3Material AICLE 2º de ESO: Islam (Solucionario)

TEACHER´S KEY

SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION

3.Working with vocabulary

4.Filling the gaps

a) prophets g) messengerb) the age of 25 h) Meccac) revelation i) on Fridaysd) pilgrims j) savingse) Holy Book k) ninthf) responsibilities l) once

5.Understanding Islam Here you have the answers for this activity. You can help only ONCE each team.

1. What is Islam?: The name of the religion is Islam, which comes from an Arabic word meaning “peace” and “submission.” Islam teaches that one can only find peace in one’s life by following the teachings of Allah. “Salaam alaykum,” (“Let the peace be with you”), is the universal Muslim greeting.

2. Whoisa Muslim, Arab and Maghribian and Moor?: A person who believes in and follows Islam is called a Muslim. An Arab is a person originally from the Arabian peninsula who speaks Arabic. A Maghribian is a native from Maghrib. A Moor is one of the Muslim people of north Africa; of mixed Arab and Berber descent; converted to Islam in the 8th century; conqueror of Spain in the 8th century. In Spanish, the word sounds derogatory.

3. How many and where?: Islam is a major world religion, with over one billion followers worldwide (1/5 of the world population). It is considered one of the Abrahamic, monotheistic faiths, along with Judaism and Christianity. Although usually associated with the Arabs of the Middle East, less than 10% of Muslims are in fact Arab. Muslims are found all over the world, of every nation, color and race.

1 a 5 a 9 a 2 b 6 c 10 a 3 c 7 a 11 b 4 a 8 d 12 c

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4.Who is Allah?: Allah is the proper name for God. Allah has other names that are used to describe His characteristics: the Creator, the Sustainer, the Merciful, the Compassionate, etc. Allah is an all powerful, just, kind, and merciful god. He is believed to look after his children, and that he wants them to be happy. Their confession of faith includes an acceptance that his will is supreme, and must be followed at all costs. Islam holds to a strict monotheism. Any worship and prayers directed at saints, prophets, other human beings or nature is considered idolatry.

5. Why was the city of Mecca important? Mecca is located about 55 miles from the borders of the Red Sea. Its location along the Red Sea, and also along important trade routes made it a good location for controlling trade in the region. Mecca was also home to the region«s most sacred religious shrine. This shrine, known as the Kaaba containes engraved images of all the Arabian gods. Arabians worshipping different religions, had travelled to visit the Kaaba so that they could faithfully worship their gods. This brought additional wealth and prosperity to the city , and became an important part of their economy.

6. What is Hijrah? Hijrah means ‘great emigration’. The year that the Hijrah took place marks the first year of the Islamic calendar. In the year A.D. 622 persecution against Muhammad and his followers became especially brutal. In order to protect both himself, and his people, Muhammad exiled with his followers, which consisted of about 60 separate families to the town of Yathrib.

7. What is Jihad? The Quran teaches that Muslims have an obligation to fight in order to spread their faith to new lands, and in order to gain new converts. The word ‘fight’ does not always refer to battle, but can also refer to the labors of missionary work. A ‘fight’ for religious expansion is known in Islam as a Jihad. Jihad means “to strive or struggle” (in the way of God) and is considered the “Sixth Pillar of Islam” by a minority of Sunni Muslim authorities. Jihad also refers to one’s striving to attain religious and moral perfection. Some

Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi’a and Sufis, distinguish between the “greater jihad”, defined as to spiritual self perfection, and the “lesser jihad”, defined as holy war.

8. Whatisa mosque? Mosques serve as the main place of worship for all Muslims. The first mosque was the courtyard of the house Muhammad, located in Medina, Saudi Arabia. The wall of the courtyard facing Mecca called the qibla wall had a roof covering the area where prayers were recited. The other three walls were covered with shallow arcades. This setup has became the mosque design throughout time. In Islamic societies, mosques also serve as social and political centers. They serve as courts, schools, and assembly halls. Libraries, hospitals, and treasuries are often connected to the mosques.

5Material AICLE 2º de ESO: Islam (Solucionario)

9. What is hadith? Muslim jurists consult the hadith, or the written record of Muhammad’s life, to both supplement the Qur’an and assist with its interpretation. It is a group of narrations originating from the words and acts of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The two main denominations of Islam, Shi`ism and Sunnism, have different sets of Hadith collections. 10. What is the difference between Sunnism, Shia and Sufism? Sunnism is the largest group in Islam. The Quran and the Sunnah (the example of Muhammad’s life) as recorded in hadith are the primary foundations of Sunni doctrine. Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him,

those leaders had to be elected. The Shia constitute 10 13% of Islam coming as the second largest branch. They believe in the political and religious leadership of Imams from the progeny of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the cousin and son in law of Muhammad), who are believed to be infallible. They believe that he was his rightful successor, and the first Imam (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. Sufism is a mystical ascetic approach to Islam.

11. Which is the relationship with Christianity and Judaism?Islamic religion is one of the world’s three primary monotheistic faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They are considered linked to one another because of a ‘family

likeness’ and a certain common theology. Many of the same figures, histories and places can be found in each, although they are often present with slightly different roles, perspectives and meanings.

12. Is polygamy forbidden? Muslim man can have up to four wives. All wives should receive equal attention, support, treatment and inheritance. In modern practice, it is uncommon for a Muslim man to have more than one wife. The practice of polygamy has been regulated or abolished in some Muslim states. 13. What about food? Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood and alcohol. All meat must come from herbivorous animals, under the condition that they are slaughtered in a specified way in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian. Causing the animal unnecessary pain is strictly forbidden. This does not extend towards marine animals. This kind of food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food.

14. Other practices and customs Some specific customs in their daily lives can be related to Pre Islamic Arabian society. Due to Muhammad’s sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:

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• Saying “Bismillah” (in the name of God) before eating and drinking. • Using the right hand for drinking and eating. • Saying “Salaam Alaykum” (peace be upon you) when meeting someone and answering with “Alaykum Salaam” (and peace be upon you). • Circumcising the male babies. • Gambling is prohibited.

15. What is ablation? It is an initiation ritual originally performed on girls in some countries in Africa, the Middle East and other. The clitoral circumcision or female genital mutilation is the removal of any part of the female genitalia for cultural, religious or any other non­medical reason. In some cases, religious traditions are used to argue in its favour, but the truth is that this type of mutilation is prohibited in Islam.

16. What is sharia? It refers to the sacred law of Islam. Modernists, traditionalists and fundamentalists all have different views of Sharia. Muslims believe all Sharia is derived from two primary sources, the divine revelations gathered in the Quran, and the sayings and examples set by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah. From the ninth century, the power to interpret and refine law in traditional Islamic societies was in the hands of the scholars (ulema). Muslim countries such as Mali, Kazakhstan and Turkey (which is under pressure from religious political parties) have declared themselves to be secular. Here, religious interference in state affairs, law and politics is prohibited. In these Muslim countries, as well as the secular West, the role of Sharia is limited to personal and family matters. On the other side, Saudi Arabia and some of the Gulf states do not have constitutions or bill of rights. Their rulers have limited authority to change laws, since they are based on Sharia as it is interpreted by their religious scholars. Iran shares some of these characteristics, but also has a parliament that legislates in a manner consistent with Sharia.

17. What is lapidation? Stoning, or lapidation, refers to a form of capital punishment whereby an organized group throws stones at an individual until the person dies. Islamic scholars argue both for and against stoning within Islam. In Islam, stoning (which is the penalty for committing adultery) is the only capital punishment which requires four reputable eye witness “accusers” to state that they saw the defendants sexually interact. It is also important to note that in Islam a person who confesses to adultery can be his own witness. Husbands can also launch a charge against their spouses, and have (in support) no evidence but their own their solitary evidence (can be received) if they witness four times. Stoning has been condemned by several human rights organizations. Some groups, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, oppose all capital punishment, including stoning.

7Material AICLE 2º de ESO: Islam (Solucionario)

18. What is the difference between Islamist, Fundamentalist and Extremism? The Islamist movement’s goals are the establishment of Islamic states and Sharia within their own borders, their means are political in nature. The Islamist power base is the millions of poor, particularly urban poor moving into the cities from the countryside. Their themes are anti Western and anti Modern. Political groups wish to return to more traditional Islamic values are. These movements can be considered neo Sharism. The Fundamentalists, wishing to return to basic religious values and law, have in some instances imposed harsh Sharia punishments for crimes, curtailed civil rights, and violated human rights. These movements are most active in areas of the world where there was contact with Western colonial powers. Extremists have used the Quran and their own particular version of Sharia to justify acts of war and terror against Western individuals and governments, and also against other Muslims believed to have Western sympathies.

1 See pictures above. 2 3 Understanding Islam Questionnaire:

1. true 7. false 13. true2. false 8. false 14. true3. true 9. true 15. both4. false 10. false 16. false5. false 11. true 17. false6. true 12. false 18. false

Session 2: THE BIRTH OF ISLAM. THE EXPANSION.

1. The teacher/assistant must read the following instructions to the whole class. It is just a warming up activity. 1. Draw a desert. 2. Draw several tribes living there. 3. Draw a man who leads caravans and works with camels. 4. Draw a city. 5. Draw a holy stone there. 6. Draw people (pilgrims) worshipping it. 7. Draw more people (pilgrims) worshipping it. 8. Draw merchants selling things to these people. 9. Draw an angel. 10. Draw the caravan leader going to the city to tell what the angel said to him: “There is only one God”.

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5. Fill in the table

Session 3: ISLAMIC ART

1. Guessing:

A. Courtyard: A yard partly surrounded by buildings, where the court meets. B. Minaret: A tower to call the faithful to prayer. C. Patio: Patio. D. Ablutions fountain: Water wells where Muslims clean themselves, both physically and spiritually, before entering the temple. E. Maxura: Area reserved for the caliph and his family in front of the mirhab. It used to be covered by ornamentation. F. Haram: Prayer room. Madraza: Coranic School where children are taught to read and write on the Quran.

The Umayyads The Abbasids

from 661 to 750 AD from 750 to 1258 AD

rapid spread throughout the world rule unified the eastern world

one of the largest and most powerful nations on Earth

development of sciences

capital moved from Madinah to Damascus capital moved from Damascus to Bagdad

the Islamic Empire was unified trades and commerce developed

the common language was Arabic a kind of banking system developed

Common coinage uniform coinage system

Postal system books. were translated into Arabic from Hebrew, Greek, Persian, Syriac, and other languages

strong army development of arts

social differencies:Arabs and non Arab, Muslims and Non Muslims

tolerant with other religions

9Material AICLE 2º de ESO: Islam (Solucionario)

G. Mirhab: It«s the most important and holiest place in the mosque. It used to be richly decorated. H. Quibla: It«s the wall which shows the direction of Mecca.

2. Photographs to comment:

1 Minaret. Mosque of Kairouam (Egypt). 2 Mosque of of Kairouam (Egypt). 3 Vegetal decoration from Muslim Spain: Madinat al Zahra, Córdoba (Spain). 4 Hind shaped fountain spout from Muslim Spain: Madinat al Zahra, Córdoba (Spain). 5 Chirurgical Operation, Turkish manuscript, 15th Century. 6 Casket. Ivory with carved decoration and engraved silver. Muslim Spain: Madinat al Zahra, 966.

Session 4: ARABIAN NIGHTS

1. Story telling: Student«s sheet

Arabian Nights

Arabian Nights

a collection of Asian stories

collected over many centuries

across the Middle East and North Africa

related to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Indian, Egyptian and Mesopotamian folklore.

The book is about a Sassanian king,

who decides to make sure his wife is always faithful to him

by marrying a new girl every night

and killing her in the morning.

The vizier is in charge of finding a new girl every day to marry the king.

Scheherazade, the vizier’s own daughter

has a plan to stop the king from killing all these women

at bedtime,

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Text to be read by the teacher/assistant:

Arabian Nights is a collection of Asian stories compiled in Arabic during the 9th century, though the oldest Arabic manuscript dates from the 14th century. People in India, Persia and Arabia have been telling these stories for a long time ­ nobody knows how long. Around 850 AD, a Persian writer in the Abbasid Empire collected them into a book called the Thousand and One Nights or the Arabian Nights. It was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators and scholars across the Middle East and North Africa. The tales are related to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Indian, Egyptian and Mesopotamian folklore and literature.

The book is about a Sassanian king, Shahryar, who decides to make sure his wife is always faithful to him by marrying a new girl every night and killing her in the morning.

King Shahryar’s vizier is in charge of finding a new girl every day to marry the king. One day, the vizier’s own daughter Scheherazade comes to him and insists that she should marry the king. Scheherazade explains that she has a plan to stop the

she offers herself as a storyteller to her husband

She tells a great story but,

just at the most exciting part,

she stops because the sun is coming up.

But King Shahryar wants to hear the end of the story

he agrees to let Scheherazade live another day

Scheherazade continues her story that night

again she ends at the most exciting part

again the king lets her live.

She does that every night,

for a thousand and one nights

The king lets Scheherazade live as his queen

The book include fairy tales, romances, legends...

“Aladdin’s Wonderful Lamp”

“Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”

“The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor

a collection by Antoine Galland and other European translators.

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king from killing all these women, so the vizier unhappily agrees to let her marry the king.

So Scheherazade marries King Shahryar. That night at bedtime, she offers herself as a storyteller to her husband. She tells a great story, but just at the most exciting part she stops because the sun is coming up and it’s time for her to be killed. But King Shahryar wants to hear the end of the story, so he agrees to let Scheherazade live another day. Scheherazade continues her story that night, and again she ends at the most exciting part, and again the king lets her live. She does that every night, for a thousand and one nights, and finally King Shahryar sees that this was a dumb idea and lets Scheherazade live as his queen.

The Arabian Nights stories are some of the world’s great treasures, which include fairy tales, romances, legends... The tales use a variety of settings, including Baghdad, Basrah, Cairo and Damascus, as well as China, Greece, India, North Africa and Turkey.

Some of the best-known stories of The Nights, particularly “Aladdin’s Wonderful Lamp”, “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves” and “The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor”, while almost certainly genuine Middle­ Eastern folk tales, were not part of The Nights in Arabic versions, but were interpolated into the collection by Antoine Galland and other European translators.

Session 5: ISLAM NOWADAYS

3 Tomatoes came from America, therefore this recipe could not be made in the Middle Ages.

4 Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iran, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Lybia, Egypt, Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Niger, Nigeria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Northern Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, parts of China.

PROJECT

“Eid al Adha” is the second most important festival in the Muslim Calendar. The festival remembers the prophet Ibrahim«s willingness to sacrifice his son when God ordered him to. It is a public holiday in Muslim countries. Today Muslims all over the world who can afford it, sacrifice a sheep (sometimes a goat) as a reminder of

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Ibrahim«s obedience to Allah. They share out the meat among family, friends and the poor, who get a third each. Eid usually starts with Muslims going to the Mosque for prayers, dressed in their best clothes, and thanking Allah for all the blessings they have received. It is also a time when they visit family and friends as well as offering presents. At Eid it is obligatory to give a set amount of money to charity to help poor people buy new clothes and food so they too can celebrate.

OVERVIEW

a. peace upon youb. 7thc. Muhammad´s preaching1. profession of faith2. prayer3. fasting4. almsgiving5. pilgrimaged. respectful

e. “caliph”f. spreadedg. 632 to 661h. 661 to 750i. 750 to 1258j. split intok. tradel. farmingm. get more out

ofn. learningo. artsp. translatedq. sizer. mosques. oldestt. widespreadu. each year