Short Course for theAmateur Radio Technician LicenseElement 2Richie Allen KC5NZRkc5nzr@arrl.netSponsored by:Albuquerque Amateur Radio Club

Who is the Amateur Operator?History of the Amateur ServiceInnovationsPublic ServiceReal Life Examples

Video Amateur Radio Today

Course Syllabus (NYT pages 12,13)T1 FCC Rules9 QuestionsT2 Operating Procedures5 QuestionsT3 Propagation3 QuestionsT4 Ham Radio Practices4 QuestionsT5 Electrical Principles3 QuestionsT6 Circuit Components2 QuestionsT7 Practical Circuits2 QuestionsT8 Signals and Emissions2 QuestionsT9 Antennas & Feedlines2 QuestionsT0 RF Safety3 Questions35 total questions on exam

EXAM (element 2)35 questions from the question pool in chapter 12 of NYT Administered by a Volunteer Examiner (VE) teamTest fee $12 as of 1/1/20031:00 PM Sunday, right hereBring: photo ID, second ID, exam fee, pencils, calculatorYour instructor is not a member of the VE teamThere are other exam opportunities, but this course is designed to optimize your short term retention of the material

License ClassesTechnicianTechnician with codeGeneralExtra

Federal Communications CommissionGoverning agency of Amateur RadioPart 97Principles of the amateur serviceIncrease number of trained radio operatorsImprove international good willTermsAmateur StationControl operatorLicenseLicense grantLicense classLicense termGrace periodForm 605FCC

Wavelength, Frequency & RFElectromagnetic Spectrum

Wavelength, Frequency & RF

Wavelength, Frequency & RF

Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2)

6 meters 50.0 - 54.0 MHz2 meters144.0 - 148.0 MHz1.25 meters222.0 - 225.0 MHz70 cm420.0 - 450.0 MHz33 cm902.0 - 928.0 MHz23 cm1240.0 - 1300.0 MHz13 cm2300 - 2310, 2390 - 2450 MHzVHF, UHF, Microwave (Tech bands)

Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2)HF (Tech with code)80 meters3675 - 3725 kHz40 meters7100 - 7150 kHz15 meters21.100 - 21.200 MHz10 meters28.100 - 28.500 MHz

Emission PrivilegesBasic Emission TypesPhone: AM, SSB, FMRTTY: direct printing radio telegraphyData: Packet (APRS), ASCIIImage: FAX, SSTV, FSTVCW: Morse CodeAnother term: CSCE

Emission PrivilegesHFTech cannot use FM6 meter phone50.1 - 54.0 MHz2 meter image144.1 - 148.0 MHz2 meter CW only144.0 - 144.180 meter techCW only7100 - 7150 techCW only 28.1 - 28.5 MHzCW, RTTY, DATA1.25 metersall emissions23 cmall emissions 70 cm image420 - 450 MHz

Emission Privileges

More FCC RegulationsControl pointresponsible partyyour responsibilitycontrol operatorID requirementsThird partyBroadcastingCodes, ciphersOne way transmissions

Secondary usersRepeater coordinationPeak Envelope PowerDATA, RTTY rates

FCC Regulations (cont)Space communicationDeceptive signalsMore ID requirementsHarmful interferenceBeacon stationsRadio controlEmergency communicationBroadcastingObscene, Indecent language

Operating ProceduresBefore transmittingEmergenciesUsing appropriate frequencyTesting a transmitterMorse code CQ, DE

Operating Procedures (cont)Amateur Repeaters

Operating Procedures (cont)Amateur Repeaters

Operating Procedures (cont)Amateur Repeaters

Operating Procedures (cont)Using a repeaterAutopatchCallingCourtesy toneRush hourBreakingI/O offsetTime out timerCTCSS/PLI/O Offsets2 meter600 kHz1.25 meter1.6 MHz70 cm5 MHzPurposeOpen/ClosedCourtesy

Operating ProceduresSimplexRSTCQQSL CardFull QuietingDistress CallsSOSMaydayBreak, break!Emergency messagesEquipment for emergency

Operating ProceduresITU PhoneticsVoice communication

Operating ProceduresPacket Radio

Operating ProceduresPacket Radio

Operating ProceduresDigital transmissionsRTTYCONNECTEDMONITORINGDigipeaterNetwork

Operating ProceduresCW & SSB on HFAnswering CQ on RTTYOperating on commercial aircraftOperating away from home

Propagation

PropagationIonosphere

PropagationLine of sightIonosphereIonosphere regionsUV radiationReflectionsDuctingInversionEMESatellites

PropagationIonospheric Propagation

PropagationIonospheric Propagation

PropagationIonospheric PropagationD region characteristicsScatterMUFGround WaveSky-waveSkip zoneF region characteristicsSunspots

Amateur Radio PracticesGrounding and lightningElectrical groundSafetyDummy antennas

Amateur Radio PracticesSWR Standing Wave RatioGood SWR 1.5:1 or lessHigh SWR indicates antenna is wrong length, or there is an open or short in the feed line.LoHi50.1..54.0 MHz2.5:1 -----------------------------------------------------> 5:1Antenna is too long!

Amateur Radio PracticesSWR Standing Wave RatioLo Hi144.1148.0 MHz5:1

Amateur Radio PracticesTest equipmentVoltmeterAmmeterRF wattmeterMultimeterDirectional wattmeterFuses

Amateur Radio PracticesRadio Frequency InterferenceReceiver overloadHarmonic RadiationLow pass filterHigh pass filter

Electrical PrinciplesHz - kHzma - ampereAmpereVoltConductors & insulatorsOpen & short circuitsResistance & ResistorsInductance & InductorsCapacitance & CapacitorsParallel & Series connections

Electrical PrinciplesOhms LawE = Electromotive Forcemeasured in VOLTS I = Currentmeasured in AMPERESR = Resistancemeasured in OHMS

Electrical PrinciplesOhms LawE = I x RE is expressed in VOLTSI = E / RI is expressed in AMPSR = E / IR is expressed in OHMS

Electrical PrinciplesOhms LawT5C04If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 50-ohm resistor, what is the voltage across the resistor?E = I x RE = 2 x 50A. 25 voltsB. 52 voltsC. 100 voltsD. 200 volts

Electrical PrinciplesOhms LawT5C05If a 100-ohm resistor is connected to 200 volts, what is the current through the resistor?I = E / RI = 200 / 100A. 1 ampereB. 2 amperesC. 300 amperesD. 20,000 amperes

Electrical PrinciplesOhms LawT5C06If a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts, what is the resistance?R = E / IR = 90 / 3A. 3 ohmsB. 30 ohmsC. 93 ohmsD. 270 ohms

Electrical PrinciplesOther conceptsPowerWattWavelengthFrequencyACDC

Circuit ComponentsResistorsVariable Resistor

Circuit ComponentsResistorsFixed Resistor

Circuit ComponentsSwitchesDouble Pole Single ThrowDPSTSingle Pole Single ThrowSPST

Circuit ComponentsFuses, batteriesFuseSingle Cell Battery

Circuit ComponentsMore on resistorsFixed Resistor

Circuit ComponentsMore on resistorsFixed Resistor

Circuit ComponentsTransistorsPNP TransistorNPN TransistorPoints in proudlyNot pointing in

Circuit ComponentsAntenna & groundEarth GroundAntenna

Circuit ComponentsCapacitorsFixed CapacitorVariable Capacitor

Circuit ComponentsInductorsFixed InductorVariable Inductor

Circuit ComponentsCapacitors

Circuit ComponentsCapacitorsFixed Capacitor

Circuit ComponentsCapacitorsVariable Capacitor

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutAntenna switchFeed linePower supplyAntenna tunerDummy loadTerms

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A05In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is a dummy antenna, what is block 2?A. A terminal-node switchB. An antenna switchC. A telegraph key switchD. A high-pass filter

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A05In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is a dummy antenna, what is block 2?A. A terminal-node switchB. An antenna switchC. A telegraph key switchD. A high-pass filter

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A06In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an antenna switch, what is block 3?A. A terminal-node switchB. An SWR meterC. A telegraph key switchD. A dummy antenna

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A06In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an antenna switch, what is block 3?A. A terminal-node switchB. An SWR meterC. A telegraph key switchD. A dummy antenna

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A07In Figure N7-2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is an antenna switch, what is block 2?A. A terminal-node switchB. A dipole antennaC. An SWR meterD. A high-pass filter

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A07In Figure N7-2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is an antenna switch, what is block 2?A. A terminal-node switchB. A dipole antennaC. An SWR meterD. A high-pass filter

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A08In Figure N7-3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an SWR meter, what is block 3?A. An antenna switchB. An antenna tunerC. A key-click filterD. A terminal-node controller

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutT7A08In Figure N7-3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an SWR meter, what is block 3?A. An antenna switchB. An antenna tunerC. A key-click filterD. A terminal-node controller

Practical CircuitsFunctional LayoutMicrophoneModem, teleprinter, computerTNC Terminal Node Controller

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsAn FM receiver uses a limiter and a discriminator to produce an audio signal. These circuits are unique to FM receivers.

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B02What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a variable-frequency oscillator?A. A packet-radio transmitterB. A crystal-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A VFO-controlled transmitter

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B02What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a variable-frequency oscillator?A. A packet-radio transmitterB. A crystal-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A VFO-controlled transmitter

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B03What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a crystal oscillator?A. A crystal-controlled transmitterB. A VFO-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A CW transceiver

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B03What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a crystal oscillator?A. A crystal-controlled transmitterB. A VFO-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A CW transceiver

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B04What type of circuit does Figure T7-2 represent if block 1 is a product detector?A. A simple phase modulation receiverB. A simple FM receiverC. A simple CW and SSB receiverD. A double-conversion multiplier

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B04What type of circuit does Figure T7-2 represent if block 1 is a product detector?A. A simple phase modulation receiverB. A simple FM receiverC. A simple CW and SSB receiverD. A double-conversion multiplier

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B05If Figure T7-2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1?A. A high pass filterB. A ratio detectorC. A low pass filterD. A product detector

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B05If Figure T7-2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1?A. A high pass filterB. A ratio detectorC. A low pass filterD. A product detector

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B06What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-3, if block 1 is a frequency discriminator?A. A double-conversion receiverB. A variable-frequency oscillatorC. A superheterodyne receiverD. An FM receiver

Practical CircuitsBlock diagramsT7B06What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-3, if block 1 is a frequency discriminator?A. A double-conversion receiverB. A variable-frequency oscillatorC. A superheterodyne receiverD. An FM receiver

Practical CircuitsFiltersLow Pass FilterReduces harmonic radiation

Practical CircuitsFiltersBand Pass FilterBlocks RF above and below a certain frequency

Practical CircuitsA few more circuitsDetectorDuplexer

Signals and EmissionsRF emissionsRF Carrier

Signals and EmissionsRF emissionsEmission types, narrowest to widest:CWRTTYSSBFMSSB Signal 2 - 3 kHz wideFM Signal 10 - 20 kHz wide

Signals and EmissionsRF emissions

Signals and EmissionsRF emissionsWhy use SSB?Efficiency!

Signals and EmissionsRF emissionsCW emissionsModulationOver deviationSplatterHarmonic radiationTesting microphonesGrounding

Signals and EmissionsModulation typesPacket radioFM phoneUSBPhone emissionsFSKModern data transmissionOver deviationChirp

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthHalf wave dipole antennalength = 468 / frequency (MHz)Quarter wave vertical antennalength (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthHalf wave dipole antenna

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthAntennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthQuarter wavevertical antenna

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthlength (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 440 MHz?length (feet) = 234 / 440 MHz.5318 feet = 234 / 440 MHz(.5318 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz6 inches

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthlength (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 28.450 MHz?length (feet) = 234 / 28.450 MHz8.2249 feet = 234 / 28.450 MHz8 feet

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthlength (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 146 MHz?length (feet) = 234 / 146 MHz1.6 feet = 234 / 146 MHz(1.6 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz19 inches

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthIf an antenna is made shorter its resonant frequency..INCREASESIf an antenna is made longer its resonant frequency..DECREASES

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthTo decrease the resonant frequency of a dipole antenna...LENGTHEN the antennaTo increase the resonant frequency of an antenna...SHORTEN the antenna

Antennas & feedlinesWavelength and antenna lengthMulti band antennas- Allow operation on several bands- Caveat: may radiate unwanted harmonics

Antennas & feedlinesBeam antennas - Yagi

Antennas & feedlinesBeam antennas - Yagi

Antennas & feedlinesBeam antennas - Yagi

Antennas & feedlinesBeam antennas - YagiDirectional antennaYagi constructionDriven elementParasitic elements

Antennas & feedlinesBeam antennas - Cubical QuadTwo or more parallel four sided loops, each 1 wavelength long.

Antennas & feedlinesAntennasGround planeElectrical noiseSWRFeedlinesBalun

RF SafetyFundamentals, termsUse minimum powerMost hazardous frequenciesBiological effectsPower densityNear fieldsMicrowave hazardsFCC requirementsMPE and the human bodySpecific absorption rate

RF SafetyRules & guidelinesRules defined: FCC Part 1, OET Bulletin 65All sources of RF from a site must be consideredMPE average in uncontrolled area: 30 minutesMPE average in controlled areas: 6 minutesPortable devicesCertification of RF exposure rules: form 605All stations must complyLicensee is responsible for compliance

RF SafetyRules & guidelinesBodys ability to absorb RFDuty cycleImpact of duty cycle on minimum safe distance

RF SafetyRoutine station evaluationPower density measurement vs. other methodsDo not have to perform calculationsHand held antennasUHF antennasRF burnsMobile installationsAmplifier shielding

Clubs and organizationsQST, Monthly magazine New! Members-Only Web Access Technical Information Service (TIS) Ham Radio Equipment Insurance A Voice in Washington ARRL Field Organization An Amateur Radio VHF/UHF Wide Coverage Repeater Linking System Serving New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Western Oklahoma, West Texas and Eastern Arizona

Clubs and organizationsAlbuquerque Amateur Radio ClubLicense classesOperating activitiesSocial gatheringsPublic service