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Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Project Number: 42171 December 2008
Bangladesh: Supporting the Establishment of the Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Financed by the ADB Technical Assistance Special Fund)
Prepared by Arthur McIntosh (Consultant)
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DIAGNOSTIC REPORT
KHULNA WATER SUPPLY
18 JULY 2009
CONSULTANT: ARTHUR MCINTOSH
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
TA 7223 Establishing the Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH
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Acknowledgements
This Diagnostic Report was prepared based on a site visit to Khulna 28 March to 11 April 2009, another from 20-27 June 2009, information provided by ADB staff and other consultants, KWASA and KCC staff, the May 1997 Municipal Services Project Main Report of the World Bank, the May 2005 Municipal Services Project Report on Groundwater Resources & Hydro-geological Investigations in and Around Khulna City of the World Bank and the Water Supply Consumer Survey in Khulna City - June 2009.
In particular I wish to acknowledge the help and guidance of Masa Tachiiri staff of ADB, Wahiduzzaman consultant and Evelyn Orda consultant.
The situation regarding Khulna Water Supply is dynamic with respect to KWASA staffing, and the KWASA facilities and services, therefore this is but a snapshot of the situation at this point in time.
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Measurement Units
m3/d = cubic meters per day
Currency Conversion
In this report US$1.00 = 68 taka
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADB= Asian Development Bank
DMD = Deputy Managing Director
DPHE= Department of Public Health and Engineering
DWASA= Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
GI= Galvanized Iron
GIS= Geographic Information System
GOB = Government of Bangladesh
HH= Household
HTW= Handpump Tubewell
JICA= Japan International Co-operation Agency
KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
KCC= Khulna City Council
LGD = Local Government Division
MD= Managing Director
MSP= Municipal Services Project
NRW= Non-Revenue Water
O&M = Operation and Maintenance
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section I The People in Khulna
Population Service Levels and Service Coverage Connections Affordability Willingness to Pay Waterborne Diseases Section II Water
Sources Production Volume Water Quality Pumps and Pumping Distribution Consumption Volume Water Losses
Section III Management
Institutional Financial Commercial Financial Management and Operating Performance of KWASA Assets and Facilities Section IV Investments
Section V Analysis
The Big Picture Water Services to the People Water Management Utility Management Conclusions
Section VI Recommendations
Masterplan Preparations Institutional Development Water Source Considerations
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Water Distribution and Water Quality Service Levels and Service Coverage Interim Improvements Over the Next 5 Years Outsourcing Commercial and Financial Technical Work Plans References Checklists for Early Actions
Appendixes
Appendix 1 Khulna City Corporation Population Census and Forecast
Appendix 2 Notes on MSP Main Report May 1997
Appendix 3 20 Anecdotal Interviews about Water Supply in Khulna
Appendix 4 Water Consumer Survey in Khulna City - Summary Sheet
Appendix 5 Consultant Summary of Main Consumer Survey Findings
Appendix 6 Services Provided by KWASA
Appendix 7 Groundwater Notes from MSP Main Report May 2005
Appendix 8 KWASA Production Wells 30 March 2009
Appendix 9 Key Contract Staff Positions Needed Now
Appendix 10 Cost Estimate of Interim Improvements Project
Appendix 11 Draft Work Plan for Next 3 Months
Appendix 12 Draft Work Plan for Next 5 Years
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SECTION I THE PEOPLE IN KHULNA
Population
The 1981 Census put the population of Khulna as 577,533
The 1991 Census put the population of Khulna as 597,795
The 2001 Census put the population of Khulna as 770,498
Based on the actual growth rate 1991-2001 (2.6% pa) extrapolated, then the population would be just under one million in 2009. [946,129]
Forecast Populations. The design period for source development, transmission and distribution is 20 years as from 2010. The forecast population in 2030 based on a compound population growth rate of 2.6%pa from 2001 will be 1,622,000. Given that urbanization will clearly continue and given that providing $400 million in water supply development will spur economic growth in Khulna, it is not unreasonable to adopt a compound growth rate of 2.6% pa over the next 20 years for the purpose of development planning.
The distribution of the population by ward is important for the design of the transmission and distribution system. But to extrapolate growth patterns for 30 years from ward populations over the last three census dates would be foolhardy because the figures are clearly erratic. Thus the aggregate growth rate for the whole city (taken at 2.6%pa) should be the guiding figure. See Appendix 1.
Service Levels and Service Coverage
Piped Connection (KWASA)
Records indicate that out of 15,252 connections, 2561 connections are ½” , 11546 are ¾”, 1017 connections are 1”, 70 connections 1 ½” and 58 connections 2”. Thus 92% of connections ( ½” and ¾”) probably serve two or three households at most. The consumer survey indicates average of 2.5 households per connection and 5.5 persons per household.
However 2579 connections or 17% of all connections are “inactive” meaning they have been disconnected or don’t get water so they don’t pay the water bill. This is very significant. [Over the last 3 years a total of 644 connections have been disconnected].
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In January 1995 (See Appendix 2 ) KCC records showed 11,000 service connections of which 10, 876 were domestic and 124 were commercial.
Handpump Tubewell (KWASA)
We are told by KWASA there are 3748 deep handpump tubewells (HTWs) and 5538 shallow HTWs. An estimate of production based on the 7.5m3/month/household and 5.5 persons per household (consumer survey) is about 12,642m3/d.
In 1995 ( See Appendix 2 ) KCC estimated there was 1964 HTWs of which 1627 are shallow hand tube wells and 337 deepset. Shallow tube wells were then estimated to yield about 3.3 m3/d and deepset tube wells about 6.6 m3/d.
It is known that many public HTWs ended up on private premises.
Street Hydrants / Public Taps(KWASA)
There is a record of 503 of these, but not many (say 100) are working and allowing that 100 persons may use each one, then 10,000 people may be served in this way. Estimated use from public taps is 50 l/c/d.
In 1995 it was reported there were 493 street hydrants of which 200 were non-operational and an estimated 200 persons used each hydrant.
Private Tubewells (Note there are no dugwells) It is difficult to estimate the population served by private tubewells, but a best estimate (see below) is 412,000 people from 13,733 tube wells and a consumption of 120 l/c/d which may include a lot of wastage from overflowing tanks. . [Anecdotal interviews in 2009 (See Appendix 3 ) establish a large loss from overflowing tanks receiving water from private motorised tube wells.] For want of better information we will take total private abstraction at around 50,000 m3/d.
[In 1995 total abstraction from private wells was estimated to be 60,558m3/d]
Vendors
There are at least two areas in the city that have no drinking water available from groundwater and it is likely that vendors serve these areas with drinking water. But in general the indication (from the consumer survey) is that only a small percentage of the population are using water vendors as their prime source of water. The use per household per month averages about 2.6m3 and costs about 194 taka.
Ponds Canals and River
Some of the poorer people use ponds, canals and the main river for bathing and washing. At this stage without better data, one could estimate the balance of the population or 20,000 are in this category.
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Summary of Water Services (See Appendix 4 and Appendix 5 )
Total groundwater extraction is estimated at 97,332m3/d of which about 36% is for piped supply, 13% for KWASA HTW and 51% for private tubewells. There is reason to believe that a large number of public HTWs were installed as private tubewells. See Table 1 below. The assumption from the consumer survey is that the average household size is 5.5 persons. It must be recognized that many people have multiple sources of water so the above is an over- simplification of the real situation. Of 15,252 official connections only 12,673 are active and 2579 (17%) inactive.
Table 1: Estimated Water Service / Water Audit Situation in Khulna
Service Production /Consump.
Number Cons. / HH/month
Persons/ Conn
Population %
KWASA 35,000m3/d NRW illegal 6,789m3/d 4000 20.7m3 13.5 54,100 6 NRW other 6,200m3/d Piped 21,511m3/d 12,673 20.7m3 13.5 171,500 18 Public Tap 500m3/d 100 50 l/c/d 100 10,000 1 HTW 12,642m3/d 9,286 7.49m3 30 278,500 29 Private TW 49,690m3/d 13,733 19.9m3 30 412,000, 44 Pond / River 20,000 2 Extraction 97,332m3/d 946,100 100
.Connections
Connection Fee
Officially the ½ “ connection fee is 800 taka and the ¾” connection fee is 1200 taka. However informants say that in reality people may pay up to 5000 taka for various charges including road cutting and replacement.
Number of Connections
In January 1995 KCC records showed 11,000 service connections of which 10, 876 were domestic and 124 were commercial. The number of active connections is now in 2009 given as 12,673 and all nominally domestic. See Appendix 6.
Still the 171,100 population served by connection is only about 18% of the population in the city. Assuming a figure of 37% NRW (see Table 1 above), average consumption from piped connections is estimated at 125 l/c/d.
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Who makes connection?
Prequalified contractors are on a rotational list for making house connections. However there are a lot of illegal connections made too with low standard materials and workmanship.
Inactive Connections
About 17% or 2579 connections are inactive. The consumer survey indicates that most of these are due to the inability of KWASA to supply them with water.
Illegal Connections
There are, according to some staff, a large number of illegal connections (estimated 4,000). This may be one of the reasons that so many people who were once connected no longer get water.
Disconnections
In the last 3 years there have been 644 households disconnected from piped water. These have been primarily because of no water availability caused by clogged pipes and overuse or wastage by others connected.
Affordability
Average household income is estimated at 10,600 taka per month based on the findings of household expenses from the consumer survey . Twelve per cent of those households surveyed had expenses (= income) of less than 5000 taka per month.
Willingness to Pay
General The consumer survey ( See Appendix 4 ) implemented a bidding for willingness to pay for piped water, which for the connected only included the monthly water bill but for the unconnected included both the water bill and the connection fee. To give an idea of how the bidding was conducted about 150 people already connected were asked exactly the same question eg Would you stay connected if the water bill was 400 taka?.The result was only 34% would stay connected. (see below). For the unconnected the same question to about 140 people may have been If the connection fee was 3000 taka and the water bill was 300 taka per month would you connect? The result (see below) was 32% only of the 140 people surveyed would connect.
Willingness to Pay 24/7 Piped Water (from consumer survey of unconnected)
Water Bill 100 taka 200 taka 300 taka 400 taka 500 taka Connection 1000 taka 61% 55% 38% 28% 25% 3000 taka 59% 41% 32% 30% 25% 5000 taka 61% 43% 24% 26% 15%
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Willingness to Pay 24/7 Piped Water (from consumer survey of connected)
Water Bill 100 taka 200 taka 300 taka 400 taka 500 taka 96% 73% 51% 34% 31%
The main conclusion is that only about 60% of those currently unconnected will consider connecting when both the connection fee (1000 taka) and water bill (100 taka ) are low. At this same low connection fee, when the water bill rises to 500 taka only 25% of the unconnected want to connect. If the water bill stays at 100 taka, but the connection fee rises to 5000 taka then still about 60% will connect. This shows that the willingness to pay is much more sensitive to the water bill than to the connection fee. Even for those connected, if the water bill rises to 500 taka only about 30% will consider staying connected.
Waterborne Diseases . The MSP 1997 Report noted that the “ public health situation is dangerous... infant mortality rates are high and malnutrition is relatively common”. This consultant learned in 2009 that in a private hospital for children serving an area of 100 km radius 27% of the children were admitted for water related diseases including dysentery, cholera and typhoid. The doctors at the hospital noted that illiteracy was a big problem in overcoming health issues. At another 150 bed general hospital in Khulna, in the last 6 months of 2008 there were 3829 cases of diarrhoea, 1941 cases of worm disease and 6190 cases of skin disease. The Fair Foundation reported that in June 2008 alone there were 6300 cases of severe dehydration and 238 cases of dysentery. The Second Urban Primary Health Care Project reported that for the year June 2008 to May 2009 there were 5152 cases of amoebic and bacillary infections, 702 cases of dehydration, 382 cases of blood dysentery and 112 cases of typhoid. The Shurjer Hashi Clinic reported that for the year June 2008 to May 2009 there were 3564 cases of diarrhoea, 456 cases of dysentery and 104 cases of typhoid. The consumer survey of 3006 people recorded an average of 0.85 incidences per person of diarrhoea per year. Two conclusions can be drawn. First, there are enough cases of waterborne diseases to be very concerned. Second, there is inadequate reporting of waterborne diseases in terms of completeness and consistency.
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SECTION II WATER
Sources
Surface Water There is a small surface water production/treatment at the site of the current HQ building of KWASA of 450 m3/d capacity. A major new river water source may be developed under JICA funding, but the constraint is potential seasonal salinity which pushes the intake further and further upstream.
Upper Groundwater Aquifer This is tapped by shallow well handpumps but the water is not potable due to presence of iron and arsenic as well as some bacterial contamination. (See Appendix 7).
Shallow Groundwater Aquifer This is tapped by private motorized and hand pump tube wells. Arsenic concentration is normal but the water is contaminated with iron and salinity.
Deep Groundwater Aquifer There is a third aquifer around 250-300m below surface level which is the aquifer used by the KCC pumped tube wells as well as deep HTWs installed by DPHE / KCC and a number of private users. This deep aquifer is free from arsenic. The concentration of iron around the city center is within acceptable limits although to the North and South iron concentration exceeds acceptable limits. The manganese content is acceptable in all areas except from the city center to Phultala after which it falls again. There is a permanent presence of a saline front.
The comparison of two electrical conductivity maps of the groundwater, one prepared in April 2005 and the other by IWACO in 1983-84 suggest that the quality situation of the deep aquifer has not degraded significantly.
The piezometric study of 21 project deep tube wells during two hydrogeological cycles in 2003-2005 did not show any significant drop of the static water level The renewable reserve remains constant which may be due to hydrostatic equilibrium between fresh and seawater. (see MSP Groundwater Monitoring Report May 2005).
Monitoring of the 21 project deep tubewells again in 2009 showed that while static groundwater levels in the center of the city appear to have fallen about one meter in 4 years there has been no detectable increase in electrical conductivity which means no increase in salinity. These measurements were taken in April / May 2009 which is at the end of the dry season, but further measurements need to be made in September / October when static water levels are expected to rise and these can be compared again with results from 4 years ago.
Very Deep Groundwater Aquifer. The exploration of up to 600m deep tube wells was to have been undertaken under the MSP groundwater studies but for cost considerations was withdrawn. Still that MSP Groundwater Monitoring Report 2005
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stated the implementation of at least 5 very high depth (up to 600m) tube wells in the Khulna City abstraction zone is highly recommended.)
Further Groundwater Exploration The MSP Groundwater Monitoring Report further states The Deep Aquifer at the Southern part of the project area has excellent physico- chemical characteristics. .... The presence of an West-East buried channel t may “feed” the fresh water body located South of the City Center. The origin of this vital resource for Khulna City should be further studied by South West Expansion of the project area.. This resource should have first priority for further investigation.
Flooding [KCC] From time to time the high tide combined with monsoon rains bring flooding into the town. The MSP Report 2005 noted that check valves need to be installed in the drainage system so that water can drain out of the town but the river cannot drain into the town.
Production Volume
Estimation of Tubewell Production is 35,000 m3/day based on pump curves but not on metered use. There is no good reason why all pump heads cannot be properly metered and pressure gauges attached and working to give accurate discharge / head readings and total discharge each day. [ If you cant measure you cant manage]. In March 2009 there appeared to be 32 wells installed with submersible pumps and 22 wells installed with centrifugal pumps. The latter are ineffective when the static water level falls below 6 meters. The estimated cost of a new production well is $60,000.
Estimation of HTW Production KWASA say there are 10,000 HTWs producing 90,000 m3/d but these figures do not seem accurate when checked against the average yield of 3.3 m3/d from a HTW measured in 1995. Also many public HTWs were apparently installed in private property. A better estimate which comes from the 2009 consumer survey combined with KWASA records, is 9286 HTWs reaching 278,500 people with an average of 7.5m3/HH /month consumption which equates to an abstraction of 12,642 m3/d. The drainage apron of many of these HTWs needs repair and good drainage outlet constructed to ensure water does not lie stagnant. The estimated cost of a deep handpump tubewell (275 m) is 52,000 taka or about US$76
Estimation of Private Production Indications are that there is very heavy private use of groundwater by both deepwell handpumps and motorized pumps. Based on the figures from 1995, 60,000m3/d is the estimated abstraction from private tubewells Based on the consumer survey the abstraction by private tubewells is estimated to be about 50,000m3/d from 13,733 wells (see Table 1 above).
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Water Quality
General There are serious water quality issues in the town. There are parts of the town where even deepwell handpumps cannot produce potable water because there is no second aquifer.
Quality at tap from Piped Water All piped supplies become contaminated during supply because of intermittent supply drawing contaminated water from drains into the water supply under vacuum conditions.
Quality at tap from Deep HTW Everyone seems to drink this water and without boiling or filtering. However it is not good for washing and in particular the hair becomes sticky.
Quality at tap from Private Well These wells are both shallow and deep. There is no known problem with the deepset wells but shallow wells can be found with high salinity and high iron content.
Pumps and Pumping
Pumps There are 54 deep well pumps run by KWASA that pump into the piped distribution. Most of these pump installations don’t have pressure or discharge measurement so discharge is estimated from hours run and the pump curve. See Appendix 8 for a summary of the currently recorded data on the pump installations. Pump hours run are certainly not 20 hours per day as shown, but much less as verified in the field. The total production is probably much less than the officially recorded 35,000m3/d. The power consumption is theoretical not actual. The pump logs are not maintained on a daily basis. Many of the 150 pump operators are illiterate.
Distribution
Pipe Materials and Pipe Lengths There are an estimated 227km of distribution pipelines in Khulna ranging from 75mm to 300mm pipe. The materials include PVC, Asbestos Cement, Ductile Iron, Galvanised Iron.and Mild Steel. In 1995 it was estimated at 169 km of distribution pipe.
Pipe Conditions No records of pipe repairs are maintained nor is there good mapping of the distribution system.
Distribution Pressure It appears that even when pumping for 20 hours the distribution pressure is quite low and many parts of the town get no water despite being connected.
Hours of Pumping Although the official pumping time is 20 hours a day, due to power failures and lack of water it often is as low as 10 hours per day. So regardless,
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the supply is intermittent and therefore open to contamination. The average estimate of supply time based on the consumer survey is 5.5 hours a day to any given connected household.
Public Taps There were once about 500 public taps receiving water from the piped system. The public can take this water for free. Some of these taps are leaking heavily. There appear to be no queues at any water supply facility in Khulna. The latest estimate is that only about 100 of these public taps are being used.
Water Quality It is very clear that water becomes contaminated in its transport in KCC pipes from the pump head to the consumer. This is mostly due to the ingress of contamination during vacuum conditions each day under intermittent supply.
Consumption Volume
Metered Connections Under the MSP some 2500 water meters were installed but most of these are no longer working. At no stage was anyone ever charged for water on the basis of volumetric consumption. Currently it is estimated that consumption from piped supply is about 125 l/c/d or 20.6m3/month / household. based on the consumer survey.
HTW The consumer survey estimates average household consumption for those using KWASA HTW as their primary source of water is 7.5m3/ month.
Private Tubewell The consumer survey estimates average household consumption for those using private tubewells as their primary source of water at 19.9m3/month.
Water Losses
Losses cannot be measured, but may be deduced from the consumer survey and other data. See Table 1 above. It is estimated to be 37% of production from the pumps to the piped water. Half of this might come from illegal connections and the other half from a combination of distribution leakage and wastage (overflowing tanks).
SECTION III MANAGEMENT
Institutional
Currently KWASA has 130 permanent staff and 128 casual (contract) staff. Various organograms have been proposed.
The first organogram for a cadre of 157 staff was approved as the original by LGD.in November 2008..It contained under the Managing Director (MD) a Deputy Managing Director (DMD) (technical) and a DMD (finance and administration) under which there were a Chief Engineer, a Secretary and a Commercial Manager.
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A second organogram proposed by Acting MD KWASA in April 2009 contained a manpower complement of 1056. Again under the MD were a DMD (finance and administration) and a DMD (technical). Also it continued with just Commercial Manager and Chief Engineer. (but no Secretary) at that level.
There are two very obvious faults with the existing staffing of KWASA. The first is a severe lack of qualified / trained staff in the organization. The second is a very poor vertical style organizational structure which does not reflect the core functions of a water utility nor a conventional management structure which acknowledges accountability of staff. To give an example, there are slightly more than 150 pump operators and nearly all of these are unqualified and many are illiterate.
More specifically, as per ADB consultant financial analyst, “the finance and administration department is organized in a way that does not provide for a clear segregation of the administrative, financial and commercial functions of the water utility. The Commercial Manager heads both the Commercial (revenue) and Finance (accounts) divisions which are two equally important functions in the utility. With this set up there is not much focus placed in each of the financial and commercial functions, which are considered critical to the operation of any water utility. The commercial division is where the revenues are raised and should be given prime importance by creating a separate commercial department. The administrative division should also have well defined sub-divisions that take care of human resources and general management. Stores are inappropriately located under the accounts section which goes against the accounting principle of separating the custodial and recording functions. The Engineering Department is limited to operation and maintenance activities. There is no division that takes care of planning and development of the water supply system.”
There is no blueprint of the functions of the utility which must be the basis for determining job descriptions and therefore staff. Staff appear to be paid on the basis of government salaries which are not adequate to provide incentives for the performance required in a water utility.
Senior staff include a newly appointed MD, a Deputy MD and two Executive Engineers (one under suspension and one not qualified).
Financial
“There are a lack of systems and procedures to enable the generation of financial and operating data and basic operating practices like measuring production and consumption are not undertaken. KWASA does not have adequate and reliable information for planning and control.
Whereas before when the utility was still part of KCC and there existed financial and commercial operating systems, with the creation of KWASA most aspects of the said
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systems were discontinued mainly due to the lack of personnel. No financial reports have been prepared since the turn-over to KWASA and the latest available reports dated December 2008 were prepared with the assistance of DWASA staff.
The current procedure for the collection of water sales and other receipts is satisfactory. KWASA has its own bank account and it deposits its receipts intact on a regular basis. There is a very limited amount of receipts that and handled though as most of the water sales are directly paid to the account of KWASA in the nine branches of Janota Bank.
The system on disbursements does not follow the principles of sound internal control. There is limited documentation on disbursements. Vouchers are not prepared to authorize disbursements.
Currently there is no suitable Chart of Accounts in place. The system is still on single entry method of accounting and therefore does not apply the use of accounting titles.
Major procurement and the stores inventory are still being maintained by KCC.”
Commercial
“There is a simple billing system in place in KWASA that is appropriate to the current needs of KWASA with its unmetered connections. The system includes the notification to customers of the amounts due and a system for collection. It does not provide however for the monitoring of customer accounts and is not able to generate important summary reports like accounts receivables balance, status of service connections, collection performance reports and others that are necessary for planning and control. The system because of its limited features will not be able to support future growth in services. A receipt book for free water is maintained. It is the policy of KWASA to provide free water to the mayor and police officers from bowsers. They pay only the petrol bill.”
Financial Management and Operating Performance of KWASA
“Payment for the water service is based on the diameter of the connection pipe . The schedule is given in the table below. Note that the total figure of service connections includes 2579 inactive connections”.
Table 2 Service Connections and Tariff Schedule.
½” ¾” 1” 1.5” 2” Total Service Connections
2561 11546 1017 70 58 15,252
Flat Rate Charge in Taka
45 70 200 1800 2000
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“KWASA has 3748 deep and 5534 shallow tubewell (1.5 “dia.) handpumps. KWASA does not charge the users of these handpumps as it would be difficult to collect. KWASA however levies a 20% holding tax on water sales to cover the maintenance cost of these handpumps and the government covers this cost by providing an O&M subsidy to KWASA.
The existing tariff was implemented in 2003. It was recommended by the KCC Board and approved by the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development. The flat rate tariff does not take into account the number of users on the given connection. Based on visual inspection it appears that many of the residential users are living in multi-storey buildings sharing one service connection.
The evaluation of the financial performance of KWASA is limited to an assessment of its income and expenses. Analysis of the figures for 6 years from 2001-2002 through to 2006-2007 shows an aggregate income from water bills of 57,368,000 taka and an aggregate expenditure of 89,034,000. This means that KWASA is only meeting 64% of its O&M expenses from tariffs.
Among the expenditure items over the period July-Dec 2008 48% was for salary and wages, 19% for fuel and power, 17% for maintenance and 13% for administration and general expenses.
To achieve full O&M cost recovery KWASA would have to increase its existing tariff per connection of 139.20 taka to 259.43 taka or an 86% increase”.
Assets/ Facilities
Buildings At the location of the small existing surface water treatment plant in the heart of Khulna there is an existing building of two storeys which has about 12 rooms including a conference room. Until new facilities are built in 2010 this is adequate for the core senior staff of KWASA. However KCC still houses some 200 staff half of which are permanent KWASA staff and half casual.
Vehicles One car, two pick-up trucks and two water bowsers plus one tractor are the sum total of KWASA transport fleet at the moment. This is hardly enough to undertake proper operations and maintenance.
.....................................................................................................................
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SECTION IV INVESTMENTS
GOB Scope of Works 20 Pumping Stations of about 1800m3/d capacity are being built about 12 km north of the KCC boundary. A ductile iron transmission main of about 18” – 24” is being constructed to bring this water to a large ground level reservoir inside Khulna. There appears to be local opposition to this development .
ADB scope of works is expected to include KWASA operational support and institutional development and a new water distribution system including elevated reservoirs, covering the whole city.
JICA scope of works is expected to include construction of a surface water source on a river at a distance of about 30km from Khulna then treatment of that water and transmission into Khulna.
Interim Improvement Program KWASA may in 2009 avail of $10 million from a Program Loan provided by ADB to the Government of Bangladesh for water supply improvements country wide. The rationale in this investment prior to the main project, is that for Khulna to wait up to 7 years for the impact of improvements provided under donor funding is, given the current situation in Khulna (18% of people served by piped water), untenable.
SECTION V ANALYSIS
The Big Picture in a Nutshell
• Service Coverage is very low. In fact only about 18% of the population are officially connected and getting piped water and that on the basis of 2.5 families per connection.
• Water quantity is an issue because production wells only last a short time (5-10 years) due to poor construction. [The monitoring of groundwater levels shows that at most there has been a fall in static water level of one meter over four years in the central city area.] Water is also wasted, both piped water flowing unrestricted into open ground- level tanks and privately pumped groundwater overflowing in overhead tanks.
• Water quality is an issue because pumped piped groundwater is not potable due to contamination in transport caused by the intermittent supply and vacuum conditions in the pipelines. Salinity and iron are the main issues with shallow tubewells. The piped water is never used for drinking and has a problem in making the hair sticky when washed. The HTW water is good for drinking but it stains clothes, rice etc.
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• KWASA Institutional Issues. There are almost no qualified senior staff and the approved organogram does not recognize the functions of a water utility nor is it structured to effect proper management.
• KWASA Image This is very poor due to people paying for a connection but not getting water and then being disconnected, as well as the question of illegal connections. Also people don’t like the water quality of KWASA water. Often it smells very bad.
• Willingness to connect may be an issue for those who have private wells. There is much greater sensitivity to higher water bills (>200 taka) than a high connection fee.
• Illegal Connections/ HTW There are apparently many illegal connections and public HTW installed in private houses.
• Private Tubewells Somewhere between 40-50% of the people use private tubewells....some with handpump and some motorized. Some access the deep aquifer but many more access the shallow aquifer. It is reported that there is much waste of water from overflowing tanks. There is a feeling at the moment that the longer the water supply improvement project is delayed, the more people will turn to private wells and the lower the willingness to connect will become.
• The existing distribution system can never be used for potable water as it is not only clogged in many places but also badly contaminated throughout. This has been caused by intermittent water supply. Any attempt to improve the distribution system must also address the wastage of water by consumers who allow the water to flow uncontrolled.
• Investment Amount A $200 million investment in the water supply of Khulna which includes both source development and distribution, equates to $200 per capita which is the right order of magnitude to effect the necessary improvements.
• Anecdotal Interviews (20) indicate no-one drinks the water supplied by KWASA because of impurities in the supply lines. All get HTW water for drinking and many pay for its transport. Many people were connected to KWASA but when they didn’t get water they put down their own tubewell which provides water for all purposes. Water quality and quantity is a consideration for a landlord to rent his rooms.
• Timing of Improvements The biggest challenges of the future will be the timing of introduction of improvements in water sources, water distribution, water quality and water management (KWASA) as well as revenue generation and institutional development.
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• Cost Recovery The method of payment for water based on the size of the connection is not conducive to conservation of water nor to fairness in recovery of costs. However while there is intermittent supply metering is not a good option.
Water Services to the People
Given only 18% of the population are now officially connected to piped water, the willingness to pay to connect to the new 24/7 piped water is the most important aspect of this project and this utility. Always, if people already have in their opinion a satisfactory water supply at low cost (eg HTW or private well), there will be reluctance to pay for piped water. Furthermore the current experience with piped water (being non-potable) is a deterrent to connect.
Drinking water is universally obtained from deep well handpumps at 250-300 m. Only 18 % of the population are officially connected to the KWASA supply. The reasons for this are many but the main ones are poor water quality and scarcity of water caused partly by failing tubewells, partly by many illegal connections and partly by massive wastage at the consumer end.. The high connection fee (5000 taka) has also deterred some potential customers from taking a connection. Furthermore the piped network does not exist in many residential areas.
Connection Fee Considerations. If the connection fee (including meter) can be subsumed (amortized) into the ADB loan this will clearly make a difference to willingness to connect and thus willingness to pay. It will also make a difference to those many people with private tubewells deciding to connect to the piped water. Furthermore given the large number of illegal connections a “free” connection to all will eliminate a major source of corruption.
Access / quantity considerations need to be taken into account. Obviously if the piped water is not in the area where people live they cannot connect. But there is no point in putting the distribution everywhere if there is not enough water to serve all. This is where there is a need for close co-ordination over source development.
Water Management
KWASA does not have a good image or reputation in Khulna because of failure to supply water after the people have paid for a connection, because the water quality is bad and because the supply is unreliable. It appears that KWASA has allowed a large number of illegal connections, it has allowed massive wastage on consumer premises, it has allowed public tubewells to be installed on private premises and it
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has condoned centrifugal pump (suction) installations where submersible pumps were required. The pumping stations are allowed to operate without metering of production and without pressure measurement at pump head. Water quality is not tested on a regular basis.
The primary concern is that these production wells should be producing about 1600m3/d and therefore about 86,000m3/d in total, not the 35,000m3/d reported. It is believed that the quality of the well development and construction leading to clogged screens is the main reason why within two or three years of construction, production of these wells has fallen dramatically.
Utility Management
KWASA has only just acquired a managing director. It has one deputy managing director. It has two executive engineers, one of which is under suspension and one of which is not qualified.. The head of administration and finance has not yet been appointed. It has an original organogram approved in November 2008 but authorizing only 157 staff. Not all the normal functions of a water utility are represented on the organogram nor does it follow the generally accepted principles of management. Due to the elongated nature of the service area (about 30 km x 5 km). zonal management needs to be introduced. This follows the principle of managing at the lowest practicable level.
A third organogram was prepared by IDP Consultants for CWASA and may have some relevance to KWASA. It contained four main departments: Engineering (Operations and Planning and Development), Commercial (Customer Accounts and Customer Service) , Finance (Controllers and Budget and Treasury) and Administration (Human Resources and General Services).
Another organogram was prepared by consultants under the MSP Project..It had five divisions including Administration, Planning and Development..Operations, Materials and Equipment and Finance and Accounting.
A fifth organogram was developed by this consultant to address the ultimate institutional set up after all development works are completed. It is based on A Challenging Experience in Organization Development GTZ / Nancy Barnes 2003 and was prepared in collaboration with Dr Azhural Haq (former MD Dhaka WASA). It contains under the MD, five sections (Engineering, Finance, Administration, Water Monitoring (Quality & Quantity) and Operations. The Operations section is divided into three zone offices containing Customer Services, Commercial Services, Facilities Management (Production, Distribution, Pumps, Workshop, Stores, Maintenance and NRW Reduction) and Accounts.
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Conclusions
The easy part of the proposed project is the technical side. The more difficult part will be the commitment of GOB to provide suitably qualified staff in KWASA and to convince the people to put their trust in KWASA to provide 24/7 water that is potable.
Given that the two funding agencies may take 7-8 years to deliver a new water supply to Khulna there is a need for some visible interim improvements over the next 5 years. The groundwater resources can be further investigated and developed during this time. Hydraulically isolated pilot projects can be implemented to demonstrate that 24/7 potable water can be delivered by KWASA to the people. Steps can be taken to generate more revenue. The human resource capacity of KWASA can be strengthened. The management of KWASA can in this time be established on a sound footing and among other matters it should introduce zonal management of operations with each office having a strong customer service unit.
SECTION VI RECOMMENDATIONS
Masterplan Preparations (over next 3 months)
There are many things that need to be done under ADB funding to assist in the preparation of the Khulna Water Supply Masterplan by JICA. These include:
i) 100% consumer survey ... every business... every household needs to l be surveyed and located on a Geographic Information System (GIS) and the water supply situation identified in terms of main and secondary sources of water (piped, private well, HTW or other).
ii) Sampling of existing consumption from piped supply, private wells and HTW by temporarily metering some 20 representative installations of each and recording consumption over one week.
iii) Monitoring groundwater levels and groundwater quality. iv) Monitoring all pumping installations and establish real production volume
over one month. v) Further hydrogeological investigations to test a deep (600m) aquifer and to
establish the source of recharge of the existing aquifer. vi) Mapping of the existing distribution system on the GIS. vii) Carrying out some 20 anecdotal interviews with potential non-domestic
consumers as to their willingness to connect to a new piped system. viii) Population forecasting and estimation of demand to year 2030 ix) Formulation of policy on service levels and cost recovery including the
policy of ADB to subsume the cost of the connection fee into the loan.
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x) Institutional development agreements. xi) A stakeholder consultation to discuss the findings of the consumer survey
and development proposals xii) Identification of zonal divisions for the purpose of future management xiii) Agree timeline for introduction of sewerage
Institutional Development
(i) Organization Chart There is not much sense in creating in KWASA right
now the organogram needed to operate after the new developments which may take at least 7 years to come about. Nor, in the next few years, is there much sense in getting revised organograms of KWASA approved every year to reflect the ever changing institutional conditions as KWASA grows. It is better to consider appointing staff to the positions not yet filled on the approved organogram and then appoint contract staff to temporarily fill the core positions of a water utility as and when needed. See Appendix 9 for the key operational staff who will be needed now. Consideration might be given to ADB funding core operational staff, first under the Interim Improvement Project and later during implementation of the loan project. Training will be needed for both permanent and contract staff.
(ii) Staffing Numbers If one is looking at total manpower for a young utility like KWASA, the maximum staff per thousand connections should be around 5. This means if there are 100,000 connections then 500 staff.. It seems more likely that only 50,000 connections will be in place by 2015 which translates to 250 staff.
(iii) Autonomy The KWASA MD and Board of Directors should be tasked with the power to implement GOB policy without day to day interference from GOB. The second consideration is that “no baggage from the past” is a desirable attribute in setting up a new water utility. The Phnom Penh Water Authority in Cambodia is testament to that. We should not lose sight of the fact that one of the cornerstones of success of that water authority (which is a public enterprise) is it pays its staff ten times the salary paid to equivalent government employees.
(iv) Staffing Qualifications If suitably qualified staff are not to be found in the civil service then they should be sourced from the private sector and paid a remuneration and benefit commensurate with what they could get in the private sector. In the long term, KWASA needs to look at a staffing policy where each year they take onto their staff at least ten university graduates
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in fields such as mechanical, chemical, electrical and civil engineering, accounting, sociology and administration.
(v) Twinning / Consultant Support Consideration should be given to setting up a long term twinning arrangement with a water utility in a developed country where English is the primary language.
(vi) Training Needs Assessment A training need is defined as the lack of skill in a person who wishes to do the job to the set standard to attain the standard. Since the standard for every job should be set by the management, training is a function of management. Given the severe shortage of qualified staff at the moment the training needs assessment must be considered an ongoing activity
(vii) Performance Reporting There is no reason why a simple set of performance indicators cannot be agreed between KWASA and GOB this year. The indicators may include (a) production volume, (b) number of connections, (c) extent of 24/7 water, (d) NRW, (e) the average tariff, (f) operating ratio, (g) accounts receivable and (h) staff numbers.
(viii) Annual Reporting The first KWASA Annual Report to Year ending June 2009 could be produced this year 2009. It will help to give donors and the public confidence in KWASA. Later in 2010 a website for KWASA can be developed to keep people informed of developments and KWASA performance.
Water Source Considerations
What is clear at this point in time is that in respect of groundwater as a resource there are hydro-geological constraints which limit location and quantity of supply. Further investigation and monitoring is needed. It is equally clear at this point in time that there is no nearby (within 50 km) surface water source which does not have the constraint of high salinity for at least one month in the year. The options which should be evaluated under the feasibility studies for source development include:
(i) Surface water supply for 10 months and groundwater supply for 2 months. (ii) Surface water supply for 10 months direct and 2 months indirect from
storage ponds. (iii) Surface water supply for 6 months from the river alongside of Khulna and
groundwater supply for the other 6 months. (iv) Surface water supply for 12 months and bottled groundwater for 2 months. (v) Groundwater supply utilizing the third and fourth “ deep” aquifers.
Water Distribution and Water Quality All existing distribution pipe should be abandoned as it has been the primary source of water contamination. New distribution pipe must be used with good clean treated surface water or clean pump
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head water. All service connections must be replaced. This may sound drastic, but a number of pipes are clogged and NRW needs to be combated. It will be very important not to allow the existing distribution to be connected in any way to the newly replaced distribution system.
It is important for staff of KWASA to start keeping records now of all pipe repairs, pipe leaks pipe bursts etc. This will provide important data on the priority areas for rehabilitation. It is also very important that all new works be closely monitored under good construction supervision. Asbestos cement pipe should be replaced regardless, not for health reasons but because its strength deteriorates with time. Likewise GI pipe needs replacement every 10 years due to corrosion.
Service Levels & Service Coverage
A concerted effort must be made to get almost everyone connected to piped water. This is first because in the long run it is the cheapest, safest and most convenient way of delivering water. Second, it has the advantage of economy of scale in keeping the cost of water down. Third, it allows control over the groundwater resources which must be maintained as a sustainable resource for all time. Fourth, it reaches the urban poor, who are the most vulnerable, allowing them to benefit from the cross-subsidies on the connection fee. We already know that 40% of those not connected to piped water are not interested in being connected because they have alternative sources of water (private wells) and are not happy about the performance to date of KWASA. The service level must be 24/7 water which is potable at the tap and affordable to all. The service coverage objective to be sustained must be at least 90% of the population as from 2016. To achieve these targets it will certainly be necessary to formulate and implement a public relations campaign.
Interim Improvements Over Next 5 Years
The recommended interim improvements (totalling the equivalent of $10 million) include two pilot projects of 2000 connections each with new pumps and new pipes and provision of 24/7 water to demonstrate to the people that KWASA can provide potable water through its pipes. It includes replacement of some other pumps and clogged pipes. It includes provision of a new headquarters building and one zonal office together with associated equipment and vehicles. It includes consultant support in monitoring of pumps and groundwater, mapping the distribution system, reduction of water wastage, a 100% consumer survey, and design and construction support to the hardware improvements. Finally, it includes some high level contract staff support. The estimate of these works is given in Appendix 10.
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Outsourcing
The following outsourcing is recommended over the next 3 years:
(i) Water quality and quantity monitoring (ii) Pump operations management (iii) NRW control through measurement of production and consumption
and water loss reduction (leakage, wastage and illegal connections) (iv) Metering, billing and collection in connection with the new pilot projects.
Commercial and Financial
Tariffs and Cost Recovery The objective should be for KWASA to meet full O&M costs from tariff revenue by 2015 and O&M Costs plus debt servicing by 2020.
Revenue Revenue may be enhanced now through rehabilitation of pumps, tubewells and distribution network. It can also be enhanced by asking those served by one connection in multi-storey buildings to pay more of their fair share even while still on a flat rate. Revenue can also be enhanced by charging all private groundwater users using motorized pumps to extract water at a flat rate for groundwater use. Industries can be charged at a much higher flat rate than domestic users. A public relations campaign should be implemented to assist in this task. Illegal connections may also be a source of more revenue. An amnesty period could be used to flush some of these out.
Electricity Costs This is the most important current cost to be evaluated and it should be done separately and in aggregate for every pump installation. This should be monitored on a monthly basis and power failures at each pump installation carefully recorded.
Subsidies The poor can be addressed first by subsuming the connection fee into the ADB loan so it is compensated by a slightly higher tariff. Then regarding the monthly tariff for piped water it would be appropriate to assume a tariff for 10 m3 consumption per month per family that is affordable. This could be 100 taka per month which equates to about 3.5% of household income of $500 per year.
Collection It is necessary to ensure that it is very easy for water consumers to pay their water bill. This should be done by up to three different methods to suit the type of customer.
Disconnection If the KWASA has done its homework in public relations and information campaigns and it employs at least one social scientist to assist the poor get connected and stay connected to piped water then there should be few disconnections necessary.
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Customer Services This is maybe the most important function of a water utility and therefore deserves its own division in each of the zonal offices. Complaint handling comes under this division and it will need to address water quality issues, “no water” issues and wrong bill issues in particular. This division must take care of the poor and the connection/disconnection policy implementation.
Accounting As soon as possible accounting should be done at the zonal level. It is to be noted that even KCC does not have one chartered accountant. That must change if KWASA is to avail of donor assistance.
Auditing Internal auditing should be set up with this unit reporting directly to the MD. External auditing of KWASA financial statements should be done in a timely manner each year so that the audited annual report is published no later than 31 December.
Financial Viability The objective should be to make KWASA financially viable as soon as possible. See above regarding cost recovery.
Loan Servicing A portion of the loan monies borrowed by the Government from ADB can be passed on to the KWASA as grant (50%) and a portion as loan for repayment (50%). Clearly a city with a million people and some industries can afford that.
Financial Projections Some attempt should be made to prepare financial statements for 2007/2008 and for 2008/2009. Then the financial projections for at least the next 10 years should be made. One should not be prepared without the other.
Investments $200 million investment in water supply (ADB + JICA) for a city of just over one million people is reasonable as it equates to less than $200 per capita per day. However, local resources are weak and it would not be appropriate to undertake the sewerage investments at the same time. Maybe these could start in 2015.
Technical
NRW needs to be addressed now. Among other things this means chasing illegal connections (following the 100% consumer survey) and ensuring provision of a tap or float valve on all piped connections so water does not run to waste. If rehabilitation of the water distribution network is proposed in the interim, then it is very important that all leak repairs in the current system be carefully documented immediately so that after one year the priority areas for rehabilitation can be determined.
.Metering The objective is to have volumetric measurement of consumption with water meters on all domestic and non-domestic users. This is equitable and follows best practice in developed and even most developing countries. This means good meters and good meter reading. Management at the lowest practicable level should be the objective. Domestic meters will need to be replaced every five years on average and bigger institutional and industrial meters more frequently. In the
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beginning it may be appropriate to outsource metering, billing and collection but strict supervision will be needed. But there is no point installing new connections and metering until 24/7 water can be guaranteed, either from the pilot projects sourcing groundwater, or the new river source with proper treatment and new transmission and distribution.
Pumps and Pumping Immediate attention can be given to collecting the KWH consumed at each pump installation each month and comparing pumps one with the other. Then metering flow and measuring pressure at the pump head during pumping is needed. If one accepts that a good production tubewell should produce at least 1600 m3/d then the total production should be 88,000m3/d not 35,000m3/d as given.
Pump Hours Although the pumps are scheduled for 20 hours a day pumping, due to many power failures and lack of water the total is often only 10-15 hours. This needs to be properly documented at all pump head sites by the operators. What times were the pumps down due to power failure? Maybe this is a test of the diligence of the pump operators.
Power Failures It is clear that power failures have contributed to the intermittent water supply currently experienced in the piped system in KWASA. However in terms of convenience and contamination due to vacuum conditions in the pipes there is little difference between 15 hours of pumping and 20 hours of pumping. However the extent of the power failures and their causes throughout the city need to be well documented. A new distribution system for the new treated river source will include elevated reservoirs served directly by transmission mains which function as balance tanks so that the distribution system is under positive pressure 24/7. Any pumping in that system must have generator back-up against power failure.
Tubewell and Pump History The history of the tubewell and the pumps and maintenance needs not only to be recorded but summarised for all installations and some analysis made. Are installations failing due to pump failure, tubewell failure or groundwater falling? A full time mechanical engineer should be appointed solely to look after the pump installations and record efficiency of operation.
Repair of Pumps As soon as possible a consultant needs to assess the efficiency of pump operations and decide on pump repairs or pump replacement. That same consultant might investigate a long term service contract with one or two pump suppliers.
Work Plans Appendix 11 and Appendix 12 show draft work plans for the next 3 months and next 5 years respectively. The emphasis in the next three months should be on undertaking preparations for the masterplan which will be prepared by JICA
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consultants in collaboration with ADB in the 6 months commencing September 2009. The five year plan includes the donor preparation for the source development and distribution, the interim improvements, the institutional development, the outsourcing proposed, the licensing of private wells and further hydrogeological investigations.
References for Diagnostic Report
1. Municipal Services Project, Main Report, Khulna Water Supply Expansion Component [Consultants Mott Macdonald, Louis Berger, Engineering and Planning Consultants, AQUA] 15 May 1997
2. Municipal Services Project, Groundwater Resources & Hydrogeological Investigations in and Around Khulna City – [Consultants BRGM, Antea and ARMCO] Main Report, May 2005
3. Water Supply Consumer Survey in Khulna City- ADB and KUET June 2009
4. 20 Anecdotal Interviews about Water Supply in Khulna- Shazida Khanam April 2009.
5. Various government and private hospitals and clinics in Khulna (for figures on water related diseases).
6. Initial Report of ADB Consultant Financial Analyst (Ms Evelyn Orda) on the Financial Management Assessment of Khulna WASA. May 2009.
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CHECKLISTS FOR EARLY ACTIONS
Checklist ADB / Consultant Early Actions Next 3 Months
1. Obtain services of water quality assessment consultant / contractor 2. Obtain services of pump assessment consultant / contractor 3. Obtain services of hydrogeological consultant for assessment of MSP
Groundwater Report and Recommendations, assessment of existing tube wells and preparation of TOR for further hydrogeological investigations.
4. Monitor groundwater levels at pumps 5. Establish cause of pump installation failures 6. Investigate service contract for pumps 7. Water consumption assessment HTW, house connections,
private tube wells 8. Confirm ADB policy to amortize connection fee and meter 9. Conduct Stakeholder Consultations over Consumer Survey 10. Establish the size nd qualifications of KWASA manpower 11. Assess training needs of KWASA staff 12. Prepare justification / feasibility for ADB to fund core operational staff 13. Agree on format of KWASA Annual Report 14. Agree on institutional development of KWASA.
Checklist KWASA / GOB Early Actions Next 3 Months
1. Appoint core KWASA staff 2. Assess extent of piped water coverage on map. [Includes pipelines installed
since 2003 and actual presence of water each day now.] 3. Collect power used by every pump per month 4. Collect data on power failures and hours run by all pumps. 5. Establish location / date of all pipe repairs and pipe bursts.
Appendix 1 Khulna City Corporation Population Census and Forecast
Ward 1981 Census 1991 Census 2001 Census 2010 Forecast
2030 Forecast
1 24134 24005 20311 2 11327 14809 18815 3 19275 19059 23016 4 10366 11558 14299 5 15918 17828 15314 6 8878 14294 20995 7 12447 11540 14808 8 14158 14698 18545 9 24532 24683 34614 10 31247 29276 18518 11 15503 13819 19398 12 29506 25418 52036 13 21965 15715 19959 14 15033 21334 26444 15 16311 17150 25724 16 23465 22355 35881 17 15231 20122 30352 18 14403 16896 16765 19 16226 19737 26321 20 24870 17374 22539 21 18677 15953 27106 22 14772 12296 21633 23 16554 13995 18332 24 19861 28023 42959 25 18677 15953 27106 26 10925 15893 18087 27 22969 24285 31489 28 11877 13212 22404 29 18316 21269 20431 30 28756 30640 35827 31 17600 23851 32592 Total 577533 597795 770498 970,728 1,621,976
Actual Population. Growth 1981-1991 = 0.4% pa Actual Population Growth 1991-2001= 2.6% pa Forecast Population Growth 2001- 2010 = 2.6%pa Forecast Population Growth 2010-2030= 2.6% pa.
Note: Looking at the erratic variation in population per ward over three censuses it makes no sense to forecast other than for the whole city and then at the aggregate last growth rate over 10 years which was at 2.6%pa.
Appendix 2 NOTES FROM MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT
MAIN REPORT
15 May 1997
Final Feasibility Report
Khulna Water Supply Expansion Component.
Mott Macdonald /Louis Berger /Engineering & Planning Consultants/ AQUA
• Length of city 15 km and area 38 sq km (revised now ???) • Slum housing makes up much of the housing stock • Public health situation is dangerous... infant mortality rates are high and
malnutrition is relatively common. • The majority of the population live in high density squatter areas. • 20 year planning horizon to 2015 to be adopted. • In 1981 12 PTWs produced 14, 850 m3/d • In 1987 47 Private Tubewells produced 11,300 m3/d • In 1997 34 PTWs produced 32,800 m3/d • In 1985 it was estimated that the deep municipal aquifer could sustain a
minimum yield of 59,000 m3/d of fresh water for 30 years with conservative assumptions on recharge and acceptable salinity limits.
• Although modest in size the Netherlands assisted water supply projects in early 1980s improved the water supply by reducing leakage, by the rehabilitation and regeneration of existing wells and by the installation of new wells. However improvements were partially offset by a sharp decrease in production from older wells and by continuing wastage at the consumer end. The consultants had this to say about the Waterworks Department of KCC: the underqualified and purely technical-oriented staff of the WWD are not capable of operating and maintaining the system. WWD can be characterised as an organisation with poor performance and limited accountability.
• All wells with the exception of PTW-1 in the shallow aquifer, are 150mm diameter deep tube wells with an average depth of 275 m. Tube wells are generally equipped with10-13 stage vertical turbine pumps connected to 150mm dia rising mains and powered by vertically mounted electric motors generally rated at 20-25 HP. Two wells are equipped with submersible pump sets. Most pumps have nominal capacities of about 70m3/hr at 40 m head. Most pumps are set at 23 m with well drawdown of 10-20 m. Pumps discharge directly into the distribution system where the system pressure varies between 0-6m.
• Total installed capacity of the wells is in excess of 55,000 m3/d but the yield to the sytem is significantly less because of operating conditions. The yield ranged from 6m3/hr to 129 m3/hr with an average of 64 m3/hr.
• The review of the performance of all wells in operation showed that although the newly installed wells were among the best performers, the age of wells had little or no direct bearing on their individual performance. Two of the best performing wells were installed in 1972 and 1983.
• None of the observations made by the Consultants or in previous studies suggest that iron is a serious problem from the deep aquifer in Khulna.
• KCC statistics indicate 1964 HTWs of which 1627 are shallow hand tube wells and the remainder deepset. Shallow HTWs yield about 3.3 m3/d and deep set wells about 6.6 m3/d.
• Water is supplied into the distribution network on a command area basis with each individual well supplying water to its immediate surrounding only. There are few interconnections.
• Of 168.92 km of distribution pipe the breakdown is as follows:
Pipe Materials Pipe Diameter mm Length in Km % of Total GI PVC 75 15.28 9.05 GI PVC 100 70.84 41.94 PVC AC 150 36.50 21.61 PVC MS AC 200 22.00 13.02 MS AC 250 8.00 4.74 MS AC 300 16.30 9.64 168.92 100.00
• GI pipe has a short life of about 10 years due to corrosion. • PVC Pipe Class B BS 3505 should not be used for pumping conditions
however low the pressure. • Storage volumes should be about 4 hours supply or 15% of daily supply to
balance supply and demand throughout the day. • Service connections omprise 15, 20, 25 and 50 mm dia GI pipe connected to
the distribution main by saddle clamp. The service connection normally ends up in an underground tank ....the tanks do not usually have float valves so the tanks overflow when full. Tank capacity varies from 400-600 liters.
• In January 1995 KCC records showed 11,000 service connections of which 10,876 were domestic connections and 124 were commercial / institutional.24.2 % of the connections were 15mm and 66.3% were 20 mm and 8.3% were 25mm.
• Some 493 street hydrants (public taps) were installed but it was reported that 200 were non-operational.
• There is no legislation to control the private exploitation of groundwater in Khulna. Private tubewells can be sunk without a permit. An inventory of private wells in essential.
• Abstraction from private wells is estimated as follows: • Shallow wells motorised 33, 067m3/d by hand pump 15, 270 m3/d • Deep wells motorised 9,473 m3/d by hand pump 2,748 m3/d • Even before the onset of the dry season it is only possible to supply 56,825
m3/d and of 30,000 registered holdings only some 10,000 have official public supply connections.
• Wastage and leakage can be attributed to the poor condition of the existing piped system, poor quality materials and poor workmanship, and in particular to wastage from overflowing ground tanks. The current method of operating the system are wasteful and uneconomic. Present levels of wastage and leakage are estimated at 60% of production.
• There are 36 production wells of which some 10-12 are out of action at any one time due to (i) clogging of the screen (ii) poorly designed and installed filters, (iii) lowering of the water table (?) (iv) electro-mechanical problems and (v) prolonged power outages.
• The consultants are concerned that the design and development methods and standards being used for new production wells are not adequate.
• Service is intermittent as the pumps are operated for a maximum of 13 hours a day in two shifts.
• Leakage and wastage surveys in 1981 showed that: Wastage in the consumers’ premises amounted to about 56% of total production leakage to about 22% and the remaining 22% represented water consumption.
• In 1995 an estimate of 60% has been assumed for losses as compared with 78% in the 1981 studies.
• The leakage in the mains is attributed mainly to badly constructed house connections, materials of inferior quality and bad workmanship.
• Although KCC records indicate there are some 10,000 service connections the consultants consider these records to be incomplete because they certainly take no account of illegal connections.
• There is an extensive network of “water sellers” with water being distributed both at central points and to the house.
• The amount of water produced by KCC in 1994 was estimated at 26,509 m3/d on average. This water is supplied to about 258,000 consumers through 11,000 connections and 293 operational street hydrants. This represents about 38% of the population and industries, an increase of about 30% since 1981.
• On the basis of an average demand of 80 l/c/d there is an overall deficit of 16,000 m3/d or 55,000 m3/d if wastage and leakage is considered.
• Non -domestic demand is estimated at 20% of total and hydrant usage is 23 l.c/d for 200 persons per hydrant.
• A growth rate in population of 2.5% pa has been assumed for the year 1995 gradually decreasing to 2.4%, 2.3% and 2.2% respectively for years 2000 2005 and 2010. [Note actual growth 1991 to 2001 was 2.6% pa].
• It was concluded that currently the 86% of the population who live in pucca or semi –pucca dwellings were potential customers for household service connections but the 14% of the population living in kutcha or non-permanent buildings would not normally be provided with a house connection.
• In 1991 46% of the households were willing to pay for a house connection. • In order to estimate water demand coverage of 50% in 2000, 60% in 2005
and 70% in 2010 were assumed. The remaining 30% of the population would continue to depend on hand tube wells and private supplies.
• Consumption figures of 80 l/c/d for 1995 and 2000 then 90 l/c/d for 2005 and 100 l/c/d for 2010 have been assumed.
• Future Demands for 2010 were estimated as follows: • Population in KCC Area 982,315 • Population Served 684, 674 (69.7%) • Required Production 121, 720 m3/d • Total connections 31, 571 • Total hydrants 582 • Domestic Demand from HTW = 14, 263 m3/d • Domestic Demand from PTWs= 6,456 m3/d • Commercial / Industry PTWs = 58,735 m3/d • Total Demand = 79,454 m3/d • Whilst the TOR indicate that that surface water options are likely to be
appropriate due to groundwater resource constraints, the considered view of the consultants is that groundwater is likely to provide the best option for the foreseeable future.
• The safe upper limit of the shallow aquifer is considered to be about 65,000 m3/d and that of the deep aquifer 59,000m3/d .
• It would appear that replacement and rehabilitation of the existing system alone coupled with rehabilitation of the distribution systems would enable the current water supply targets to be met.
• Even after many years of substantial abstractions from the deep aquifer in Khulna, there is no indication of any increase in drawdown of the KCC production wells operating or of any increase in salinity or even any remotely significant trend.
• Recommendation for Long Term (over 15 years) Construction of a surface water abstraction and treatment plant for conjunctive use with groundwater abstraction if or when required by the inability of the groundwater sources to meet the demands.
• Environmentally the soundest approach would be to continually monitor wells for drawdown, production and salinity. Should this indicate excessive withdrawal from the aquifers then conjunctive use could be introduced.
• The recommended approach was: • (i) regenerate some wells • (ii) replace abandoned wells • (iii)Increase operating hours • (iv) Develop Stage I Kalishpur - Phultala Wellfield • (v) Develop Stage II Kalishpur – Phultala Wellfield • Organization Chart Proposed by MSP Consultant
Under General Manager has Five Divisions • (i) Planning & Development • (ii) Operations • (iii) Materials & Equipment • (iv) Finance and Accounting • (v) General Administration • Consultant recommends that the KCC by-laws be strengthened so as to
provide an effective control over private groundwater abstraction in order to conserve this vital resource.
• To identify where the level of skill is below the required level for the job requires a Training Needs Assessment. to be conducted. A training need is defined as The lack of skill in a person who wishes to do the job to the set standard to attain the standard..Since the standard for every job should be set by the management training is a function of management.
Appendix 3
20 ANECDOTAL INTERVIEWS ABOUT WATER SUPPLY IN KHULNA
SHAZIDA KHANAM APRIL 2009
Person A Location: Natun Raster Mor, Pabla, Khalishpur
We collect water from handpump. We have no opportunity of water supply system from Khulna City Corporation, so we have to collect water from handpump. There is high concentration of iron in the water which coming from handpump. For this the cloths are discoloured and the pipe may clog out. After bath the hair become sticky. The taste of the water is salty. So water supply system is good for us. But in supply system, sometimes the supplies are not sufficient, in this case from handpump we have when we wish. For drinking purpose we use the deep tube well water. The government water supply system is good to everyone because it is available for all people. Especially for the poor people who have no ability to establish own water collection system such as electric motor or handpump. So people need water supply system from government. But it should be sufficient as our demand. 24 hour water supply will very much need to us. And it must be taste good, iron less and safe to drink.
Person B Location: Road No. 1, Boira
In our area Khulna City Corporation have the pump which collect water from under ground and distribute it by pipe line network. The water is sufficient as we demand. We have no scarcity of water which is seen other areas of Khulna city. But we don’t drink this water, because it is not safe and it has alot of impurities. So we collect drinking water from the nearby deep tube well. It collected by the servant. I think for the excessive suction of groundwater the water table drop down. If the water is continuously being extracted in this manner soon Khulna’s city’s situation will be transformed into one like Dhaka’s. To recover this, if we treat the surface water such as river or pond water we will save the ground water reservoir. We are satisfied with the system. We have no problem to extract water by deep tube well because of high level of ground water table. I think the people of this city have the sufficient water than other cities. WASA have an old water treatment plant and we are heard that they will make a new treatment plant which may be treat the surface water. That is good. In the region salinity is a major problem. If we want to drink the supply water which is saline the treatment of surface water may show better result.
Person C Location: Shonadanga
In my house we use the supply water for every purpose such as washing, cooking, bathing etc. But we don’t drink the water. At first when the pipeline are adopted, we drunk the supply water, but now we do not drink the water because some waste materials like algae was found in the water. The taste of the water is good but we have no mental satisfaction to drink because the pipeline is laid beside the sewerage drains. Is it pure or has any kinds of impurities coming from the drain. We bought the
deep tube well water to drink. If the government give us a deep tubewell it will be beneficial to us. If the supply water has the guarantee that the water is safe to drink we will drink it. It also saves my money which is paid for drinking water. Otherwise the water quality is is good for other purpose uses.
Person D Location: P.T. I. Mor
In my house I have the connection of supply water from WASA. But the supply is very poor. We have one third of our demand. The reservoir is not fully filled. We cant fill the overhead tank. So the renter of my house, who lives in the upper floor, cant have the sufficient water. Sometimes we need to pull the water from the reservoir tank by the bucket. If the water supply is sufficient as our demand we are not depend on the tube well. We don’t know about the purity of supply water. Is it safe or not. That why we drink the deep tube well water. Three time water is supplied in a day generally but sometimes it was once in a day. And the velocity is very poor which could not fill the reservoir properly. The water has no hardness or salinity but the main problem is the water is not available. We use the water for cooking, washing but we don’t drink. The quality of water from deep tube well is better than supply water. For the scarcity of water renters are not interested to rent the house. So if WASA ensure us the sufficient odourless pure and safe drinking water we will be beneficial.
Person E Location : Bangladesh Bank Colony, Rupsha
In our colony there is a pump which exerted groundwater and distributed in all houses. The water quality is good; there is no salinity as other places in this city. We have sufficient water. We collect the deep tube well water for drinking purposes from nearby source by the servant. It is hard to fetch water from tube well. If the overhead tanks are clean or maintain properly we have no need to fetch the water from the tube well. Allover I am satisfied with this supply system. In this area the condition of water from WASA is very poor, so nobody consume this. Everyone has his own system.
Person F Location: Kalibari Ghat.
We have the own electric pump to suck water from ground. We also have a tube well. In monsoon we use river water for bath and washing cloths. But in the summer the water is too turbid that we don’t use it. We use the deep tube well water for drinking purpose. If the WASA give us the opportunity to get the water supply connection we will use. But now there is a problem. That is the decrease of the height of the ground water level. In the past summer season to fill the 500 liters tank it needed only 15 minutes, but now 45-60 minutes are needed to pump and fill the tank. So we need sufficient water.
Person G Location: Nirala Mor
I have the water supply from WASA. A pipe connection is connected in my reservoir tank and we exert this water by electric motor. I have sufficient water but in summer the quantity of water is poor. We use the water for all purposes except drinking. I know that the supply water is clean but psychologically I am not interested to drink the supply water. I drink the deep tube well water. The pipe are old, it is not maintained properly so we don’t drink it. We want the safe and available water through the year.
Person H Location: Moilapotar Mor
We have the KCC water supply system. We cannot get sufficient water. At 7.00am and in 5.00pm the water is supplied. We have no water all through the whole day. There is no iron or salinity in the water. Sometimes bad smells or wastes are coming with water. So we buy the water to drink from the deep tube well. We are unable to set a deep tube well personally. So if the supply water from WASA will available for 24 hours and safe we will able to overcome our problems.
Person I Location: Daulotpur
I have the own handpump. It is deep tube well. I use it for all purposes. We also drink it. The water of the deep tube well is fresh, though it is hard to pump. The water supplies through the network are not available and it is need to pay. But I have small income that I could not pay for water in every month. In the own hand pump I have not to pay. So I am happy with my own system.
Person J Location: Fulbarigate
I have no pipe connection for water supply. I have own electric motor to suck the water from ground sources. The water is very essential for our life. If I have not installed the motor I have to go to use the unhygienic unsafe water. By the system I have the fresh water. For having own motor I am relieve from the searching and pulling of water. I have another facility to use water any time as I wish. But I cant drink the water for its too much salinity. I buy the water for drinking purpose which collected from KUET campus’s deep tube well. The water which collects with the motor from under ground have the high concentration of iron. That why the stain marks are shown in the utensils and the tiles floor of the toilet or bathrooms. By using the water for bath the hair gets sticky, the cloths may discoloured especially white cloths. It is not also suitable to cook. If use it for cooking the rice will be reddish, they pulse are not boiled only vegetables are cooked by using this water.
Rice, tea and some preparation are made with pond water. I also buy the pond water. This pond is in the KUET campus. In this Fulbarigate area most of the water of tube wells is saline, so I am not set a deep tube well by my own. I also preserve the rain water which use for cooking. At last I want to say if saline less, iron less, safe drinkable water will supplies as a citizen we will be beneficial.
Person K Location: Bagmara Primary School Area.
I have the Khulna City Corporation water supply system. The water from KCC’s quality is good but it makes the hair sticky. Twice or more time shampooing needed to rinse the hair. Other wise I don’t feel any problem. I use the water for all my household works such as washing cooking bathing etc. But we don’t drink the water. As the water comes from the supply line so that we don’t drink the water. I collect the drinking water from the nearby source. Near my house there is a temple and a deep tube well is in there. I collect the drinking water from that deep tube well. I collect the water by my own. I have no servant to collect the drinking water. It is very good in quality. It has no problem as salinity, hardness or odor. Every day I consume about 15 liters of water to drink. But I don’t know about the bill of supply from KCC because I am a renter.
Person L Location: Shahin Hotel Road
I am a tenant. I am new in Khulna city. So I cant tell you much about the water quality in this locality. In my house I use the supply water which supplied by the government authority. In detail maybe the landlord will tell you. I only say that the water quality is good. I have no complains. Only one problem, it makes the hair sticky that why I cant wash my hair every day. It does not make any stain in the utensils. For drinking purpose my landlord provide a deep tube well in the house. He exerts the water from the under ground by a motor. In my flat there is a separate tap only for drinking water. When he pumps the motor only then we get water in that tap. I drink the water after filtering because of iron concentration in water. I cannot get supply water all through the day. It is available in the morning and afternoon. I need to reserve the water. When the supply water is not available, in that time my landlord pump the water by the motor. This pumped water is turbid. Maybe the overhead tank is not clean. I hope if the water quality will better and safe I will be advantageous.
Person M Location: Mia Para.
In my house there is a connection of supply water from KCC. The water quality is good. For all the household works I use this water. It does not make any stains in the utensils or discoloured the cloths. As the water is the supply water nobody drink it. It
is a common practice in Khulna city. We drink water from the deep tube well water. It was collected from nearest source of my house. It was collected by my made servant. Some other areas in the Khulna city supply water are not available. But in my house it is available for 24 hours. I do not pay for water. It is paid by my landowner. I only pay the monthly rent of the house, in which the water bill also included.
Person N Location : West Tutpara
I am one of the residents of this building. In my building the owner has the private water supply system. The water is available for whole days. There is no problem. I use the water as I wish. The water is coming from the underground sources so it has the very good taste obviously. I use the water for all purposes through the washing of cloths to drink. After several uses the utensils might be slightly stained. In general the owner of the private tube wells or motors waste a huge amount of water. The overhead tanks were overflowed, but nobody care this. But it is true there is a great scarcity of safe and pure water. This is pathetic. In some years ago in my building was connected by the KCC water supply system. But now it is disconnected. Because we need to collect drinking water from any deep tube well which is difficult to search or carry from another place. And the water from KCC was not sufficient. So in this present private system we have the sufficient water as our demand and we have no need to pay.
Person O Location: Fire Brigades Road Ward 22
In my house there is no government water supply connection. I have my own water supply system. In 1997 I set up a tube well. It was cost around 26,000 to 27,000 taka. The water quality is good. There is no salinity, turbidity, color but a little iron. We drink the water from the tube well directly. We have sufficient water as our demand. I have no objection about my water system. I am not interested about the KCC water supply because we heard that the water quality is very bad. The water of KCC has the bad smell, wastes, turbid etc. So it is not possible to drink or use for other purposes. If in the future the water quality of KCC will be good then we decide to take the connection. In that case if I need to pay for this I will give. Now I have to pay electricity bill for using the motor. So I think the good water supply system is economical for me.
Person P Location : East Bania Khamar
I have the own hand pump and electric motor in my house. I use this water for all kinds of domestic works. We wash the cloths, take bath and use for other purposes.
For drinking purpose I filtered the water at first then drink it. The water taste is sweet and it has no iron, color or odor. I am a tenant but I do not pay for the water. The water is available for all time. When the tank is empty the owner pumped water to fill it. So we have no scarcity of water and I think it is better than Khulna City Corporation’s water supply system.
Person Q Location: Islampur Road Dolkhola
I am the owner of my house. I have the own water supply system. The KCC’s water supply system is disconnected in my house. I disconnect this because the water is not sufficient and available as I demand. I have the hand pump and electric motor both.The initial cost was 6000 taka for motor. It was installed 8 years ago. Every day I pump minimum half an hour for three individual times. I use this water for all domestic use. I also drink this water. The water is slightly saline. Iron also one of the problems of this water. Stain is available in the utensils and floor of the toilet, bathroom and basins. The white dresses become yellowish. I think if KCC provide the good and safe water for us we will stop to pump water from the underground and it may be good for general people.
Person R Location: Tutpara, Joracall Bajar
I have the own water suction system from underground. I pumped for 30 to 45 minutes once in a day. It is in shallow depth so the water is saline. We don’t drink the water. In this water excessive iron is present. After bath the hair and skin are sticky. The hair is discoloured and fallen down. The cloths are discoloured. For the hardness stain has shown on the utensils and bathroom fittings. The pipe has been clogged. As a result different types of problems may arise. We collect the drinking water from the deep tube well in the front of my house. It was collected by my made servant. I don’t pay her separately for drinking water collection. Her payment is monthly. The drinking water is better than the shallow water. My opinion is that if the water will salinity free, contamination free, clean and safe for drinkinbg we will be very much happy.
Person S Location : Sherebangla Road Election Council
In my house the existing supply system is the KCC water supply system. The water is reserved in the underground reservoir and then by the motor the overhead tank is filled once in a day. The motor is pumped the water for 40-45 minutes. Approximately 100 taka is paid for water. The water quality is very good. There is no salinity, hardness, iron problem. The drinking water is collected from road side deep tube well. 50 taka is paid for the carrying cost of the drinking water. As the tap water
is supply water thats why we don’t drink it. But there is no other reason to avoid it. But at the time of bath, sometime the supply water is drunk. In this case there is no harm occurred and the taste is fine.
Person T Location: Joragate, C N B Colony
I am one of the residents of the colony. In our colony the water is supplied by the pipe connection. I am not sure that is the connection provided by KCC or not. But in my house there is no scarcity of water. But in summer sometimes the water is not available. The water quality is not as good as Dhaka because the water is saline. It is not good in taste and not suitable for bath and drink. The black spots are shown in the floor of the bathrooms. The stains were shown in the glasses , plates and in other utensils. The tap is jammed. The cloths were discoloured. Sometimes some spots are also seen in the dresses. We don’t drink this water. A servant I collect the water from the nearest tubewell and I pay for this. I wish the concerned authority may consider our problems and take step forward to overcome the problems.
THE ANECDOTAL INTERVIEW
Rationale:
To find what the people think about their water supply there are three main approaches. One is to analyze complaints received. One is to conduct a representative sample survey with a structured questionnaire. One is to conduct anecdotal interviews. The latter is the most powerful, because it is based on the premise that you don’t put words into the mouth of the interviewee but just listen to anything they have to say about their water supply, good or bad and record what they are saying. This allows later translation and analysis but it also captures the emotions of the person being interviewed.
Who To Be Interviewed?
In general all types of stakeholders should be interviewed. This includes utility domestic customers, industrial and commercial customers, institutional customers, non-served people and organizations, utility staff, utility management, local government, central government and politicians.
How Many to Interview?
The numbers to be interviewed will depend on resources to undertake the interviews, on how much time is available, and on the resources to translate and analyse the interviews. Minimum consumers interviewed should be 10, unserved people 5 and utility (management and staff combined) 5.
What is Needed?
A voice recorder is the only piece of equipment needed. This may be an MP3 device ($40-60) or a dedicated voice recorder ($150).
How to Start the Interview?
Introduce yourself as a consultant representing..XXXXX. utility and say you are interested in capturing their anonymous views about the water supply. It will be recorded and analysed with a view to helping improve the water supply. They can say anything they like about the water supply be it good or bad, but if bad maybe they should say what needs to be done to improve things. [A small token payment or some candies or fruits might be given in thanks]
How Long is the Interview?
In general the interview is expected to be 10-15 minutes long.... but some may be longer and some shorter. Some minor prompting can be done eg. discuss water quality, reliability, water tariff...... but this should be avoided if at all possible.
After the Interview
Return to base and download to computer the conversation making sure the location of the person and the approx. age and sex are noted. Translate accurately into English. Analyze the recorded material and make a summary of the main points raised by the interviewee.
After All Interviews
Summarise all the main points raised and comment on these in terms of actions which need to be taken by the utility. Comment on the different perspectives of different stakeholders regarding the water supply. Make sure the whole collection of interviews are kept together and the date of the interviews recorded on the front cover. Produce a summary document in both local language and English which may be accessed by the public either in hardcopy or on the utility website.
Appendix 4 Water Consumer Survey in Khulna City Summary Sheet
PART A. CURRENT WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS
A 1.1 What is the major source(s) of drinking water?
(1) Water from the KCC/KWASA through a piped connection 7 (2) Water from the KCC/KWASA public tap 0 (3) Water from the KCC/KWASA hand pump tube well 1829 (4) Water from the KCC/KWASA through tankers 0 (5) Water from the private tube wells 1188 (6) Water from private water venders 34 (7) Water from river/canal/pond 0
(8) Other 38
A 1.2 Is water boiled or filtered for drinking ?
(0) No 2865
(1) Yes 141
A 1.3 What do you think on the availability of good quality drinking water?
(1) Abundant throughout the year 2835 (2) Seasonally abundant 118
(3) Scarce throughout the year 53
A 2.1 Do you use water from KCC/KWASA through piped connection?
(0) No 2093
(1) Yes 913
A 2.1.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 20.64
A 2.1.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 675
(1) Sufficient 238
A 2.1.1c Water Pressure
(0) Inadequate 717
(1) Adequate 196
A 2.1.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 68.17
A 2.1.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 342 (2) Fair 422
(3) Expensive 148
A 2.1.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 163 (2) Fair 181 (3) Poor (saline) 8 (4) Poor (color) 28
(5) Poor (odor) 256 (6) Poor (dirty) 539 (7) Poor (iron) 63 (8) Poor (Stain) 10
(9) Poor (other) 31
A 2.1.3b How do you rank KCC/KWASA water service standards?
(1) Very poor 178 (2) Poor 328 (3) Fair 304 (4) Good 103
(5) Very Good 0
A 2.1.4a How many hours is the service available? (hours / day) [Average] 5.30
A 2.1.4b How many families share the connection? (nos.) [Average] 2.46
A 2.1.4c Do you have storage tank(s)?
(0) No 475
(1) Yes 438
A 2.1.4d Do you have a pump?
(0) No 474
(1) Yes 439
A 2.1.4e If yes, how many minutes do you run the pump? (mins) [Average] 48.11
A 2.1.4f Is your water connection metered?
(0) No 889
(1) Yes 24
A 2.2 Do you use water from KCC/KWASA through public taps?
(0) No 2996
(1) Yes 10
A 2.2.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 4.67
A 2.2.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 0
(1) Sufficient 10
A 2.2.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 0
A 2.2.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 10 (2) Fair 0
(3) Expensive 0
A 2.2.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 1 (2) Fair 7 (3) Poor (saline) 0 (4) Poor (color) 0 (5) Poor (odor) 2
(6) Poor (dirty) 2 (7) Poor (iron) 0 (8) Poor (Stain) 0
(9) Poor (other) 0
A 2.2.4a What is the distance from the house to the tap? (m) [Average] 62.5
A 2.2.4b How many minutes per day to fetch water? (mins) [Average] 24
A 2.2.4c Who fetches water?
(0) Motor 0 (1) Self 10
(2)Domestic Helper/ Contract 0
A 2.3 Do you use water from KCC/KWASA through hand pump tube well?
(0) No 1154
(1) Yes 1852
A 2.3.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 7.45
A 2.3.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 168
(1) Sufficient 1684
A 2.3.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 123.41
A 2.3.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 1258 (2) Fair 383
(3) Expensive 210
A 2.3.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 1678 (2) Fair 91 (3) Poor (saline) 25 (4) Poor (color) 0 (5) Poor (odor) 14 (6) Poor (dirty) 14 (7) Poor (iron) 78 (8) Poor (Stain) 1
(9) Poor (other) 0
A 2.3.4a What is the distance from the house to the tubewell? (m) [Average] 46.26
A 2.3.4b How many minutes per day to fetch water? (mins) [Average] 90.69
A 2.3.4c Who fetches water?
(0) Motor 4 (1) Self 1042
(2)Domestic Helper/ Contract 806
A 2.4 Do you use water from KCC/KWASA through water tankers?
(0) No 3006
(1) Yes 0
A 2.4.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 0
A 2.4.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 0
(1) Sufficient 0
A 2.4.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 0
A 2.4.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 0 (2) Fair 0
(3) Expensive 0
A 2.4.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 0 (2) Fair 0 (3) Poor (saline) 0 (4) Poor (color) 0 (5) Poor (odor) 0 (6) Poor (dirty) 0 (7) Poor (iron) 0 (8) Poor (Stain) 0
(9) Poor (other) 0
A 2.4.4a How many times do you call the tanker? (times / month) [Average] 0A 2.4.4b How many months do you rely on water from tankers? (months / year) [Average]
0
A 2.5 Do you use water from private tube wells?
(0) No 1506
(1) Yes 1500
A 2.5.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 19.94
A 2.5.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 53
(1) Sufficient 1447
A 2.5.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 132.52
A 2.5.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 1374 (2) Fair 46
(3) Expensive 80
A 2.5.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 702 (2) Fair 142 (3) Poor (saline) 326 (4) Poor (color) 5 (5) Poor (odor) 26 (6) Poor (dirty) 26
(7) Poor (iron) 602 (8) Poor (Stain) 19
(9) Poor (other) 16
A 2.5.4a How much and when did you spend to build the tube well?
Taka [Average] 18303.94 Year ago [Average] 9.36 Don’t remember [Persons] 707
Not the owner of this tube well [Persons] 87
A 2.5.4b Who fetches water?
(0) Motor 402 (1) Self 1073
(2)Domestic Helper/ Contract 25
A 2.6 Do you use water from private water venders?
(0) No 2972
(1) Yes 34
A 2.6.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 2.605
A 2.6.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 16
(1) Sufficient 18
A 2.6.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 189.85
A 2.6.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 5 (2) Fair 15
(3) Expensive 14
A 2.6.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 26 (2) Fair 8 (3) Poor (saline) 0 (4) Poor (color) 0 (5) Poor (odor) 0 (6) Poor (dirty) 0 (7) Poor (iron) 0 (8) Poor (Stain) 0
(9) Poor (other) 0
A 2.6.4a Please specify the type of vender
(1) Bottled/jar water 16 (2) water brought by push cart / rickshaw van 16
(3) Others 2
A 2.7 Do you use river/canal/pond?
(0) No 2681
(1) Yes 325
A 2.7.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 0
A 2.7.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 320 (2) Fair 5
(3) Expensive 0
A 2.7.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 25 (2) Fair 96 (3) Poor (saline) 7 (4) Poor (color) 151 (5) Poor (odor) 73 (6) Poor (dirty) 182 (7) Poor (iron) 7 (8) Poor (Stain) 5
(9) Poor (other) 1
A 2.8 Do you use water from any other sources?
(0) No 2938
(1) Yes 68
A 2.8.1a How much do you consume? (m3 per month ) [Average] 5.96
A 2.8.1b Perception on availability
(0) Insufficient 29
(1) Sufficient 39
A 2.8.2a How much do you pay for water / for collection? (Taka / month) [Average] 158.33
A 2.8.2b Perception on cost
(1) Cheap 57 (2) Fair 1
(3) Expensive 10
A 2.8.3a Perception on water quality
(1) Good 55 (2) Fair 3 (3) Poor (saline) 3 (4) Poor (color) 0 (5) Poor (odor) 1 (6) Poor (dirty) 1 (7) Poor (iron) 5 (8) Poor (Stain) 0
(9) Poor (other) 0
A 2.8.4a Please specify the water source
(0) Rain Water 2 (1) Dug Well 3 (2) Other Tubewell 26
(3) NGO Tubewell 37
A.2.9 Occurrences diarrhea and dysentery? (times/year) [Average] 0.85
PART B. CONTINGENT VALUATION
B‐1. FAMILIES WITH CONNECTION
B 1.1 If your family had to pay ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐taka per month for water what would you do?
100 (0) Disconnect to avoid the bill 8
(1) Stay connected and pay the bill 179
200 (0) Disconnect to avoid the bill 49
(1) Stay connected and pay the bill 130
300 (0) Disconnect to avoid the bill 91
(1) Stay connected and pay the bill 94
400 (0) Disconnect to avoid the bill 120
(1) Stay connected and pay the bill 63
500 (0) Disconnect to avoid the bill 124
(1) Stay connected and pay the bill 55
B 1.2 Main reasons for staying connected to the network
(1) I really want/need the improved water service 491 (2) The proposed water bill is not too high 73 (3) I am worried about the health risks of the existing water service 12 (4) I do not have alternatives sources of water 37 (5) Other 12
(6) Don’t know/not sure 0
B 1.3 Could you explain to me your main reasons for disconnecting from the network?
(1) I do not really want/need the improved water service 3 (2) The proposed water bill is too high; I cannot afford it 373 (3) I am not worried about the health risks of the existing water service 4 (4) I don't believe KWASA will provide better water service under the new project 29 (5) I have alternative sources of water 24 (6) Other 1
(7) Don’t know/not sure 0
B 1.4 Sources of Water After Disconnecting
(1) Public taps 2 (2) Private tube wells 122 (3) Neighbors 3 (4) Public tube wells 226 (5) Private vendors and tankers 3 (6) Other 48
(7) Don’t know/not sure 5
B 1.5 Perception on Billing According to Meter
(0) I do not support the new billing based on the volume of consumption 288
(1) I support the new billing based on the volume of consumption 625B‐2. FAMILIES WITHOUT CONNECTION
B 2.1 Decision according to Bids and Connection Charges 10
0 Bid
1000
CC (1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 83
(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 10
(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 42
200 Bid
1000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 83(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 9(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 58
300 Bid
1000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 57(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 7(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 86
400 Bid
1000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 39(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 10(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 87
500 Bid
1000
CC (1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 34
(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 4(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 96
100 Bid
3000
CC (1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 83
(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 3(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 55
200 Bid
3000
CC (1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 58
(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 8(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 76
300 Bid
3000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 42(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 11(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 77
400 Bid
3000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 41(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 5(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 91
500 Bid
3000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 34(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 6(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 96
100 Bid
5000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 86(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 3(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 51
200 Bid
5000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 59(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 12(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 67
300 Bid
5000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 33(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 9(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 94
400 Bid
5000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 35(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 7(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 94
500 Bid
5000
CC
(1) Get a connection exclusively for my family and pay the bill 21
(2) Get a connection with other families and pay the bill 6
(0) Stay disconnected to avoid the bill 116
B 2.2 Could you explain to me your main reasons when you answered "get a connection”?
(1) I really want/need the improved water service 736 (2) The water bill is not too high 49 (3) I do not have alternatives sources with good amount of water 248 (4) I am worried about the health risks of the existing water service 60 (5) Other (please specify): 86
(6) Don’t know/not sure 1
B 2.3 Could you explain to me your main reasons when you answered "stay disconnected"?
(1) The monthly water tariff is too high, though I can afford the connection charge 212 (2) The connection charge is too high; though I can afford the monthly charge 55 (3) Both monthly tariff and connection charge are too high 583 (4) The sum of monthly tariff and connection charge is too high 52 (5) I do not really want/need the improved water service, regardless of the costs 36 (6) I do not believe that the KCC/KWASA can provide such a good service 37 (7) I have good alternative water sources 480 (8) Other 32
(9) Don’t know/not sure 5
B 2.4 Sources of Water if not connected to network
(1) Public taps 303 (2) Private tube well 808 (3) Neighbors 63 (4) Community schemes 101 (5) Private vendors and tankers 1 (6) Other 58
(7) Don’t know/not sure 3
B 2.5 Monthly Installment Option
(0) No 1036
(1) Yes 1057
B 2.6 What is the main reason for your not having connected to the network now?
(1) Cost of connection is too high 40 (2) Monthly bill is too high 23 (3) My application is still pending 36 (4) My house is too far from the network 1559 (5) I am satisfied with my current water sources 79 (6) KCC does not provide good amount of water 306 (7) KCC does not provide good quality of water 112
(8) Other 144
B 2.7 Have you had connection with KCC/KWASA before, and disconnected?
(1) No, I have never had a connection with KCC/KWASA 1909 (2) Yes, my connection was disconnected because I did not pay the bill 1 (3) Yes, I disconnected the connection because there was no water 173 (4) Yes, I disconnected the connection because the quality of water was bad 21 (5) Yes, I disconnected the connection because the bill was too high 2
(6) Yes, I disconnected the connection for other reasons 4
B 2.8 Perception on Billing According to Meter
(0) I do not support the new billing based on the volume of consumption 355
(1) I support the new billing based on the volume of consumption 1738
PART C. SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS OF FAMILY
C 1a Gender
(1) Male 4407
(2) Female 2757
C 1b Highest educational attainment
(1) Never been to school 373 (2) Primary school 1635 (3) SSC 2501 (4) HSC 1045 (5) Madrassa 43 (6) Vocational and technical school 51
(7) College, University or above 1414
C 1c Occupation
(1) Employee of a state owned enterprise 593 (2) Employee of a private enterprise 174 (3) Government employee (including teachers) 855 (4) Farmer 66 (5) Rural doctor 15 (6) Doctor 20 (7) Own business (not street vendor) 1536 (8) Daily labor 253 (9) Street vendor 8 (10) Rickshaw puller 37 (11) Responsible for house work (house wife) 2384 (12) Retired, pensioner 468 (13) Student 9 (14) Unemployed 110 (15) Disabled 49 (16) Overseas workers 125
(17) House Rent 104
(18) Other 358
C 1d No. of Family Members (Persons) [Average] 5.46
C 2 Monthly Expenses (Taka)
Food [Average] 5406.26 Clothing [Average] 656.53 Housing (rent and maintenance) [Average] 535.93 Medical bills [Average] 861.52 Water [Average] 129.96 Telephone / Mobile [Average] 427.66 Fuel for cooking (Gas/firewood) [Average] 570.70 Electricity [Average] 472.57 Education [Average] 2297.20 Transportation [Average] 540.97 Donation/giving [Average] 170.31 Repayment of loans [Average] 3241.93 Others [Average] 1513.47
Total [Average] 10585.76
C 3 Sources and range of income
C 3a Sources
(1) Regular monthly salary from the government / public entities 780 (2) Regular monthly salary from the private companies 868 (3) Daily / Temporary wages 129 (4) House Rent 517
(5) Others 2761
C 3b Range of income (per month) not valid as too many did not respond
(1) 0‐3000 Taka 872 (2) 3000‐5000 Taka 1190 (3) 5000‐10,000 Taka 1868 (4)10,000‐20,000 Taka 907
(5) More than 20,000 Taka 218
C 4 What kind of sanitation facilities do your household use?
(0) Private latrine with septic tank (without flush) 1387 (1) Private flush toilet with septic tank 303 (2) Private flush toilet with pit latrine 21 (3) Private pit latrine 1121 (4) Shared latrine with neighbor 5 (5) Public pit latrine 149 (6) No facilities 1
(7) Other 19
Appendix 5
CONSULTANT SUMMARY OF MAIN CONSUMER SURVEY FINDINGS
Finding from Consumer Survey Consultant Comment • Source of drinking water 61% (1829) public
handpump tubewell and 40% (1188) private tubewell
Almost no-one uses piped supply for drinking water. Some use both private and public tubewells.
• 95% of people do not boil or filter drinking water
A good result but this HTW water needs physical, chemical, biological testing at delivery point.
• Consumers pay 68 taka for (estimated) 20m3 from piped supply
Low cost as based on pipe size. Consumption volume needs to be sample checked
• Hours of supply average 5.3 / day
Difficult to measure
• Average families per connection =2.5
Connection fee deters?
• Piped water quality most assessed as dirty (42%) and bad odour (20%)
The pipes are contaminated not the extracted groundwater.
• Almost 90% of population unsatisfied with KWASA service.
Either no water or poor quality water
• 61% of 3006 people surveyed use KCC handpump tubewell
This includes both those on piped water as well as some private well users who use it for drinking purposes.
• 91% of those users consider water quality good.
Public handpump tubewell has good water quality
• Average cost 123 taka for 7.5m3 from tubewells
Cost is for transport and time of contractor. Consumption needs to be sample checked by metering
• Distance (46m) and time (90mins) to access handpump tubewell
This means several visits to the source to equate to 6m3 taken home in one month.
• 10 public tap users in survey but no water tanker users in survey
Public taps are being phased out. Tankers are for hire from KWASA for emergency purposes.
• 50% of all 3006 surveyed use water from private tubewells
Need to meter a sample for consumption volume
• They pay an average of 133 taka for 20 m3
Difficult to estimate consumption
• 92% of these have perception that the cost is cheap.
This is consistent with the contingent valuation results.
• 22% say water from private wells is saline
Some of private wells are shallow wells.
• 40% say water from private wells has iron content
The shallow private wells have some water quality concerns
• 34 people surveyed who used water vendors
Need to interview vendors
• Average cost was 190 taka for 2.6m3
High unit rate for water
• 68 people surveyed used water from other sources
These include dugwells, rainwater and NGO tubewells.
• They paid an average of 158 taka for 6m3
Consumption volume implies fetching water
• From all those surveyed the average occurrence of diarrhoea/dysentery was 0.85 times in one year
Hospital and clinic records indicate the high prevalence of diarrhoea/ dysentery and significant numbers of typhoid cases.
• For those connected (913) who would disconnect if the new water bill is too high (40%) then 30% of them would turn to private tubewells and 55% to public tubewells
Willingness to pay is governed by alternative water sources on the one hand and affordability on the other.
• 68% of those already connected support billing based on metered consumption. [32% don’t]
• 83% of those not connected support the idea of tariff based on metered consumption
Maybe the figure is lower than for unconnected because they know they waste water.
• Of those not connected (2093) who wish to stay disconnected (1186) the main reasons were 18% water tariff too high, 49% tariff plus connection charge too high and 40% have good alternative water sources
Willingness to pay governed by alternative water sources and high combined cost of tariff and connection fee.
• Source of water if stay disconnected will be 23% public tap or public tubewell and 60% say private tubewell
There are options to piped supply
• Main reason not connected is 68% too far from network and 18% say KCC water quantity or quality bad.
New extended network is needed with more source production
• 173 of those surveyed had been connected but got disconnected because there was no water being delivered.
This is close to 6% ...a very high figure
• . Socio-Economic Aspects
• Average family size is 5.5 • Average household expenses 10,600 taka per
month. • Biggest expense items are food (51%)
education (22%) loans (31%) Note electricity cost (4.5%) telephone (4%) and water (1.23%)..................................................................
3% of household income as an assessment of affordability would be around 300 taka per month for water. Note the common correlation between electricity and water prices [3:1]
• 92% of people have other sources of income
These may be remittances from family members in Dhaka or overseas.
• Income surveyed was incomplete.
Better to take total of expenses as a proxy for income.
• Most people use pit latrine (non flush) and about half with septic tank
KWASA (reasonable price) and private sector (expensive) have vacuum trucks for hire.
Table of Water Source / Volume Used and Cost Source of Water Volume / Month
m3 Cost /Month Taka
Unit Cost Taka/m3
Piped 20.6 68 3.4 Public Tubewell 7.5 123 16.4 Private Tubewell 19.9 133 6.7 Water Vendor 2.6 194 74.6 Other Source 6.0 158 26.3 Public Tap 4.7 nil nil
Willingness to Pay for Those Connected
Water Bill Taka Surveyed Agree to Pay Percentage 100 187 179 96 200 179 130 73 300 185 94 51 400 183 63 34 500 179 55 31
Conclusion: About half those connected are willing to pay 300 taka for a good piped supply.
Willingness to Pay for Those Unconnected
Connection Fee in Taka
Water Bill In Taka
Surveyed No. Agree to Pay Percent
1000 100 135 83 61 200 150 83 55 300 150 57 38 400 136 39 29 500 134 34 25 3000 100 141 83 59 200 142 58 41 300 130 42 32 400 137 41 30 500 136 34 25 5000 100 140 86 61 200 138 59 43 300 136 33 24 400 136 35 26 500 143 21 15
Conclusion: Only about 60% of those currently unconnected are willing to connect (assuming the price and water quality are right). Reasons for not connecting are alternative water sources and a fear of the KWASA poor service. Connection fee is not a factor in willingness to pay when the water bill is low (100 taka). But at 300 taka water bill 38% will pay when connection fee is 1000 taka, 32% when connection fee is 3000 taka and 24% when connection fee is 5000 taka.
Appendix 6 Services Provided by KWASA (I)
Connection Dia. Connection Fee Flat Rate Tariff Connections ½” 800 taka 45 taka 2561 ¾” 1200 70 11546 1” 1800 200 1017 1 ½” 8000 1200 70 2” 10,000 2000 58 15252 Total
15252 connections include those disconnected and inactive (2579 or 17%)
Actual number of active connections = 12,673 (11 Feb. 2009)
If Metered Tariff for Domestic (1/2” – 1” dia.) = 4 taka / m3
If Metered Tariff for Commercial (1”-6” dia. ) = 10 taka / m3
Application form for connection = 20 taka
Bowser Service 200 taka per tanker inside service area
Bowser Service 300 taka per tanker outside service area
Extra cost for bowser service over one hour = 50 taka per hour.
Up to 5000 taka for road cutting and repair costs/
Appendix 6 Services Provided by KWASA (II)
Ward No. Connection Deep HTW Shallow HTW Hydrant 1 20 569 04 2 06 242 3 07 806 05 4 210 263 5 98 391 25 6 32 280 17 7 35 443 02 8 35 372 04 9 186 113 25 10 116 452 18 11 13 346 07 12 44 275 21 13 59 303 04 14 166 14 33 15 80 61 08 16 185 26 24 17 255 14 22 18 151 04 10 19 137 45 11 20 165 20 15 21 112 78 11 22 156 82 23 23 241 78 09 24 203 28 42 25 176 51 22 26 125 35 33 27 193 28 53 28 118 04 26 29 103 21 08 30 160 89 10 31 171 10 11 Total 12673 3748 5538 503
Appendix 7 Groundwater Notes from MSP Main Report May 2005
• Among the objectives were (i) to define the optimum productivity of the existing bore holes in terms of discharge / drawdown relation; and (ii) Prepare a detailed groundwater development strategy over next 15 years and outline groundwater development strategy over next 20-25 years.
• Establishment of a new monitoring program and development of a groundwater model for future use and continuation by LGED and KCC
• Project was started in Dec. 2002 and completed 31 May 2005. In middle the project was put on standby for 11 months.
• Increased project area from 135 km2 to 520km2. • The surface water of all perennial rivers is highly contaminated by saline
intrusion during at least 8 months in the year while during the remaining months it is highly turbid with low mineral content.
• The piezometric surface of the deep aquifer shows a depression around Khulna City most probably due to abstraction by KCC.
• There is an absence of reliable groundwater resources in and around Khulna City on the one hand and on the other hand absence of fresh perennial rivers that can be considered as an option to complement the deep aquifer.
• For economic and administrative reasons KCC is not interested in the implementation of TPW in the Phultala Area.
• LGED suggested to eliminate very deep (600m ) exploratory tube wells. • Unfortunately the stratigraphy of the Quaternary and in particular its upper
part (Holocene) has not been well studied. So the basic element for conducting a hydrogeological study is missing for the project area.
• The saline waterfront from the estuary in the South moves far to the North and has been observed at more than 50 km North of Khulna City.
• In the vicinity of Khulna the bed level of the Bhairab River reaches a depth of 6m below msl.
• Average annual rainfall in Khulna is 1802 mm. • 418 tube wells included in data base from LGED, KCC, Industrials, IWACO,
BWDB). Need to update and maintain this data base. • ACM .... No comment on Figure 3. • Aquifer static water level will be at lowest end of April each year. This is the
best time for conducting hydrodynamic tests. • Upper Aquifer Average height of renewable reserve is 2m. (max 4.55m to min.
1.19m). Highly contaminated with arsenic. Highly contaminated also with iron and manganese and salinity (sodium chloride).
• Shallow Aquifer average height of renewable reserve is 2.28m (4.55m to 1.14m). Arsenic concentration normal. Contaminated with high iron manganese and salinity (sodium chloride).
•
• Deep Aquifer average height of renewable reserve is 2.16m (3.40m to 1.26m). A permanent presence of a saline front. The only two low EC areas are situated at the extreme North and South of the study zone. Sodium and chloride concentrations parallel the EC results. The deep aquifer is free of arsenic, The concentration of iron around the city center is within acceptable limits although to the North and South iron concentration exceeds acceptable limits. The manganese content is acceptable in all areas except from the city center to Phultala after which it falls again.
• The iso-piezometric maps indicate in the Southern part of the project area a possible flow from West to East but due to the absence of tube wells and data in this area this phenomena could not be further studied.
• Up to the investigated depth of 350m the only substantial available freshwater resource is a small portion of the deep aquifer located South of the City Center.
• The comparison of two electrical conductivity maps of the groundwater, one prepared in April 2005 and the other by IWACO 1983-84 suggest that the quality situation of the deep aquifer has not degraded significantly.
• At the Southern part of the KCC abstraction zone the presence of an important but abnormal resource of fresh water has been observed. The most likely explanation concerning the origin of this mass of water could be a buried West – East channel composed of comparatively coarse sediments.
• The piezometric study of 21 project deep tube wells during two hydogeologic cycles did not show any significant drop of the water level (although the recent drilling of 10 new deep tube wells by KCC may alter this equilibrium). The renewable reserve remains constant which may be due to hydrostatic equilibrium between fresh and seawater.
• The available non-contaminated fresh water renewable reserve for all types of abstraction Amounts to 80,000 m3/d. This figure is very close to the estimated present-day abstraction rate from the deep aquifer. To this potential resource may be added the volume of fresh water that possibly flows from the West under the influence of pumping. This flow cannot be ascertained.
• Concerning the recharge area there is no reliable information. According to the Geological Survey of Bangladesh there is some indirect relation between the Ganges River and this resource.
• Scenario 3 would result in a situation similar to the present-day groundwater conditions. The drop in the water table from -3 to nearly -5 m below sea level is the impact of the 10 wells recently drilled by KCC (???) This underlines the fact that any further growth in tube well production has a direct negative impact on the already critical groundwater conditions and increases the risk of salt water intrusion that may pollute the fresh groundwater resource below Khulna City.
• Conclusions & Recommendations Included:
• The only economic and reliable resource for water supplying of the Khulna City and its surrounding towns and villages is the groundwater, in particular the deep aquifer.
• The deep aquifer at the Southern part of the project area has excellent physico-chemical characteristics.
• The presence of an West-East buried channel that may “feed” the fresh water body located South of the City Center. The origin of this vital resource for Khulna City should be further studied by South West expansion of the project area. This resource should have first priority for further investigation.
• The renewable resource is evaluated at a level comparable to the present day groundwater abstraction rate of the deep aquifer.
• Further expansion of KCC production wells within Khulna City area should be halted.
• The implementation of at least 5 very high depth (up to 600m) tube wells in the Khulna City abstraction zone is highly recommended.
• Suggest blending of shallow aquifer water to increase overall water production by 25%.
• The deep aquifer must be protected by law and restricted to drinking water supply only.
Appendix 8
KWASA Production Wells at 30 March 2009 [Major Tubewells]
Location Depth (m)
Production (m3/d)
SWL GL m
Pump Hours
KWH Motor HP
1 R& H Baikali 271.34 1703.10 6.05 20 373 25 2 Nirara WF-1 270.28 100.63 4.90 20 373 25 3 Nirara WF-3 268.27 732.75 4.10 20 373 25 4 Sonadanga -1 274.39 813.75 4.66 20 149.2 10 5 Arambag 256.09 1227.27 5.20 20 149.2 10 6 Tarer Pukur 259.14 301.63 6.20 20 298.4 20 7 Zilla School 274.39 341.10 6.30 20 373 20 8 Hazi Malek
College 280.48 327.90 3.55 20 373 25
9 Shaikh Para Bazaar-3
293.33 562.50 7.50 20 373 25
10 250 Bed Hospital 289.63 421.02 5.75 20 373 25 11 Noor Nagar Fire 266.76 68.10 5.40 20 373 25 12 Rupsha Kashai
Khana 272.86 478.63 6.20 20 373 25
13 Sonadanga KCC Park
265.24 1027.27 4.60 20 373 25
14 DC Office 280.48 983.04 5.25 20 373 25 15 Sir Iqbal Road
Park 289.63 201.27 7.00 20 44.8 3
16 Madina Mosque Boyra
263.24 420.90 4.70 20 447.6 30
17 Nirala KCC Park 280.63 1331.11 4.60 20 373 25 18 Babu Khan Road 286.58 961.86 5.05 20 373 25 19 West
Banaiakhamar Urban Hospital
288.10 700.97 6.25 20 373 25
20 Boshpara Graveyard
298.80 1000.09 6.05 20 447.6 30
21 Muigunni Lebtalla 266.76 306.76 4.50 20 373 25 22 Muigunni Battala 274.37 1330.29 5.40 20 373 25 23 Khalishpur KCC
BranchOffice 280.48 1501.70 4.50 20 373 25
24 East Baniakhamar Madrana
279.52 1448.18 4.31 20 373 25
25 KDA Approach Road
280.20 1228.29 4.50 20 373 25
26 Ser E Bangla Road Park
285.19 1323.29 4.25 20 149.2 10
27 West Tootpara Primary School
266.76 1390.28 4.80 20 373 25
28 PT 1 More 281.52 1474.36 4.40 20 373 25
29 KCC Rest House 278.48 1328.29 4.06 20 373 25 30 Shaikh Para
Bazar Mosque 280.48 835.15 5.70 20 149.2 10
31 Old Gallamari Road
290.10 1080.38 5.75 20 373 25
32 Khalishpur Jheel Pukur
283.53 562.56 6.20 20 44.8 3
Small TW
Location Depth (m)
Production (m3/d)
SWL Gl m
Pump Hours
KWH Motor HP
1 Khalispure Durbar Shanga
280.36 481.81 6.60 20 149.2 5, 5, 3
2 Khalispure Noyaloati
280.48 401.31 5.89 20 89.60 3,3
3 Khulna Circuit House
283.53 285.00 6.68 20 89.60 3,3
4 Muigunni Wellfield
280.48 350.00 5.77 20 89.60 3,3
5 Noornagar Mosque
282.15 310.10 5.33 20 89.60 3,3
6 Alia Madrausa 283.63 350.13 6.57 20 89.60 3,3 7 Ferighat
Madrausa 285.06 400.70 6.31 20 89.60 3,3
8 Khalispure Maternity Hospital
283.53 180.30 5.88 20 59.68 2,2
9 Scout Bhaban 284.19 185.10 5.91 20 44.80 3 10 Khalispure 12 No
Road 280.10 295.49 6.03 20 89.60 3
11 Boyra Public College Backside
285.08 260.00 5.90 20 89.60 3,3
12 Sonadanga Swiper Quarter
287.10 400.10 5.89 20 89.60 3,3
13 Front Sonadanga PS.
284.53 245.02 6.05 20 89.60 3,3
14 Mistripara Bazar 275.99 413.63 6.23 20 89.60 3,3 15 Municipal Tank
Road 278.19 405.45 5.93 20 89.60 3,3
16 Zilla School Quarter
280.20 210.00 5.70 20 89.60 3,3
17 Tootpara Taltalla 287.50 380.54 5.95 20 89.60 3,3 18 Royer Mahal 288.10 388.60 6.12 20 89.60 3,3 19 Toyeba Mosque
Khalispure 287.93 400.70 5.29 20 89.60 3,3
20 Habelilog 290.18 510.33 5.98 20 89.60 3,3 21 Charerhat Ghat 286.58 350.23 5.80 20 89.60 3,3 22 Nazurul Nagar 284.60 380.19 5.20 20 89.60 3,3 Total 35,099.15
Appendix 9 KEY CONTRACT STAFF POSITIONS REQUIRED NOW
Water Engineer Civil
• Planning, Feasibility • Design and Tendering • Construction supervision • Project Management
Water Engineer Mechanical
• Pump Maintenance • Pump Monitoring • New Pump Installations • Production Records • NRW Reduction
Sociologist
• Customer Relations / Complaints • New Connection /Disconnection Processing • Marketing • Credit collection • Consumer education
Human Resource Specialist
• Personnel management • Training • Matching KWASA functions to staff • Recruitment of staff
Commercial Accountant
• Meter Reading • Billing and Collection • Sales Analysis
Financial Controller
• Transaction Processing and Bookkeeping • General Accounting • Financial Reporting • Project Cost Accounting • Financial Planning and Budgeting • Cash Management
Information Technologist
• Computer technologies • System Analyst • Management Information Sytem • Geographic Information Sytem • Report Presentation
Secretary to KWASA
• Correspondence • Records • Reports
Appendix 10
COST ESTIMATE OF INTERIM IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ($10M)
(Prepared June 2009)
PART A HARDWARE Quantity Cost (lakh taka) Pilot Projects 2 Zones x 2000 Connect. Civil Works New Pumped Tubewells 8 171 Materials Pumped Tubewells 8 323 Civil Works Water Lines 70km 795 Materials Water Lines 70km 846 System Development & Zoning 850 Consumer meters 4000 122 Replacement of Pipes and Pumps New Pumped Tubewells (no structure) 10 450 Civil Works Water Lines 30km 341 Materials Water Lines 30km 362 Total Cost of Hardware Benefit to People 4260
PART B BUILDINGS EQUIP. VEHICLES Quantity Cost (lakh taka) Headquarters Building incl. all office equipment
1
1000
Zonal Office including Store 1 300 Vehicles 3 pajero/3 pickup/6 motorbike 256 Drivers fuel and maintenance for vehicles 3 yrs 100 Total Cost of Buildings, Equip. Vehicles 1656
PART C CONSULTANT SUPPORT Quantity Cost (Lakh Taka Mapping of Distribution & GIS 50 Water Quality & GWL Monitoring & Pump Operations Monitoring
3 yrs
70
NRW and Waste Reduction 3 yrs 70 100% Consumer Survey Facts & Figures 14 Sample Measurement of Consumption for Piped, Public Tubewell, Private Tubewell
30
7
Consultant Support Design Tender and Construction Supervision of Works
2.5% of total cost
175
Total Cost of Consultant Support 386 PART D KWASA STAFF SUPPORT 10 x 3yrs 352
SUMMARY OF $10 MILLION INVEST. Cost in Lakh Taka Hardware 4260 (64%) Buildings Equipment Vehicles 1656 (25%) Consultant Support 386 (6%) KWASA Contract Staff Support 352 (5%) Total Estimated Cost 6654 (100%) Equivalent Cost in US$ @ 68 taka $9.78 Million
Contingency 0.22 Million = 2.2%
Retain for unforeseen
Appendix 111 Draft Work Plan for Next 3 Months 2009
Aug Aug Aug Aug Sept Sept Sept Sept Oct Oct Oct Oct
Masterplan Preparation100% Consumer Survey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxSample Private Well Consumption xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxSample HTW Consumption xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxSample Piped Consumption xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxGroundwater Level Monitoring xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxGround Water Quality Monitoring xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxHydrogeology Investigations xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAnecdotal Interview Non‐Domestic xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxKCC Medical Officer Report xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxPopulation Forecasting xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxEstimation of Demand xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxFormulation of Policy Sy Service Levels xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxFormulation of Policy Cost Recovery xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxUtility Functions xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxStaff Recruitment xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxStaff Training xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxInterim Investment Program xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxJICA Masterplan Consultants xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxDistribution Mapping and GIS xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxPump Records and Assessment xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxStakeholder Consultation xxxxxxxxxADB Mission and Consultants xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxADB PPTA Preparation xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Appendix 12 Draft Work Plan for Next 5 Years2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014
III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III V I IIPreparation of Masterplan xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxSource Feasibilty Study xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLoan Approval xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxConsultant Recruitment xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxDesign and Tendering xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxConstruction of Source Intake WTP Transmission xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLicense Private Wells xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxMeter Motorized Wells xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxInterim Improvement ProgramPilot Projects xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRehabilitation xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxConsultant Support xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxContract Staffing Support xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxBuildings & Vehicles & Equipment xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
OutsourcingGroundwater Monitoring xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxPump Operations xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxMetering xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNRW Reduction xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Institutional DevelopmentStaff Recruitment xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxStaff Training xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxReporting xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRevise Staff Remuneration xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxArrange Twinning Utility xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxZonal Management xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxHydrogeological Investigations xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
ADB Project Preparation 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II
Preparation and Approval of PPTA xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxConsultant Recruitment xxxxxxxxxImplementation of PPTA xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLoan Approval xxxxxxxxxLoan Effectivity xxxxxxxxxConsultant recruitment xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxDesign and Tendering xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxConstruction of Distribution, Reservoirs, Pumping xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
