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SEA-UEMACIDA-AIT Partnership

TECHNICAL MANUALA SANITATION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL COMMUNITY

PANDUAN TEKNISSISTEM SANITASI UNTUK KOMUNITAS KECIL

Based on Alumni Demonstration Project

The Construction of Simple Sanitation System for Small Community

Implemented byCenter of Analysis for Public Management Policy

Muhammadiyah University of YogyakartaIndonesia

Berdasarkan pada Proyek Demonstrasi Alumni

Pembuatan Sistem Sanitasi Sederhana untuk Komunitas Kecil

Dilaksanakan oleh

Pusat Kajian Kebijakan Manajemen Publik

Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Indonesia

Southeast Asia

Urban Environmental Management

Applications Project


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ii

Technical Manual

SANITATION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL COMMUNITY

In collaboration with

Pusat Kajian Kebijakan Manajemen PublikUniversitas Muhammadiyah YogyakartaJalan Lingkar Barat TamantirtoYogyakarta 55183Tel : 62-274-387656 ext 166Fax : 62-274-387646

Published by:

Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Management Application (SEA-UEMA) ProjectUrban Environmental Management Field of Study

School of Environment, Resources and DevelopmentAsian Institute of TechnologyPO Box 4 Khlong LuangPathumthani 12120Thailand

Tel: + 66 2 524 5777Fax: +66 2 524 8338/6380e-mail: [email protected]: http://www.sea-uema.ait.ac.th

Original Text by: Achmad Nurmandi and Kamarudin YusufRewritten by: A.S. PermanaEditor: Dr. Ranjith Perera and Niken Prilandita

Cover Design: A.S. PermanaText Lay-out: A.S. Permana

Published: August 2008

Asian Institute of TechnologyPrinted in Thailand


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TECHNICAL MANUAL: SANITATION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL COMMUNITYSouth-east Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications Project

This Technical Manual is based on the im-

plementation of Alumni Demonstration Project,

The Construction of Simple Sanitation System

for Small Communityin Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Its objective is to provide a general overview of

the planning and implementation processes of

the project which can be a practical basis for

the implementation of similar projects with

modification according to local conditions.

This manual does not contain complicated

technical directions, rather practical guidelines

for the construction of a simple sanitation sys-tem in a small community. With this nature, the

replication of similar projects to other areas

would be easier.

Panduan Teknis ini ditulis berdasarkan

Proyek Demonstrasi Alumni mengenai Pem-

bangunan Sistem Sanitasi Sederhana untuk

Komunitas Kecil di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tu-

juan utamanya adalah memberikan arahan

umum mengenai proses-proses perencanaan

dan pelaksanaan proyek, yang bisa dijadikan

dasar untuk pelaksanaan proyek sejenis, den-

gan modifikasi menurut kondisi setempat.

Manual ini tidak mengandung arahan teknis

yang sulit, melainkan hanya memberikan ara-

han umum untuk pelaksanaan sistem sanitasisederhana untuk komunitas kecil. Dengan

demikian, replikasi untuk proyek sejenis di lain

tempat akan lebih mudah.

iii

1 Preface 1 Prakata


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Publication of this manual would not be

possible without financial support from theSoutheast Asia Urban Environmental Manage-

ment Application Project under the partnership

of the Canadian International Development

Agency, Canada and the Asian Institute of

Technology, Thailand. The authors gratefully

acknowledge this support.

Publikasi manual ini tidak mungkin terlak-

sana tanpa bantuan keuangan dari Southeast

Asia Urban Environmental Management Appli-

cation Project di bawah kerjasama Canadian

International Development Agency dengan

Asian Institute of Technology. Para Pengarang

sangat menghargai bantuan ini.

iv

2 Acknowledgements 2 Penghargaan


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1111 PrefacePrefacePrefacePreface

2222 AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

3333 IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

4444 Participatory Project PlanningParticipatory Project PlanningParticipatory Project PlanningParticipatory Project Planning

4.14.14.14.1 RationaleRationaleRationaleRationale

4.24.24.24.2 Problem IdentificationProblem IdentificationProblem IdentificationProblem Identification

4.34.34.34.3 Defining Goals and ObjectivesDefining Goals and ObjectivesDefining Goals and ObjectivesDefining Goals and Objectives

4.44.44.44.4 Site SelectionSite SelectionSite SelectionSite Selection

5555 Project ImplementationProject ImplementationProject ImplementationProject Implementation

5.15.15.15.1 Site PreparationSite PreparationSite PreparationSite Preparation

5.25.25.25.2 Choice of TechnologyChoice of TechnologyChoice of TechnologyChoice of Technology

5.35.35.35.3 Supply of MaterialsSupply of MaterialsSupply of MaterialsSupply of Materials

5.45.45.45.4 Project Staff and WorkersProject Staff and WorkersProject Staff and WorkersProject Staff and Workers

6666 Project EvaluationProject EvaluationProject EvaluationProject Evaluation

7777 ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

DAFTAR ISI

1111 PrakataPrakataPrakataPrakata

2222 PenghargaanPenghargaanPenghargaanPenghargaan

3333 PendahuluanPendahuluanPendahuluanPendahuluan

4444 Perencanaan Proyek ParticipatifPerencanaan Proyek ParticipatifPerencanaan Proyek ParticipatifPerencanaan Proyek Participatif

4.14.14.14.1 Latar BelakangLatar BelakangLatar BelakangLatar Belakang

4.24.24.24.2 Identifikasi MasalahIdentifikasi MasalahIdentifikasi MasalahIdentifikasi Masalah

4.34.34.34.3 Penentuan Sasaran dan TujuanPenentuan Sasaran dan TujuanPenentuan Sasaran dan TujuanPenentuan Sasaran dan Tujuan

4.44.44.44.4 Pemilihan LokasiPemilihan LokasiPemilihan LokasiPemilihan Lokasi

5555 Pelaksanaan ProyekPelaksanaan ProyekPelaksanaan ProyekPelaksanaan Proyek

5.15.15.15.1 Persiapan LapanganPersiapan LapanganPersiapan LapanganPersiapan Lapangan

5.25.25.25.2 Pilihan TeknologiPilihan TeknologiPilihan TeknologiPilihan Teknologi

5.35.35.35.3 Penyediaan BahanPenyediaan BahanPenyediaan BahanPenyediaan Bahan----bahanbahanbahanbahan

5.45.45.45.4 Staf dan Pekerja ProyekStaf dan Pekerja ProyekStaf dan Pekerja ProyekStaf dan Pekerja Proyek

6666 Evaluasi ProyekEvaluasi ProyekEvaluasi ProyekEvaluasi Proyek

7777 KesimpulanKesimpulanKesimpulanKesimpulan

v


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One of the great issues in urban environmental

management is water supply and sanitation. Water

supply and sanitation in Indonesia is mainly charac-

terized by poor levels of access and service quality.

Over a 100 million people in Indonesia still lack ac-

cess to safe water and more than 70 percent of the

country's 220 million population relies on water ob-

tained from potentially contaminated sources.

National Socio-economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2004

reveals that only about 47 percent of the popula-

tion have access to water from improved sources

that are considered safe. This includes 42 percent of

the urban and 51 percent of the rural populations.

During an 8-year period, from 1994 to 2002, this

figure increased by 10 percent in rural areas and 9

percent in urban areas. At this rate, by 2015, about

56 percent of the rural population can be expected

to have access to safe water supplies, while the Mil-

lennium Development Goal (MDG) target for the

whole country is 73 percent. Population access to

improved sanitation in rural areas remains stagnant

at around 38 percent since 1985. More than 40 per-

cent of rural households use unsanitary open pits or

defecate in fields, beaches and water bodies.

Poor sanitation and lack of access to safe drinking

water, as discussed above, lead to various impacts,

particularly water-borne diseases in urban and ru-

ral areas. Sanitation is one of the sectors that the

South-east Asia Urban Environmental Management

Application Project is targeting, along with other

sectors such as water supply, air pollution and solid

waste management.

Salah satu isu besar dalam permasalahan pengel-

olaan lingkungan perkotaan adalah air minum

dan sanitasi. Di Indonesia, permasalahan ini ditan-

dai dengan akses dan kualitas pelayanan yang bu-

ruk. Lebih dari 100 juta rakyat Indonesia masih ke-

kurangan akses terhadap air minum yang aman,

dan lebih dari 70 persen dari220 juta tergantung

pada sumber yang terkontaminasi.

Sensus sosial-ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) 2004

mencatat bahwa hanya 47 persen penduduk yang

dapat mengakses air minum dari sumber yang

aman. Jumlah ini termasuk 42 persen penduduk di

perkotaan dan 51 persen penduduk di perdesaan.

Selama periode 8-tahun (dari 1994 to 2002), angka

ini meningkat hingga 10 persen di perdesaan dan 9

persen di perkotaan. Dalam tahun 2015, sekitar 56

persen dari penduduk perdesaan diharapkan da-

pat mengakses air minum yang aman, sementara

itu target Millennium Development Goal untuk

negeri ini adalah 73 persen. Akses penduduk terha-

dap sanitasi di perdesaan tetap sekitar 38 persen

sejak 1985. Lebih dari 40 persen rumah tangga di

perdesaan menggunakan cubluk terbuka untuk

buang air, atau juga tegalan dan badan air.

Sanitasi yang buruk serta kurangnya akses pada

air minum, seperti didiskusikan di atas, berujung

kepada berbagai akibat, terutama yang ber-

hubungan dengan penyakit yang berasal dari air,

baik di perkotaan maupun di perdesaan. Sanitasi

adalah salah satu sector yang menjad sasaran

proyek penerapan SEA-UEMA, bersama pen-

yediaan air dan pengelolaan sampah.

1

3 Introduction 3 Pendahuluan


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4.1 Rationale

Unsafe drinking water is a major cause of diarrhea,the second leading killer of children under five years

old in the country, which accounts for about 20 per-

cent of the total child deaths each year. According

to the Ministry of Health, at least 300 out of 1,000

Indonesians annually suffer from water-borne dis-

eases, including cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fe-

ver.

Poor sanitation in cities and small towns is posing

health hazards to the population through the pollu-

tion of both ground and surface water sources used

by urban populations for various purposes. Despite

this situation, urban sanitation is the least addressed

of major policy issues in Indonesia. It ranks below

communication and transportation in a develop-

ment priority agenda. Disposal and treatment of

sewage is available for less than 2 percent of the

population.

These conditions are encountered by the citizens of

Yogyakarta (see Map in Figure 1), who live along

bank of Code river, and have limited access to

clean drinking water. One of the communities along

this river was later selected as the location of the

project. Since sustainability is also a main concern of

this project, the principle of from community, by

community, and for community is adopted. The

participatory approach is then mainstreamed in this

particular case. Participation of citizens at large is

greatly encouraged. Citizens are involved in differ-

ent phases of planning, implementation, operation

and maintenance.

4.1 Dasar Pemikiran

Air minum yang tidak aman adalah penyebabutama diare, yang juga merupakan pembunuh

kedua balita di Negara ini, tercatat sekitar 20 per-

sen kematian anak setiap tahun. Ada paling tidak

300 dari 1000 warga Indonesia per tahun mende-

rita penyakit yang berasal dari air, termasuk kol-

era, disentri dan demam tipes, ini menurut infor-

masi dari Departemen Kesehatan.

Sanitasi yang buruk di kota besar dan kecil mem-

bahayakan penduduk melalui polusi air tanah dan

air permukaan yang digunakan oleh masyarajat

perkotaan untuk berbagai keperluan. Walaupun

demikian, masalah sanitasi perkotaan dianggap isu

yang tidak penting pengambilan kebijakan di In-

donesia. Prioritasnya masih dibawah isu komuni-

kasi dan perhubungan. Pengolahan limbah hanya

mencakup sekitar 2 persen dari seluruh jumlah

penduduk.

Situasi seperti itu dihadapi oleh masyarakat Yogya-

karta (Peta Yogyakarta terlihat pada Gambar 1)

yang hidup di sepanjang Kali Code, karena mereka

hidup dalam keterbatasan akses dalam mem-

peroleh air minum. Salah satu komunitas di pinggi-

ran sungai ini dipilih menjadi lokasi proyek. Karena

masalah keberlanjutan juga menjadi perhatian

proyek ini, maka dipakai prinsip dari masyarakat,

oleh masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat. Dalam

hal ini, pendekatan partisipatif menjadi alur

utama. Partisipasi masyarakat sangat diharapkan.

Masyarakat dilibatkan dari perencanaan, pelak-

saan, sampai operasi dan pemeliharaan.

2

4 Participatory Project Planning 4 Perencanaan Proyek Partisipatif


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Figure 1 Yogyakarta

Water supply and sanitation are ubiquitous issues in

urban and rural areas. Solving these problems re-

quires a comprehensive identification of local condi-

tions.

4.2 Problems Identification

To achieve a well-functioning system, the involve-

ment of users and all relevant stakeholders from the

beginning is essential. The probability of success will

increase if the future users are todays participants

of planning and are given a sense of ownership of

the project.

To identify sanitation problems in a small commu-

nity, the following steps are required:

Define and select a targeted community

Involve all relevant stakeholders and future us-

ers in the process

Identify the culture and habits of the future us-

ers on sanitation

Gambar 1 Yogyakarta

Penyediaan air minum dan sanitasi selalu menjadi

masalah, baik perkotaan maupun perdesaan. Pen-

yelesaian masalah ini memerlukan identifikasi yang

menyeluruh atas kondisi setempat.

4.2 Identifikasi Permasalahan

Agar sistem berfungsi dengan baik, keterlibatan

pengguna dan seluruh pihak yang berkepentingan

sejak awal sangatlah penting. Kemunginan untuk

sukses akan meningkat apabila para calon peng-

guna juga turut merencanakan sehingga ada rasa

memiliki dari mereka.

Langkah-langkah berikut diperlukan dalam men-

gidentifikasi masalah sanitasi pada komunitas kecil:

Tentukan komunitas yang menjadi target

Libatkan seluruh yang berkepentingan dan

calon pengguna

Identifikasi aspek budaya dan kebiasaan dari

calon pengguna dalam masalah sanitasi

3


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Identify the present sanitation system in the

community

Identify possible alternative solutions for the

sanitation system in the community and their

viability

With those steps, Center of Analysis for Public Man-

agement Policy of Muhammadiyah University of

Yogyakarta (PKKMP UMY) serving as project facili-

tator cum executor invited

a prominent community

organization of PKK

(Empowering for Family

Welfare) and the board of

the neighbourhood units of

a selected community, to

discuss and prepare an

action plan regarding en-

vironmental issues within

their community (Figure

2). The discussion con-cluded that the main issues

in the community are poor

sanitation and the lack of

safe drinking water. They

agreed to propose a tech-

nological intervention on

their community sanitation

system to the SEA-UEMA Project.

4.3 Defining Goals and Objectives

It is important to note that the goal of this project is

to improve health and environmental conditions of

the community through development of a simple

but sufficient sanitation system.

Identifikasi sistem sanitasi yang ada di

masyarakat

Identifikasi alternatif penyelesaian masalah

sanitasi yang mungkin termasuk kelaya-

kannya.

Dengan langkah-langkah tersebut, Pusat Analisis

Kebijakan Manajemen Publik, Universitas Muham-

madiyah Yogyakarta (PKK UMY) sebagai fasilita-

tor dan pelaksana proyek

mengundang organisasi

m a s y a r a k a t P K K

(Pemberdayaan Kese-

jahteraan Keluarga) dan

para Pengurus masyara-

kat yang terpilih, untuk

membicarakan dan meny-

iapkan rencana kerja ma-

salah lingkungan di

masyarakat ini (Gambar

2). Pembicaraan itu meny-impulkan bahwa masalah

utama di masyarakat ini

adalah sanitasi yang bu-

ruk dan masalah air mi-

num. Mereka setuju untuk

mengusulkan intervensi

teknologi sistem sanitasi

kepada Proyek SEA-UEMA.

4.3 Penentuan Sasaran dan Tujuan

Penting untuk dicatat bahwa sasaran proyek ini

adalah meningkatkan kondisi kesehatan dan ling-

kungan masyarakat melalui system sanitasi yang

sederhana tetapi memenuhi syarat.

4

Figure 2 Participatory Planning Meeting


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From the discussion with stakeholders, who are also

the future users of this project, the objectives of this

project were agreed upon, among the participants

as the following:

To develop the concern and consciousness of

citizens regarding water pollution, particularly

runoff-generated water pollution.

To stimulate the enthusiasm of citizens to

adopt sanitation technology.

To build the capacity of community in planning,

implementing, operating and maintaining the

systems in such a way that the services benefit

and satisfy all strata of the society, and promot-

ing the sustainability of the systems.

To reduce water pollution in the Code River,

the river that passes through Yogyakarta city.

The above objectives were then used as a basis for

the selection of the system as well as selection of thesuitable site.

4.4 Site Selection

In order to improve the sense of ownership of the

future users, the selection of project location shall

principally be agreed upon by all stakeholders.

However, in this particular case, the site selection is

based on the following considerations:

Enthusiasm of the community in receiving the

project,

Willingness of the community to participate in

the project at pre-, during and post-project

particularly at operation and maintenance pe-

riods,

Dari diskusi dengan pihak-pihak yang berke-

pentingan, yang juga merupakan calon pengguna,

telah disepakati bahwa tujuan dari proyek ini

adalah sebagai berikut:

Mengembangkan kepedulian dan kesadaran

masyarakat tentang polusi air, terutama aki-

bat aliran permukaan.

Merangsang antusiasme masyarakat dalam

mengadopsi teknologi sanitasi.

Membangun kapasitas masyarakat dalam per-

encanaan, pelaksanaan, pengoperasian dan

pemeliharaan system sehingga pelayanannya

memuaskan segenap lapisan masyarakat, serta

meingkatkan keberlanjutan sistem.

Mengurangi polusi air sepanjang Kali Code, satu

sungai yang melalui Kota Yogyakarta.

Tujuan di atas selanjutnya menjadi dasar dalam

menentukan sistem yang dipilih dan lokasi yangcocok.

4.4 Pemilihan Lokasi

Untuk meningkatkan rasa memiliki dari calon

pengguna, pemilihan lokasi proyek pada prinsip-

nya harus disetujui oleh pihak yang berkepentin-

gan. Dalam hal ini, pemilihan lokasi didasarkan

atas pertimbangan berikut:

Antusiasme yang tinggi dari masyarakat dalam

menerima proyek,

Keinginan dari masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi

sebelum, pada saat dan setelah proyek, teru-

tama dalam masa operasi dan pemeliharaan,

5


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A community with high prevalence of water-

borne diseases and health problems,

A community with absolute poverty but high

willingness to participate.

With those considerations along with the stake-

holders approval, the project site was selected at

RW 18th (Rukun Warga, a unit of community), in

Prawirodirjan, Mergangsan sub district, Yogyakarta

City (Figure 3). In this community, an adequate

sanitation system is absent. Many households dispose

their waste directly into the rivers. Heavy rainfall

and inadequate maintenance lead to combined

sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows and

backs to residential areas, which harm the commu-

nitys health. At the same time, citizens also enthusi-

astically expect the project implementation in their

community.

Di komunitas dengan tingkat penyakit keairan

tinggi dan juga masalah kesehatan lainnya,

Di komunitas dengan kemiskinan absolut

tetapi kemauan berpartisipasi yang tinggi.

Berdasarkan pertimbangan di atas dan dengan

persetujuan pihak yang berkepentingan, lokasi

proyek ditetapkan di RW 18, Prawirodirjan, Ke-

camatan Mergangsan, Kota Yogyakarta (Gambar

3). Di komunitas ini, tidak terdapat sistem sanitasi

yang memadai. Banyak rumah tangga yang mem-

buang kotoran langsung ke sungai. Dengan pe-

meliharaan sistem sanitasi yang tidak memadai,

apabila terjadi hujan akan terjadi luapan air kotor

yang menggenai permuahan, yang berbahaya

bagi kesehatan. Dalam waktu yang sama, pen-

duduk sangat berantusias mengharapkan proyek

ini dilaksanakan.

6

Figure 3 Location of the Project


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5.1 Site Preparation

This project does not involve oversized materials,

heavy equipment or lots of workers, but rather a

spot site, common construction materials, and small

number of workers. The

project, therefore, does

not require complicated

site preparation. How-

ever, the following steps

are recommended:

The system should be

located at least 30

meters from drinking

water sources, 15 me-

ters from streams or

ponds and 3 meters

from water lines

Slope the drain-fields

away from houses,

buildings and water

supply

Keep drain-fields free

from trees and shrubbery

Allow sufficient space for expansion if necessary

Keep septic tanks or drain-fields uncovered by

driveways or concrete

Locate septic tanks or drain-fields away from

water-ways.

Because of its location, some demolitions and access

road preparation are required (Figure 4).

5.1 Penyiapan Lapangan

Proyek ini tidak memerlukan material yang besar,

alat berat atau tenaga kerja yang banyak, hanya

bahan bangunan biasa dengan jumlah kecil

pekerja, sehingga proyek

ini tidak memerlukan

penyiapan lapangan

yang sulit. Walaupun be-

gity langkah berikut

dianjurkan:

Sistem sanitasi ini ha-

rus berlokasi minimal 30

meter dari sumber air mi-

num, 15 meter dari sungai

atau kolam air dan 3 me-

ter dari saluran air kecil

lainnya

Arah saluran drainase

harus menjauhi pe-

rumahan, bangunan dan

saluran air minum

Drainase harus bersih

dari pepohonan/belukar

Terdapat cukup ruang untuk pengembangan

Septik tank dan salurannya tidak boleh tertu-

tup jalan atau beton

Tempatkan septik tank atau drainase jauh dari

saluran air.

Karena lokasi proyek, beberapa pembongkaran

dan jalan menuju proyek diperlukan (Gambar 4).

7

5 Project Implementation 5 Pelaksanaan Proyek

Figure 4 Site Preparation


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5.2 Choice of Technology

The RW 18th

of Prawirodirjan has four smaller com-

munity units, which are also known as Rukun

Tetangga (RT). The residents of this area mostly use

the communal toilet

for taking baths,

washing clothes or

dishes. Meanwhile,

to dispose sewage is

in public latrines or

open pit latrines.

The Chief of the

neighbourhood unit

takes responsibility

for the maintenance

of the communal

toilet in his author-

ity. Based on field

observation, a sim-

ple septic tank or

waste water storage

with no treatment

system are com-

monly used for wa-

ter disposal. Dis-

charging waste wa-

ter directly into the

river is also com-monly undertaken by households in the community.

This situation encourages a need of intervention. By

using Sewage Water Treatment for household

waste and Tripikon-S Technology for septic tank,

the sanitation system in this area is expected to im-

prove (Figures 5). This locally developed technology

seems the best choice for local conditions.

5.2 Pilihan Teknologi

RW 18 Prawirodirjan membawahi empat Rukun

Tetangga (RT), dengan kebanyakan penduduknya

melakukan aktivitas Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus di WC

Umum. Aktivitas

buang air biasanya

dilakukan di WC

Umum atau WC

cubluk. Para Ketua

RT bertanggung

jawab terhadap

pemeliharaan WC

umum di wilayah-

nya masing-masing.

Dari hasil pengama-

tan di lapangan,

untuk buangan lim-

bah, satu septic

tank sederhana

atau jenis penam-

pung lainnya tanpa

dilengkapi dengan

sistem pengolahan,

sangat umum di-

pakai. Untuk buan-

gan rumah tangga,

masyarakat terbi-

asa dengan lang-sung membuang ke dalam sungai. Keadaan ini

mendorong perlunya satu intervensi teknologi.

Dengan menggunakan pengolah limbah rumah

tangga dan teknologi Tripikon-S, sistem sanitasi di

kawasan ini diharapkan dapat meningkat

(Gambar 5). Teknologi yang dikembangkan secara

lokal ini, nampaknya merupakan pilihan terbaik

untuk kondisi setempat.

8

Figure 5 Tripikon-S System


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5.3 Supply of Materials

Based on the experiences of project implementa-

tion, the supply ofmaterials would be

better if the follow-

ing aspects are con-

sidered:

Use l oca l l y

available and

cheaper materi-

als without sac-

r i f i c ing the

quality

Use materials that local citizens are familiar

Use materials which require no specific handling

and are easy to install.

During project implementation, local citizens par-

ticipated in providing materials and workers (Table

1)

5.3 Suplai Bahan Bangunan

Berdasarkan pengalaman pelaksanan proyek ini,

suplai bahan ban-gunan akan lebih

baik bila memper-

timbangkan hal

berikut:

Gunakan ba-

han setempat yang

ada dan murah

tanpa harus men-

gorbankan kualitas

Gunakan ba-

han yang dikenal masyarakat

Gunakan bahan yang tidak perlu penanganan

khusus dan mudah dipasang.

Selama pelaksanaan proyek, masyarakat mem-

bantu menyediakan bahan dan tenaga kerja

(Tabel 1)

9

Figure 6 Locally Produced Concrete Pipes

SN Activity Implementation Labor Materials Others

1 Instalment of three

Tripikon-S in two PublicToilets

Apr 30-May 5, 2006 4 Sand and Stone Meal

2 Instalment of Sewage

Treatment

May 1- 7, 2006 4 Sand & Stone Meal

3 Instalment of threeTripikon-S in two PublicToilet

June 15-July 30, 2006 8 Sand & Stone Meal

4 Instalment of threeTripikon-S in two PublicToilet

Aug 30- Sept 15,2006

2 Sand & Stone Meal

5 Instalment of SewageTreatment

July 30-Aug 10, 2006 8 Sand & Stone Meal

Table 1 Contributions of the Community


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5.4 Project Staff and Workers

Project staff and workers are essential during pro-

ject implementation period. In order to carry outeffective management of the project, a team which

consists of the following was established:

Project coordinator

Administrative and Financial Coordinator

Technical Coordinator

Workshop and Documentation Coordinator

Community Development Coordinator

Workers are recruited from within the area; some

skilled workers are hired on daily basis, while for

non-skilled workers, some community members are

voluntarily involved. Voluntary involvement of the

citizens show their sense of ownership to the project.

5.4 Project Training and Dissemination

For the purpose of project sustainability training on

operation and maintenance of the project has been

conducted with the users as trainees (Table 2).

5.4 Staf dan Pekerja Proyek

Staf dan pekerja proyek sangat penting selama

pelaksanaan kegiatan. Agar proyek dapat dilak-sanakan dengan baik, satu tim manajemen proyek

dibentuk dengan komposisi seperti berikut:

Kordinator Proyek

Kordinator Administrasi dan Keuangan

Kordinator Teknis

Kordinator Workshop dan Dokumentasi

Kordinator Pengembangan Masyarakat

Pekerja proyek direkrut dari kawasan sekitar, be-

berapa tenaga terampil dipekerjakan secara har-

ian, dan beberapa warga masyarakat turut

menyumbangkan tenaga secara sukarela. Keterli-

batan ini menunjukkan rasa memiliki dari mereka.

5.4 Pelatihan dan Diseminasi Proyek

Untuk keberlanjutan proyek ini, pelatihan tentang

operasi dan pemeliharaan proyek dilaksanakan

dengan pengguna sebagai peserta pelatihan (Table

2).

10

SN Areas Training Date

Man Woman Total1 Community 18th 25 March 2006 42 25 67

2 Neighborhood 59 27 March 2006 20 16 36

4 Neighborhood 61 1 April 2006 21 22 42

7 Neighborhood 61 (add) 11 April 2006 3 29 32

8 River Community Organi-

zation

20 April 2006 2 8 10

Participants



3 Neighborhood 60 29 March 2006 4 29 33

Table 2 Training on Environmental Issues and Project Operation & Maintenance


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Project evaluation is conducted by observing project

outputs and outcomes. The project output consists

of one unit of communal waste water treatment

system. The number of households served by the

project is shown in Table 3. Meanwhile, the number

of households and persons served by the project are

shown in Table 3.

In terms of the quantity of waste water treated, theproject performance is shown in Table 4.

Performance of the project as exhibited in Table 3

and 4 shows the contribution to the improvement of

local environmental condition.

Evaluasi proyek dilaksanakan dengan mengamati

output dan outcome proyek. Output proyek terdiri

atas 7 unit WC Umum tipe Tripikon-S, 2 unit WC

rumah individu dan 1 unit sistem pengolahan lim-

bah. Sedangkan jumlah rumah tangga dan pero-

rangan yang dilayani oleh proyek seperti terlihat

pada Tabel 3.

Berdasarkan jumlah limbah yang diolah, kinerjaproyek terlihat pada Tabel 4.

Kinerja proyek seperti terlihat pada Tabel 3 dan 4

memperlihatkan kontribusi proyek atas perbaikan

kondisi lingkungan setempat.

11

6 Project Evaluation 6 Evaluasi Proyek

SN Installed System Served

Community

Number of Unit Served

Household Man Woman

1 Seven Tripikon-S in threeCommunal Toilets

Neighborhood 58,59, 60 and 61

63 302 281

2 One Tripikon-S Model inIndividual house

Neighbourhood 58 2 2 3

3 Instalment of SewageTreatment System

Neighborhood 58and 60

89 229 215

154 533 499TOTAL

Table 3 Number of Household and Person Served

SN Installed System Served

Community

Quantity

Person Grey Water

(liter/day)

Night Soil

(Liter/day)

1 Seven Tripikon-S in three

Communal Toilets

Neighborhood 58,

59, 60 and 61

281 - 2,810

2 One Tripikon-S Model inIndividual house

Neighbourhood 58 5 - 10

3 Instalment of SewageTreatment System

Neighborhood 58and 60

215 3,225 -

501 3,225 2,820TOTAL

Table 4 Quantity of Waste Water Treated


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Contribution of the project to the improvement of

local environmental conditions can be seen from the

quantity of waste water treated. It has obviously

reduced water pollution in the Code River. A labo-

ratory test on drinking water sources shows that the

quality of water source have also improved (Table

5).

Other than colibacteria, other parameters show

that the quality of the drinking water is acceptable.

Despite the above maximum value, the colibacteria

parameter generally shows an improvement from

previous 1000 MPN/100 ml. The improvement of

water quality in particular and improvement of

local environmental conditions, in general, demon-

strates the achievement of the project.

Project monitoring should be continued for several

years after the construction of the system to confirm

that the project continuously serves the users at an

acceptable standard of service. Periodic mainte-

nance should be undertaken to ensure that the per-

formance of the systems does not fall below accept-

able level. The frequency of maintenance depends

on local conditions.

Kontribusi proyek terhadap peningkatan kondisi

lingkungan setempat dapat dilihat dari kuantitas

air limbah yang diolah. Hal ini tentu saja mengu-

rangi polusi air di Kali Code. Test laboratorium ter-

hadap sumber air minum menunjukkan bahwa

kualitas sumber air minum meningkat (Tabel 5).

Selain colibacteria, parameter lainnya memperli-

hatkan bahwa kualitas air minum dapat diterima.

Selain di atas nilai maksimum, parameter colibac-

teria umumnya memperlihatkan peningkatan dari

sebelumnya 1000 MPN/100 ml. Peningkatan kuali-

tas air khususnya, dan peningkatan kondisi ling-

kungan setempat pada umumnya memperlihat-

kan apa yang telah dicapai oleh proyek.

Pemantauan proyek harus dilakukan menerus un-

tuk beberapa tahun setelah pelaksanaan untuk

menjamin bahwa proyek tetap melayani peng-

guna sesuai dengan standard yang dapat diterima.

Pemeliharan berkala harus dilakukan agar kinerja

sistem tidak di bawah standard yang diterima. Fre-

kuensi pemeliharaan tergantung kepada kondisi

setempat.

12

SN Parameters

(Unit)Location of Well Drinking Water Test

N 61 N 60 N 59 N 58 N 59

(add)

1 pH 6.5-9 7 7 7 7 7

2 Turbidity (NTU) 25 0.798 0.928 1.143 1.021 1.218

3 Color (PtCO) 50 2.7 10 15 10 10

4 Smell None None None None None

5 BOD-5 (mg/l) 5.98 7.08 6.28 4.78 5.4

6 COD (mg/l) 11.28 13.89 11.46 10.78 12.42

7 Colibacteria (MPN/100ml)

40 78 166 55 390 38

Maximum

Value

Table 5 Quality of Well Drinking Water


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The development of a sanitation system in a small

community in Yogyakarta, Indonesia by employing

simple technology has been able to directly improvethe drinking water quality in the community. Im-

provement of waste water disposal from the com-

munity to the Code River was also achieved. These

two outcomes show that the environmental quality

in the area has improved.

There is a key factor that makes these activities suc-

cessful. This key factor is enthusiasm and support of

the community. This support will not be possible

without the active involvement of citizens at each

stage of the project activities, from planning to im-

plementation. With this precondition, the operation

and maintenance of the system will also be effec-

tive.

Pembangunan sistem sanitasi pada komunitas kecil

di Yogyakarta, Indonesia dengan memakai

teknologi sederhana telah berhasil meningkatkankualitas air minum masyarakat secara langsung.

Peningkatan kualitas air buangan dari masyarakat

ke dalam Kali Code juga tercapai. Dua contoh hasil

ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas lingkungan di

kawasan ini meningkat.

Terdapat satu factor yang membuat kegiatan ini

sukses. Faktor ini adalah antusiasme dan dukungan

dari masyarakat. Dukungan ini tidak mungkin ada

tanpa keterlibatan aktif dari mereka pada setiap

tahapan proyek, sejak perencanaan hingga pelak-

sanaan. Dengan prakondisi ini, pengoperasian dan

pemeliharaan proyek akan menjadi lebih berhasil-

guna.

13

7 Conclusions 7 Kesimpulan


20/21


21/21

The Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Manage-

ment Applications (SEA-UEMA) Project (2003-2008

and 2008-2010) is a partnership between the Cana-

dian International Development Agency (CIDA)

and the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). The

projects goal is to contribute to the improvement ofurban environmental conditions in the Southeast

Asia (SEA) region covering the countries Cambodia,

ndonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand,

Timor Leste and Vietnam. It seeks to attain im-

proved applications and sharing of sound urban en-

vironmental management policies and practices in

he three key urban environmental sub sectors

water and sanitation, solid waste and air pollution)

n SEA region with gender equality and environ-

ment as the cross-cutting themes. The target benefi-iaries are the urban poor men and women in SEA.

The Alumni Demonstration Project (ADP) compo-

nent involves AIT Alumni and the projects sub-

ectors network members to undertake demonstra-

ion projects based on UEM good practices, innova-

ive ideas and those ideas arising out of successful

action research and pilot projects. The purpose of

ADPs is to demonstrate ways and means to improve

environmental conditions in poor urban areas of

EA and to facilitate the adoption of good policies

and practices.

For more information on the SEA-UEMA ProjectThis manual is published with the financial support of

th G t f C d id d th h th C

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