Teachers, Schools, and Society A Brief Introduction to Education

David Miller SadkerKaren R. Zittleman

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.7.2

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100%

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of students in school who are Black or Latino

Percentage of schools with majority in poverty

Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.7.3

Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education, 2000-01.

Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

Property Taxes- on owned land, dates back to colonial times when 95% people of country were farmers (now 2%) – how common schools were funded.

Mills – tax of $1 per each $1000 of assessed value of property. For example, if 10 mills had been voted and approved on a house assessed at $100,000 – tax would be $1000/year

Problem – Compare 100 kids living in a rural area with no significant business inexpensive homes; with 100 kids living in an area with two furniture factories, Wal-Mart, a nuclear plant and expensive homes. Inequity

U-tube video “Corridor of Shame”

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

Sales Tax Income Tax

Supplemental Income Lottery – gambling Pay to Play Categorical Grants – Stimulus Funds Block Grants Foundations, donations Federal funds for Title I

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.7.6

Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education, 2000-01.

Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

1. Horatio Alger – rags to riches

2. Genetics – you are born that way

3. Culture of Local Control – we know best

4. Poverty – social Darwinism, Max Weber

5. Flawed Studies – money does not increase test scores

6. Previous funding increases have not resulted in achievement gains – but money was not placed on instruction

However, money indeed is not everything!

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.7.8

Source: National Education Association, Voter Commitment to Public Education, 2002, www.nca.org

8%

24%

60%

5%

26%

61%

6%

32%

50%

05

1015202530354045505560657075

Federal State LocalToo much About the right amount Too little

Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

Special Education - IDEA Title I Title IX Categorical (stimulus) grants Block grants Legislation such as No Child Left Behind Teacher standards of licensure - performance Discrimination Civil Rights Flow-through funds to States Un- and underfunded mandates of standards, etc.

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

Levy taxes License teachers and other educators Set standards for school attendance, safety, etc. Outline minimum curricular and graduation

standards (sometimes including specific textbooks to be used and competency tests for student graduation and teacher certification)

Regulate the nature and size of local school districts

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

Implement state/federal regulations and policies Create and implement local policies and practices for

effective school administration Hire school personnel Provide needed funds and build appropriate facilities Determine salaries and working conditions Translate community needs into educational practice Initiate additional curriculum, licensing, or other

requirements beyond state/federal requirements Create current and long-range plans for the school

district

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Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

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