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Ethiopian National TB Prevalence survey 20102011 Preliminary Result Zeleke Alebachew, MpH/Epidemiology National Survey Coordinator FMOH/EHNRI October 27,2011 Lille, France

TB survey 2011 Preliminary Resultaarc.gov.et › images › demo1 › Ethiopia collection › lille_oct11... · 2016-12-02 · 1. Introduction Oromiya Somali Amhara Afar SNNPR Tigray

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Page 1: TB survey 2011 Preliminary Resultaarc.gov.et › images › demo1 › Ethiopia collection › lille_oct11... · 2016-12-02 · 1. Introduction Oromiya Somali Amhara Afar SNNPR Tigray

Ethiopian National TB Prevalence survey 2010‐2011 Preliminary Result

Zeleke Alebachew, MpH/EpidemiologyNational Survey Coordinator

FMOH/EHNRI

October 27,2011Lille, France

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Outline of presentation 

• Introduction • Objectives• Result • Strength and Limitation of the study• Major findings • implication to the program • Strength and limitation 

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1. Introduction

SomaliOromiya

AfarAmhara

SNNPR

Tigray

Gambella

Benishangul GumuzDire

HARERawa

Addis Ababa

N

EW

S

810,Districts

(76% - rural Pon,16%-Urban and 8%-Pastoralist)‐ Projected Pon for 2010 = 79,731,054

and 15,022 Kebeles

‐ Administratively divided in to : 9 Regions and 2 City Administrations,

####

#

>15 years=55%

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Introduction 

• Prevalence of  TB all forms = 585/100000 (WHO 2009 report)

• Prevalence of smear positive TB =284/100000(2008 WHO estimate)

• Incidence Rate  SS+ =163/100000 (WHO 2009 estimate)

• 7th high TB burden country in the world• 3rd high TB burden country in Africa 

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Introduction…

TB control  Program performance of EthiopiaProgram achievement            Global target• Current SS+ CDR=36%                70%• TSR =84%                                      85%• SS+ NR  =  57/100,000• NR all forms = 183/100,000

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Rationale of TB prevalence survey  for Ethiopia

• No study is available at population level• Between 2007&2008, WHO estimate of SS+ TB increased from 152 to 168/100,000. 

• The case detection rate remain steady between 32‐34 % against the expected 70% global target.

• Evidence based  approach is essential for plan and decision making.

• TB prevalence survey is one of the most effective tools to monitor the impact of the program.

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Trend of WHO SS+ TB Estimate Vs Case Detection Rate (CDR) in Ethiopia-FMoH1999/00-2009/10 (1992-2002EC)

31 34 36 36 38 35 32 3235 34 36

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1999

/0020

00/01

2001

/0220

02/03

2003

/0420

04/05

2005

/0620

06/07

200/0

820

08/09

2009

/10

SS

+ TB

Est

imat

e

0

20

40

60

80

100

CDR

(%)

Estimated SS+ Cases SS+ TB CDR

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Countries where surveys are  recommended (Approved by Task Force Meeting, Dec 2007)

21 global focus countries36 additional countries that met basic criteria 

Note: Ethiopia was added to the global focus countries in 2009

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Cambodia Malaysia Indonesia Eritrea Thailand Philippines Bangladesh Myanmar Cambodia Ghana Kenya

Viet Nam

Viet Nam China Nigeria Malawi Indonesia

Ethiopia

Uganda

Rwanda Mozambique

S. AfricaNepal

Tanzania Philippines

Thailand

Bangladesh

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013-15

Num

ber o

f sur

veys

Non Global Focus country Africa Asia

21 Global Focus countries identified by WHO

Global progress, prevalence surveys

Pakistan

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2. Objective 

1. To determine the prevalence of smear positive TB

2. To determine the prevalence of culture positive TB

3. To determine the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of TB

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3. Method 

Cross-sectional survey

Multistage cluster sampling

Stratified : Urban, rural & pastoral populations

Sample size: 46,514 (aged > 15)

Clusters: 85 (Urban: 14; Rural:63;Pastoral:8)

cluster size: 548 subjects

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List of selected districts

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Sampling StagePPS

85( 63 R, 14 U &8 P)

PPS1 in each district ,total 85

Random selectionn blocks, 550 individuals

Woreda(District)

Kebele

Household blocks

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Screening

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Bacteriologic examination

• Two sputum (morning and spot)requested from survey TB suspects : smear done for both spot and morning and culture done for morning and rarely spot processed incase of morning not submitted.

• Smear microscopy using LED FM • Culture using solid media

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4. Result 

‐ Survey operation started on October 2,2010 and completed on June 25,2011

‐ A total of19,267 house hold members has been included in the study

‐ Census done for 95092 individuals(46186( 49.6) male and 47906(50.4) Female.

‐ Total eligible invited to the study =51667

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Population pyramid of Ethiopia and survey participants 

‐30 ‐20 ‐10 0 10 20 30

15‐24

25‐34

35‐44

44‐54

55‐64

65 and above

‐30 ‐20 ‐10 0 10 20 30

15‐24

25‐34

35‐44

44‐54

55‐64

65 and above

Male

Female

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Participation rate by sex

Sex ParticipationTotal Eligibleparticipated(%) Refused(%) Absent(%)

Male 21819(88.6) 1(0) 2803(11.4) 24623Female 24878(92) 2(0) 2164(8) 27044

Total 46697(90.4) 3(0) 4967(9.6) 51667

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Participation rate by strata

Strata

ParticipationTotal eligible

invitedParticipated(

%) Refused AbsentUrban 7490(86.5) 0 1164(13.5) 8654Rural 34952(91.5) 3(0) 3226(9.5) 381829Pastoral 4255(88.1) 0 577(11.9) 4832Total 46697(90.4) 3(0) 4967(9.6) 51667

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Eligible study population51,667 (54%)

Participants (screened by at least one method) 

46,697 (90%)

Total number of individuals eligible for sputum examination:6,078 (13%)

‐ 806 (13%) eligible by both screening methods‐ 2,219 (36%) eligible by symptoms screening only‐ 3,012 (50%) eligible by chest X‐ray screening only‐ 41 (1%) exempted/refused CXR & symptomatic2

At least 1 sputum specimen collected

5,864 (96%)

Both sputum specimens collected 5,606 (92%)

Participants symptoms screening 46,697 (100%)

Participants chest X‐ray screening46,548 (99.7%)

Participants screened by both methods

46,548 (99.7%)

Individuals enumerated in census95,092 Ineligible individuals:

‐ 41,125 children‐ 2,300 adult non‐resident

Non participants:‐ 4,967 not present‐ 3 present but no consent

Also requested sputa:‐ 1 ineligible

‐ 87 refused CXR‐ 62 exempted 1 from CXR

Both smear results available

At least 1 smear result available

Culture result available5,770 (99%)

Both specimens examined with smear5,598 (99%)

At least 1 specimen examined with smear

5,863 (∼100%)

Specimen examined with culture

5,809 (99%)

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Smear Positive Study Cases =47• 61 showed at least one slide AFB smear positive screened by LED Fluorescent MS. – 33 Definite Cases: Isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by culture= study case

– 14 Probable Cases: 8 subjects with 2 smear positive slides, 6 subjects with 1 smear positive slide with CXR consistent with TB by a panel reading= study case

– 13 Possible Cases: Non‐study case: One slide positive without any other evidence to suggest TB

– 1 NTM: Isolation of Mycobacterium other than TB without co‐isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

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Smear Negative Culture Positive Study Cases = 63

63 Smear Negative MTB Culture Positive Subjects – 59 Definite Case with CXR consistent with TB 

– 4 Probable Case: "MTB isolates 10 colonies or more" without CXR consistent with TB 

: Isolations of MTB from two tubes 

– 0 Possible Case: MTB isolates less than 10 colonies without CXR consistent with TB = Non Study Case

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sputum panel Tx Sy final decision

totalsp1

sp2 c

TBBE Norma

l

TB

sug. consist healed on ex definit

eprobabl

epossi

ble

+ + + 27 1 5 19 27 27

+ + 6 1 6 6

+ + 0

+ 41 17 1 4 1(ex/on)

3 29 59 4 63

+ + 5 1 1 1 1(ex/on)

1 4 8 8

+ 2 2 3 5 2 3 6 4 10 14

+ 1 1 2 1 4 2 3 5

82 21 5 8 7 3 12 63 92 18 13 123

*BE: Bronchial Echtasis

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Smear and culture TB casesSmear‐positive: 47‐ 25 identified by both screening methods‐ 2 identified by symptoms screening only‐ 20 identified by chest X‐ray screening only (Note: All smear positive culture conformed cases were identified by CXR screening)Smear‐negative, culture‐positive: 63‐ 21 identified by both screening methods‐ 9 identified by symptoms screening only‐ 33 identified by chest X‐ray screening only 

Positive bacteriological result: 110‐ 46 identified by both screening methods‐ 11 identified by symptoms screening only‐ 53 identified by chest X‐ray screening only

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Prevalence of smear positive TB and bacteriologicaly confirmed TB by sex 

among participants

P of S+ TB per 100000   (95% CI)

P of S+ and/or C+ TB per 100000  (95% CI)

Male 123 (75–171) 287 (201–374)

Female 83 (44–122) 232 (163–301)

Total 105(72,138) 259(205,314)

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Point Prevalence of smear positive TB by  strata  among participants

StrataSmear Positive

Total Participa

nts

P of Smear positive 

TB/100000,(95%CI)

Urban 5 7490 77(0,159)Rural 35 34952 103(62,143)

Pastoralist 7 4255 167(64,269)

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Prevalence of Smear positive and bactiriologically confirmed TB by age group 

among participants

Age P of S+ per 100000(95%CI)

P of S+ and/or C+ per 100000(95%CI)

15‐24 101 (46–157) 266 (178–354)25‐34 81 (28–134) 218 (129–307)35‐44 111 (41–181) 237 (122–353)45‐54 136 (22–249) 321 (152–490)55‐64 158 (19–297) 369 (146–592)65+ 39 (0–118) 215 (22–408)

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Survey detected cases

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-24 -34 -44 -54 -64 65-

C+ S+

55% (60/110) are younger than 35

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Smear + < Smear negative culture positive

0

5

10

15

20

25

-24 -34 -44 -54 -64 65-

S+ C+

42.7% of Confirmed cases are smear positive

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Survey detected cases and case notification in 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

‐24 ‐34 ‐44 ‐54 ‐64 65‐

Female

Male

Smear Positive Cases Detected 

Survey Notification data 2010

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TB history of Prevalent Cases98% of C+ (94/96) are undetected cases

• 33 S+C+32 Not on treatment (97%)– 27 New Cases (No TB Treatment 

History at least in 5 years)– 5 Previously Treated– 1 On treatment

• 14 S+C‐13 Not on treatment (93%)– 10 New– 3 Previously treated– 1 Previously treated and On 

treatment

• 63 S‐C+62 Not on treatment

(99%) – 59 New – 3 Previously treated– 1 Previously treated and On 

treatment

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Extrapolating nationwide prevalence

• Adjusting for children (0‐14)– Percentage of children over total population is 45%– S+ notification rate per 100,000 of children since 2000 has: mean=7.5 

SD=1.1– Assuming notification is a correct estimate of prevalence rate– Prevalence among total population

ptotal=pchild*c + padult*(1‐c) where pchild is the prevalence among children, padult the prevalence among adults drawn from the survey and c the percentage of children in the country

• Adjusting for extra‐pulmonary TB– Assuming EP prevalence rate constant across all ages– Percentage of EP over total notifications since 2000 has: mean=34.8% 

SD=1.2%

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Prevalence of TB in Ethiopia (extrapolation using survey result and 

program routine report)

Forms of TB

P per 100000

95%CI Notification rate  of the country for/100000

WHO estimate,

Smear positive TB

61 44‐81 57 284(2008estimate)

Bacteriologicallyconfirmed TB

146 118‐176

All forms of TB

224 181‐271

183 585(2010report)

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5. Strengths/Limitations• Strong commitment  and leadership of  government• Committed  survey team• Open process: contribution to other African countries

• Good community involvement and their contributions

• High participation rate• High sputum collection rate• International standard screening practice• Strong supports by partners especially by WHO CO and HQ

• Country – country collaboration 

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Strength….

• Using the national TB laboratory for both smear and culture examination

• Strict supervision of lab by senior microbiologists  

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Limitations‐ Age <15 not studied ‐ Only one culture per "suspect"

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6. Major Findings• Observed TB prevalence is much lower than WHO estimation

• Most patients (55 %) were young (15 to 34)• Male: Female ratio is almost 1:1• Smear Positive Cases account only 43% of bacteriologically positive cases 

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7. Implication to the Program

• Incidence rate of smear positive TB could be <70/100000? (WHO estimate 163/100000)

• Ethiopia could achieve MDG targets for TB• From 47 smear positive TB cases only two were on treatment and 27 individuals were symptomatic: this is an indication that TB is circulating in the community and there is a need to strengthen TB screening in the community.

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Implication to the Program...

• The survey result shows x‐ray picks up most bacteriologically confirmed TB cases.– Chest x‐ray could be a good tool to screen or diagnose pulmonary TB

• More than 50 % of cases are smear negative and culture positives

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Acknowledgement

• WHO (HQ, CO)• Italian cooperation• TBCARE, Ethiopia• USAID• GLRA

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