Technical options for placement of CO2 in the maritime area

by Paul Freund

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Placement of CO2 in marine area

Overview IntroductionWhere will the CO2 come from?How will it be brought to site?How could it be stored?ProgressConclusions

IntroductionResponding to Climate Change

Wide variety of mitigation optionsCapture and storage of CO2 is one method of

reducing emissionsNo single technique can solve the problem of

climate changeCapture and storage of CO2 has potential to

reduce the cost of meeting climate goalsPurpose of this talk is to introduce the

technology of CO2 storage

Global sources of CO2 Opportunities for Emission reduction

Cost of capture depends on CO2 concentration

Early opportunities in NH3 plant, H2 plant, etc.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Buildings Transport Industry/Agric PowerGeneration

Em

iss

ion

s, M

t C

O2/y

Capture & Store CO2 Example: power generation

Mainly N2, H2O to atmosphere

CO2

Flue gases

Compression

Fossil fuelcombustion

Turbines

CO2

Separation

Storage

CO2 capture at AES Warrior Run

Capturing CO2

Other methods are under development:Pre-combustion decarbonisationPre-combustion removal of nitrogen

Transporting CO2 - pipelines

Photo: Dakota Gasification

CO2 pipeline: 3100 km in use today Capacity > 110 Mt/y

Transporting CO2 - ships

CO2 tanker: Long distance shipping

could be done by tanker Construction similar to

LPG tankerΔ cost

Similar to long distance pipeline

Storage of CO2

Must be Safe and secureVerifiable Of sufficient capacity to make a differenceCapable of isolating the CO2 for 1000s of years

Natural reservoirs have sufficientcapacity:

Geological formationsDeep ocean

Ocean storage of CO2

Options Injection onto sea-floor Dispersion at mid-depthFormation of CO2-hydrate at depthMineral neutralization

All just conceptsMany outstanding issues

This is NOT the subject of today’s meeting

Geological Storage of CO2

Storage optionsDeep saline aquifersDepleted oil fieldsNatural gas fieldsUnminable coal measures

Geological Storage CapacityGlobal Storage Potential

40 Gt CO2

<2% of Emissions to 2050

~ 3000 Gt CO2

~ 150% of Emissions to 2050

920 Gt CO2

45% of Emissions to 2050

Comparative potentials at storage costs of up to $20/t CO2

Geological Storage of CO2

Component parts: Site selection

Formation depth, capacity, rock properties, location Cap-rock, faults and other penetrationsEnvironmental impact and Risk assessments

Drilling injection wells Pressurisation and Injection of CO2

Remediation in case of leaks Monitoring

During injectionOnce CO2 is in the reservoir

CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

CO2 Injection

Production

Well

CO2 Oil

Recycled CO2

CO2 Re-injection – Natural Gas If natural gas contains too much CO2, it must be

removed before the gas is sent to marketCurrent application of CO2 Capture

Established practice is to vent CO2 after capture

Better environmental practice = store CO2

Examples: Sleipner K-12B In Salah Snøhvit Gorgon

Sleipner project

Courtesy of Statoil

Sleipner CO2 Injection

Courtesy of Statoil

Sleipner T

Utsira Formation

Production and Injection Wells

CO2

CO2 Injection Well

Sleipner A

Gas from Sleipner Vest

Gorgon Gas Field

Courtesy of ChevronTexaco

Gorgon LNG plant with CO2 capture

Courtesy of ChevronTexaco

Snøhvit CO2 Injection

Courtesy of Statoil

Snøhvit - Pipelines

Courtesy of Statoil

Depth: 330 m Distance 160 km

Monitoring CO2 injection & storage

Reason for monitoring include:Establish baseline conditionsEnsure effective injection controlsLocate the CO2 plume

Assess integrity of wellsConfirm storage efficiency and calibrate modelsDetect and quantify seepage / assess impactsFor accounting purposes In relation to legal disputesReassure the public about storage of CO2

Monitoring of CO2

Possible monitoring techniques:Pressure - Wellhead and/or Formation Injection RateWell Logs, Fluid and Gas CompositionSeismic MonitoringElectrical and Electromagnetic MonitoringGravity MonitoringTilt MeasurementsAirborne or Satellite ImagingCO2 Flux Monitoring

Atmospheric CO2 Concentration

Micro Seismicity

History match courtesy of Sintef Petroleum

Seismic Analysis

ConclusionsGeological storage of Captured CO2

Offers significant capacity for avoiding CO2 emissions

Would make a difference to climate changeMakes use of established technologies for

injection and monitoring Several examples now in operation/plannedThese will serve as demonstrations which will

influence attitudes.