectors of the economy

Renewable Fuel Standard: Requires 1 billion gallons

B100 by 2012 B5 in 2/3 of all on road

diesel! Low cost option to meet RFS

Why make biodiesel?

Diesel fuel injectors are not designed for viscous fuels like vegetable oil

Glycerin (thick)

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-

alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D 6751, designated B100.

Biodiesel Blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.• This tight definition was needed in order to secure

vehicle, engine and fuel injection equipment company support for biodiesel, as well as to secure ASTM specs

Beware of Biodiesel Imposters!

ASTM D6751 Definition Eliminates: Coal Slurries Raw Vegetable Oils and Fats Non-Esterified Oils Hydro-treated Oils and Fats Proprietary Veg Oil / Ethanol blends Blends With Diesel

Auto, engine, and fuel injection equipment makers only support D6751 biodiesel

What is Biodiesel??

Ethanol—NO!

Raw Veg Oil—NO!

“Bio-Willie”

Yes, but not from marijuana oil!

Ethanol is not Biodiesel!!!Ethanol is made from fermenting the

whole corn kernel to ethanolEthanol is intended only for spark

ignited (i.e. gasoline) applications since it has good octane but poor cetane, zero lubricity “Drink the best and burn the rest”!

Raw ethanol in diesel fuel can severely damage diesel engines!

Biodiesel Raw MaterialsOil or Fat Alcohol

Soybean MethanolCorn EthanolCanolaCottonseed CatalystSunflower Sodium hydroxideBeef tallow Potassium hydroxidePork lardUsed cooking oils

National Biodiesel Board 11

Potential New Sources

Brassica Juncea

Low Ricin Castor

AlgaeSeashore Mallow

Jatropha

Brown GreaseEtc.

Transesterification (the biodiesel reaction)

Fatty Acid Chain

Glycerol

Methanol (or Ethanol)

One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules

Biodiesel

Triglyceride

Biodiesel Reaction

Vegetable Oil or

Animal Fat (100 lbs.)

+Methanol or

Ethanol(10 lbs.)

Biodiesel(100 lbs.)

+Glycerin(10 lbs.)

In the presence of a catalyst

Combining Yield

s

Important Biodiesel Parameters Complete Reaction/Removal of Glycerin

Insured through total/free glycerin spec Removal of Catalyst

Insured through sulfated ash spec Removal of Alcohol

Insured through flash point spec Absence of Free Fatty Acids

Insured through acid value specAll these insured through ASTM D 6751– Represents over $50 million and 15 years of testing

Biodiesel Infrastructure Biodiesel and biodiesel blends

are now available nationwide from more than: 1,600 Distributors and 1,300 Retailers

Visit the NBB website at: www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/ or www.biotrucker.com to view biodiesel retailers near you, by state, or along a route

Biodiesel Pump LabelingNo Label Required: Fuel blends containing no more than five percent

biodiesel and no more than 5 percent biomass-based diesel and that meet ASTM D975.

Labels Required: Fuel blends containing more than five but no more

than 20 percent biodiesel or biomass-based diesel. Fuel blends containing more than 20 percent

biodiesel or biomass-based diesel. Separate Labels for Biodiesel (Blue Labels) and

Biomass-Based Diesel (Orange Labels)

Biodiesel Production Locations

Represent ~ 80% of biodiesel production volume in U.S.

B100--Properties ASTM D 6751 No Sulfur (1-2 ppm) No Aromatics High Cetane (over 50) Superior Lubricity in Low Blends Biodegradable, Non-Toxic 3.2 to 1 Positive Energy Balance BTU same or higher than No. 1 78% Life Cycle CO2 Reduction All Proven: $70MM Scientific Study over 18

years

Biodiesel Performance Properties

B20 Similar Performance to Petrodiesel: Torque Horsepower Mileage Range 1-2% fewer BTUs per

gallon than #2 diesel

Enhanced Lubricity

Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel

0100200300400500600700800

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Biodiesel Blend (%)

HFRR WSD (micron)

Equipment benefits Superior lubricity B2 has up to 66% more

lubricity than #2 Diesel EPA required sulfur

reduction in diesel No overdosing concerns

Cleaner emissions

Emission Type B100 B20 B2

Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%

Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%

Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +/-2%* +.2%

* http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38296.pdf

B100 Blending Component Specification

Recent changes: Cold Soak

Filtration or Control of Minor Components added

Major steps forward for passage of biodiesel blend specifications

Critical for obtaining OEM approval

Critical for ensuring that biodiesel performs as advertised so market can grow

D6751-08 Requirements

McCormick, R.L, Westbrook, S.R. “Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends” Standardization News, page 28, April 2007

Property Test Method Limits UnitsCalcium & Magnesium EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Alcohol control

either Flash Point D 93 130 min. Degrees C or GC methanol EN 14110 0.2 % Volume

Flash Point D 93 93min. Degrees CKin. Viscosity, 40C D 445 1.9 - 6.0 mm?/sec.Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max. % massSulfur S500 D 5453 0.05 max (500) % mass (ppm)

S15 D 5453 0.0015 max (15) % mass (ppm)Copper Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max.Cetane number D 613 47 min.Cloud Point D 2500 Report degrees CCarbon Residue D 4530 0.05 max. % massAcid Number D 664 0.50 max. mg KOH/gFree Glycerin D 6854 0.020 % massTotal Glycerin D 6854 0.240 % massPhosphorous content D 4951 0.001 max % massDistillation, T90 AET D 1160 360 max degrees CNa/K, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Oxidation Stability EN 14112 3 min hours

(Visual Appearance)D 4176 Free of un-dissolved water, sediment and suspended matterBOLD = BQ-9000 Critical Specification TestingOnce Production Process Under Control

ASTM Biodiesel Specs Now Approved

Started ASTM process in 1993 After 15 years, biodiesel blends were

approved by ASTM in 2008

D6751: Pure biodiesel blend stock D975: On/off road diesel with up to 5%

Biodiesel D7467: On/off road diesel with

biodiesel between 6% and 20%

BQ 9000 Quality Program

•Biodiesel Industry’s “Good Housekeeping” TM seal of approval for biodiesel production & distribution companies•Quality Control System covers biodiesel manufacturing, sampling, testing, blending, storage, shipping, distribution•ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies

ASTM D 6751 is CRITICALBQ 9000 is becoming a given

Spec Grade B20 and Lower Made with ASTM grade B100 Drop in replacement for petrodiesel

Millions of miles of trouble free use B20 holds similar levels of water as petrodiesel Take cold weather precautions like diesel Good detergent—may clean out systems upon first

use (filter change in 2% cases) Use within 6 months See NBB Toolkit document “Use of Biodiesel Blends Up to B20” for

more information

Going over B20 requires caution But it can be done with proper pre-cautions NBB recommends average user stay at B20 Cold flow issues are greater Materials compatibility (hoses, gaskets) Cleaning effect is more immediate Engine oil may become diluted with fuel

Cold Flow Properties Biodiesel (B100) freezes faster than most petrodiesel Untreated B20 freezes about 3-10º F faster than petrodiesel, depending on:

the cold flow properties of the biodiesel the cold flow properties of the petrodiesel

B2 properties are similar to diesel fuel B20 has been used successfully in climates below -20ºF Traditional cold weather options for diesel work well with biodiesel and blends

Blend with kerosene, use of additives Block and filter heaters Indoor vehicle storage

In specification B100

Out of spec B100: High raw oil

Biodiesel Handling and Storage Some older fuel lines

(Buna, natural rubbers) are not compatible with biodiesel and will degrade.

Viton and Teflon hoses and seals are widely used today and are compatible with biodiesel.

No copper, brass, bronze, zinc, or other galvanized surfaces

Engine to Fuel System Biodiesel only contacts the fuel system so

use should not affect bearings, turbo, oil/water pumps, and other wear-related parts.

Biodiesel improves fuel lubricity and thus can be used as a lubricity additive for poor quality diesel fuels.

In Europe, there have been some claims of crankcase oil dilution and oil thickening. This has not been observed in the U.S.

Operational issues Low energy content

Not harmful, but may cause power loss and increased fuel consumption

Cold flow – fuel filter plugging Microbial growth – fuel filter plugging Incomplete reaction – fuel filter plugging Fuel oxidation – fuel filter plugging

Fuel filter plugging is the most common

operational issue

Biodiesel and Exhaust After-Treatment

Biodiesel Enhances Diesel Particulate Filter and NOx After treatment performance compared to petrodiesel (or hydrocarbons) alone

Some models (mostly light duty) may experience high fuel in the engine oil if in-cylinder post-injection used for PM trap light off, especially with blends over B20 No reported issues with B20 with medium/heavy duty VW 2009 light duty: No more than B5 due to this

New Diesel Technology

-2010

DPF: Balance Point Temp - Regeneration Rate Results

BPTULSD

360ºCB20

320ºCB100

250ºC

• BPT is 40ºC lower for B20• Soot is more easily burned off of filter• B20: lower temperature duty cycle OK

• Regeneration rate increases with increasing biodiesel content

• Even at 5%, biodiesel PM measurably oxidizes more quickly

B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop With in spec B20 and lower, the issues you

can expect to see in your shop are the same as you will see with petrodiesel

Except: Expect to see less lubricity related issues Expect to see less problems with after-treatment Filter related issues likely normal diesel issues or

out of spec or imposter biodiesel Less black smoke from exhaust!

What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?

Diesel Oxidation or Aphaltenes Diesel Fuel Paraffin wax

What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?

Water saturated filter paper

Other contaminants like water and sediment or microbial contamination

What could I see that’s different than normal Diesel Fuel Filters?

Partial reaction products from off specification biodiesel or imposter biodiesel

Filter

Biodiesel plant

Filter

Filter

Oil

Filter Filter

Filtration

OEM Support for Biodiesel Blends

OEM Warranty Statements and Biodiesel All major U.S. OEMs support at least B5 and

lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751

More than 55% of U.S. manufacturers support B20 or higher blends in at least some of their equipment

Several more are completing testing and progressing toward support for B20 now that new ASTM standards for B6-B20 blends have been published (ASTM D7467)

Most are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier

OEMs Supporting B20

Other OEM Biodiesel Positions Expected to enter the U.S. diesel

market (2010+), blend TBA: Acura, Honda, Hyundai, Mahindra, Mini

Cooper, Nissan, Smart Car, Subaru, Toyota

Approve B5: Audi, BMW, Detroit Diesel,

Freightliner, Isuzu, Kubota, Mack, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo

OEM Biodiesel Blend Approvals Approve B20 or higher on at least some

models: Arctic Cat, Buhler, Case Construction

Equipment, Case IH, Caterpillar, Cummins, Chrysler (Dodge Ram & Sprinter - Fleets Only), Ford (for 2011+ F-Series trucks), General Motors (for 2011+ models), Hayes Diversified Technologies, John Deere, Navistar/International, Perkins, Toro, Yanmar

Approve B100: Case IH (approx. 50% of models), Fairbanks

Morse, New Holland, Tomcar

Truck Market American Trucking Association Endorses B5

Use “ATA is proud to endorse the use of

biodiesel in blends of up to 5%.” -Rich Moskowitz, ATA Regulatory

Affairs Counsel BioTrucker.com

Availability Testimonials FAQ’s & News

Legislative Incentives for Biodiesel: RFS-2

New Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-2) will be the single largest factor in biodiesel production and use to date

Final rule accounts for 2009 and 2010 Biomass-based Diesel use requirements.

Consistent with EISA’s requirements, 1.150 billion gallons of biodiesel must be used domestically bythe end of 2010. Biodiesel used domestically in 2009 and 2010 will count towards this total.

State Biodiesel Legislation: 42 states have now legislatively

adopted the ASTM D6751 specifications for biodiesel 

7 states have passed biodiesel usage requirements:  Two are currently in effect (MN & WA) Five will be in effect as of July 1, 2010

(LA, MA, NM, OR, PA).   

NBB Resourceswww.biodiesel.org

Biodiesel Training Toolkit News Releases & Information ResourcesTechnical Library, Spec Sheets & VideosOEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel U.S. Diesel Vehicle List

www.BQ-9000.org Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies

www.biotrucker.comListing of BioTrucker retail sites

www.allthingsbiodiesel.comBiodiesel merchandise, literature, pump labels and more!