Tc17 Presentation 11

8/19/2019 Tc17 Presentation 11

1/21

I.N. MarkouD. Christodoulou & A. Droudakis

Microfine Cements forPermeation Grouting

Democritus University of ThraceDepartment of Civil Engineering

GREECE


2/21

Need for Microfine Cements

• Suspension grouts, prepared conventionally withordinary Portland cement, can be successfully

injected into gravels and coarse sands.

• Chemical grouts can permeate fine sands and

coarse silts, but they are expensive and pose

environmental and health problems.• As an alternative to chemical grouting of fine and

medium grained sands, the use of grouts prepared

with microfine cements has been proposed.

• The first microfine cement available commercially

was MC-500, manufactured by Onoda CementCorporation in Japan.


3/21

Microfine Cement Definitions

• ACI Committee 552, Geotechnical Cement Grouting,defines microfine cement as a material in whichddmaxmax


4/21

Manufacturing Processes

•• Dry grinding processDry grinding process

Fine grinding of an ordinary cement

•• Wet milling processWet milling process

On-site production of microfine cement-based

slurries with a special process, which allowsthe elimination of the larger particles ofcement (Legendre et al., 1987, De Paoli etal., 1992, Ahrens, 1997, Naudts & Landry,2003).

▪ Available Products: Cemill, Microsol


5/21

Commercially Available Products

Manufacturer Cement Composition Grain Size (µm)Onoda MC-500 Slag+Portland dmax = 15

MC-300 Portland dmax < 40

MC-100 Slag dmax = 8

Ciment d’ Origny Spinor A12, A16 Slag d98 = 12, 16

Micromix dmax = 10

Microdur RS, RF, RU, RX d95 = 24, 16, 9.5, 6

Finosol F, U, X d95 = 16, 9.5, 6

Nittetsu Superfine, Superfine - L dmax = 10

BASF Cons. Chem. Rheocem 650, 800, 900 Portland d95


6/21

Composition of Suspensions

•• Water to Cement (W/C) RatioWater to Cement (W/C) Ratio (by weight):▪ Thick suspensions (W/C → 0,7:1 -


7/21

Microfine Cement Suspension

Properties

Thick Thin

Property min max min max

Unconfined Compression

Strength, 28 days (MPa)14 38 1 21

Apparent Viscosity, n (cP) 6 >100 2 69

Bleed Capacity (%) 0 20 2.5 80

Initial Setting Time (hrs) 1 26 4 45

Final Setting Time (hrs) 20 26 42 88


8/21

Injection

Devices

(1-D)

Column diameter:2.2 – 51 cm

Column length:0.3 – 18 m !!!


9/21

Device for Spherical Injections

The injection funnel represents 1/33 of a sphere andenables penetration depths of approximately 75 cm.


10/21

Permeation Comparison

It is generally believed that microfine cements can beinjected into fine sands like many chemical solutions.


11/21

Permeation Test Results

Reference W/C (by weight) Soil

Penetration

Length (m)

Zebowitz et al., 1989 2:1 medium-fine sand 1.5

Sano et al., 1996 5:1, 7.5:1, 10:1 fine sand 1.92

Fujii et al., 1996 10:1 medium-fine sand 2.0Van der Stoel, 1999 4:1 silty sand 2.5

Bouchelaghem & Vulliet,

20014:1 medium sand 0.8

Bouchelaghem & Almosni,

20034:1 medium sand 0.82

Dano & Hicher, 2003 6:1 fine sand 0.9

Mittag & Savvidis, 2003 5:1 fine sand 1.0Santagata & Santagata,

20032.75:1 medium-fine sand 0.46

Dano et al., 2004 6:1 two fine sands 0.9

Saada et al., 2005 5:1 fine sand 1.1

Andreou et al., 2006 5:1, 6.7:1, 10:1 fine sand 1.1


12/21

Soil Improvement

• Reduction of Permeability Coefficient:1 – 5 orders of magnitude

Thick Thin

Property min max min max

Unconfined CompressionUnconfined Compression

Strength, 28 days (MPa)Strength, 28 days (MPa)4.4 16.2 0.5 13.2

Permeability Coefficient,Permeability Coefficient,

k (cm/s)k (cm/s)

5.5x10-8 9.2x10-8 10-7 10-2


13/21

Shear Strength

*CG: Cementitious GroutReference: Krizek et al., 1986

Dano et al.,

2004

Fontainebleau

SandSeine River Sand

Parameters φ’ (deg) c’ (MPa) φ’ (deg) c’ (MPa)

Natural Sand 39 0.0 40 0.0

Sand+CG1* 42 0.2 42 0.18

Sand+CG2 43 0.3 43 0.25Sand+CG3 44 0.5 44 0.35


14/21

Applications

Reference Cement Project Ground *Objective

Shimoda & Ohmori, 1982 MC–500 Railway tunnel Gravel 1, 2

Brand et al., 1988 MC–500 Tunnel Sand 1, 2

Weaver et al., 1992 MC–500 Waste burial Dolomite 1

Clarke, 1984 MC–500 Tunnel Granite 1

Dasika, 1985 MC–500 Building Sand 2

Winter et al., 1986 MC–500 Building Fine sand 2

Legendre et al., 1987 Microsol Oilwell Fine sand 1

Ballivy et al., 1997 Spinor A12 Masonry Gneiss 2

Palardy et. al, 2003 Spinor A12 Ventilation Tower Rock mass 1

*1: permeability reduction

*2: improvement of soil bearing capacity


15/21

Research Project

• Title: Development and documentation of new groutingmaterials from Greek ultrafine cements for in-situ soil

improvement – reinforcement in construction

• Financing: European Union & Greek Ministry of Development• Participants:

1.Democritus University of Thrace, Dept. of Civil Engineering

(I. Markou, Assistant Professor, D. Christodoulou & A.Droudakis, Research Assistants)

2.University of Patras, Department of Civil Engineering

(D. Atmatzidis, Professor, & I. Pantazopoulos, Research

Assistant)

3.TITAN Cement Company

(D. Papageorgiou & Ch. Teas, Dr. Chemical Engineers)


16/21

Cements • Cement types:

CEM I (Portland),CEM II/B-M

(composite) and

CEM IV/B

(pozzolanic)

according to EN

197-1 Standard

• Maximum grain

sizes: Ordinary,

38 µm, 18 µm

and 10 µm• Manufacturing

process: Dry

grinding process

0

20

40

60

80

100

0,11,010,0100,0

Grain size (µm)

F i n e r b y

w e i g h t ( % )

Κοινό

38 µm18 µm

10 µm

CEM I

Ordinary


17/21

Grout Viscosity & BleedingCEM II + 1.4% SP, 18 µm

0

20

40

60

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time (min)

B l e e d i n g r a t e ( % ) κ

2:1

3:1

w/c : 1:1

CEM I, 18µmw/c: 1:1

10

100

1000

0 50 100 150 200

Time (min)

A p p a r e n t v i s c

o s i t y , n ( c P )

SP dosage

0.6%

0%

1.0%

1.4%

1.8%

Grouts with w/c=1:1 are stable (bleed capacity


18/21

Grout Setting & Strength

• Initial setting times:4 – 8 hours

• Final setting times:

7 – 22 hours

• Pocket penetrometer

tests: grout strengthis equal to 450 kPa

after 4 – 29 hours

• Unconfined compr.strength: 1 – 11 MPa

after 28 days of

curing

CEM II + 1.4% SP, 8µm

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Curing time (days)

U n c o n f i n e d c o m p r e s

s i o n s t r e n g t h ( M P a ) Κ

1:1

2:1

3:1

w/c :


19/21

Sands

0

20

40

60

80

100

0,010,101,0010,00

Grain size (mm)

F i n e r b y w e i g h t ( % )

5-10

10-14

14-25

25-50

50-100

100-200

• Six clean uniform sands (one coarse, three mediumand two fine sands)


20/21

Laboratory Injections

Aims:• Injectability documentation

• Effectiveness determination

• Grouted soil design parameters(static & dynamic loading)


21/21

Conclusions

Microfine cements are manufactured with drygrinding and microfine cement grouts can alsobe produced in-situ with wet milling process.

Microfine cement grouts with high water / cementratios can be successfully injected in fine sands.

Grouting with microfine cements improvessubstantially sand permeability and strength.

Microfine cements have been successfully usedin various grouting projects.

Research efforts on microfine cement groutingtechnology are in progress.

Documents

Tc17 Presentation 11