111

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INDEX

INDEX ................................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2

WHATIS DRAWING? ....................................................................................................... 3

GENERAL AND BRANCHES .......................................................................................... 3

THE TECHNICAL DRAWING IS CLASSIFIED AS ...................................................... 3

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DRAWING ........................................................................ 4

OLDEST TECHNICAL DRAWING ................................................................................. 5

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE DRAWING .............................................. 6

LETTERS ........................................................................................................................... 8

CARD ................................................................................................................................. 10

THE STANDARDS FOR PAPER FORMATS AND BENDING DRAWINGPAPER .... 10

CHART ELEMENTS OF DRAWING.(LINES COTA) .................................................... 11

DIMENSIONS AND DIRECTIONS ................................................................................. 12

CUTTING LINES............................................................................................................... 12

WALLS ............................................................................................................................... 13 THE DOORS .................................................................................................................................. 14

WINDOW ....................................................................................................................................... 14

FLOORS (GENERAL COATINGS). ............................................................................................. 15

TYPES OF NORTH ........................................................................................................................ 16

FURNITURE .................................................................................................................................. 16

TREES............................................................................................................................................. 17

VEHICLES ..................................................................................................................................... 17

FIGURES HUMANAS ................................................................................................................... 17

TEXTURAS WALLS AND CEILINGS ........................................................................................ 18

SCALES AND GRAPHICS............................................................................................................ 19

MODERN METHODS OF DRAWING ......................................................................................... 19

EXERCISE OF DRAWING IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ................................................. 20

TIMBER STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................... 21

MASONRY STRUCTURES .......................................................................................................... 21

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE. ................................................................................ 22

ORKSHOP STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................. 22

MANAGEMENT TOOLS. ............................................................................................................. 23

CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS. ................................................................ 24

SHOP DRAWING .......................................................................................................................... 24

FOUNDATION PLAN ................................................................................................................... 24

LIST OF DRAWINGS. ................................................................................................................... 25

DRAWING IN OUR MIDST ......................................................................................................... 26

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 28

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INTRODUCTION.

The Evolution of Technical Drawing in the story is like many of the changes that have

taken our present and is, by the conception of what is to be

the most dilocuentecommunicative expression and perhaps always going

to insinuate that theideological diversity for each person will never be the same. In the

field ofarchitectural or generational technically called drawing has different ways of

projecting real objects and situations in which man is wrapped to the full satisfaction of the

need for spaces that have for the daily performance of his life. Below what we understand,

thanks to ongoing research that can be conceived of this evolution beginnot before talking

about its history, branches, norms and the various ways he uses to transmit messages in

the professional technique.

444

WHAT IS DRAWING It is the language of the thrower, with it is universally understood, and with purely

geometric representations for competent people, and with prospects for the laymen.You can

also say in other words it is a graphical representation of a real object of an idea

or proposed design for later construction.

GENERAL AND BRANCHES.

In the overall artistic and technical there.

a) The artist: uses pictures to express ideas aesthetic, philosophical or abstract.

b) The technician is the procedure used to represent topography, engineering work, building

and machine parts, which is a standard pattern.

The use of technical drawing is important in all branches of engineering and industry, and

also in architecture and geology.

Should indicate the materials used and the properties of surfaces. Its main purposeis to

convey the exact form and dimensions of an object. An ordinary perspective

drawing provides information about the object hidden details and usually does not fitin

their true proportion. The conventional technical drawing uses two or more projections to

represent an object. These projections are different views of the objectfrom several points

which, while not fully separate from all represent each dimensionand detail of the object.

The main projection view or a technical drawing is the front view or elevation, which

usually represents the side of the larger object, below the elevation draw the top viewor

plant. If these projections do not completely define the object, you can add more, aright

side view or

THE TECHNICAL DRAWING IS CLASSIFIED AS:

a). D. Natural: It is done by copying the model directly.

b). D. Continuous: The sculpted or painted ornament that extends throughout a molding or

cornice.

c) D. Industrial: The objective is to represent machine parts, mechanical ducts, buildings in

a clear but with sufficient accuracy and is therefore used as an auxiliarydescriptive

geometry. This also facilitates the design of works.

d) D. Defined: It is not proper branch, but a phase of it and is done in china ink

andusing appropriate tools, that allow for precise work. The ideas of communicating

thoughts from one person to another by means of images existed since the bad olddays of

the caveman, you still have examples of their stock.

555

A BRIEF HISTORY OF DRAWING.

Since the first prehistoric men used the drawing as a form of communication, by means of

images reduced in size, located in (coats) rocky dens and caves inside.

From these times, has been used very remote universal language, a graphical language,

which allowed the oldest men communicate their ideas and thoughtstogether. These

drawings are the earliest form of writing, which later becamesymbols used in the current

script.

The man developed a graphical representation in two different directions, depending on

their purpose: The artists and technicians.

Since the beginning of time, the artists used drawings to express ideas, aesthetic,

philosophical or abstract graph,. In ancient times, spelling, nearly everyone

wasilliterate. There was no press, and therefore there were no newspapers, no bookswere

written as they are in accessible to the public. People learn by listening to today.The

books were written by hand on papyrus or parchment, and were not superior and

looking sculptures, paintings or drawings in public places. All could attend a, pictures,

and these were the main sources of information.

The artist was not just an artist, east, was a teacher or a philosopher, a means ofexpression

and communication. The other policy that guided the development wasdrawing

in art history. Since the beginning of recorded history, the man he used to represent the

design drawings of objects for manufacturing or construction. No traceremains of these

first drawing, but it is known definitely that the man used drawings,because I could

not have designed and built what he did without using relatively precise drawings. The

Bible makes the claim that the Temple of Solomon "was builtwith carved stones before

taking his place. Each stone is carved wood with tools to shape, took the place and was

fitted in one place. It is clear that accurate drawings were used, to show the shapes

and sizes of component parts for the design of the temple. They can be seen today, the

ruins of ancient buildings, aqueducts, bridgesand other structures of good design, which

could not have risen without carefully prepared drawings serve as a guide

for builders. Many of these structures are still considered as "wonders of the world." The

Temple of Amon, for example found inKarnak, Egypt, which was completed around the

year 980 BC Its construction took seven centuries. Only in regard to mass of stone, this

building exceeded any roofed structure ever built once, so far as is known, having

for dimensions 1200 feet long and 50 feet wide at its widest part. Similarly, the

great Roman circus was a structureof enormous proportions, according to the

historian Pliny, could accommodate a total AD seated 250,000 spectators.

666

OLDEST TECHNICAL DRAWING.

The technical drawing oldest known, and still there is a plan view of a strong designthat

made the Cude heating engineer, and that is engraved on a stone slab, the resemblance is

remarkable that keeps this drawing those prepared by the architects of our day, despite

having been "drawn" thousands of years before paperwas invented.

The first written evidence of the application of technical drawing took place in 30 BC

when the Roman architect Vitruvius wrote a treatise on architecture in which he says, "The

architect must be skilled with the pen and have knowledge of drawing, soyou can easily and

quickly prepare the required drawings to show the appearance of

the proposed building work. "Then goes on to discuss the use of the

rule andcompass for geometric constructions for the layout of the plan and elevation of a

building and draw prospects.

In museums may be actual copies of the first drawing tools. The bars were made of

bronze and were approximately the same size as today. The old bar looked like

thedividers today. The pen is cut from thin stems.

The theory of projections of objects on projection imaginary planes did not developuntil the

early part of the fifteenth century, and its development is due to AlbeBrunelleschi Italian

architects and others. It is widely known that Leonardo da Vincidrawings used to transmit

to others their ideas and designs for mechanical engineering, and many such drawings exist

today. However, it is not clear, whetherLeonardo ever made mechanical

drawings in orthographic views appeared asthose made today, but it is very likely. The

Treaty of Leonardo da Vinci painting,published in 1651, is considered the first printed

book on the theory of projectiondrawing, but is focused on orthographic projection. The

beat of the Romans keptpractically unchanged at the time of Leonardo. The circles were

marked with metal tips, since the pencils were not invented until the eighteenth century,

when Faberestablished his company in Nuremberg, Germany.

Already in the seventh century had replaced the pen of stems prepared by

thefeathers, usually goose.

The time signature brand of writing, opened up in time with sprig of graphite, which

appeared shortly after graphite pencils. In Mount Vernon may be drawing instruments used

by the great civil engineer George Washington, which are dated1749. This case is very

similar in content, tools that are used today, and is formedby dividers,

compass accessories line with pen and ink, and a graph or drawing pens of parallel sheets,

similar the modern drawing pen.

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MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN DRAWING.

It is of great importance for the artist to develop the drawing, since the initial ideas and

designs are made by hand before they become accurate drawings with instruments.

The main instruments in the drawing are: Table and Drawing Machines (Board),

Regulation T, brackets 30, 45, and 60, drawing paper, compass, scale, eraser.

MESA - PANEL: This is where the plot is made, must be of a completely smooth

surface can be wood or foil, plastic or other smooth material. The table has somebras that

allow the inclination of the same part of comfort. Lighting is importantbecause it

must be from right to left and front to back so as not to produce shadows.It can also be a

board of independent work and the working edge should be straight and can be checked

with a steel ruler.

RULE: A rule with a head at one end. When used to keep the head of the

instrumentfirmly against the edge of the board to ensure that the lines are parallel to be

drawn,also serves to support, to draw angle brackets. If wood is to make sure that your

resume is perfectly straight.

BRACKETS: The most common use are 60, 30 and 45, these are used in conjunction with

the rule or rule T when lines are drawn parallel vertical or inclined.They are also

called brackets and are made of celluloid or other transparentplastics.

THE O SLAVE SCALER: The scales are usually referring to the subway, the

most used:1:100 Esc, Esc 1:75, 1:50 Esc, Esc 1: 20. The scales used to measure, it is

veryimportant that artists are accurate to the scale. The scale used must be indicated onthe

strip or box for the title. The scaler are metric rulers, graduated in centimetersand

millimeters. Is pyramidal in shape and has two different scales.

METER: The instrument used to draw circles and arcs. It has two arms, one is the tip

and the other a nail or mine tour with center arm tip. The

compass provided piercentral screw is used increasingly, by the rigidity that keeps opening.

Arcs and circles for the drafters use the big beat of bar. In some countries the lowerarm is

removable and provides two accessory: one for the mine and another to drawink.

PENCIL DRAWING: To draw you must use special pencils mine, it is graded by numbers

and letters according to the hardness of the mine. A hard pencil linespainted softer than a

soft pencil to equal pressure. It is the basic tool for representation.

TEMPLATES: Used to draw standard shapes square, hexagonal, triangular and

elliptical. These are used to save time and greater accuracy in the drawing.

888

DELETE TEMPLATE: These are thin metal parts that have several openings thatallow you

to erase small details without touching what has to be in the drawing. To

remove used tires, the most suitable are called pencil rubber on the market today.

IRREGULAR CURVES: The contours of these are based on various combinationsof

ellipses, spirals and other mathematical curves. These are used to draw curved lines in

which the radius of curvature is not constant, these are also called curve orcurvígrafo gun.

SHARPENER: After cutting the wood of a pencil sharpener with a knife

ormechanical, should sharpen the pencil graphite rod and give a long tapered tip.

ERASER: The eraser soft or artist, who called Nysón milk and is useful for cleaningpaper

or cloth frames and dirt left by the fingers that hurt the appearance of thefinished

drawing. There is also a spray that is cleared for further abuses by the

sweat graphite left unintentionally.

DRAWING INK: The ink drawing is a finely divided coal dust in suspension, with

added natural or synthetic rubber to prevent the mix easily with water running.

Standards for drawings facilitate the architect his ordination to the office and

workshop for consult5as praise and referrals.

FABRIC FABRIC OR PAPER DECALS: Use a finely woven cloth and coated with

aspecial starch or plastic for drawing either pencil or ink.

999

• LETTERS.

For a complete description of a plan is required: graphic language to show the shape and

arrangement, and writing to indicate the action, working methods, material types and other

information. So, good draftsman, besides drawing skills to perfection, must be very fluent

in the handwriting.

The letter class most commonly used is the trade Gothic, based on single stroke.Letters

can be uppercase or lowercase or upper case and lower case, both based on inclined

or vertical type. In some companies it is used only vertical type, in othertype inclined. And

finally, sometimes vertical letters used for titles and lyrics steep for dimensions and

notes, or other combinations. The draftsman who wants a position in any company will

have to adapt to the custom of the same.

The study and practice are the perfect mastery of form and dimensions of each letter. Short

periods of practice, but frequently, they mastered the labeling. Finally, we should combine

the letters evenly for easy words to read.

Lines guide. To achieve uniform letters, guide lines should be drawn to demarcate

the height of the letters. These lines are very fine stroke and pencil. The spacing

ofletters usually takes half time and a half times the height of the case.

Jose David

The practice of writing letters proceed logically to the writing of words and phrases.It is

advisable to pay special attention to numbers and fractions, constituting an essential part of

the drawing of a drawing.

Labeled in pencil. The order of the lines and dimensions of the letters should be learned by

practicing with a pencil first before trying it with ink.

The mine should be sharpened so as to obtain a long tapered tip. The pressure of pen on

paper should be as uniform as possible and convenient to get used to roll the pencil between

their fingers every three or four strokes, to achieve greater uniformity. The pen should be

held in the hand with minimal force necessary to control the strokes.

Labeled in ink. The term simple line means that the bulk of the poles and hooks of the

letters is uniform and equal to the thickness of the stroke of the pen. The pen to label,

therefore, must make the thickness uniform strokes appropriate to the font size in all

directions.

Vertical Shift simple strokes. The vertical lines running from top to bottom and from left to

right horizontally.

The numbers. Require special attention. Note that its shape is quite different, such as letters,

from those used in normal writing.

Broken. Are always made horizontal line ratio. The terms of the fraction are approximately

two-thirds of the height of the integers. You have to leave a little space above and below

the broken line.

111000

Tiny vertical. The body height of about two thirds of the case.

Shift inclined. Two points must be always present in this type of writing: first, to retain a

uniform inclination all the letters and second, getting the right form of the curved portions

of the rounded letters.

The lower slopes. It is typically used in the explanatory notes to give the writing speed and

clarity in reading.

Their bodies have a height of two thirds of the capital with sticks up above the upper guide

and the sticks down the same length.

"The letters that make up a word is not put at a distance equal to each other, but we must

ensure that their relative separation, that is, areas of white spaces between them are equal,

which gives the impression of being separated evenly. Thus, two points of straight lines are

farther apart two others rounded. "

Apparatus and label templates. Allow the standard layout of letters of different heights with

great uniformity. Market are different pen thicknesses for the corresponding sizes. The

guidelines and templates also contain many symbols used in the drawings, such as welding

symbols, architectural, electrical, etc..

111111

• CARD. The card is in the lower right side of the paper. This contains all the information regarding

the project to be undertaken, such as that designed, the engineer who will build the work,

the owner or owners of such works, the scale used, among other important things.

• THE STANDARDS FOR PAPER FORMATS AND BENDING

technical drawing.

Standards for drawings facilitate the architect his ordination to the office and workshop for

consultations and referrals.

The margin of the cover is:

1) In A0-A3 formats = 10mm

2) In the A4-A6 = 5mm

In small drawings allowed a margin of 25 mm for sewing.

The formats for exceptionally close succession may consist of equal size or immediate

forms of the same series.

For the stitching is left to the left a margin of 5 cm which is not drawn.

Indicated on the label to the right kind of drawing, sketch, draft design.

• Indication of the different shapes of the building or work elements of situation represented

by flat, floor plans, sections, views, perspective.

• Indication of the scale.

• Sometimes indication of dimensions.

The plans are submitted to the authority of a building permit application must also indicate:

1) Name of owner (signature)

2) Name of architect (signature)

3) Name of director of the work (signed)

4) Name of manufacturer (company)

Besides all this in the use of graphite and ink should be careful with the implementation of

the rule and the brackets.

111222

• CHART ELEMENTS OF DRAWING.

(LINES COTA) The institute of standards in the U.S. and the American Society for Engineering Education,

among others, have sponsored the Standard manual drawing in the U.S., which contains

sections with modern terms, important, and most authoritative guides to the uniform

practice of drawing.

The formats are the basis for much of the dimensions of furniture and equipment to be

used. Knowledge standards and formats are of great importance to the artist in architecture,

for ordination facilitate the workshop for consultations and referrals.Compose effective

graphic language. For example:

• Dimensions and Directions:

Dimensions refer to the rough construction (thickness of the wall). The dimensions of less

than one meter in the construction drawings are usually expressed in cm. M. The

higher Lately also supported in mm. The high levels refer to the level of the pavement on

the ground floor is taken as the origin.

The dimensions of the steps are noted along the axis of the footprint footprint above and

below the counter.

The room numbers are enclosed in a circle.

The room size is expressed in m2 enclosed in a small square or rectangle. The window and

door openings are dimensioned along the axis of the same typing over and under the clear

width of headroom.

All dimension lines refer to the rough construction (wall thickness). The dimensions of less

than 1 MT. In the drawings of buildings are usually expressed in cm. Bol also recently

accepted as dimensions in mm.

Dimension lines are limited by arrows, representing more than buildings, it is also usual

limitation by inclined lines or normal.

The numbers are placed in such a way that is easy to read without having to return the

drawing.

Every line in elevation with a slope of 0 to 90 (inclusive), measured in the direction of the

quadrants trigonometric, take the numbers to be read by the observer placed on the right of

the drawing. The tilt of 90 to 180, to be read from the left.

Some kinds of dimension lines:

1) dimension lines with arrows

2) lines for Block Sloping levels.

3) Normal dimension lines.

• Spot elevations lines.

111333

DIMENSIONS AND DIRECTIONS Do not forget that a drawing and value lies not only in a correct representation of the forms,

but also accurate and clear indication of the size or dimensions. The omission of one of

these may break the design better executed, and a wrong dimension can have serious

consequences. Therefore, the dimension must be done carefully.

Cota and indications.

All values refer to the rough construction (wall thickness). 1m lower bounds on the

construction drawings are usually expressed in cm, higher m. Bol also recently accepted as

dimensions in mm.

The sections of chimneys and vents were indicated as a fraction of the lights in the form of

width / length, if they are round, like pipes, is indicated by its diameter, with the sign Ø.

The squaring also be indicated with the broken width / length.

The dimensions of the steps are recorded along the axis of the stairs, the trail above and

below the riser.

The window and door openings are dimensioned along the axis of the same, writing the

clear width above and below ground clearance.

The high levels refer to the level of pavement on the ground floor is taken as the origin.

The room numbers are enclosed in a bubble.

The room size is expressed m2 enclosed in a small square or rectangle.

• CUTTING LINES

They represent in plants of line and point and are designated with capital letters arranged in

alphabetical order according to the way that you look at the court. Under the rules, limit the

dimension lines with arrows, but in the representation of buildings is also limited by the

usual or normal sloping lines. The numbers are placed in a way that is easy to read without

having to return the drawing. Every line in elevation with tilt from zero to ninety degrees

(inclusive) measured in the direction of the quadrants trigonometric, take the numbers to be

read by the observer placed on the right of the drawing. In the tilt Ninety to one hundred

eighty degrees, to be read from the left.

SHAFT LINES: These are also called contour lines can be used as reference dimension.

111444

• WALLS On the walls depending on the thickness of the representation follows the implementation

of the material, where you decide the type of block.

All the walls are equally proportional representation and in each window or door is noted

on the thickness and the graphic material.

Example: In the windows are projected nose tongs made in the wall and the rotation and

projection of the door also visible on them.

STONE WALL: We must pay attention to good link or interlocking rig in length and depth,

every 1.5 to 2 m in height will tend to be a regular row, ie successive heights from the floor

of the scaffold.

Joints, according to the roughness and stone work, have a thickness <or = 3 cm were used

lime mortar or lime and cement as the cement only causes stains on some stones.

WALL: For the function call:

• Subjects with rabbet and threshold, its measure is exactly equal to the

opening.

b) being subject Sliding up and down used for garages mostly.

e) Revolving supported by a shaft which in turn is attached above and below the

frame. Used for shopping centers.

• Folding work in large spaces and are used for shops and if security is made with sturdy

metal.

111555

• THE DOORS (FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OR RAW MATERIAL): The doors can be wood, metal,

glass, etc., There are:

• From planks joined together which in turn can form drum, a board or two from a sheet

between other types of wood achievable.

2) In a drum with glass window.

• Metal heat resistant sliding used in garages.

• WINDOWS For windows nose tongs are used and how this is the current interior but very windy

country is used outside, ie, that in this wind pushes against the frame window, and this in

turn gives more floor space sill.

The windows are double or box two independent switching windows mounted in the same

frame.

The crystals are formed with double two sheets of glass mounted on metal frame.The roll-

up windows require a higher threshold for the roll. For the raw material we can say that

there are windows of wood, glass, aluminum, among others, and differ in the form of

representation in architectural plants.

In vain for metal windows can be fitted with nose tongs wood windows.

111666

• FLOOR (GENERAL COATINGS).

The floors are a big influence on the appearance of the rooms and the cost thereof has

dominance in the value of the home.

• Tile Flooring: From natural or artificial stone, terrazzo, ceramic, stoneware, glass, xilolita,

asphalt, plastic, etc.., Generally good-looking and easy to clean, but cold and hard to tread

(good heating in the ground).

• Natural Stone:

a) The slabs of limestone, shale and sandstone are used with natural surface, semi-polished

or polished.

b) sawn slabs of limestone (marble), sandstone and volcanic rocks all the desired surface

till: 25.75 cm, thickness 20-50 mm.

• Wood flooring: parquet tables 2.5 cm thick, rough or planed on one or both sides with

edges at the top, as wood and reed, and so on., Width of the boards 10-15 cm.

• Mosaics: small pieces with different colors, stone, glass or ceramic, embeded in cement

mortar.

• Coatings Stretch covering all floor surfaces and edges are set with studs, hooks or strips of

wood or steel.

• Floor: cement hard high wear traffic.

• Lightweight Concrete Pavement: With good insulation

as well as concrete floating layer of foam. Espers <or = 45mm.

• Brickwork: Where the cork and plastic pieces of 3-5 mm thickness were glued to a

concrete floor.

• The concrete pavings to be inelastic: The

divided by expansion joints with strips in fields of about 16 m2.

• Terrace: With normal cement or cement gray to white tones and expansion joints with

strips of brass or plastic forming fields = 1 m = 1 m2

• Parquet:

a) In tablets, placed on a floor with nails or soil nailable and adhesive glue on asphalt or

concrete bed.

• In mosaics, with slats 35 to 70 cm long and plates with designs ornamental wood and glue

sticks.

111777

TYPES OF NORTH. For guidance, there is information at the elementary, indicating the status of a building in

relation to the sun. There is strictly no frills date and oriented triangle, then presenting more

advanced intermediates to reach the compass rose an illustrator artistic fertile imagination.

In all site plans, plants, etc.., Indicate the North direction.

• FURNITURE. • Bathrooms: in the bathroom with toilets must furnish to discharge tank, showers that are

mounted in a corner, separated from the rest of the room with a window curtain or a

raincoat. The sinks, the floor must be impermeable for another team as pipes, cabinets,

sinks, among others.

• Kitchens: furniture and equipment for the kitchen are plotted for the determination of

spaces and forms is what is projected refrigerator, stove, sink, drainer, cabinets, among

others.

• Rooms: are equipped with useful sometimes, lobby, furniture, shelves, stools, chairs,

tables with flowers, lamps and others, and also the dining room is proportional to its

construction, carpet and more.

111888

• TREES.

Traditionally, architectural plans have included the area surrounding the building

designer. The paved, those plants, trees and ground cover.

To draw environments using two techniques: The realist in which abstract forms are chosen

for the character of the outline of the overall shape simply suggests the character of the

units.

• VEHICLES This is projected to the conviction of the spaces and that the client verify and certify the

implementation of these.

• HUMAN FIGURE. Figures should be adapted to the type of building in terms of number, composition (male -

female, adult - children), posture and dress. They are located so that use the space

(furniture, doors), but without hiding crucial architectural features (corners, details). Form

groups of figures of adequate size and trying to avoid a room full of "isolated

individuals". Draw whole figures and seat on the floor. Avoid cutting the waist or

legs. Figures should be less detailed than the building, it is not to sell clothes. Employees to

create a visual rhythm that moves towards the entrance.

111999

• TEXTURES WALLS AND CEILINGS.

Wall covering: On the walls of brick and stone are deemed to be included in the section

chairs resistant coating if this is a thicker than or equal to 12 cm.

The stone slab covering 2, 5 to 5, cm thickness as:

Travertine, limestone, shelly, granite, are not counted as resistant section of the wall and the

slabs are attached to this separate 2 cm, with stainless steel anchors, then filled the hole

with mortar casting.

The dimensions of the blocks must be disagreement with the size of the building.

Roof sheathing.

First we must mention the roofs, which are covered with tiles of scale, usually as a double

roof.

Cover Straw: trite cement by hand or a cane. 2 to 1, 4 m long. Are placed with the tips up

and over battens.

Whoops: The battens are tables of 1, 5 to 2, 5 cm thick, 10 to 25 cm wide and 80 to 100 cm

long, oak, Elera, fir and pine rarest slats are nailed on. The oak last from 90 to 100 years.

Slated: The boards are nailed to sheathing boards formed with 2.5 cm thick and 16 cm

minimum and maximum width protected against the ingress of wind and dust with a layer

of cardboard than 200 g/m2.

Metal Roofing: black iron sheet of zinc, copper or aluminum in different ways.

Cardboard covered with adhesive, are placed parallel to the eaves with slopes up to 30%

and perpendicular to it with greater slope. Cartons are often used # 500-333 and this

number indicates the weight in grams per m2.

As roofs, the better the hollow bricks or concrete blocks as the construction of the upper

layer of soil and sloping concrete needed for drainage. The glass or skylights consist of a

grid of concrete armed and glass tiles, concrete all together, or pre-filling the gap left with

precast reinforced concrete frame and placing the glass tiles.

222000

• SCALES AND GRAPHICS. The indications of scales, starting from a simple graduated scale can be varied to fit the

graphic style of the plane. The relationship between human figure graduations and can even

give a human scale and the third dimension as additional information.

• MODERN METHODS OF DRAWING. The modernization of the technical drawing is in the 1850 with the first instrument

manufacturing company in the U.S. drawing In 1876 starts the process blueprints,

discarding and drawing techniques using fine lines or shades of shadow and the use of

watercolor washes.

Until about the beginning of the twentieth century, drawings were made in what is usually

called first angle projection in which the view of the plant was placed under the front view,

side view of the left, stood to the right of the front view. Etc. then U.S.The practice

gradually, was defined for the current third angle projection in the

views or elevations which are situated in what we consider logical and natural as possible.

There are several drawing techniques such as:

• Technical pencil

• Technical ink

• Technique of down

• Technical gonache

• Watercolor Technique

• Color Technique

• Airbrush Technique

The most modern and updated and are MiniCAD AutoCAD.

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• EXERCISE OF DRAWING IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1 .- What systems architects and engineers use to design or draw in the Dominican

Republic (traditional or computer)?.

Especially for drawing (preparation of plans of a project) architects use more help from

computers. . Architects in the country working with various drawing programs, the most

used are Autocad, and MacroStation minicar, but there are others.

Advantages (primary and general):

-The time of preparation of plans for a complete project is greatly reduced.

-Provide corrections and modifications to the plans of a project.

File-perfect projects only takes a few bytes in a zipdrive.

Disadvantages:

-Requires a learning period and buy a computer drawing more expensive than the

traditional and a drawing program (like Autocad) quite expensive (but so far, students

manage to copy it, but soon may no longer be possible )

-Although it helps the design, we still think better with a pen and paper in hand. It's about

time.

Advantages of traditional drawing:

-Build, Fast shape ideas, make skeches, is even more comfortable with the hand.

-The drawings are a special warmth when done by hand. Seem less cold.

Disadvantages:

-More time to develop the entire project.

-The corrections and modifications are uncomfortable and need much more time .-

-The storage of paper planes leads to gradual deterioration of these, and the use of large

spaces.

-The position at the time of drawing on a drafting table can tire a lot more and affect the

spine.

Conclusions:

In the country over the past 15 years, and more strongly in the last 10 years, computer-

aided drawing has been replacing the drawing made on paper in a drawing table in the

prepación of plans for projects. It is a matter of time for everything designer use a drawing

program on a computer to draw the plans.Almost all engineering and architectural

companies use in their workshops in drawing to computers.

The drawing-table remains, is reduced in size, and from where (yet) the basic ideas for

projects. These ideas are then reflected in the plans that are developed with the computer.

-Every student of engineering and architecture must learn to master this tool (computer

drawing) with the same skill with which he handles the bevel and the rule T.

• RANKING

Given that is drawn is classified as:

& Civil or structural drawing

Architectural Drafting &

& Drawing instruments

& Drawing power

Drawing & health.

Based on how to draw is classified as:

Drawing & continuous

Drawing & natural.

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• TIMBER STRUCTURES

The representation of lattice wooden structures do not understand new principles, but

requires attention to detail or unions.

The wood members are generally rectangular and are specified in inches nominal size, wall,

and 8 "and 12".

The general arrangement drawings should give the distances to the axes or centers.Detail

drawings are made separately scale-specific information for parts or parts.Must detail the

peculiarities of the joints (joints, joints), joint methods, etc.

• MASONRY STRUCTURES. The symbols used bear some similarities with the material

depicted. The drawings of pillars, foundations for machinery,

found in all kinds of engineering work. Should be flush levels of the ground, the floor and

other fixed point together with the costs of the dogs exact location of anchorage.All

materials should be marked in a simple manner with note names.

222333

• REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE.

This is a major division of the factory work that needs careful attention in its representation

and specification. It is almost impossible to represent particular forms of armed

reinforcement rods carrying the concrete slab by the orthographic views diétrico usual

system, without the use of a systematic scheme of symbols and conventional tags.

• WORKSHOP STRUCTURE Separate drawings made on a scale large enough to contain certain information Full details

are called for shop drawings.

All parties are represented to scale and should be particularly noted that the rivets and their

heads are drawn exactly to scale.

In steel construction, a member can be formed either by a single profile or laminate

composed of two or more of these profiles.

222444

• MANAGEMENT TOOLS. When just beginning to draw, it is best to simply work with Regulation T and a drawing

board. This will be able to "feel" these instruments, in addition to "fit" with less difficulty

drawing paper on the table for the first drawings are recommended to use a letter size

paper. Also use one or multiple squads and a roll of tape, etc..

The brackets are used to draw vertical lines, horizontal lines and angles. The basic brackets

are used for drawing of 450y of 6O0.

The carrier may have a circular or semicircular and is used to measure angles.

The compass is an instrument used for drawing circles and arcs, both in pencil and ink.

The bars to the beat divisions seem common, except that the former are the two ends of

metal. It used to take action to transport medium or to split lines.

The drawing can be done better if you cover your work surface with a sheet of heavy paper

and if we have access to all materials and equipment to be used.

The reason for recommending the use of thick paper as a cover is due to the fact that wood

from the drawing board or drawing board may have small holes or ridges on the surface,

due to the grain of the wood. This paper will provide a covered work surface smooth and

without irregularities.

When placing the paper cover on the drawing board, make sure that this does not cover the

edge by running the head of the rule is usually the left edge of the stretcher.

222555

• CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS.

General Plan.

This includes a profile of the terrain, the use of structures, elevations of the basics of

structure, space and outstanding udder, current directions and everything you need to

project the substructure and superstructure.

• SHOP DRAWING Drawings must detail all parts of iron and steel and all wood works, plant and concrete.

• FOUNDATION PLAN

It should contain detailed drawings of all parts of the foundation, walls, pillars,

etc..supporting the structure.

222666

• LIST OF DRAWINGS.

Should have a list of all the drawings that correspond to the structure.

• Steel.

Advantages of steel as a structural material:

High resistance, high strength steel per unit weight, allows relatively light structure, which

is of great importance in building bridges, tall buildings and structures grounded in soft

soils.

Homogeneity: steel properties do not change with time or vary with the location of

structural elements.

Elasticity: the steel is the material closest to a linear elastic (Hooke's law) up to

considerable efforts.

Dimensional accuracy: the rolled materials are manufactured under standards that establish

very precisely the geometric properties of the section.

Ductility: the steel can withstand large deformations without failure, achieving high tension

efforts, helping the flaws are evident.

Tenacity: steel has the ability to absorb large amounts of energy in deformation (elastic and

inelastic).

Ease of union with other members: steel profiles can be easily connected by rivets, screws

or welding with other profiles.

Rapid assembly: the speed of steel construction is far superior to other materials.

Availability of sections and sizes available steel profiles to optimize their use in many sizes

and shapes.

Cost recovery: the scrap steel structures, cost of recovery in the worst case as scrap steel.

Recyclable steel is 100% recyclable material as well as being degradable so it does not

pollute.

Easily expandable and scalable: steel allows modifications and / or additions to a relatively

easy project.

It can be prefabricated structures: steel allows the largest possible part of a workshop

structure and the lowest in getting work more accurately.

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL:

Corrosion: steel corrode exposed to weather so always be coated with alkyd enamels

(primary corrosion) except for special steels such as stainless steel.

Heat, fire, in the case of fire, the heat spreads rapidly through the structures by decreasing

its strength up to temperatures where steel behaves plastically, coatings must be protected

by heat insulation and fire (flame retardants) as mortar, concrete,asbestos, etc..

Elastic buckling, due to its high strength / weight slim profile employment subject to

compression, making them susceptible to elastic buckling, so that sometimes are not cheap

steel columns.

Fatigue strength of steel (as well as other materials) may decrease when subjected to a large

number of inversions of frequent changes of load or stress to strain magnitude (pulsating

loads and alternatives).

Plasticization resistance only for short columns.

222777

• DRAWING IN OUR MIDST. Today the picture has reached an incredible level of importance in our environment,

drawing most of the architectural and engineering offices are performed by a computer

program called (autocad), this program began with version No. 14 and has now reached

version No.2000, but it has not been so welcomed by the cost and complexity.

The use of computerized system S.D. began in the offices of the Architect Placido

Pineapple, with the program (Minica), this program is supported only for Apple machines,

this program can be passed to (autocad)e

222888

• CONCLUSION.

It's amazing what we saw as we do not realize before how important are the rules for

drawing and all the materials we use and its implementation without further damage,

learning to use the drawing tools for better projection are aspects that must take into

account a good artist, besides wanting the pleasure of the customer. The forms ofgraphical

presentation of the drawing elements must be well managed as an endnot only aesthetic but

also as spaces towards which man must and will be used. In the Dominican Republic this

field is very demanding and also has a notable progress and perceived desire

for development and we hope will be obtained forautomated architectural programs are

implemented as Auto CAD, which helps thearchitect and makes it

easier to work and sent his energies to creating useful and

beneficial spaces with imaginative potential for good.

222999

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

BASIC DRAWING: Editorial people and education, Havana, 1976.

INTERIM RECOMMENDATIONS SEOPC. Regulation of technical drawing.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CONSTRUCTION. DAL and S.L. Editions take I-II-III-IV-V-VI-

VII-VIII