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Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013
Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk
Management in Development
(Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)
District Baseline Reports: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR) Achhame, Banke, Chitwan, Kathmandu, and Panchthar Districts Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
1
TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
ACHHAM DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURAL ROADS
(DOLIDAR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ACHHAM DISTRICT ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1
1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 2
1.5 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 2
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ....................................................................... 2
1.6.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 2
2 ACHHAM DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ................................................................................ 4
2.1 Asset1: Mangalsen – Oligaun – Sila Road ....................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 5
ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM ....................................................................................................... 1
ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR .......................................................................... 2
ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 4
ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................ 5
ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 7
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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1 ACHHAM DISTRICT
1.1 District Sector Master Plan
All the districts are required to prepare District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). Achham District
prepared DTMP by engaging local consultant. The consultant submitted the DTMP report in March
2013. The report covers the district road plan for five years period.
The DTMP of Achham district is presented in Annex.
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff
Budgeting
Breakdown of DDC Budget
Budget Heading Budget Amount in Rupees (FYs)
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
(proposed)
Current 166,318,714 152,057,161 57,160,000
Capital 286,956,198 238,218,092 476,847,000
Total 453,274,912 390,275,253 533,507,000
District's budgets for FYs 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 (proposed) are Rs 521,654766, 390275257
and 533507000 respectively. The DDC is carrying out several rural transport related projects such as:
Rural community infrastructure development program
Rural Access Program (RAP) funded by DFID
Local infrastructure and agricultural road development
Building suspension bridges at local level
DRILP funded by ADB
District core network
Road Board program for maintenance
Beside the above programs which are directly related to rural transport, several other programs are
also using their resources for rural roads in the district. It is estimated that about 70-80% of the
district development budget is being spent on construction, rehabilitation, upgradation and
maintenance of rural roads.
Staff
The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex D
1.3 Sector trends and issues
1.3.1 Trends
Achham district was connected to national road network in eighties and very few strategic and rural
road are constructed until now. Moreover the condition of the majority of the constructed roads is
poor due to lack of maintenance.
Planning
Planning of rural roads and bridges in the district is done by preparing DTMP. Achham Distriect
recently upgraded DTMP. The upgraded DTMP covers for the period of 2013-2017.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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Design
Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants and
district technicians.
Construction
All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges funded by DDC are mainly done by
using Users' Committees. However, some works are also executed engaging small local contractors.
1.3.2 Issues
The major issues and constraints for development of RRs in the district are summarized below.
a) Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;
b) Quality of works is below average.
b) Several new roads are selected without completing the existing ones;
c) Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to distribution of budgets;
d) Weak Institutional Capacity/Arrangements causing delay in planning, execution and maintenance,
high financial irregularities
The main causes of the above issues area:
- Weak technical capacity of DoLIDAR and DDCs;
- Too many parallel committees in the district (DTICC, DRRMC, LRUC, RMUC, etc.);
- All party mechanism has influence but no accountability; not following rules and procedures for
personal/party benefits;
- Weak absorbing capacity of districts;
- Weak checking and monitoring mechanism due to absence of elected bodies;
- Financial rules and regulations bypassed taking advantage of transition period.
1.4 Past extremes in the district
The list of extreme events in the district is presented in Annex D
1.5 Linkages to other sectors
Cooperation with other sectors
The DDC/DTO at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:
DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, TBSU (Helvetas), LRBP (SDC)
Major Organization working in the District:
Rural Access Program (RAP) funded by DFID is the major partner for development of rural roads in
the district.
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District
1.6.1 Prioritisation process
The key criteria for prioritisation include:
Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
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Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned infrastructure
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 Mangalsen-Oligaun-Jupu-Sila
Road
Local Road It is one of the important roads in the
district and its length is 28 km. Until now
DDC has constructed 15 km of earthen
track. At present vehicles can not ply on
the road due to huge landslide at km 4.
DDC is not able to clear the landslide as it
does not have sufficient budget. This
shows that DDC's financial capacity is very
poor and cannot manage/execute large
number of roads.
2 Sanfebagar-Mastamandu-Malika
Road
Local Road It is another important road of the district
and provides transport facilities to 8 VDCs
of the district. Its total length is 35 km. At
km 5, the road alignment passes through
the northern as well as southern faces of
a small hillock. Two years ago there were
landslides at both faces. At present the
schools as well as the houses which are
located at the top of hillock are
threatened by the landslides from both
faces.
3 Budhi Ganga Suspension Bridge
Suspension
Bridge
The bridge was constructed about 40
years ago with support from US Aid. The
condition of the bridge good until now.
Several adaptation measures are
provided to protect the bridge.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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2 ACHHAM DISTRICT : ASSET BASELINE
2.1 Asset1: Mangalsen – Oligaun – Sila Road
Overall view of the main landslide. It is a huge landslide it extends up to 40m at the hill slope
2.1.1 Asset Description
It is one of the important roads of the district. It provides motorable link to several central VDCs of
the district with Mangalsen (district headquarter). The total length of the road alignment is 28 km.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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DDC started to construct this road on 2008 and the earthen track is opened on 16 km. Until now
DDC has spent about 6 million rupees for opening of the track. But vehicles do not ply on this road
due to landslides and lack of structures (retaining and drainage).
In 2012, there occurred a big landslide at km 4. The estimated cost for its clearing is about 3-4
million rupees. Due to lack of budget DDC is not able to clear the landslide
Watershed context
The landslide area lies in the watershed of Kailash Khola which is one of the main rivers of
the district. The area is located at the upper level of the hill and hence major water
discharge in the landslide area is not likely. Asset location
Asset condition
The whole 200m long section of the road is damaged by landslides. There are not any other
structures (retaining and drainage) at this section.
Asset design
The road is designed as per District Road Class A standard.
Past extreme events and impacts
Beside the landslides there are not any extreme events.
Past adaptation responses
There are not any adaptation measures
Design appropriateness
Field observation showed that the extent of landslides would have been much smaller if the
road was aligned through a lower level.
2.1.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
See Asset Baseline Report above.
Adaptation condition
See Asset Baseline Report above.
Threat description
The road passes through steep and highly fragile area and hence it is highly vulnerable to future
landslides. The threat can be lowered if the road is realigned through lower level (about 10-15 m
lower) and adequate retaining and drainage structures are constructed.
Past extreme events and impacts
See Asset Baseline Report above.
Adaptation design
See Asset Baseline Report above.
Adaptation success
Not applicable
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM
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ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATIO N CALENDAR
Estimated funding levels (roads) for next five years (in NPR ‘000)
Funding source 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75
DDC Capital Grant 5,000 5,500 6,050 6,655 7,321
Local Transport Infrastructure Area
Program 6,200 6,820 7,502 8,252 9,077
Road Board Nepal 2,000 2,200 2,420 2,662 2,928
Central Level Grant to road 6,000 6,600 7,260 7,986 8,785
RAP GoN 2,400 2,640 2,904 3,194 3,514
Local Road Bridge Project 6,000 6,600 7,260 7,986 8,785
VDC (4 lakh/VDC) 30,000 33,000 36,300 39,930 43,923
Karnali area Special program
,500 10,450 11,495 12,645 13,909
People's participation based
Development program 15,000 16,500 18,150 19,965 21,962
RCIW (50%) 11,700 12,870 14,157 15,573 17,130
RAP Direct 30,000 50,000 55,000 60,500 66,550
People's contribution (10%) 12,380 15,318 16,850 18,535 20,388
Total 136,180 168,498 185,348 203,883 224,271
Grand total 918,179
Investment Plan
Item Year
Fiscal year 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75
Total budget
136,180
168,498
185,348
203,883
224,271
Village roads
13,618
16,850
18,535
20,388
22,427
Core road network
budget (DTMP)
122,562
151,648
166,813
183,494
201,844
Core network
length (km)
342.24
342.24
342.24
342.24
342.24
Gravel (km)
-
13.65
35.69
57.49
86.02
Earthen (km)
342.24
328.59
306.55
284.75
256.22
Conservation
83,849
89,991
99,909
109,720
122,558
Emergency
8,556
8,556
8,556
8,556
8,556
Routine
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6,845 6,845 6,845 6,845 6,845
Recurrent
(blacktop)
-
-
-
-
-
Recurrent (gravel)
-
5,460
14,276
22,997
34,408
Recurrent (earthen)
68,448
65,718
61,310
56,950
51,244
Periodic (blacktop)
-
-
-
-
-
Periodic (gravel)
-
3,412
8,922
14,373
21,505
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ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT
OFFICERS
1 Mr. Om Prakash Joshi DTO Chief
2 Mr. Hem Raj Bhatta Sub- Engineer
3 Mr. Mahendra Prasad Khanal Sub- Engineer
4 Mr. Chhewang Sherpa Sub- Engineer
5 Mr. Mr. Shamsher Karki Sub- Engineer
6 Mr. Durga Prasad Abasthi Sub- Engineer
7 Mr. Subhas Bahadur Kami Asst. Sub- Engineer
8 Mr. Kamal Bahadur Singh Asst. Sub- Engineer
9 Mr. Bhupendra Bahadur Kunwar Asst. Sub- Engineer
10 Mr. Durga Prasad Dhakal WS Sub-technician
11 Mr. Sudeep Acharya WS Sub-technician
12 Mr. Dharma Dev Sharma WS Sub-technician
13 Mr. Dhruba Raj Joshi WS Sub-technician
14 Mr. Basudev Bhandari Nayab Subba
15 Mr. Nandi Singh Pal Kharidae
16 Mr. Dev Singh Badal Sub-accountant
17 Mr. Kamal Prasad Dhungana Office Assistant
18 Mr. Karna Bahadur Bohara Office Assistant
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ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS
VDC/
Municipality &
Ward No.
Date
Type of
Disaster
People Affected
Family
Animal
Loss
House
Destroyed
Shed
Destroyed
Land Loss Public
Property
Estimated
Loss
(Rs.) Dead Missing Injured Total Partly No. Unit
2066 (2009/2010)
Nada-8 2066/03/17 Flood 1
Kalekada 2066/04/04 Flood 1 2 2
Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/16 Flood 50
Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/25 Flood 50
Patalkot-9 2066/06/20 Landslide 10 60 4
Sidheshwor 2066/06/20 Flood 4
Bindabasini-1 2066/06/20 Flood 1 2 1
Marku-7 2066/06/21 Flood 3 2
Sokal-9 2066/06/21 Flood 9 9
Lungra-4 2066/06/20 Flood 22
Muli 2066/06/20 Flood 5
2067 (2010/2011)
Sanphebagar, 2067/04/04 Flood 2 22 15 60 ropani 920,000
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diff. VDCs
Kulka-8, Boba VDCs 2
2067/05/09 Flood 2 1
2068 (2011/2012)
Malatikot-7 2011/07/02 Flood 3 1
Shidheshwor 2011/07/25 Flood 1
Kalagaon 2011/07/02 Landslide 3
Budarkot-2 2011/09/14 Landslide 1 2
2069 (2012/2013)
Raniban-2 2012/06/01 Storm 1 12
Budhakot-4 2012/09/06 Rainfall 2 1
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ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1
Photo of landslide from Mangalsen side. About 200m long section of road at km is damaged due
to above landslide.
There is another big landslide at about 100m from the main landslide towards Jupu side.
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There is one gully between the above landslides. Main landslide is at the right side of the gully and
the second landslide is at the left side. Several slips (minor landslides) have also started to develop at
this gully.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
BANKE DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURAL ROADS
(DOLIDAR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 BANKE DISTRICT .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1
1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Asset inventory ............................................................................................................... 1
1.5 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 1
1.6 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 1
1.7 Priority infrastructure in Banke District .......................................................................... 1
1.7.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 1
2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE .................................................................................... 2
2.1 Asset1: RRM – Damjhanachowk – Radhapur ................................................................. 2
2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Past extreme events and impacts ............................................................................................ 5
2.2 Asset 2: RRM-Titiriaya-Sonpur-Udharpur-Sitapur Road ................................................. 5
2.2.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Asset 3: Culvert across Kiron Nala on Nepalgunj – Parasprur - Gaughat Road............... 7
2.3.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Adaptation audit .................................................................................................................... 10
ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT ............................................................................................ 1
ANNEX B: MAJOR ISSUES .............................................................................................................. 1
ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 3
ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 5
ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................. 6
ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - BANKE ........................................................................................... 7
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1 BANKE DISTRICT
1.1 District Sector Master Plan
All the districts are required to prepare District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). Banke has just
started this process and made a contract with Everest Engineering Consult for preparation of plan.
The Everest Consult has still not started the work.
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff
Budgeting
The budget for the year 2011/12 is given in Annex C
Staff
The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex D
1.3 Sector trends and issues
1.3.1 Trends
The major issues related to the development of rural roads are presented in Annex B as problem
tree. These issues are relevant to Nepalgunj District also.
1.3.2 Issues
1.4 Asset inventory
The list of rural roads in the district is presented in Annex D.
1.5 Past extremes in the district
The list of past extreme events is given in Annex E
1.6 Linkages to other sectors
Cooperation with other sectors
The DDC/DTO at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:
DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, GiZ, SDC, TBSU (Helvetas), LRBP (SDC)
Major Organization working in the District:
The World Bank is assisting DDC for implementation of Rural Access Improvement and
Decentralization Project (RAIDP). This is one of the major programs in the district in the rural
transport field.
1.7 Priority infrastructure in Banke District
1.7.1 Prioritisation process
The key criteria for prioritization include:
Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned infrastructure
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2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE
2.1 Asset1: RRM – Damjhanachowk – Radhapur
Photograph of section of road after earthwork filling. The compaction works
are still not carried out.
2.1.1 Asset Description
This is a one of the important road of the district with a total length of 26 kilometer . It starts from
Chyama (near RRM, north of Kohlpur) crosses Nepalgunj-Guleria Road at Khajura and terminates at
Radhapur. This road is located at a distance of about 5 km west of RRM and runs parallel to it. It was
in the form of dirt road since long time and vehicles used ply on it only during dry season.
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 RRM-Samjhanachowk-Khajura-
Radhapur
DTMP Code No: 57A008R
Class A Road Important road of the district but in very
poor condition. The road is being
upgraded (including raising of
embankment height to protect the road
during monsoon)by RAIDP , a WB funded
project
2 RRM-Titiiriya-Sonpur-Udhrapur-
Sitapur Road
DTMP Code No: 57A008R
Class A Road Important road of the district.
The road is damaged due to improper
selection (of less capacity) of cross
drainage structure.
3 Nepalgunj-Paraspur-Gaughat Road
DTMP Code No: 57A008R
Culvert The approach road was damaged due to
overflow from the culvert.
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. As the road was in the priority list of the district people, DDC decided to include it in RAIDP for
upgradation. The road is being upgraded at present at two sections: From Km 0+440 to Km 12+000
and from Km 23+420 to 34 + 074 under two contracts. Brief details of the contracts are presented
below.
Table 1: Brief Details of Contracts (as provided in RFP)
Description Contract Packages
RAIDP/W/NCB/BAN-2.1/067/
068 (0+440-12+000)
RAIDP/DANG/PCK-
B/066/067 (3+500-
13+024)
District Banke Banke
Cost Estimate (Rs) 24,661,271.68 37,094,774.54
Work Order Date 15th
March, 2012 07th
June 2011
Work completion Date 15th
March, 2013 07th
June 2013
Name of Contractor M/S Surya/Pashupati JV M/S Mahalaxmi
Constriction
Contract Amount Rs. 11,921,509.86 37,094,774.54
Supervisory Staff DTO, Banke DTO, Banke
Investor of the Project World Bank World Bank
o DDC has conducted IEE of both sections of the road before the contract award.
o District roads are still not maintained in a systematic way. They are repaired on ad hoc basis
(or as per requirement).
o The DDC has still not started to prepare life cycle cost.
o Systematic record keeping of road damage is still not started.
Watershed context
The asset lies in the watershed of the Kiron Nala in the district. The main problem in the area is
inundation due to flat area and disturbance to natural drainage system.
Asset location
The road is located in western part of the district. Most of the area from where the road passes is
cultivated land. The soil of the area from where the road passes is dominated by clayey silt/ silty
clay. The land is flat and fertile. In average the land slope is about 0.1% toward south. Khajura
bazaar area, from where the road passes, is very famous for cotton farming.
The road alignment is very near to Kiron Nala and runs parallel to it from north to south. As the
whole area from where the road passes is flat, there is no probability of ground instabilities. The only
problem of the project area is inundation due to disturbance to local drainage system.
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Asset condition
The project road was fair weather road. Due to the higher traffic and importance, DDC decided to
include it in RAIDP for upgradation. As the road is being upgraded at present, it is not practical to
describe its condition. However, the quality of some structures which were inspected was fair to
satisfactory.
Asset design
The road is being upgraded to Class A district. The main aspects covered by the design are;
o Increasing the road width to 6m (which is standard for Class A District road) throughout its
length
o Raising of embankment height by 0.5 m in average to protect the road from inundation.
o Provide CD structures (PC, causeway, bridge DC etc.) as per site condition.
Past extreme events and impacts
The road runs from north to south parallel to the direction of the streams. It does not cross any
major river throughout its length. As per the local people, they have not observed any extreme
events except inundation in the project area.
Past adaptation responses
The road runs from north to south parallel to the direction of the streams. It does not cross any
major river throughout its length. As per the local people, they have not observed any extreme
events except inundation in the project area.
Design appropriateness
The project road is not a major structure and there is not any complexity in design. The major design
aspects which were considered during upgradation were:
o Widening of formation width to 6m throughout its length;
o Raising of embankment height to protect it from inundation;
o Improvement of horizontal and vertical alignment of the road;
o Design of cross drainage structures such as PC, SC, Causeway.
The field observation showed that the design is appropriate for the given condition.
2.1.2 Adaptation audit
No adaptations have been carried out.
Adaptation location
NA
Adaptation condition
NA
Threat description
The threat to the new road embankment is from an increase in riverine flooding caused by increased
rainfall due to climate change
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2.1.3 Past extreme events and impacts
There is no record of past extreme events
Adaptation design
NA
Adaptation success
NA
2.2 Asset 2: RRM-Titiriaya-Sonpur-Udharpur-Sitapur Road
Washed away section of the road towards Sitpur side from the culvert. The damage was before the
construction of culvert. The main reason for washing away was the filling of the natural drainage.
The problem is not solved even after the construction of culvert.
2.2.1 Asset Description
This is a one of the important road of the district with a total length of 11.31kilometer . It is located
at the western area of the district. It starts from MRM passes through Tirtiria, Sonpur and
terminates at Sitpur. This road runs from north to south and is parallel to the Man River, the border
of Banke and Bardiya Districts. Although it is classified as a Class A Road, major design parameters
such as formation width, pavement width, minimum radiuses of vertical and horizontal curves etc.
do not match to the Class A road. However, major section of this road is already graveled.
. The road is graveled except at few locations. Similarly cross drains are also constructed at several
locations but they are not sufficient. Although it is a District Class A Road and should have formation
width of 6m but in actual the road width is lesser than specified. The DDC has not conducted any IEE
of this road.
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The village people constructed a three cell, 90 cm dia pipe culvert to drain the water. The culvert
was not sufficient to drain the water and hence the excess water washed away the approach road.
The main problem at this location is that the people filled the natural drain and started cultivation.
As result, the water started to flow through a wider area damaging cultivated land and houses. Due
to wider regime width, very small portion of the monsoon discharge water is passing through the
culvert and the remaining through the existing road.
Watershed context
The road lies in the watershed of the Man River, which is the border of this district with Bardiya.
Occasional flooding of area during intense rain is the only a major problem.
Asset location
Most of the area from where the road passes is cultivated land. The soil of the area from where the
road passes is dominated by clayey silt or silty clay. The land is flat and fertile. In average the land
slope is about 0.1% toward south.
The road alignment is very near to Man River and runs parallel to it from north to south. As the
whole area from where the road passes is flat, there is no probability of ground instabilities. The only
problem of the project area is inundation due to disturbance to local drainage system.
Asset condition
The project road was fair weather road in its initial construction. However, the road was graveled
with DDC and VDC funds. The graveling works took several years due to budget constraint. The
condition of gravel surface is fair to good. Field observation showed that there is the condition of
road is fair to good except at few locations.
Asset design
The road was built without any engineering design. Although it is a Class A road, its major design
parameters do not satisfy to it. However, the new structures such as PC, SC, retaining walls etc. are
being constructed following standard design.
Past extreme events and impacts
The road runs from north to south parallel to the direction of the streams. It does not cross any
major river throughout its length. During the monsoon of 2011, the water collected from adjoin
area washed away some portion of the road (where the PC is constructed at present) at km 4.
Damage to project road and surrounding areas due to flooding is common at the project area.
Past adaptation responses
As mentioned above, there is a tendency of inundation in the project area. The road also used to
inundated due to its low embankment height. Hence, the users have raised the embankment height
at some areas, provided side drains at both sides at flood prone areas and added cross drainage
structures.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
7
Design appropriateness
The project road is not a major structure and there is no requirement of any complex in design.
Following design aspects should be improved in the future:
o Proper design of horizontal curves;
o Construction of more cross drainage structures;
o Construction of more causeways rather than PC and SC.
2.2.2 Adaptation audit
No adaptations have been carried out.
Adaptation location
NA
Adaptation condition
NA
Threat description
The threat to this road is from increased rainfall and riverine flooding.
Past Extreme Events and impacts
There is no record of extreme events at this location.
Adaptation Design
NA
Adaptation Success
NA
2.3 Asset 3: Culvert across Kiron Nala on Nepalgunj – Parasprur - Gaughat Road
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
8
View of the culvert from US. The structure has already started to show sign of distress due to lack
of adequate maintenance. The newly constructed concrete causeway is located at the left side of
the culvert.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
9
2.3.1 Asset Description
The culvert is located at Km 8+500 across Kiron Nala along Nepalgunj-Paraspur-Gaughat Road and
was constructed about 12 years ago. The culvert has two spans of 6m each and has a carriageway
width of 4.25m. The road is one of the important roads in the district and hence is already black
topped.
The left approach road of the culvert was washed away during the flood of 2011 due to overflow of
water from the culvert. DDC constructed 20 m long causeway at washed away section of the road.
The condition of the causeway is good.
Watershed context
The Kiron Nala (stream) itself drains substantial part of western Banke District. This stream joins
Man River in India at a distance of few kilometers south from the border.
location
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
10
Most of the area from where the road passes is cultivated land. The soil of the area from where the
road passes is dominated by clayey silt or silty clay. The land is flat and fertile. In average the land
slope is about 0.1% toward south.
The culvert is located at km 8+500 from Nepalgunj. As the whole watershed area of the stream is
flat, there is no probability of ground instabilities. The only problem associated with the culvert is
that it can not drain all the discharge of the stream during very high flood.
Asset condition
The condition of the culvert is satisfactory although it was built about 12 years ago There are sign of
distress due to lack of proper maintenance. It is structurally safe and there is no probability of
collapse in near future.
Asset design
The deck slab of the culvert is RCC over steel beams. It has a carriage width of 4.25m. The abutment
and pier are constructed of brick masonry. The overall design of the structure is good and there is no
problem on structural aspect. However, the draining capacity of the culvert is not sufficient for larger
discharge during high rainfall.
Past extreme events and impacts
In 2012, the all the accumulated discharge could not pass through the culvert. As a consequence
substantial amount of discharge passed through the left approach road and washed away the road.
Past adaptation responses
As mentioned above, the overflow of the stream washed away the left approach road. The DDC
constructed a 20 m long concrete causeway at that location.
Design appropriateness
The culvert is a small structure and its structural design is good. However, the length of the culvert is
not sufficient to accommodated discharge during high flood. Similarly, the concrete causeway which
was built to accommodate higher discharge seems appropriate for the given site condition.
2.3.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
The adaptation of a concrete causeway is located a short distance from the culvert
Adaptation condition
The causeway is in good condition
Threat description
The threat is of increased volume of flooding due to higher rainfall which will cause increased flood
levels and overtopping of the roadway with probable destruction of the road.
Past Extreme Events and impacts
In 2012 a high flood washed out a section of road which resulted in the DDC constructing the
adaptation of a concrete causeway
Adaptation Design
The design of the causeway is appropriate for the location
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
11
Adaptation Success
The adaptation has been a success but has not yet been exposed to a high flood.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
1
ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
2
ANNEX B: MAJOR ISSUES
PROBLEM TREE: RURAL ROAD
Higher Cost of Goods – Reduced Economic Growth – Lower Standard of Living – Reduced
Access to Medical Facilities – Fewer Business Opportunities – Reduced Access to Markets
Damaged roads
causing difficulty in
transportation of
goods and people
Very High
transportatio
n cost
Unsafe roads.
Loss of lives and
properties
Constructed roads
often do not lead to
agricultural and
market
VERY POOR STATE OF RURAL ROAD NETWORK IN THE COUNTRY
(Both in quality and quantity; MoLD estimates that about 55% of LRN is not motorable)
Poor Planning
Weak Institutional
Capacity/Arrangements
Poor Performance in
Implementation and Maintenance
Road classification not
clear
Lack of proper road
inventory
Limited understanding
and exercises in rural
planning
DTMP/ARMP not
prepared/followed
Sharing of fund between
political parties.
Explosive expansion of
LRN but low sustainability
No strategic targets for
upgrading
Ownership of roads
between DoR, DDC and
VDC not clear
Weak technical capacity
of DoLIDAR and DDCs
Too many parallel
committees in the
district
Lack of coordination
between the donors
Weak absorbing capacity
of districts
Relationship between
DTO and LDO unclear;
complicating
implementation of
approved budget
Financial irregularities
DTOs are very weak in contractual
aspects
Lack of laboratory testing
materials in the districts
DDC and DoLIDAR technicians
are weak in design and
construction supervision aspects
DDC and DoLIDAR technicians
do not give due attention to
quality of works
Poor mechanism to check
corruption
Insufficient budget allocation
for maintenance
Very weak technical capacity in
maintenance;
Users’ Co ittees bei g extensively for implementation
and maintenance with poor
accountability
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
3
ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET
Budget of DDC Office Banke (FY: 011/12) 1000 rupees
S.
No. Name of Programs
Allocated Actual Expenditure
Capital Regular Capital Regular
Central Programs
1 VDC Grant 81,416 18,094 81,416 18,094
2 Excluded, Disadvantaged and
Dalits Development Fund 385 - 385 -
3 DDC Grant 26,233 23,002 26,233 23,002
4 Social Security Grant - 121,504 - 121,504
5 Local Transport Infrastructure
Sector wide Program 3,668 - 3,668 -
6 Local Transport Infrastructure
Sector wide Program 1,724 - 1,724 -
7
Local Infrastructure
Development (small
irrigation)
2,722 - 2,722 -
8 Madhesi-backward and
Muslim Upliftment 1,792 - 1,792 -
9
Local level roads, bridges and
community access
development
15,000 - 15,000 -
10 Suspension bridge local
program 1,280 - 1,280 -
11 Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation program 3,428 - 3,428 -
12 Decreasing Adibasi/Janajati
Development 193 - 3,428 -
13 Local Governance and
Community Development - 9,274 3,428 -
14 RAIDP 854 - 854 -
15 RAIDP 10,907 400 10,907 400
16 Local participation based 4,057 - 4,057 -
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
4
development programs
17 Central level roads 3,996 - 3,996 -
18 Backward Terai-Madhes
Special Program 4,029 - 4,029 -
19 Election Area Development
Program 9,280 - 9,280 -
20 Youth and Sport Ministry - 360 - 360
21 Royalty management and
distribution 1,000 - 1,000 -
22 Peace process support
program - 50 - 50
23 National Self Service Program - 144 - 144
Total 171,964 172,828 171,964 172,828
DDC Fund
1 Tax, Service fee, rental 6,200 8,500 6,435 8,264 1,260
2 Royalty distribution 19,500 - 14,949 - ,
3 Roads Board 3,396 - 2,505 -
Total 29,096 8,500 23,888 8,264
Grand Total 201,060 181,328 195,852 181,092
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
5
ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT
OFFICERS
1 Mr. Sano Kaji Kari DTO Chief
2 Mr. Ram Bahadur Thapa Engineer
3 Mr. Brish Lal Giri Engineer
4 Mr. Sarad Kumar Adhiklari Engineer
5 Mr. Purna Bahadur Rokaya Engineer
6 Mr. Gobinda Bhadur Mahatra Sub- Engineer
7 Mr. Dhana Bahadur Rokaya Sub- Engineer
8 Mr. Jaya Bahdur Karki Sub- Engineer
9 Mr. Govinda Tripathi Accountant
10 Mr. Suresh Kumar Shrestha Asst. Sub- Engineer
11 Ms. Sarita Shrestha Asst. Sub- Engineer
12 Mr. Rajendra Bahadur Sahi Asst. Sub- Engineer
13 Mr. Bijaya Raj Panta Asst. Sub- Engineer
14 Mr. Raj Kumar Chaudhari Asst. Sub- Engineer
15 Mr. Madaneswar Jha Asst. Sub- Engineer
16 Support Staffs 5
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
6
ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS
VDC/
Municipality &
Ward No.
Date
Type of
Disaster
People Affected
Family
Animal
Loss
House
Destroyed Shed
Destroyed
Land Loss Public
Property
Estimated
Loss
(Rs.) Dead Missing Injured Total Partly No. Unit
2066 (2009/2010)
Different VDCs 2066/04/13 Flood
Rapti Nadi 2066/04/23 Flood
2067 (2010/2011)
2068 (2011/2012)
Titahariya-5 2011/07/11 Flood 1
Bankatuwa-9 2011/07/23 Flood 1 6
Nepalgunj-8 2011/08/16 Flood
Nepalgunj-5 2011/09/10 Flood 1
Kanchanpur-6 2011/09/13 Flood 1
Bageshwori 2011/04/25 Storm 1
2069 (2012/2013)
Kohalpur-3 2012/05/17 Storm 3
Betahani-4,6 2012/08/02 Flood
Phattepur-8 2012/08/04 Flood 58
Betahani-9 2012/08/04 Flood 1
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
7
ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - BANKE
ASSET 1
Filling works over the existing embankment by excavating at both sides
of the road. The project has envisaged increasing the embankment height
by 0.5m in average to protect the road from flooding.
Recently built 6m long slab culvert. The overall construction quality is good.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
8
ASSET 2
Triple cell pipe culvert of 90 cm dia. The overall construction quality of the culvert is good. This
structure is not sufficient to drain the water. Moreover, the invert level of the culvert is about 40
cm higher than the ground level. This defect has also decreased the draining capacity.
View of road towards Nepalgunj side. The road is graveled and its condition is fair to
Good. The formation width is less than 6m although it is a Class A district.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
9
ASSET 3
Recently built causeway at the damaged portion of the road. The total length of the causeway is
20m and its condition is good. There is no damage to the causeway after it was constructed two
years ago. Such structure may be replicated at other locations also.
Upstream view of the stream from the culvert. The width of culvert is less than natural channel
width. Hence it cannot pass full discharge and as a consequence the excess water passes through
the left approach road and damages it.
i
TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
CHITWAN DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURAL ROADS
(DOLIDAR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 CHITWAN DISTRICT .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1
1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 2
1.5 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 2
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ....................................................................... 2
1.6.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 2
2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ............................................................................... 4
2.1 Asset1: Gitanagar Settlement ......................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 5
ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT ....................................................................................... 1
ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2
ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 3
ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................ 4
ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 5
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
1
1 CHITWAN DISTRICT
1.1 District Sector Master Plan
DDC Chitwan is finalizing DTMP. According the DTO Chief the DTMP report will be complete within
three months.
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff
Budgeting
Budgets of DDC for the FY 2010/11 to 2011/12 are presented in Annex b
Staff
The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex c
1.3 Sector trends and issues
Chitwan district is constructing several infrastructural works especially roads and bridges. The
trends and issue of this district is similar to other districts and are described briefly in the following
section.
1.3.1 Trends
Planning
Planning of rural roads and bridges in the district is done by preparing District Transport Master Plan
(DTMP). Chitwan District is finalizing its DTMP within few months.
Design
Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants and
district technicians.
Construction
All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges funded by DDC are done by using
local contractors (10%) and Users' Committee (80%). However in donor funded projects such as
RRRSDP, the share of local contractor is much more than UCs.
The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For example at present
construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more frequently.
Monitoring
1.3.2 Issues
a) Difficult to manage due to large number of roads. There are at present 600 roads being
implemented.
b) Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;
c) Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to absence of maintenance.
d) Sharing of funds between parties
e) No strategic targets for upgrading.
f) Very poor quality of constructed roads; approximately 55 % of the RRs are not motorable;
f) High financial irregularities.
g) Weak technical capacity of DoLIDAR and DDCs;
h) Too many parallel committees in the district (DTICC, DRRMC, LRUC, RMUC, etc.);
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
2
i) All party mechanism has influence but no accountability; not following rules and procedures for
personal/party benefits;
j) Weak absorbing capacity of districts;
k) Weak checking and monitoring mechanism due to absence of elected bodies;
l) Financial rules and regulations bypassed taking advantage of transition period.
One of the major causes of the above issues is the absence of elected bodies in local level. The other
which are reasons for the above issues are:
i) Low commitment of DDC for proper management of rural roads;
ii) Weak technical capacity (design, construction supervision and maintenance aspects) of district
engineers
iii) Lack of laboratory testing materials in the districts;
iv) DDC and DoLIDAR technicians do not give due attention to quality of works;
v) Poor mechanism to check corruption;
-vi)Insufficient budget allocation for maintenance;
vii Users’ Co ittees ore tha 80% bei g e te sivel used for i ple e tatio a d maintenance with poor accountability.
1.4 Past extremes in the district
A list of past extreme events in Chitwan is given in Annex D
1.5 Linkages to other sectors
Cooperation with other sectors
The DDC/DTO at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:
DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, TBSU (Helvetas), LRBP (SDC)
Major Organization working in the District:
RRRSDP which is being funded mainly by ADB and GoN is the major donor agency for development
of rural roads and suspension bridges in the district.
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District
1.6.1 Prioritisation process
The key criteria for prioritisation include:
Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned infrastructure
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
3
The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of
the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The
priority list is given in the following table.
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 Ladari Motorable Bridge
Medium
Bridge
The pier at left bank has settled due to
scouring and extraction of river bed
materials. As a consequence, the two
spans of superstructure also collapsed
At present the vehicles cannot move
through this bridge.
To show the example of poor design,
construction and monitoring of
DDC/DoLIDAR.
2 Gitanagar Settlement Drainage
Structure
To show the drainage problems in new
settlements which are developed
without properly considering the
drainage management aspects.
3 Concrete Causeway along Parsa-
Kumaroj Road
Local Road The DoLIDAR recently completed the
construction of a concrete causeway of
20 m length and a depressed land
where the road was frequently closed
during high flood. After the
construction of the causeway, it has
become easier for vehicles and
pedestrians. To show the good
example of proper selection of
structures.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
4
2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE
2.1 Asset1: Gitanagar Settlement
Starting point of Gitanagar settlement. There is no side drains at both sides.
Sketch Plan of Site
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
5
2.1.1 Asset Description
Gitanagar is a recently developed settlement. It is located 10 km south of Bharatpur. This new
settlement is already facing severe drainage problems. The locals of this settlement constructed
houses blocking the natural/ existing drains. As a result the road is submerged by water for a long
period making difficulty for vehicles and pedestrians. This is one of the serious issues on all new
settlements of Terai districts. It is believed that this problem will aggravate with the future climate
change.
Watershed context
Gitanagar settlement lies in the watershed of Khairang Khola. This khola originates at about 5
kilometer north and it joins with Rapti River, which is located at a distance of 7 kilometer towards
downstream
Asset location
The asset is located at 10 kilometer south from Bharatpur, headquarter of Chitwan District. The
adjoining areas of this settlement are flat and cultivated. The soil type of the Gitanagar and
surrounding area is is clayey silt. There are not any major water bodies near the asset. As the
settlement is located on flat area, there is not a problem of ground instabilities.
Asset condition
This is a new settlement and its condition is good.
Asset design
The settlement was developed without any planning and design. Hence there are several
shortcomings especially lacking proper surface drainage system.
Past extreme events and impacts
There was not any major event in the past except flooding on the road during monsoon.
Past adaptation responses
This is a very new settlement. The concerned people of the settlement have not constructed any
adaptation measures to tackle the inundation problem.
Design appropriateness
There are not any major adaptation measures.
2.1.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
There has been no adaptation to the existing infrastructure
Adaptation condition
NA
Threat description
The threat to the settlement is from increased ponding on the roadways due to the increase in
rainfall and the intensity of rainfall due to the effects of climate change
Past extreme events and impacts
There have been nont
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
6
Adaptation design
NA
Adaptation success
NA
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
1
ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
2
ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET
SN Budget Head Budget for FY (1000 Rupees)
2010/11 2011/12
1 DDC's fund 171,819,369 24,770,000
2 DDC grant 67,557,000 60,973,000
3 DDC resource distribution 62,317,205 37,050,000
4 Local level agricultural roads 94,00,000 11,200,000
5 Road Board Fund 4,000,000 4800000
6 Local level suspension bridges 1,669,000 3,576,000
7 Water Supply and Sanitation 4,930,000 5,350,000
8 VDC grant 97,471,000 76,312,000
9 Upliftment of excluded and dalits 415,400 450,000
10 Chepang Development Program 500,000 500,000
11 Election are development program 13,000,000
13,000,000
12 Indigenous Praja 1,945,000 2,200,000
13 Local self Governance and Community
Development
23,110,861 8,000,000
14 Upliftment of Madhesis and Backward
Communities
1,500,000 1,500,000
15 Management and Development of Gumbas 1,400,000 1,400,000
16 Youth and Sport 360,000 400,000
17 Community Participation Development Program 2,200,000 3,000,000
18 Core network 11,880,000 13,000,000
19 Local Level motrable bridges 10,000,000 17,500,000
20 Energy Development Unit 700,000 700,000
21 Local infrastructure Small Irrigation 3,000,000 3,500,000
22 RRRSDP 161,440,000 135,932,000
23 Local Development Fund 13,417,287 6,015,000
24 Children's welfare Fund 0 1,357,000
Total 689532022 631,985,000
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
3
ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT
OFFICERS
SN Name Position
1 Mr. Ram Chandra Dangal DTO Chief
2 Mr. Jagadish Sharma Engineer
3 Mr. Punya Ram Sulu Engineer
4 Mr. Balabhadra Paneru Engineer
5 Mr. Sarad Chandra Sharma Account Officer
6 Mr. Sujan Thapa Engineer
7 Mr. Bishnu Prasad Kafle Sub- Engineer
8 Mr. Krishna Pandit Sub- Engineer
9 Mr. Dharmendra Kumar Jha Sub- Engineer
10 Mr. Sohinder Yadav Sub- Engineer
11 Mr. Bed Prasad Bajgai Nayab Subba
12 Mr. Ramesh Bahdur Kunwar Nayab Subba
13 Mr. Min Bahdur Thapa Typist-Kharidar
14 Mr. Buddhi Bahadur Rayamajhi Water Supply Technician
15 Mr. Mana Bahadur Lama Water Supply Technician
16 Mr. Lok Nath Koirala Water Supply Technician
17 Mr. Umanath Padhya Office Assistant
18 Mr. Gopal Bahdur B. K. Office Assistant
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
4
ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS
VDC/
Municipality &
Ward No.
Date
Type of
Disaster
People Affected
Family
Animal
Loss
House
Destroyed
Shed
Destroyed
Land Loss Public
Property
Estimated
Loss
(Rs.) Dead Missin
g
Injured Total Partly No. Unit
2065 (2008/2009)
Kawilas-6 2065/02/31
Flood
Landslide 7 7
815000
2066 (2009/2010)
Jagatpur Lothar 2066/04/23 Flood 5
2067 (2010/2011)
2068 (2011/2012)
Mangalpur-5 2012/07/01 Flood 70
Meghauli-1,2 2012/07/01 Flood 250
2069 (2012/2013)
Kabilas-9 2012/06/4 Storm 1 0
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
5
ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1
Damage to the road pavement due to accumulation of water. The water from the settlement can
be drained through the field at right side. However it is not possible at present due to absence of
side drains.
Main settlement area. The houses in this area are built above the road blocking natural drains of
the surrounding areas
i
TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
KATHMANDU DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURAL ROADS
(DOLIDAR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 KATHMANDU DISTRICT .................................................................................................... 1
1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1
1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 2
1.5 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 2
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ....................................................................... 2
1.6.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 2
2 KATHMANDU DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ......................................................................... 3
2.1 Asset 1 : Matatirtha – Durali – Kulekhani - Hetauda ...................................................... 3
2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Asset 2: Kageswori – Chakrapath (Ring Road); Indrayani – Gagalphedi Section ............ 5
2.2.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 8
ANNEX A – MAP OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT .................................................................................. 1
ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2
ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT OFFICERS ........................................... 4
ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................ 5
ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS-ASSET 1 ............................................................................................... 6
ASSET 2........................................................................................................................................ 7
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline
1
1 KATHMANDU DISTRICT
1.1 District Sector Master Plan
All the districts are required to prepare District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). Kathmandu DDC
employed PARD (P) Ltd. to prepare DTMP in FY 2010/11. The road inventory made by PARD during
DTMP preparation was later updated by DoLIDAR.
Recommendation made by the PARD to effectively implement the DTMP are as follows:
Road priority should be given to the area having poor accessibility, especially where the
people need to walk more than 2 hours.
DDC has to play a vital role for the implementation of the DTMP;
District Road Coordination Committee (DRCC) should participate actively for the coordination
and supportive role on planning, implementation, monitoring and supervision of the rural
and agricultural roads.
For the proper implementation of the DTMP, local contribution should be increased for the
fund raising. The VDC funds are to be used for the repair and maintenance of village roads.
Green road construction approach shall be followed for the new construction. The approach
is simple, participatory, cost effective and environment friendly. Aspects should be
considered for the implementation of Initial Environment Examination (IEE) and
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
The mid term review of DTMP should be done after three years and DTMP should be updated
after five years. If any other sources of funding is available during the course of tiime, the
DTMP is to be updated so as to align with the available financial resources.
In order to have smooth implementation of DTMP, the technical manpower of the DDC
should be well trained and technical equipments should be added in the DDC.
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff
Budgeting
The Budgets of the DDC for the FY 2010/11 to 2012/13 are given in Annex
Staff
The names and positions of the District Officers are shown in Annex D
1.3 Sector trends and issues
Several rural infrastructural works especially roads and bridges are being constructed/upgraded at
present. The trends and issue of this district is similar to other hill districts and are described briefly in
the following section.
1.3.1 Trends
Planning
Implementation of rural roads in all districts including Kathmandu is done following DTMP. But there
are several instances where the implementation of the roads is done under political pressure also.
Design
Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants.
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Construction
All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local contractors
and Users' Committee. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines.
For example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used
more frequently.
1.3.2 Issues
Issues and Constraints
The major issues and constraints for development of RR are summarized below.
DTMP/ARMP not prepared/followed
Very limited fund in comparison to number of roads;
Sharing of funds between parties – many small projects (100-300 per district);
No strategic targets for upgrading.
Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;
Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to distribution of budgets;
High financial irregularities.
Insufficient budget allocation for maintenance and very weak technical capacity of the district
technicians in maintenance etc.
1.4 Past extremes in the district
A record of past extreme events in the District is given in table D
1.5 Linkages to other sectors
Cooperation with other sectors
The DDC/DTO at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:
DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, SDC, TBSU (Helvetas), NT, NEA etc.
Major Organization working in the District:
RRRSDP which was the major project (funded by GoN, ADB, DfID, OFID, SDC) until the last fiscal year
has phased out. It is envisaged that the project will start next year.
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District
1.6.1 Prioritisation process
The prioritisation process is described in the Vulnerability assessment and adaptation guidance
methodology. The key criteria for prioritisation include:
Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned infrastructure
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The consultant in consultation with the DTO chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of the
district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The priority list
is given the following table.
2 KATHMANDU DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE
2.1 Asset 1 : Matatirtha – Durali – Kulekhani - Hetauda
2.1.1 Asset Description
The Matatirtha-Durali-Kulekhani-Hetauda is one of the shortest road link joining Kathmandu and
Hetauda. It is about 40 kilometer long of which 8.5 km lies in the Kathmandu District. This road starts
from Matatirtha which is located very near to Kathmandu city. The initial 2 kilometer of the road lies
in rolling terrain is already black topped. The remaining section is either graveled or earthen. After
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 Matatirtha-Deuralikhani-Hetauda
Raod
Local Road It is one of the prioritized road of
Kathamndu DDC. It is the shortest
motorable route between Kathmandu
and Hetauda.
2 ASSET 2: Kageswori Chakrapth Local Road This road falls in the priority of the
district and hence it was included in
RRRSDP for upgradation. The road is
stabilized by providing geo-textile and
bio-engineering works which is not
very common for rural roads.
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passing the rolling terrain the road starts to ascend along the hill slope of western part of the valley
and passes through Deurali Bhanjyang which is the end point of Kathmandu District.
Construction of this road was started in 2003. But the construction activities were stopped for about
8 years. The construction works restarted in FY 2059/60. It is to be noted that both DDC Kathmandu
are involved in maintaining/rehabilitating this road although it is classified as a rural road. GoN is
providing 2 million rupees per year to DDC Kathamandu and DoR to clear debris, construct walls and
widen few road sections every year as per requirement.
Watershed context
This road lies in the watershed of Matatirtha Khola. The length of the khola up to the start of the road
is about 2 km. The field observation showed that the discharge of the khola will not be significant
even during the monsoon season. The road does not face any vulnerabilities from Matatirtha Khola
and other streams because the road is located very near to the top of the hill.
Asset location
The initial 2 km of the road passes through settlement areas. This area is covered by cultivated land,
shrubs and bushes. From Km 2 to the end of the road section, the area is mountainous and is covered
with forest.
The soil at the project area is comprised of clayey silt, weathered rocks, gravels and boulders.
There are not any major streams affecting the road. The road crosses few rivulets throughout its
length.
There is no problem of ground instabilities along the initial 2 kilometer long section. Beyond 2 minor
landslides and slips were observed but they are not serious
Asset condition
Major section (excluding initial 2 km) of the road is still in the form of track with the following
characteristics:
Narrow road section
Sharp curves
Very few drainage structures etc.
Although the condition of the road is very poor, it is difficult to rehabilitate/upgrade it as the number
of district roads in Kathmandu is very high and the budget allocated for them is very low.
Asset design
The road is designed as a Class A rural road. Although the design is satisfactory, the existing condition
of the road is very poor due to lack of fund. Very few structures are constructed along the road. The
materials adopted for the road structures are gabions and stone masonry in cement sand mortar.
Past extreme events and impacts
Landslides are frequent at this location. Beside this, there was not any major event in the past.
Past adaptation responses
Kathmandu DDC and DoR have constructed some retaining and breast walls along the road. These
walls are functioning satisfactorily.
Design appropriateness
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There are no shortcomings in design of the asset. However, the condition of the road is very poor as
GoN allocates very little budget for its upgradation/construction.
2.1.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
The adaptations, consisting of retaining and breast walls occur at various locations along the
alignment
Adaptation condition
The adaptations are generally in reasonable condition
Threat description
Increase in total rainfall and the intensity of rainfall during the rainy season is a threat to the stability
of the hillside both above and below the road
Past extreme events and impacts
There is no record of extreme event along the road alignment
Adaptation design
The design of the adaptation is reasonable but is unlikely to be effective against future extreme
events brought about through climate change
Adaptation success
The adaptations have generally been successful.
2.2 Asset 2: Kageswori – Chakrapath (Ring Road); Indrayani – Gagalphedi Section
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Sketch of Site
2.2.1 Asset Description
This is a Class A Road and falls in the district core network. It starts from Indrayani and its teminates
at Gagalphedi and its total length is about 8 km. The road is black topped at some locations. The road
section which is considered for study is located at km 7+300.
The road is a very important one as it connects several villages located in the eastern part of the
valley. Construction of this road was initiated when DDC Kathmandu constructed gabion walls in FY
2001/02 to retain the road at above chainage. DWIDP also assisted the DDC and constructed more
walls. Due to improper water management the gabion walls collapsed about 3 years ago.
EIA/IEE of the road was not conducted.
Watershed context
This road lies in the watershed of Matatirtha Khola. The length of the khola up to the start of the road
is about 2 km. The field observation showed that the discharge of the khola will not be significant
even during the monsoon season. The road does not face any vulnerabilities from Matatirtha Khola
and other streams because the road is located very near to the top of the hill.
Asset location
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The project road is located in the southern end of Kathmandu Valley. It starts from Matatirtha which
is one of the holiest places of Kathmandu Valley. Matatrtha is linked by a 2 kilometer long road with
TRP at Satungal. The initial 2 km of the road which is already blacktopped lies in the rolling terrain
and the remaining 6 kilometer lies in the mountain.
The initial 2 km of the road passes through settlement areas. This area is covered by cultivated land,
shrubs and bushes. From Km 2 to the end of the road section, the area is mountainous and is covered
with forest.
The soil at the project area is comprised of clayey silt, weathered rocks, gravels and boulders.
There are not any major streams affecting the road. The road crosses few rivulets throughout its
length.
There is no problem of ground instabilities along the initial 2 kilometer long section. Beyond 2 minor
landslides and slips were observed but they are not serious
Asset condition
Major section (excluding initial 2 km) of the road is still in the form of track with the following
characteristics:
Narrow road section
Sharp curves
Very few drainage structures etc.
Although the condition of the road is very poor, it is difficult to rehabilitate/upgrade it as the number
of district roads in Kathmandu is very high and the budget allocated for them is very insignificant.
Asset design
The road is designed as a Class A rural road. Although the design is satisfactory, the existing condition
of the road is very poor due to lack of fund. Very few structures are constructed along the road. The
materials adopted for the road structures are gabions and stone masonry in cement sand mortar.
Past extreme events and impacts
Except for the landslide which is the subject of this assessment there is no recorded major event in
the past.
Past adaptation response
After the collapse of the wall DDC Kathmandu conducted detail design of the road stretch. The most
interesting aspects of the design was the provision of geotextile and bio-engineering works which is
rare in design and construction of rural roads.
The construction works started on June 2011 and completed on March 2012. The total cost of the
whole works including improvement works at Km 7+148 was 5.7 million rupees. The works comprised
the followings:
Construction of gabion walls
Filling of road embankment
Sub surface drainage
Providing geotextile in layers
Bio-engineering works
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Design appropriateness
The design for the rectification of the landslide is appropriate. However, a new surface water
drainage management system should also have been incorporated in the adaptation to ensure that
the threat from increased rainfall would be alleviated
2.2.1 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
The work carried out as an adaptation following the landslide is at km 7+300
Adaptation condition
The adaptation described above is in good condition
Threat description
The continuing threat at this location is from increased rainfall and intense rainfall which as a result
of the inadequate surface water management will enter the ground at the top of the landslide zone
and cause instability in the underlying soils
Past Extreme Events and impacts
There is no record of extreme events occurring at this location
Adaptation Design
The adaptation work carried out consisted of:
Construction of gabion walls
Filling of road embankment
Slope sub surface drainage
Providing geotextile in layers
Bio-engineering works
Adaptation Success
The adaptation work carried out to rectify the landslide has been successful but the non-inclusion of
surface water management means that there remains a threat from increased rainfall.
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ANNEX A – MAP OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT
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ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET
SN Budget Head Budget for FY
2010/11
(Actual
Expenditure)
2011/12
(Revised
Estimate)
2012/13
(Proposed
Expenditure
Estimate)
DDC's Internal Sorce
1 Furniture purchase 454,931 500,000 500,000
2 Vehicles 337,800 6,000,000 1,000,000
3 Machinery and other equipment 467,764 1,000,000 1,000,000
4 Building construction 631,930 5,000,000 2,000,000
5 Expenditure on community construction 35,161,637 117,910,890 73,520,000
6 Expenditure for capital formation 199,308 8,000,000 500,000
7 Study and consultancy fee 956,550 1,300,000 1,500,000
8 Non conditional grant to local bodies
9 Grant to NGOs and clubs 200,000 200,000
10 Unconditional grant to social service
11 Education service grant
12 Health grant
13 Grant to other social sector
14 Grant to social organizations
15 Contingencies
Sub-total 43,166,101 149,510,890 90,720,000
External Resources
1 Election area development program 32,945,100 0 0
2 LGCDP 13,017,010 0 0
3 VDC grant 107,250,500 62,215,000 93,340,000
4 DDC grant 41,588,100 42,241,000 34,981,000
5 Disadvantaged dalit group 386,900 242,600 470,000
6 Community participation development
program
20,864,497 23,700,000 25,000,000
7 Electricity Development Department 7,776,000 8,000,000 8,000,000
8 Central level roads 11,467,800 11,500,000 12,000,000
9 Rural water supply and sanitation 598,625 6,100,000 9,918,000
10 Local transport infrastructure area
program
7,354,510 6,000,000 7,830,000
11 Local Infrastructure and agriculture 2,209,106 2,000,000 3,000,000
12 Suspension bridges 1,453,976 2,100,000 5,164,000
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13 Local level bridges 5,137,838 5,000,000 15,660,000
14 RRSDP 108,846,000 99,944,000 136,853,000
Sub-total 360,895,965 269,042,600 352,216,000
Aid from Indian Embassy 12,871,308 80,000,,000 80,000,000
Miscellaneous 2,909,106 500,000 500,000
GRAND TOTAL (Internal + External) 419,842,480 499,053,490 523,436,000
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ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF KATHMANDU
DISTRICT OFFICERS
Names and positions of district officers
1 Mr. Mahesh Aryal DTO Chief
2 Mr. Khagendra Prasad Dahal Engineer
3 Mr. Shaligram Devkota Engineer
4 Mr. Chuda Raj Dhakal Engineer
5 Mr. Devi Prasad Panday Engineer
6 Mr. Shyam Saran Shrestha Engineer
7 Mr. Babu Ram Ghimire Engineer
8 Mr. Chandra Mani Gyawali Account Officer
9 Mr. Dol Raj Poudel Section Officer
10 Mr. Prakash Man Shrestha Engineer
11 Mr. Sandesh Dhakal Engineer
12 Mr. Mr. Rabindra Rijal Sub-engineer
13 Mr. Sarad Kumar Shrestha Sub-engineer
14 Mr. Mr. Basudev Bhandari Sub-engineer
15 Mr. Kumar Prasad Sapkota Sub-engineer
16 Ms. Sandhya Regmi Sub-engineer
17 Mr. Dil Prasad Bhattarai Sub-engineer
18 Mr. Mr. Jageswao Sah Sub-engineer
19 Mr. Lilam Raj Rai Sub-engineer
20 Mr. Ms. Mandira Shrestha Sub-engineer
21 Mr. Ram Saran Khadka Water Supply Technician
22 Ms. Maya Panthi Accountant
23 Ms. Bimala Panday Nayab Subba
24 Ms. Bina Shrestha Typist
25 Ms. Mithimaya Basnet Water Supply Technician
26 Mr. Shree Ram Lamichhane Kharidar
27 Ms. Jyoti Panthi Ma. Ka. Ka.
28 Ms. Nirmala Regmi Water Supply Technician
29 Ms. Pabitra Baral Water Supply Technician
30 Ms. Sailaja Khatiwada Water Supply Technician
31 Mr. Mukunda Poudel Water Supply Technician
32 Mr. Shree Krishna Raut Office Assistant
33 Mr. Suresh Karmacharya Driver
34 Ms. Sunita Karki Office Assistant
35 Mr. Shyam Raja Bhattarai Office Assistant
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ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS
VDC/
Municipality &
Ward No.
Date
Type of
Disaster
People Affected
Family
Animal
Loss
House
Destroyed
Shed
Destroyed
Land Loss Public
Property
Estimated
Loss
(Rs.) Dead Missing Injured Total Partly No. Unit
2066 (2009/2010)
2067 (2010/2011)
2068 (2011/2012)
Kathmandu 9 2012/08/15 Flood 1
Thankot 9 2012/08/15 Flood 1
Kathmandu 1 2012/09/26 Flood 1
Manamaiju 1 2011/07/01 Rainfall 3
Kirtipur 2011/07/01 Rainfall 3
Chunikhel-7 2011/08/19 Rainfall 3
Kirtipur-14 2011/08/26 Rainfall 1 2
Bhimdhunga 2011/08/26 Rainfall 1 100,000
Kathmandu-2 2011/09/06 Rainfall 1
Dakshankali 2011/09/26 Rainfall 2 80,000
2069 (2012/2013)
Chaimale-9 2012/07/20 Landslide 1 400,000
Sheshnarayan 2012/07/23 Rainfall 1 500,000
Thankot-8 2012/09/01 Flood 1 900,000
Thankot-9 2012/09/02 Flood 1 2,500,000
Mahadevsthan 2012/08/14 Rainfall 2 1
Chhaimale-4 2012/09/17 Rainfall 1 400,000
Chhaimale-6 2012/09/19 Rainfall 1 250,000
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ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS -ASSET 1
Overall view of the landslide. This landslide was obstructing vehicular traffic in regular basis
before the construction of gabion breast wall. At present the landslide is almost stabilized
Small slips are common along the whole road stretch. This is due to steep hill slope at hill side.
According to the DDC sub-engineer, the hill slope could not be made flatter due to budget
constraint.
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ASSET 2
View of road and bio-engineering works at the slope. It is a good example that the bio-
engineering measures are applied for rural roads also.
View of bio-engineering works from the bottom of the slope. At the bottom of the slope, 2 m high
gabion wall is constructed to retain the fill. Good example of combination of walls and bio-
engineering works.
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TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
PANCHTHAR DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURAL ROADS
(DOLIDAR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1
1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 1
1.5 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 2
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ....................................................................... 2
1.6.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 2
2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ........................................................................... 3
2.1 Asset1: Shiwa Khola Bridge ............................................................................................. 3
2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 5
ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT .................................................................................... 1
ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2
ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 4
ANNEX D: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ............................................................................................... 5
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1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT
1.1 District Sector Master Plan
DDC Panchthar is preparing DTMP and expects to finalize within 3 months
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff
Budgeting
The Budget of DDC for the FY 2010/11 to 2012/13 are presented iin Annex B
Staff
The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex C
1.3 Sector trends and issues
Panchthar District is constructing several infrastructural works especially roads and bridges. The
trends and issue of this district is similar to other districts and are described briefly in the following
section.
1.3.1 Trends
Planning
Planning of rural roads and bridges in the district is done by preparing DTMP. Chitwan District is
preparing its DTMP and is finalizing within few days.
Design, Construction & Monitoring
Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants and
district technicians.
1.3.2 Issues
The major issues and constraints for development of RRs in Myagdi Distirct are summarized below.
a) Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;
b) Several new roads are selected without competing the existing ones;
c) Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to distribution of budgets;
d) Sharing of funds between parties – many small projects (100-300 per district);
e) Weak Institutional Capacity/Arrangements causing delay in planning, execution and
maintenance;
f) High financial irregularities.
g) Too many parallel committees in the district (DTICC, DRRMC, LRUC, RMUC, etc.);
h) Weak absorbing capacity of districts; the allocated yearly budget is not spent.
i) Weak checking and monitoring mechanism due to absence of elected bodies;
j) Financial rules and regulations bypassed taking advantage of transition period.
k) Users’ Co ittees ore tha 80% ei g e te sivel used for i ple e tatio a d ai te a e with poor accountability.
1.4 Past extremes in the district
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1.5 Linkages to other sectors
Cooperation with other sectors
The DDC/DTO at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:
DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, TBSU (Helvetas), LRBP (SDC)
Major Organization working in the District:
RRRSDP was the major donor agency for development of rural roads and suspension bridges in the
district. But the RRSDP expired in 2012 and is envisaged to start within one year.
1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District
1.6.1 Prioritisation process
The key criteria for prioritisation include:
Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned infrastructure
The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of
the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The
priority list is given in the following table.
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 Shiwa Khola Bridge (motorable) Bridge This is the first motrable bridge
constructed by DDC/DoLIDAR in
Panchthar District.
2 Samdin-Chokmagu-Siwa-Panchami
Road
Road This is one of the important road of the
district and provides motrable link to
several VDCs. The road is frequently
blocked by a landslide at km 4.5
although DDC is spending substaial
amount for its stabilization. Good
example of landslide problem in the
district.
3 Ithum-Tamakhe-Tribeni-Phidim Road This is a village road constructed by
peoples' participation. The road is
blocked by a landslide for about 2 years.
The approximate cost of landslide is
estimated to be Rs. 1.5 million. The DDC
is not able to provide the fund due to
number of roads in the district.
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2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE
2.1 Asset1: Shiwa Khola Bridge
Photo of the bridge from upstream. As seen on photo, the length of the bridge is almost equal to
the present waterway width and its vertical clearance is also sufficient.
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2.1.1 Asset Description
The bridge lies located at km 5 of Phidim-Ranigaun-Yachok Road. It is a single span bridge and its
total length is 25m and its foundation type is shallow. The carriageway width and overall width of
the bridge is 4.25m and 5m respectively. Materials for superstructure as well as sub-structure of the
bridge are adopted of reinforced concrete.
The bridge was financed by RRRSDP and was completed six months ago. The total cost of the bridge
including approach roads and protection works is about 20 million rupees.
Watershed context
The asset lies in the watershed of Tamor River. The distance between the bridge site and Tamor
River is less than 2 kilometer. The watershed of the khola is covered by cultivated land, shrubs,
bushes and forests. Field observation showed that there is little probability of large scale impact to
the asset at present.
Asset location
The asset is located in a hilly terrain. The right bank of the river near the bridge site is steep whereas
the left bank is relatively flat and is under cultivation. The area near the bridge site is covered by
cultivated land, bushes and thin forest. The bed slope of the river near/at the bridge site is relatively
flat (about (2 %). The soil at the bridge site mainly consist of sand, gravels and occasional boulders.
Nibu Khola merges with Shiwa Khola at 60m upstream. There are not any other major water bodies
near the bridge site.
There is no problem of ground instabilities at/near the bridge site.
Asset condition
The condition of all components of the bridge system such as superstructure, sub-structure,
approach roads and bank protection works is good. There are not any immediate threats to these
components.
Asset design
It is a simply supported single span bridge and its total length is 25m. It is a single lane bridge with
4.25m carriageway width.
Superstructure as well as substructure of the bridge are constructed of RCC and most of the bank
protection works are gabion walls.
Past extreme events and impacts
There was not any major event in the past except flooding during monsoon.
Past adaptation responses
A retaining wall has been constructed on the right bank upstream of the bridge to protect the
approach road from erosion by the river
Design appropriateness
The design of the bridge is appropriate due to:
Bridge site is appropriately as there is little threat of heavy scouring, siltation, ban erosions
etc.
The length of the bridge is almost equal to the existing waterway width.
The vertical clearance is sufficient;
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2.1.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
The retaining wall protecting the approach road is constructed 20 - 30 metres upstream from the
bridge.
Adaptation condition
The condition of the retaining wall is good
Threat description
Local people are extracting river bed materials from the bridge upstream. Although there is not
immediate threat to the structure for few years to come but if this activity is continued for several
years, the bridge might collapse due to heavy scouring of the river bed from the increased flow of
flash floods caused by the increased intense rainfall because of climate change.
There is also a threat to bank protection works from the same causes.
Past extreme events and impacts
There are no records of extreme events at this site
Adaptation design
The design of the retaining walls is appropriate to the site conditions
Adaptation success
The adaptation has been successful to date
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ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT
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ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET
SN Budget Head Budget for FY (1000 Rupees)
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
(Proposed)
1 DDC Grant 22,852,597 11,394,000 15,340,000
2 VDC Grant 76,280,000 44,700,000 65,410,000
3 Election Area Development Program 5,000,000 0 0
4 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Program 4,915,440 4,880,170 6264,000
5 Local Agricultural Roads 9092061 7,400,000 10,440,000
6 Suspension and Local Level Motorable
Bridges 854,961 5,042,000 1,979,000
7 Excluded and Dalit Uplifting Program 390,400 242,600 444,000
8 Local Infrastructure and roads 13,884,077 0 0
9 Local Governance and Community
Development 20,00,000 1,800,000 2,610,000
10 Local Infrastructure; Irrigation, Landfill,
Housing 6,000,000 1,800,000 3,000,000
11 DDC fund 8,123,804 11736446 11,686,650
12 Indigenous/Janajati Uplifting 1,676,000 2,000,000 209,000
13 Community Particpation Devlopment
Program 2,700,000 6,600,000 0
14 Monestry Development and
Management Program 280,000 300,000 313,000
15 Royalty Management and Distribution 130,000 0 0
16 Culture Preservation 150,000 0 0
17 Roads Board 1,370,411 2,373,401 1,900,000
18 Special Fund 2,779,793 4,629,793 6,579,793
19 CMN Program 367,012 5,333,079 5,866,386
Total 158,846,956 108,431,489 132,041,829
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District baseline
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Current Expenditure
1 DDC Operation Grant 16,003,,404 17,940,000 20,279,000
2 VDC Operation Grant 16,800,000 16,800,000 16,266,000
3 Social Security Program 86,217,600 64,562,400 71,018,640
4 Local Governance and Community
Development Program 8,532,854 8,507,166 14,474,000
5 Youth and Sport Program 360,000 612,000 612,000
6 DDC Fund (current) 2,492,500 2,492,500 2,619,278
7 Devolution Program for Women and
Children 3,587,762 4,223,150 8,427,000
8 Local Development Fund 546,080 406,480 505,000
9 Loan Capital Program 1,539,432 1,600,000 1,600,000
Total 113,079,632 117,143,696 135,800,918
Grand Total 271,926,588 225,575,185 267,842,747
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District baseline
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ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT
OFFICERS
SN Name Position
1 Mr. Bhanubhakta Baral DTO Chief
2 Mr. Yadav Chandra Gautam Engineer
3 Mr. Rudra Narayan Pandit Sub- Engineer
4 Mr. Basudev Dahal Sub- Engineer
5 Mr. Prem Bahadur Kafle Sub- Engineer
6 Mr. Prami Lal Sah Sub- Engineer
7 Mr. Bhairab Lawati Assistant Sub- Engineer
8 Mr. Sone Lal Chaudhary Assistant Sub- Engineer
9 Mr. Suresh Kumar Chaudhary Assistant Sub- Engineer
10 Mr. Narendra Rai Assistant Sub- Engineer
11 Mr. Ram Kumar Devan Typist
12 Mr. Basudev Ghimire Support Staff
13 Ms. Bidya Laxmi Ghimire Support Staff
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District baseline
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ANNEX D: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1
Carriageway of the bridge. Its overall condition is good.
The structure is built at about 60 downstream of the Shiwa Khola and Nibu Khola. However, there
is no threat to the bridge due to the confluence at upstream.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District baseline
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Right bank near/at the bridge. The boulder deposition at this location shows that the waterway
width of the river was about 50m in the past.
Right bank and approach road at immediate upstream. The river is hitting the bank near the
approach road. Hence DDC/DoLIDAR has constructed a retaining wall for its protection. However,
there is no danger to the bridge as it is protected by rocky bank.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District baseline
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The locals are extracting riverbed materials (sand, gravels and stones) from the immediate
upstream of the bridge. There is very little threat to the structure due this activity at present. But
if the activity continues for longer period it may be damage the bridge.