Teaching MethodsTeaching Methods

Chapters 7 and 8Chapters 7 and 8

Instructors and Their JobsInstructors and Their Jobs

and additional resourcesand additional resources

Communication SkillsCommunication Skills

Elements of communicationElements of communication– CommunicatorCommunicator

Ability to select and use meaningful symbolsAbility to select and use meaningful symbols Attitudes toward self, subject, and receiversAttitudes toward self, subject, and receivers Wealth of current, accurate, and stimulating Wealth of current, accurate, and stimulating

infoinfo

– SymbolsSymbols– ReceiverReceiver

Communication TechniquesCommunication Techniques

LanguageLanguage Voice controlVoice control

– PitchPitch– RateRate– VolumeVolume– ClarityClarity

Bodily actionsBodily actions Eye contactEye contact

QuestioningQuestioning

Enhance learning processEnhance learning process Requires practiceRequires practice Most demand mere fact recallMost demand mere fact recall Two-way communicationTwo-way communication

Purposes of QuestioningPurposes of Questioning

Get and maintain interestGet and maintain interest Stimulate critical thinkingStimulate critical thinking Check for understanding and masteryCheck for understanding and mastery Evaluate and summarize teachingEvaluate and summarize teaching Distribute opportunity for Distribute opportunity for

participationparticipation Stimulate interactionStimulate interaction Determine student attitudesDetermine student attitudes Develop subjectDevelop subject

Characteristics of Characteristics of Effective QuestioningEffective Questioning

PurposefulPurposeful Clear and concise Clear and concise Related to objectivesRelated to objectives Challenging – beyond knowledge Challenging – beyond knowledge

levellevel Limited to one ideaLimited to one idea Appropriate timingAppropriate timing Changes students’ roles from passive Changes students’ roles from passive

to activeto active

Types of QuestionsTypes of Questions

DirectDirect OverheadOverhead ReverseReverse RelayRelay

KnowledgeKnowledge ComprehensionComprehension ApplicationApplication AnalysisAnalysis SynthesisSynthesis EvaluationEvaluation

Technique for QuestioningTechnique for Questioning

Ask aloud to entire classAsk aloud to entire class Pause and look around (wait time)Pause and look around (wait time) Call on one studentCall on one student Listen carefully and attentivelyListen carefully and attentively Respond to responseRespond to response

– If correct, emphasize itIf correct, emphasize it– If incorrect, call on other or ask questionIf incorrect, call on other or ask question

We Learn . . .We Learn . . .

10% of what we read10% of what we read 20% of what we hear20% of what we hear 30% of what we see30% of what we see 50% of what we both see and hear50% of what we both see and hear 70% of what is discussed with others70% of what is discussed with others 80% of what we experience personally80% of what we experience personally 95% of what we TEACH to someone else95% of what we TEACH to someone else

William GlasserWilliam Glasser

Lecture/PresentationLecture/Presentation

AdvantagesAdvantages– TimeTime– Person powerPerson power– SupplementSupplement

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Limited participationLimited participation– Not suitable for skillsNot suitable for skills– Difficult to assess Difficult to assess

progressprogress– Difficult to keep Difficult to keep

attentionattention

TechniquesTechniques Use outlineUse outline Use visual aidsUse visual aids Emphasize key Emphasize key

pointspoints Utilize stories to Utilize stories to

supportsupport Encourage student Encourage student

interactioninteraction Use communication Use communication

techniquestechniques

Guided DiscussionGuided Discussion

AdvantagesAdvantages– Active participationActive participation– Effective thinkingEffective thinking– Reinforce learningReinforce learning– Better solutionsBetter solutions

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– TimeTime– Stay on trackStay on track– ParticipationParticipation– BackgroundBackground

TechniquesTechniques PreparationPreparation TopicTopic ObjectiveObjective HomeworkHomework Lead-off questionsLead-off questions Three partsThree parts AtmosphereAtmosphere

Discussion GuidelinesDiscussion Guidelines

Consider goalsConsider goals Consider experience and development of Consider experience and development of

studentsstudents Study issuesStudy issues Orient students to objectiveOrient students to objective Provide supportive environmentProvide supportive environment Provide information when necessaryProvide information when necessary Review, summarize, or weave opinions Review, summarize, or weave opinions

and factsand facts

Small-Group SuggestionsSmall-Group Suggestions

Monitor activityMonitor activity Ensure background knowledge is Ensure background knowledge is

sufficientsufficient Plan for relatively short discussionsPlan for relatively short discussions Give precise directionsGive precise directions

PerformancePerformance

AdvantagesAdvantages– Individual guidanceIndividual guidance– Apply principlesApply principles– Reinforce learningReinforce learning

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Time consumingTime consuming– StorageStorage– Expensive Expensive

equipmentequipment

TechniquesTechniques– Simple to complexSimple to complex– Procedure sheetsProcedure sheets– RealisticRealistic– QuestioningQuestioning– EvaluationEvaluation

Inquiry/Problem-Based Inquiry/Problem-Based LearningLearning

Discovery through data collection Discovery through data collection and hypotheses testingand hypotheses testing

Common steps:Common steps:– Identify and clarify problemIdentify and clarify problem– Form hypothesesForm hypotheses– Collect dataCollect data– Analyze and interpret data to test Analyze and interpret data to test

hypotheseshypotheses– Draw conclusionsDraw conclusions

Practice and DrillsPractice and Drills

PracticePractice Going over Going over

material just material just learnedlearned

Clarify and Clarify and emphasizeemphasize

Spread out over Spread out over time time

Conduct in contextConduct in context

DrillsDrills Repeating Repeating

informationinformation Useful for learning Useful for learning

that needs to be that needs to be retained long-termretained long-term

ReviewsReviews

Look at topic another timeLook at topic another time Involves re-teachingInvolves re-teaching Reinforces previously learned Reinforces previously learned

materialmaterial

Guided PracticeGuided Practice

SeatworkSeatwork– CirculateCirculate– Have short contact with individualsHave short contact with individuals

Teacher-led practiceTeacher-led practice– DrillDrill– Question and answer sessionsQuestion and answer sessions

Student cooperative practiceStudent cooperative practice– Help one another during seatworkHelp one another during seatwork

Projects, Reports and Projects, Reports and ProblemsProblems

Activities:Activities:– Research reportsResearch reports– Case studiesCase studies– Problem-based Problem-based

learninglearning

Reporting:Reporting:– DisplayDisplay– Act outAct out– Computer-Computer-

generated reportgenerated report– Panel discussionsPanel discussions– Written materialsWritten materials

Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning

Teacher presents problem or taskTeacher presents problem or task Students work among themselvesStudents work among themselves Students help one anotherStudents help one another Students praise or criticize one Students praise or criticize one

anotheranother Receive group performance scoreReceive group performance score

Cooperative Learning Cooperative Learning ElementsElements

Positive interdependencePositive interdependence Face-to-face interactionFace-to-face interaction Individual accountabilityIndividual accountability Interpersonal and small-group skillsInterpersonal and small-group skills Group processingGroup processing

Informal GroupsInformal Groups

Short-termShort-term Usually take place after lecturesUsually take place after lectures

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share Round RobinRound Robin

Formal GroupsFormal Groups

Carefully designedCarefully designed

Student Teams—Achievement Student Teams—Achievement DivisionsDivisions

Teams—Games—TournamentTeams—Games—Tournament Team Accelerated InstructionTeam Accelerated Instruction JigsawJigsaw Learning TogetherLearning Together

Panels and DebatesPanels and Debates

Group becomes informed on topicGroup becomes informed on topic Present information to classPresent information to class Interact in discussionInteract in discussion

PanelPanel SymposiumSymposium Task forceTask force DebateDebate

Role PlayingRole Playing

Students act our situation or ideaStudents act our situation or idea Teacher facilitates follow-up discussionTeacher facilitates follow-up discussion Helps understanding of perspectivesHelps understanding of perspectives Used to clarify attitudes and conceptsUsed to clarify attitudes and concepts Usually done spontaneouslyUsually done spontaneously Can be time consumingCan be time consuming Students may not be seriousStudents may not be serious

SimulationsSimulations

Model real-life environmentModel real-life environment Assume roles, make decisions, face Assume roles, make decisions, face

consequencesconsequences Benefit from seeing others’ behaviorBenefit from seeing others’ behavior

GamesGames

Competition to achieve learning goalCompetition to achieve learning goal Teach problem solving and decision Teach problem solving and decision

makingmaking