INTRODUCTION

TEACHER

DEFINITION

According to Flanders Teaching is an interaction process. Interaction means participation of both teacher and student and both are benefited by this. The interaction takes place for achieving desired objectives.PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

Following are the principles of teaching:-

Principle of motivation : The best teacher is one who inspires the students. Motivation is a combination of recognizing , communicating and participating. Teacher has to recognize students as individuals , encourage their participation while teaching and communicate enthusiasm. This principle holds good during the entire nursing educational programme , especially during the first year period.

Principle of activity : Teaching is an active process. While teaching , teacher should be alert , smart and follow the most suitable method of teaching. Teacher should also participate in various activities along with the students like discussions or conducting research.

Teacher should arouse interest in students: To make students receptive , teacher has to elicit interest by adopting suitable methods like telling a story , citing an example or by asking questions.

There should be well defined objectives: To attain good results there should be well defined objectives. Statement of well defined objectives in advance will make the teacher more confident and enthusiastic.

Principle of individual difference: Good teaching always respect the individuality of the students. Each student has to be considered as a unique individual .

Principle of creativity : By applying creativity , teacher can convert a passive teaching-learning situation into an active one.

Principle of selection: Teacher should select the appropriate content, teaching method, teaching situation, media of instruction, A.V. aids, textbooks and journal articles for teaching a particular subject matter in order to make teaching more meaningful and comprehensible to students.

Principle of division: Particular teaching activity should have definite divisions based on valid reasons. Teacher should be aware about the divisions and present the contents in a well organized manner.

Principle of revision and practice: During a teaching session, teacher has to revise in the middle and in the end.

Principle of connecting with life : While teaching teacher has to take care that the transferred knowledge will not remain segregated in and the student correlate with the previous knowledge. Correlation helps the student to develop a unified view regarding what is taught.

Principle of correlation: While teaching , teacher has to take care that the transferred knowledge will not remain segregated and as far as possible correlate with the previous or related knowledge. Correlation helps the student to develop a unified view regarding what is taught in education is proved undoubtfully and teaching is an integral part of education , so all the teaching activities are connected with life.

MAXIMS OF TEACHING

Maxims of teaching are accepted truth or general rule of conduct or the laws which are essentially to be followed by the teacher while teaching. Maxims include:

Proceed from known to unknown : The teacher has to correlate the learning of the students with their experiences and previous knowledge. Teacher has to start with something which is known to the student and then proceed to unknown.

Proceed from concrete to abstract: It is quite natural that the students learn first the things which are seen and handled by them. Students can comprehend new ideas only when they are taught with sufficient illustration. So every teaching activity should be enriched with sufficient illustration.

Proceed from simple to complex: It is always better to teach the most simple lessons first and then the complex ones.

Proceed from easy to more difficult: When explaining to teach the nursing management of cirrhosis of liver, the teacher has to arrange the different aspects of disease condition in an increasing order of difficulty like definition, classification, etiology, pathophysiology etc.

Proceed inductively : In inductive teaching, teaching is made effective with the help of a suitable example. Usually the topic is introduced to the students by way of stating a befitting example and through analyzing the example they would be able to understand the general rules, definitions, formulas etc.

Proceed from general to specific: While proceeding from general to specific, general rules are explained first and from that specificity is arisen.

Proceed from specific to general: When proceeding from specific to general, first the teacher has to present the specific facts to the students before the facts are taught to them in general.

Proceed from indefinite to definite: The ideas in the students in the initial stages are indefinite and vague. These ideas are to be made definite, clear, precise and systematic by adopting effective teaching methods.

Proceed from empirical to rational: Empirical knowledge is gained through observation and experience. One peculiarity of empirical knowledge is that it lacks scientific background. Rational knowledge is built upon a scientific basis and is more dignified than empirical knowledge. As a result of their day-to-day life experiences students gain empirical knowledge. Teacher has to proceed from this empirical knowledge to rational knowledge by explaining the scientific aspects to the students.

Proceed from whole to parts: Whole is more meaningful to students than the separate parts of the whole. The whole approach helps the students to understand the relationships between different parts and the resulting correlation makes learning more easier and meaningful. While teaching osteology, anatomy teacher has to give a brief description of the whole skeletal system by mentioning its functions, total number of bones etc before dealing with different individual bones.

Proceed from part to whole: In some situations, teacher has to proceed from part to whole for providing information in a meaningful way. For example, while teaching the qualities of an ideal chemical disinfectant, teacher proceeds from part to whole by explaining the qualities one by one and finally explains the whole qualities by the end of the class.

Proceed from analysis to synthesis: Analysis means breaking a problem into component parts and synthesis is the reverse, that is putting together this separate parts into a complete whole. This approach is widely used in teaching nursing.

Proceed from overview to details: Students can easily comprehend if the teacher proceeds from overview to details.

Proceed from observation to reasoning: The teacher has to provide an opportunity for the students to see and notice the factors involved in a particular topic or context before explaining the reasons associated with it or eliciting reasons from the students. Proceed from psychological to logical : This is the fundamental approach in teaching. Some of the maxims like concrete to abstract and simple to complex are based on this approach. Psychological aspect is student centered and concerned with the receptiveness of the students, reaction of students, recalling ability of students, listening to students needs, etc. Logical aspect is teacher centered and deals with the systematic arrangement of the content, decision regarding when to teach, etc. During teaching, teacher has to consider the psychological aspect before proceeding to logical aspects.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TEACHER

Explaining ,informing

The good teacher is expected to be well-informed in the areas in which he teaches. He is expected to be able to communicate information needed for background, enrichment and motivation and on many occasions to explain relationship to children. He should permit the students to practice the knowledge and skills they acquire in the class. Initiating, directing and administrating

One of the most important functions of teaching is concerned with initiating, organizing, directing and making decisions. From morning till evening, the teacher faces and handles many problems which require the initiative, direction and administrative abilities. In modern administration, students are associated with decision making activities.The teacher as the leader of the team should be able to initiate activities and get them organized. Unifying the group

In the beginning of the session, a teacher is confronted with a number of children who are not unified. As they live together, they become a unified group. An important task of the teacher is that of developing a group with a group spirit, identification with common purposes and some common concerns. Giving security

Many children are in need of warmth recognition, praise and friendly atmosphere. There are children who feel a sense of loneliness, isolation, rejection and economic insecurity.

The teacher should identify the needs of such children and when they need protection, he should protect them. Clarifying attitudes, beliefs and problems It is a fact that many of our children are utterly confused by social influences surrounding them. Looking at so many different ways of living on TV, radio, movie and reading materials, etc which introduce new and unusual ideas. Experiencing directly of variously the difficulties of a broken family having few places to play and little opportunity to talk things over with parents who might both be working, racial problems and ominous threat of unemployment. The child of today must surely be very much confused. He hears nice things from the adults but sees and hears many things which contradict they tell him.

To help clarify these matters, the teacher creates opportunities for children to state their attitudes interests and problems, to talk about their purposes and aspirations,to speak their beliefs and convictions ,to indicate what they think might and should be done, to reveal and share some of the deeper feelings they harbor to tell about the activities in which they are engaging and those in which they would like to share . The teacher give the children opportunities to compare, observe, classify, interpret and puts them in a position to analyze, criticize and summarize. Diagnosing learning problems There are children in every class who do not make expected progress in their studies, growth and development .The teacher must diagnose the learning problems of individual students and should b suggest the possible course of action. Making curriculum material

The curriculum in India is mostly framed at the state level for the entire state without making provision for local variations. The teacher should modify the curriculum in accordance with the needs of group and local community. Evaluating ,recording and reporting

The teacher has to evaluate the progress of the class as a whole and individual students by means of tests and periodical examinations. He has to report the progress to the principal and parents. Enriching community activity

A school is said to be the miniature form of the society. The teacher should remain in close contact with the community in which he serves. Harmonious relationship between school and community are a continuing and essential part of school life .Continuous efforts should be made to enrich the community life function of teaching. Arranging and organizing classroom

It is an important responsibility of a teacher to make the classroom a beautiful place for learning. Physical facilities should be appropriately provided in the room. Arrangement should be flexible to change it to suit the different occasions. Participating in school activities

The teacher should participate in other school activities in addition to his routine teaching assignment. These may include excursions, picnics, and organizing some show etc. His participation in these activities is regarded as one of the important functions of teaching. Participating in professional life

Every teacher is expected to enter wholly into professional life and to make his contribution to the improvement of the profession, e.g. Nursing profession. ROLE OF TEACHER IN NURSING Roles refers to the behaviours expected or the characteristics of an individual in a given position. The role of teacher in nursing are the following:-

Instructional role

Faculty role

Individual role

Administrative role Instructional role: The instructional roles of the teacher include the following: a)Planning and organizing the courses i.e. selecting objectives, substantive contents and teaching and learning activities and correlating them with the other courses in the curriculum.

b)Creating and maintaining a desirable group climate which will encourage and enhance learning and will lead to the development of he learners self-discipline.

c)Adapting teaching and preparing instructional materials to varying interests, abilities and needs of the students.

d)Motivating and challenging the students to pursue and sustain students to learning activities.e)Teaching by telling the informations source, explaining, clarifying interpreting, demonstrating the procedures, serving as resource person, supervising the students performance and evaluating all the planned learning and teaching activities. Faculty role: The role of teacher as a faculty member varies with the size and complexity of the institution. The teacher has a variety of role as a faculty- as a chairman or secretary or member of committees, counselor of students, researcher, resource person to groups outside the college, a representative of professional organization and as a public health relations agent. Individual role:

The teacher as an individual person plays an important role in the family, in the community and as a citizen .

Administrative role:

The administrative roles include participating in educational policies, contributes to the development of philosophy and purposes of total education program and directs the activities of other staff.QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHER

Development in technologies for communicating and disseminating information have a large potential impact on the practice of teaching because teaching is an activity in which communicating and disseminating information are significant aspects. But Niasbitt suggested that increase in technology create a compensating need for more human touch. He also pointed out that without the appropriate human touch, the adoption of new technology on a wide spread basis is rejected. This high touch-high tech vision clearly states that nothing can substitute or replace the human component or human interaction in teaching and to become a good teacher demands constant and conscious effort from the teacher. The traditional or recent concepts of teaching never disagree with below mentioned desirable qualities of a teacher.

1. Desirable personal traits : Teacher should be a person who is just, likeable, approachable, caring, active, have neat appearance, dress modesty, and simply, have a sense of humour and always be a helping hand to students .

2. User of effective teaching learning methods : A good teacher always follow the guidelines intended for selecting appropriate method and use different methods or effective and efficient combinations of methods for achieving learning aims.

3. Creator of a good classroom environment : A good teacher always makes the classroom a student centered environment rather than a teacher centered one by encouraging student participation in the teaching learning process, paying special attention to weak students, controlling the students and designing the teaching according to the capacities abilities and level of students.

4. Mastery of competencies : This include the ability to inspire students, providing counselling and guidance as needed, possess some special skills and abilities in teaching have knowledge and effective management skills, ability to judge students fairly, possess leadership qualities, evaluate the performance of students continuously, able to perform self- analysis and ability to accept criticisms positively.

5. Professional decision maker : By utilizing the competencies, teacher has to decide whom to teach, why to teach, what to teach, how to teach and when to teach.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD NURSE EDUCATOR

According to Sandra DE Young , a good teacher can be categorized under four headings namely (a) Interpersonal relationships with students. (b) Professional competence. (c) Personal qualities. (d) Student friendly behaviour in the clinical area.

1. Interpersonal relationships with students: A good teacher is skillful in maintaining interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationship is demonstrated by taking a personal interest in students, being sensitive to students feelings and problems, conveying respect for students, alleviating students anxieties, being accessible for conferences, being fair in all dealings with others, permitting students to express differing points of view, creating an atmosphere in which students feel free to ask questions and conveying a sense of warmth. Sandra De Young believes that nursing faculty can help students to maintain self esteem and minimize anxities by using three basic therapeutic approaches namely empathetic listening, acceptance and honest communication. Through emphathetic listening teacher can view the world through students eyes. Second approach is to accept student as they are, whether or not one like them. By adhering to honest communication, the teacher can easily discuss the students abilities and performance with them and create a relaxed atmosphere in which students are able to see the teacher as the role model. Most important aspect of honest communication is clearly identifying the students responsibilities in the learning process by letting the students to know exactly what is expected of them and what they have to do to succeed.

2. Professional competence: Sandra De Young views professional competence as the second essential quality of a good nurse educator. Professional competence is evidenced by knowledge regarding education theory and research, through knowledge of the subject matter, ability to present material in an interesting, clear and organized manner, displays confidence in professional activities, ability to inspire students, creativity, ability to elicits students interest in the subject and demonstration of skills with expertise is rated high. In addition to the lessons from life experiences and suggestions from students, Sandra De Young recommends reading, research, clinical practice and continuing education for maintaining and expanding knowledge of teacher. Professional competency can also be enhanced by a willingness to learn new roles, new styles of interacting and new teaching methods besides the ability to critique ones own performance.

3. Personal qualities: Teacher qualities valued by students include enthusiasm, willingness to admit errors, cheerfullness, considerations, honesty, calmness and poise, a sense of humour, lack of annoying mannerisms, patience and a neat appearance.

4. Student friendly behaviour in the clinical area: In Sandra De Youngs opinion, a good nurse educator has to exhibit certain pro student behaviours in the clinical area in order to promote self-confidence and security feelings among students. These behaviours include being available in the clinical area, providing conference time, being willing to help, answering questions freely, allowing students to recognize and correct errors, giving verbal encouragement, showing interest in patients and their care, conveying confidence in the learner and supervising with out taking over.