Tea Industry and the Tea Research

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Development of the Tea Industry and the TeaResearch Institute and Foundation

Introduction

Tea was first planted in Kenya inLimuru in 1904 and in Kericho in 1912(23572!" #owe$er% commercial tea&rowin& did not start until the 1920swhen e'tensi$e clearin& of a&riculturalland in the former white hi&hlandsstarted" Tea was planted on the clearedlands% ut the e'pansion of the industrywas interrupted durin& the second worldwar" )fter the war the e'pansioncontinued oth in Limuru% and Kerichoand also in new areas in *andi #ills and+oti," This e'pansion has occurreddespite the fact that the tea &ermplasmhas een shown to e not e $ery lar&e1"

Kenya tea industry

The data on the tea trade in &eneralcan e otained from the -nternational.ommittee )nnual /ulletin of +tatisticswhich also pro$ides data on world teatrade2" Kenya tea production has &reatlyincreased from 12 metric tons in 1934to 2111 metric tons in 1993" /y 1991%

Kenya was producin& 1 of the worlde'port lac, tea3"

rom time to time notes on the Kenyatea production ha$e een pulished in the)nnual eports of the ministry of)&riculture (1557!" e$iews of theKenya tea industry ha$e also een

pulished4 and discussed in a &loalconte't5"

The tea crop has een reco&nised asan e'cellent a&roforestry system for soil

and water conser$ation (227919%

227920% 2274% 24117% 244210!" Thedemand and on production for e'port hascontinued to rise (23744% 23119%2397% 237137% 2351% 2390%2394% 240932% 24321% 24142!despite increased politicisation (241557!%diminishin& farm sies (242251% 24034!and imposed e'port ta'es (237429%237342!" The early tea planters whowere mainly white settlers thou&ht thatindependence from /ritain in 193 wastoo early for the )fricans and it wasspeculated that this would ha$e adeleterious effect on tea production" Thisdid not pro$e to e the case and therehas een an increase in production durin&the post independence years"

There ha$e een manyen$ironmentally friendly modernisationsin the tea industry e"&" reduction in theuse of tea chests which deplete theforests (243593! to the use of recyclale

paper sac,s" This has made containerisedtransportation possile and has in effectreduced the time tea ta,es efore ein&auctioned (2441!"

Recent expansion

Tea trade is oomin&" This creates aconstant pressure to produce moreKenya tea (240932% 22901! and Kenyahas come up with a de$elopment

pro&ramme and tea productionpro6ection tar&et up to the year 2001 )(242217% 23717!" To achie$e this% someforest areas ha$e een turned into teafarms (243479% 24037! while at the

same time the industry is ein&


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restructured (23947! to increasepri$atisation of more factories (2395!and impro$e producti$ity"

This process has een on&oin& sincethe tea &rowin& areas in Kenya weresur$eyed in 197 and the continueddemand for e'pansion has promoted theTea esearch oundation of Kenya tocontinuously sur$ey new areas such as8l&euyo ara,wet% +outh *yana9 and

*aro,10"

Smallholders

The tea industry was dominated yforei&n interests in particular lar&ecommercial :r&aniations such as/roo,e /ond and )frican #i&hlandsuntil the introduction of the +pecial.rops e$elopment )uthority in190;1 which was &i$en responsiilityfor smallholder tea plantin& pro&rammes"The authorityeor&e ?illiamsons Kenya Ltd%+oti, Tea .o"% Kip,ee Ltd% Kaisu&uLtd% au orest Ltd"% etc. also

processin& tea"

Smallholders versus Estates

The total production statistics of the

Kenya tea industry can e found in the

2


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)nnual eports of the Tea /oard ofKenya 1927199422" /etween 1970 and1992% the estates tea production

increased y 17 while that of thesmallholders increased y 1151 withtheir areas under culti$ation increasin& y41 and 292 respecti$ely" Theseincreases demonstrate the impro$ementin producti$ity due to impro$eda&ronomic practices mostly de$eloped ythe Tea esearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica%Tea esearch oundation of Kenya andthe Kenya Tea -ndustry in &eneral" :$erthe period there was a &eneral increase in

producti$ity per unit area" Thus theyields per hectare impro$ed y 90 forlar&e estates and 219 for thesmallholder sectors"

)lthou&h the impro$ement of othsectors ha$e een enormous% theimpro$ements seen on the lar&e estatesare lower than that for the smallholder"This is due to the lar&e estate production

ein& almost at ma'imum technicalefficiency" @p to 1"1t;ha of made tea per

year has een recorded on a lar&e estatefield23" The challen&e to research is toimpro$e the producti$ity of the lar&eestates further and to narrow the &ap in

producti$ity etween the lar&e estatesand smallholder"

Kenya production in comparisonto other producers

The producti$ity of tea in Kenya hascontinuously een compared with that ofma6or competitors24" or e'ample% -ndia%itself a ma6or tea producer% hasconsidered importin& Kenya tea (244240%244244!" Kenya tea &ets a oomin& tradewhen -ndia puts an emar&o on e'portsof her tea (23794!"

+e$eral reports here ha$e comparedtea production in Kenya to otherenterprises especially other plantation

crops (02244% 235771% 241499% 241551%30050% 24495% 23949% 24310! as

well as tea production in Kenyacompared to other countries (20057%23949% 230292% 23527!"

Tea Prices

espite the increased production% theprice of Kenya tea in the world mar,ethas fortunately remained more or lesssta&nant ut it does seem that current

prices are lower than the 197719prices25" -t is a further challen&e to theresearchers and tea industry to operate

within the free mar,et and to maintainand e$en impro$e the price that they canotain for their produce"

Tea Maretin!

To ensure fair trade% most Kenya teais sold throu&h tea roo,in& firms inopen auctions (244005!" ost of the teais sold at the omasa Tea )uctionunder the auspices of The 8ast )frica

Tea Trade )ssociation comprisin& teauyers% auctioneers (ro,ers!% andproducers" This association or&anisesre&ular seminars for its memers todiscuss matters of common interest" -none such seminar2 se$eral mattersaffectin& the trade such as omasa =ortoperations27% the tea auction system2% teawarehousin& and the role clearin&a&ents29% tea uyin& at the auctions30% tea

promotion31% financin& tea e'ports32% the

role of .ustoms epartment33% theprolems of smallholders; out&rowers34

the world tea mar,et situation35%containerisation and o$erland transportof tea3% tea pac,a&in&37% tea research withemphasis on clonal selection% pests anddiseases3 and international tea trade39

were discussed"ollowin& pac,a&in&% Kenyan tea is

promoted in the @nited Kin&domthrou&h &eneric promotion40" )ttempts to

ha$e a tea Auota system introduced in

"


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international trade failed (237350! andKenya tea continues to e promotedthrou&h &eneric promotion y

-nternational Tea =romotion)ssociation41"

Tea Research

The Kenya tea industry e'panded $eryrapidly after the second world war% andin 1949 /roo,e /ond realised that therewas a need to create a researchdepartment within their local company

)frican Tea #oldin& Ltd" -n creatin& thedepartment% the company alreadyforesaw that the department would &rowto ser$e the whole 8ast )frican teaindustry% and from its inception theresearch department ad$ice was open toall &rowers in 8ast )frica" -n ay 1951%the )frican Tea #oldin&s esearchepartment ecame the Tea esearch-nstitute of 8ast )frica and was formallyincorporated in Kenya as a Limited.ompany y &uarantee without sharecapital" -t was re&istered in @&anda ineruary 1957 and in Tanania (thenTan&anyi,a! in +eptemer 1959"

The institute was set up with theo6ecti$es as laid down in the )rticles of)ssociation BTo promote research intoand in$esti&ate all prolems relatin& totea and such other crops and systems ofhusandry as one associated with teathrou&hout 8ast )frica includin& the

producti$ity% Auality and suitaility ofland in relation to tea plantin& and onmatters ancillary theretoB" The Teaesearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica wasfinancially supported% in proportion tothe percenta&e production of made teasin each country from the whole of the8ast )frica crop% y the statutory Tea/oard of Kenya% and the @&anda andTanania Tea )uthorities"

-n 1957% 10 hectares of land ta,enfrom forest reser$e% were leased from theKenya >o$ernment at Timilil 8state

Kericho% where the present Tea esearchoundation of Kenya is% ased% and wasopened on arch 195942" The institute

functioned with stations in oth @&andaand Tanania and headAuarters atKericho% until 1977% when the pre$ailin&

political situation made it impossile tocontinue to function as a three countryinstitution" The institute was formallyclosed down on 25tharch 19043"

The Kenya &o$ernment throu&h itsTea /oard too, o$er the function of theKericho setup and estalished the Teaesearch oundation of Kenya" The

oundation was incorporated on 25th

Canuary 190% ta,in& o$er the .entralesearch @nit and all the Kenya asedresearch acti$ities of the former Teaesearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica44"

/oth the institutions ha$e ser$ed theKenya tea -ndustry well and ha$e donee'tensi$e research for the enefit of theKenya tea industry with the researchcontriutions ein& pulished re&ularly45%as research prolems ha$e also addressed4

" The wor, and or&anisation of the Teaesearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica wasre$iewed y ussell47" The researchunderta,in&s of the Tea esearchoundation of Kenya is re$iewedannually4"

Dissemination of researchresults# pu$lications

rom its inception% the research on teain Kenya has een well e'ecuted andwidely documented49" Thus all theresearch has een summarised in theannual reports from 19501979 for Teaesearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica50

(174% 23543% 05342% 454! and from190 onwards for the Tea esearchoundation of Kenya51" These reportsco$er in detail the research underta,in&sfor each year" etails of the e'perimentsunderta,en will e discussed in this

%


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re$iew" =amphlets were also producedfrom time to time to update the tea&rowers aout the recommended

practices"52%53%54%55%5%57%5%59%0%1%2%3%4%5%%7%%9%70%71

%72%73%74%75%7%77%7")lthou&h the researchers of the Tea

esearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica and Teaesearch oundation of Kenya ha$ealways een encoura&ed to pulishscientific papers in the international

6ournals% it was also reco&nised thatuseful data could e passed on to the&rowers throu&h other Tea esearch-nstitute of 8ast )frica or Tea esearch

oundation of Kenya pulications" Thusfrom 19571959 Tea esearch -nstituteof 8ast )frica initiated the issue ofQuarterly Circulars79" -n 1959 the

6ournal Tea was launched and this waspulished up to 19720" -n 1973 the6ournalDs name was chan&ed to Tea inEast Africa1 (235739!" ?hen the Teaesearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica ecameTea esearch oundation of Kenya% the

6ournal re$erted to its ori&inal name Tea

and has een pulished re&ularly sincethen2 (2277% 227707% 20295%20220% 20197!" These 6ournals containmanuscripts on all aspects of tea ran&in&from land selection to lac, tea

processin&" +e$eral oo,s ha$e also eenissued from time to time to &uide farmerson correct crop husandry3%4% 5%%7% andto address prolems that they ha$e inunderstandin& the technical literature 9"

Revie&s of topical issues

uch information has een madea$ailale on Kenyan tea productiontechniAues and Auality in different

oo,s90" )dditionally indi$idual topicsfrom which data has een &enerated ha$e

een re$iewed" These include weedcontrol91% tea nutrition92% Einc deficiency93%

pesticides94% fertilisers95% prunin&9% plantphysiolo&y97% pluc,in&9% researchcontriution to tea industry99% theafla$ins

and Auality100% moriund tea101% fertilisernitro&en102% plant protection103% polyphenolo'idase104% iotechnolo&y (20003!% tea

reedin&105

% mole rat10

% shoot &rowth107

%Armillaria10% fla$our of lac, tea109%.affeine110% thrips111% Auality and field$ariales112% &eneral recommendations113%Auality and factory $ariales114%

Hypoxylon serpens115% witherin&11%termites and hut sites (bomas!117% shelter

elts11% water use y tea plant (2442!%soils119% soil acidity120% prunin&121% or&anicmatter122% modellin&123% plant reedersri&hts124% dissemination of research

information125

% yields and a&ronomicpractices12 and field operations127">enerally% the astracts on all tearesearch oth horticultural and reedin&

pulished on Kenya tea can e otainedfrom the .ommonwealth )&ricultural/ureau (00109!"

'dvisory section

?hen the Tea esearch -nstitute of8ast )frica was estalished% it wasreco&nised that ad$isory wor, wouldform the core of its acti$ities" The re&ularad$isory wor, underta,en12 includedtestin& soils for suitaility for &rowin&tea 129and factory $isits130"

The )d$isory +er$ice acts as a rid&eetween the scientists and the farmers131

and o$er the course of time helps indisseminatin& research results from Teaesearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica and Teaesearch oundation of Kenya to thefarmers and at the same time rin&s tothe notice of the scientists the prolemsof the tea farmers which need researchattention" The ser$ice also or&anisescourses and trainin& for the tea farmers132

and helps in or&anisin& teashow standsand field days133" The ad$isory ser$icesalso sur$ey suitaility and adaptaility ofrecommended a&ronomic practices onthe farms134" eports on the field ad$isoryser$ice oth y The Tea esearch

(


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-nstitute of 8ast )frica135 and Teaesearch oundation of Kenya13 area$ailale"

)eaf and soil analysis

-n addition to the field ad$isoryser$ice% tea nutrition ad$isory ser$icewas also initiated in 19137" This system

ases its recommendation on the resultsof soil analysis13and leaf analysis139" Leafanalysis was found to e more precise in

predictin& the nutritional reAuirement of

the tea ush

140

and the results could eused to recommend remedial fertiliserapplication141% ut it was noted that theresults could e affected y season andirri&ation142" Leaf samplin& instructionswere pro$ided to ensure that uniformmaterials were analysed143" The leafanalysis system was a&ain appraised in1972 (24447! and suseAuentlyrecommended as a &uide to fertiliser

pro&rammes144"Leaf analysis formed a more reliale

asis for the ad$isory ser$ice which wasinitiated in 191145" rom that time leafsamples were recei$ed for ad$isoryanalytical wor,14" .aliration was alsocarried out on an apparatus fordeterminin& moisture content of tea147

and $ariation in humidity wasdemonstrated to cause $aryin& moistureupta,e y made lac, tea14"

*ther services

The production of tea reAuires &oodweather" >enerally the weather reportsand Kenya tea production are &i$en forthe information of farmers re&ularly ythe Tea esearch -nstitute of 8ast)frica149 and the Tea esearchoundation of Kenya150" *otes on up,eepof meteorolo&ical sites and instrumentsare a$ailale151 to&ether with notes on

record,eepin& for the estates152"

+lonal release

)s methods of $e&etati$e selection

was perfected% it ecame necessary thatcuttin&s e released to farmers re&ularlyfor their own propa&ation" illions ofcuttin&s ha$e een released to theindustry for $e&etati$e propa&ation153"

Industrial relations

The essence of industrial relations154

and personal appraisal155 for the teaindustry are well documented% fore'ample y *ewson (1972!"

Merit a&ard scheme

The Tea esearch oundation ofKenya has estalished a erit )ward+cheme for outstandin& scientific anden&ineerin& research contriution to thede$elopment of the Kenya tea industry15"The o6ecti$e of the scheme is to

reco&nise achie$ement y indi$iduals or&roup of scientists whose research wor,has contriuted scientific and practicalsolutions to prolems of the tea industry%to act as moti$ator and createcompetiti$eness amon& the scientists ofthe oundation and;or any scientistswor,in& on tea whose wor, andachie$ement will e made a$ailale foruse y the Kenya tea industry"

References

,


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sinensis) usin& )= mar,ers" Genome% "% 201210"2 +ee )nnual eports (19521994! of the -nternational Tea .ommittee )nnual /ulletin of +tatistics"3

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01"21

0olmes -'1192" The de$elopment of tea estate in tall rain forestG The de$elopment of +amret Tea 8state" E. Afric.

A-ric. 4or. 3. (Special issue!% 1921"F 'non1192" The de$elopment of tea estate in tall rain forestG -nterim conclusions"E. Afric. A-ric. 4or. 3. (Special issue!% 41"F 'non1192" The de$elopment of tea estate in tall rain forestG =eople ta,in&part"E. Afric. A-ric. 4or. 3. (Special issue!% 25"F Pereira 0+1192" The de$elopment of tea estate in tall rain forestGThe research pro6ect"E. Afric. A-ric. 4or. 3. (Special issue!% 11"

22 +ee 43 Tea /oard of Kenya )nnual eports 19521993"23

*yamo ;11992" The &olden clone in &olden field Tea% 3"% 1"24

'non119" The tea districts of alawi" Tea5(3!% 1519F +on!don T+E11977" +,iffin& e'periment% 1901977" Tea

in East Africa35(1! 2527"F David DR11970" =lantin& tea in @samara" Tea(3!% 345"F Davy .-11971" -mportantdisco$eries at ari,itanda" Tea32(3!% 252"F Dicson -41191" +ome prolems of tea &rowin& in Tan&anyi,a" Tea2(2! 912"F Eden T1195" eport on the possile e'tension of tea culti$ation in Tan&anyi,aF >o$ernment printer% ar

es+alaam"F Kin! ;4M1190" Tea &rowin& in @&anda Tea 3(4! 5152"F )aycoc D01194" Tea research some $a&ueand sporadic memories"-" alawi" Tea% (829% 235"F )aycoc D01195" Tea research some $a&ue and memoriesToc,lai% *"8"-ndia" Tea ,829% 2939"F )aycoc D01195" Tea research some $a&ue and sporadic memories"--- 8ast)frica" Tea,(2! 4955"F *thieno +*119" eport on a $isit to :ffice du the< du /urundi (:"T"/! and -nstitute des+ciences )&ronomiAue du /urundi (-+)/@!"F Templer ;+11970" ountainous cultures (Tea &rowin& in ussia!" Tea37(4!"% 1921"F Templer ;+11972" #onourale tea" Tea3"(2!% 3239"F Templer ;+11973" #onourale teaG Capanesetea research of Ii&nette" Tea in East Africa3"8291417"F 'non1197" Kenya is ideal for tea"*lanters c$ronicle% 253255"F 0ains&orth E1197" Tea in .eylon and )ssam" Tea% 8"9% 345"F Kaaha&a ER11992" Tea production in@&anda" *roceein-s of t$e 4ourt$ East Africa Tea Trae Association Seminar% ?hitesands #otel% omasa% 29th30th :ct" 1992% pp 59"F Theo$old 4+11992" The tea industry in Tanania"*roceein-s of t$e 4ourt$ East AfricaTea Trae Association Seminar% ?hitesands #otel% omasa% 29th30th :ct" 1992% pp 7479"

25 +ee 44 )nnual eports (19521994! of the -nternational Tea .ommittee )nnual /ulletin of +tatistics"2

*ello S*1 1992" -ntroductory remar,s" *roceein-s of t$e 4ourt$ East Africa Tea Trae Association Seminar%

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4123737% Davies '+1194" >eneric tea promotion in the @nited Kin&dom" Tea (839% 457"

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+ee Tea %esearc$ 4ounation of enyaAnnual %eports !"6! 2 !"6#.45

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E1197" Tea producti$ity" 7orl Crops% 2(!% 271275"F *thieno +*119" +ummary of recommendations andoser$ations from Tea esearch oundation of Kenya" Tea 6% 505"F *thieno +*11994" )&ronomic practices forhi&her tea producti$ity in Kenya" *roceein-s of t$e International Seminar on Inte-rate 8ana-ement in Tea.To'ars Hi-$er *roucti&ity.olomo% +ri Lan,a% )pril 227 1994 pp 795"F *thieno +*11991" Tea production inKenya and scientific research contriution to its success" -n B7orl Tea *roceein-s of International Symposium onTea Science% 2th29th% )u&ust 1991% pp 74"

4+hennery EM1194" The o6ecti$es of Tea esearch of 8ast )frica" Tea%/8%9% 151"F +hennery EM1194" +ome

oser$ations on tea research in .eylon and -ndia" Tea% ((2!% 1523"F +hild R11954" The chemist and tea industry I-)&riculture" 82B 9aboratory Bulletins 3% 9"F +hild R1 1959" The tea faster and the chemist Tea %esearc$

Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !5pp 374"F +hild R11959" inutes of the first meetin& of esearch .ommitteeheld on 29th )pril 1959" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular2829% 2227"F Eden T11954" The teaindustry in 8ast )frica 7orl Crops ,(2! 203205"F Kitin!sin!he D1197" +ome aspects of tea culture in Kenya and@&anda" Tea(2!% 231"F )aycoc D01197" irectors re$iew of the wor, pro&ramme &i$en to the K"T"")"." on2;1" Tea in East Africa% 3,(2!% 110"F *&uor P*/ *rchard ;E11991" =rolems of KT) factories"In Impro&in-Tea 8anufacture T$rou-$ %esearc$. *roceein-s of Seminar 4or Small:Holer Tea 4actory 8ana-ers % (:thieno .:%:wuor =:% :rchard C8" eds!% Tea esearch oundation of Kenya% Kericho" 15th1th and 22nd23rd Canuary 1991" pp11"F *&uor P*/ *rchard ;E11991" esults of some manufacturin& e'periments in KT) factories" In Impro&in-Tea 8anufacture T$rou-$ %esearc$. *roceein-s of Seminar 4or Small:Holer Tea 4actory 8ana-ers % (:thieno .:%:wuor =:% :rchard C8" eds!% Tea esearch oundation of Kenya% Kericho" 15th1th and 22nd23rd Canuary 1991" pp414"F *&uor P*11995" Tea researchG ) challen&e to researchers" Seminar tal; at 3omo enyatta


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50+ee 31 )nnual eports of The Tea esearch of 8ast )frica 19501979"

512344% 23759% 2320% 245714% 177% 2377% 245715% 2277% 23903% 24571% 2029% 23992% 245740%

202245% 239491% 245779% 201574% 240509% 241072% 2477% 241% 2455% 2430F Tea %esearc$ 4ounation ofenya Annual %eports !"6! !""/ !""1 !""=.

52'non11951" The pac,in& and dispatch of specimen for e'amination" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let

no !53

Eden T11952" The use and ause of shade trees" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no /.54

Eden T11952" The control of armillaria root disease in tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no 155

Eden T11953" The nursery techniAue" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no = "5

+hild R11953" The selection of soils suitale for tea"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no >57

Eden T11953" =roceedin&s of the first conference"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no ?5

Eden T1 1953" /lister li&ht (Exobabiium &exans masee) disease of tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa

*amp$let no 559

Eden T11954" =roceedin&s of the second conference" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no 60

Eden T11954" The estalishment of youn& tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no "1

Eden T11954" Tea research prolems in 8ast )frica"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !#.2

+hild R11955" .opperG -ts occurrence and role in tea leaf Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !!

3 +hild R11955" =roceedin&s of the third conference"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !/4

+hild R1195" =roceedin&s of the fourth conference"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !1.5

'non11957" The pac,a&in& and dispatch of specimen for e'amination"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$letno ! (%e&ise)

+hild R11957" anurin& of the tea in 8ast )frica" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !=.

74oodchild .'1195" ethods of selection and of $e&etati$e propa&ation of tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa

*amp$let no !>

+hild R1195" =roceedin&s of the fifth conference"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !?9

+hild R11959" =roceedin&s of the si'th conference" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no 1770

+hild R1190" 8lementary notes on the manufacture part -" ?itherin&"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let

no !6.71

+hild R1190" =roceedin&s of the se$enth conference"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !"72

4reen M;1194" Ie&etati$e propa&ation of tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no /#73

Tolhurst ;'011973" Einc deficiencies in tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no /!051.74

)aycoc D0/ Templer ;+11973" =esticides for 8ast )frica tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no23;73"

75Tolhurst ;'011974" ertilier discussion &roup 1973" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no 24;74

7Tolhurst ;'0/ 4reen M;11973" ertiliers for 8ast )frica tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no

//05177

.>u!una +K1197"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa pamp$let no />05?"7

Templer ;+1197" Tea pluc,in& studies" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no /?056.

79 +hild R11957" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart.Circular38391F +hild R11957" Tea %esearc$ Institute ofEast Africa Quart Circular 3829"F +hild R1 195" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular 38"9"F4oodchild .'1 195"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular 38%9"F +hild R1 195" Tea %esearc$

Institute of East Africa Quart Circular 38(9"F +hild R1 195" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular38,9"F +hild R1 1959" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular 2839"F +hild R1 1959" Tea %esearc$

Institute of East Africa Quart Circular 2829"F +hild R11959" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular28"9"F +hild R11959" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Quart Circular28%9

0+ee 5 -ssues of Teafrom 19591972"

1+ee 15 issues of Tea In East Africa19731979"

2+ee 32 issues of Tea1901995"


11/14


12/14

10*nsando ;M119" )rmillaria root rot (Armillaria mellea! an important disease of tea (Camellia sinensis! in KenyaG

) re$iew" Tea% 5839/252"F *tieno -11992"Armillariaroot rot of teaG -noculum sources and diseases mana&ement" )re$iew" Tea% 3"% 144147"

109Ro$inson ;M/ *&uor P*11991" Tea )roma" -n Tea@ Culti&ation to Consumption (?illson K.% .lifford ?" eds!

.hapman and #all% London% 1st 8dition% (1991! .hapter 1% pp 0347"F *&uor P*119" la$our of lac, teaG )re$iew Tea58392942"

110*&uor P*1197" actors causin& $ariations in caffeine contents of tea" Tea8292"

111 Sudoi International Seminar of t$e East African Tea Trae Association% ?hitesands #otel% omasa% 22th:ctoer 1995"

11539219% *tieno -11993" #ypo'ylon wood root of tea (camellia sinensis 9.):"Kunte% the casual a&ent" symptoms and

controlG ) re$iew" Tea3%% 14"11

2415% *&uor P*/ *rchard ;E1199" .han&es in the iochemical constituents of &reen leaf and lac, tea due to

witherin&" ) re$iew Tea% 37% 5359"F *rchard ;E11991" ?itherin&G ) re$iew" ,A:TC Tec$nical %eport !"6":!""!Tea esearch oundation of Kenya% Kericho" pp 2737"F *rchard ;E/ *&uor P*11991" /enefits of witherin&"

In Impro&in- Tea 8anufacture T$rou-$ %esearc$. *roceein-s of Seminar 4or Small:Holer Tea 4actory8ana-ers% (:thieno .:% :wuor =:% :rchard C8" eds!% Tea esearch oundation of Kenya% Kericho" 15th1th and22nd23rd Canuary 1991" pp 1922"

117Siele DK'/ Kur!at M+/ Sudoi


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and ad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">5pp 1213"F +hild R1195" 8state $isitsand ad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">6 pp 1213"F +hild R11959" 8states $isitsand ad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">"pp 1213"F +hild R1190" 8state $isitsand ad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?# pp 1415"F Eden T11950" )d$isorywor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">#" pp 110"F Eden T1 1951" )d$isory wor," Tea

%esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">/" pp 10"F Eden T11951" )d$isory wor,"Tea %esearc$ Institute ofEast Africa Annual %eport !">!" pp 79"F 0ains&orth E1 199" 8'tension and ad$isory acti$ities" Tea %esearc$Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?60?" pp 10"F 0ains&orth E11971" The ad$isory ser$ices" Tea %esearc$

Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"5!pp 9"129

+hennery EM1191" +oil" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?! pp 2324"F +hild R11952" +oiltestin& and ad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Annual %eport !">/pp 29"F +hild R11953" +oil fertility andad$isory wor,"Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">1pp 42"F +hild R/ Todd ;R1 1954" +oilad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">=pp 40"F +hild R/ Todd ;R1 1955" +oilad$isory wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">> pp 29"F Smith '.11957" reAuency anddistriution of soil p#" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">5pp 2930"F Smith '.1195" +oilanalysisF -ts used as limitations Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !?pp 452"F Smith '.1190" +oilanalysis of profile samples" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?# pp 43"F -illson K+1 192"outine analytical wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?/ pp 7"F -illson K+1194" outineanalytical wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?= pp 9"F -illson K+1 197" outinelaoratory wor, (19!" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"??0?5pp 11"F -illson K+1 197"outine laoratory wor, (197!" Tea %esearc$ Institute of east Africa Annual %eport !"??0?5pp 29"

130

+hild R/ Todd ;R11954" actory $isits" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !">=pp 4041"131

Siele DK'1194" ield )d$isory ser$ice in Kenya Tea esearch with special emphasis on smallholder sector" Tea(829

5"132

Siele DK'/ Kur!at M+119" eport on second Tea esearch oundation of Kenya intermediate mana&ers;tea

:fficers course held at Timilil 8state% Kericho 19" Tea 37/ 71"F Siele DK'1 1994" =ersonnel +eminar" Tea%esearc$ 4ounation of enya Annual %eport !""=pp 191"F *thieno +*1199" /rief speech y r".":":thieno%irector% Tea esearch oundation of Kenya" Tea% 37829% 13"

133Ma!am$o M;S/ Kilavua +I1192" KT) ield day and *airoi -nternational +how 192" Tea"829/1012"F Siele

DK'11994" )&ricultural +hows" Tea %esearc$ 4ounation of enya Annual %eport !""= pp 190"F Siele DK'11994"KT) istrict field days" Tea %esearc$ 4ounation of enya Annual %eport !""= pp 191"

134Siele DK'11994" ertilier use y small scale tea &rowers analysis for 1993;94" Tea %esearc$ 4ounation of enya

Annual %eport !""=pp 191192"135

+ee 21 reports y $arious authors in Tea esearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica 19501979"13

+ee 20 reports in Tea esearch oundation of Kenya )nnual eports y $arious authors 1901994"137

-illson K+/ 0ains&orth E119" The new tea nutrition ad$isory of ser$ice of Tea esearch -nstitute" Tea6829% 11"F0ains&orth E119" Tea nutrition ad$isory of ser$ice" Tea68"9% 2123"

13-illson K+1 199" Tea nutrition" Tea 37 8"9% 123"F Smith '.1195" +oil analysisF -ts used as limitations Tea

%esearc$ Institute of East Africa *amp$let no !?pp 452"139

'non11971" The ad$isory ser$ices of the Tea esearch -nstitute" Tea32839% 21"F Tolhurst ;'01199" Leaf analysis"

Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?60?"pp 17"F Tolhurst ;'011970" Leaf analysis ad$isoryser$ice" =reparation for 1970" Tea% 378"9/913"F -illson K+11970" oliar analysis of tea" Expl. A-ric ,% 2325F-illson K+/ Freeman 401 1970" @se of principal component analysis data from chemical analysis of tea lea$es"Expl

A-ric.,% 319325"F Tolhurst ;'011971" Leaf analysis" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"5!. pp2"

140 Tolhurst ;'011971" Leaf analysis ad$isory ser$iceF ) re$iew of pro&ress% Tea338%9% 3233"F 0ains&orth E11971"Leaf analysis Tea 32(2!% 171"F 'non1 1971" The ad$isory ser$ices of the Tea esearch -nstitute" Tea 32839% 21"F-illson K+1199" Tea nutrition" Tea37 8"9% 123"F -illson K+/ Freeman 4011970" @se of principal componentanalysis data from chemical analysis of tea lea$es"Expl A-ric.,% 319325"

141Tolhurst ;'011971" emedial fertilier application leaf analysis ad$isory ser$ices" Tea% 32(3!% 23"

142Tolhurst ;'011971" Leaf nutrient content in relation to season and irri&ation" 7ater an t$e Tea *lant proceein-s of

Symposium on 'ater an t$e Tea *lants% Tea #otel Kericho% 1720th arch 1971% pp 195212"143

'non11972" Leaf samplin& instructions 1972" Tea% 3"(1! 2425"144

*&uor P*/ -anyoo ;K1 193" ertilier use ad$isory ser$ice" ) reminder to farmers Tea%839% 37"F Tolhurst ;'01

197" .hemical analysis as a &uide to fertilier pro&rammes Tea in East Africa3,839% 45"


14/14

145Smith '.1191" Lea$es" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?!pp 2425"

14-illson K+1192" outine analytical wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?/ pp 7"F -illson

K+1194" outine analytical wor," Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?= pp 9"F -illson K+1197" outine laoratory wor, (19!" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"??0?5pp% pp 11"F-illson K+1197" outine laoratory wor, (197!" Tea %esearc$ Institute of east Africa Annual %eport !"??0?5 pp29"F +hennery EM1191" Lea$es" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual %eport !"?!pp 2425"

147Smith '.1190" )pparatus for determination of moisture in made tea" Tea %esearc$ Institute of East Africa Annual

%eport !"?#pp 43"F Smith '.1190" )n apparatus for determinin& the moisture content of made teas" Tea.38%9/3940"

14Smith '.1190" @pta,e of moisture y made tea in atmospheres of differin& relati$e humidity" Tea %esearc$ Institute

of East Africa Annual %eport !"?#pp 43"149

+ee 45 reports in Cournals and;or )nnual eports of The Tea esearch -nstitute of 8ast )frica 19591974150

+ee 54 references in y $arious authors in Tea Cournals and;or )nnual eports of Tea

Documents

Tea Industry and the Tea Research