Teaching Module German 1st Year Sport and Society – The FIFA World Cups 2006 and 2010

Teaching Module German 1st Year

Sport and Society – The FIFA World Cups 2006 and 2010

German Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture 2

1 „Fußball“ in Germany: Basic Facts

• 6.5 mio organized members of the F.A.: 8% of the population= largest single sports association of the world

• German Football Association: Deutscher Fußballbund – DFB

• Organized in 27,000 clubs

• High Performance Sport: 3 professional leagues (men)– Erste Bundesliga / Zweite Bundesliga / Dritte Bundesliga

• Mass participation sport– Leagues down to local level– 7 organized youth group levels (G-Youth: 4-6 ... A-Youth 16-18)

Dr Ralf Hermann


1 „Fußball“ in Germany: History (1)

• Imported from Britain in Germany 1873 (10 years after the founding of the British F.A.)

• Rejected by movement of „Gymnastics“– „The English disease“ - Historical and political reasons

– Sport and aristocracy

– Sport and values

• 1875 first Football rules in German

• 1875 first German club (Braunschweig); ’74 Dresden English F.C.

• 1900 Founding of the „DFB“

• First German champion 1900: VfB Leipzig

Dr Ralf Hermann



• Alternative associations: Workers F.A. – Bourgeoise F.A. / Catholic F.A. – separate championships

• National Socialism: Greater Germany league– Banning of workers association and others– Streamlining, anti-semitism, prosecution of members of

banned political groups– Football and masses– DFB Nazi obedient

• After WW II: separate West and East F.A.– International recognition: DFB 1950, DFV (East) 1952

• 1954 first World Cup win: „miracle of Bern“

• 1963: founding of the united „Bundesliga“ (West GER)

Dr Ralf Hermann



• 1970s: rise of Bayern Munich as most successful German football club

• Host of World Cups 1974 and 2006 and European championship 1988

• 1974: first and only encounter of the national teams of East and West Germany

Dr Ralf Hermann


2 „Fußball“ in Germany: The National Team

• First match 1908: SUI – GER 5-3

• Little success in early years

• First WC appearance 1934 in Italy: Third rank

• 1954: surprise winner of the WC in Switzerland– Mythologized in German historical memory: „miracle“

– Re-birth of a nation within the international community? Continuity of German superiority phantasies?

• World Champion 1974 (Munich), 1990 (Rome)• WC final 1966 (London), 1982 (Madrid), 1986

(Mexico), 2002 (Tokyo)• European Champion 1996 (London)

Dr Ralf Hermann


3 World Cup Germany 1974

• Two mega-events ’72 and ’74: success of West German sport diplomacy – détente in Cold War era

• ’72 Olympics: kidnapping and killing of Jewish team members by terrorists ’74 sterile high-security games

• „games of friendship and fair-play“ (but no slogan)

• Cold War and encounter of the 2 German teams

• Germany champion, but Netherlands show modernity

Dr Ralf Hermann


3 World Cup Germany 1974 - Legacy

• 40 Mio DM revenues – only 10% to FIFA

• New Olympia-Stadion Munich for 1972 / 74: iconic architecture

• First WC fully covered in colour TV

• First participation of an African team (Zaire) – turn to global participation in the WC begins

Dr Ralf Hermann


1974 World Cup Host Cities 2006 World Cup Host Cities

Dr Ralf Hermann



• 2000 bid – one vote ahead of South Africa

• Unified Germany in a block-free world

• Slogan: „Die Welt zu Gast bei Freunden“ / „A time to make friends“

Dr Ralf Hermann



• Nation branding and image campaigns

– e.g. Walk of Ideas

• Cultural fringe programme and public viewing

• Street Soccer World Cup

• German flags – new nationalism?

Dr Ralf Hermann


3 World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy

• Modernisation of infrastructure and stadiums

• Macro-economic effects controversial

• Tourism: high ex-ante estimates, not realistic

• Retail effects marginal

• Employment effects, but rather short term (50,000 vs. 2000)

• Economic counter-effects: „Crowding-out Effect“, „Carnival Effect“, „Time Switching“, „Auction“ and problematic spending priorities (Männig)

Dr Ralf Hermann



• Significant ‚intangible effects‘

– External image

– Self-perception

– Culturisation of the event

– Group participation

Dr Ralf Hermann


Euro 1996


Dr Ralf Hermann

World Cup 2006



Dr Ralf Hermann



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3 World Cups in Germany: 2006 Legacy

Dr Ralf Hermann


3 Previous World Cups: Legacy

Dr Ralf Hermann

"Je trouve artificiel de faire venir des joueurs de l'étranger et de les baptiser Equipe de France. […] On pourrait les appeler autre chose. Je n’ai jamais cru que [ces] onze messieurs représentaient la France ! " Jean-Marie Le Pen en 1996

« Black – Blanc – Bleu » - « L’Équipe multicolore ». Celebrations on the Champs Éliysées


3 Previous World Cups: Legacy

Dr Ralf Hermann


3 World Cups in Germany: 2006 LegacyWolfgang Männig:

• Short-run economic benefits are not the main aspect/ argument of (large)

sport events (exception: feelgood)

• Potentially positive long-run effects: novelty effect and nation´s

international perception

• Experience from landmark buildings: centrally located, saving infrastructure,

at the Waterfront , architectually innovative and „unpractical“

• Stadia for Germany 2006 fail, but for SA 2010 meet these principles

• Good chances for South Africa: less crowding-out; no couch potato-effect; no

carneval effect; more potential for improvement in international perception

Dr Ralf Hermann


4 „Fußball“ and social change

• e.g. Football and social participation (classes, genders)• e.g. Football and social organisation (roles, leadership, team)• e.g. Football and economics (professionalisation)• e.g. Football and education (sport academies)• e.g. Football and integration

Dr Ralf Hermann

„Regel: Wer mitbekommt, was sich im Fußball wann und wie verschiebt, ist über andere Gesellschaftsbereiche osmotisch informiert.“ – Klaus Theweleit, Tor zur Welt. Fußball als Realitätsmodell


4 „Fußball“ and social change

Champions 1954

Toni TurekJupp PosipalWerner KohlmeyerHorst EckelWerner LiebrichKarl MaiHelmut RahnMax MorlockOttmar WalterFritz WalterHans SchäferDr Ralf Hermann

Champions 1974

Sepp MaierBerti VogtsFranz BeckenbauerKarl-Heinz SchwarzenbeckPaul BreitnerRainer BonhofUli HoeneßKlaus OverathJürgen GrabowskiGerd MüllerBernd Hölzenbein

Champions 1990

Bodo IllgnerKlaus AugenthalerGuido BuchwaldJürgen KohlerAndy BrehmeThomas BertholdThomas HäßlerPierre LittbarskiLothar MatthäusRudi VöllerJürgen Klinsmann


4 „Fußball“ and Social Change - Migration

Dr Ralf Hermann

DariusWosz - Polish parents, born in Slask

Mustafa Dogan – Turkish parents: first Turkish des-cendant to play for Germany 1999

Patrick Owomoyela – German-Nigerian parents, born in Hamburg

Sami Khedira – German-Tunisian parents, born in Stuttgart

Gerald Asamoah – Ghanaian parents, immigration 1990, citizenship 2001

David Odonkor – GER-Gha-naian parents, b. in Bünde

Miroslav Klose – b. in Opole, Polish German minority

Lukas Podolski – b. in Gliwice, GER-POL dual citizen

Mesut Özil – b. Gelsenkirchen, 3rd generation

of Turkish immigrants

Serdar Tasci - b. Esslingen, 3rd generation of Turkish immigrants

Cacau – b. in Brazil, from

2001 in Germany, 2009

citizenship


4 „Fußball“ and Social Change - „Frauenfußball“ in Germany

• Attempts in 1920 and 1955 failed: prohibited by DFB

• 1970: unbanning – first local leagues

• 1974: First German Champion

• 1982: First national match, GER-SUI 5-1• 1989: European Champion – first live TV broadcast;

Euro titles 1991, 95, 97, 2001, 05, 09• 1990: Women‘s Bundesliga• World Champion 2003, 2007; Host 2011• Still amateur status and small budgets

Dr Ralf Hermann


5 „Soccer“ in South Africa

• Indigenous roots of athletic practices + colonial influence

• 1862 first match: British soldiers vs. civilians in CT• Popular among British decendants – Rugby +

Football• Rise of black football:

– Missionary school (from 1870s)– Working class clubs – industrialization and urbanization– Rugby and „Soccer“ disintegrate: 1919 first Afrikaner

rugby club, Stellenbosch; football becomes black domain

• First centres: Durban – 7 clubs in 1910 47 in 1935; later: Rand – migrant workers

Dr Ralf Hermann


5 „Soccer“ in South Africa

• Natal Football Association 1882, Football Association of SA 1892

• South African Indian Football Association 1903 (Black and Coloured Associations 1933 and 36)

• Diqualification from CAF tournaments 1957• FIFA suspension 1961 and expulsion 1976 (Soweto)• 1991 SAFA• 1992 first international match: SA-Cam 1-0• 1996 AFCON champion• WC participants 1998 and 2002

Dr Ralf Hermann


Main references

• Alegi, Peter: Laduma. Soccer, Politics and Society in South Africa, Durban 2004

• Eisenberg, Christiane (ed.): Fußball, soccer, calcio, Munich 1997• Heinrich, Arthur: Der Deutsche Fußballbund. Eine politische

Geschichte, Cologne 2000• Korr, Chuck / Close, Marvin: More Than Just A Game. Soccer vs

Apartheid, London 2008• Pillay, Udesh / Tomlinson, Richard / Bass, Orli: Development and

Dreams. The Urban Legacy of the 2010 Football World Cup, Cape Town 2009

• Theweleit, Klaus: Tor zur Welt. Fußball als Realitätsmodell, Cologne 2004

Dr Ralf Hermann

Documents

Teaching Module German 1st Year Sport and Society – The FIFA World Cups 2006 and 2010