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Taxonomy
Taxonomy:: Science of classifying living things based on Science of classifying living things based on
similarities.similarities.
Aristotle
• Over 2,000 years agoOver 2,000 years ago• Developed the first system of classificationDeveloped the first system of classification
All Living ThingsAll Living Things
PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals
HerbsHerbs ShrubsShrubs TreesTrees LandLand AirAir WaterWater
Using Common LanguageUsing Common Language• Using Common Names creates many problems
with taxonomy• There are language and culture barriers• Fish ? Oak ? Difference ?
Crayfish
Silverfish
Shellfish
Starfish
Jellyfish
Red Oak
White Oak
Chestnut Oak
Cougar
Mountain Lion
Panther
Puma
Carolus (Carl) LinneausCarolus (Carl) Linneaus
• ““Father of Taxonomy”Father of Taxonomy”
• IntroducedIntroduced Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
The process by which all living things are given a The process by which all living things are given a two word scientific name.two word scientific name.
• Based in Latin & Greek languagesBased in Latin & Greek languages
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial NomenclatureScientific NamesScientific Names
• First Name = Genus Second Name = Species (Must be capitalized) (Must be lowercase)
Both must be italics or underlined !
Examples:
Felis domesticus = House catHomo sapien = HumansFelis leo = African LionDrosophilia melanogaster = fruit flyFelis concolor = Mountain LionCanis lupus = Gray wolf
Scientific NamesScientific Names
• All scientific names are chosen to describe an organisms features, its geography, or some other trivia (person who named it).
• Trifolium = 3 leaves agraium = fields
• Linnaea = Linneaus borealis = northern
• Quercus = oak alba = white
8 Categories of 8 Categories of ClassificationClassification
• DomainDomain• KingdomKingdom (King)(King)
• PhylumPhylum (Philip)(Philip)
• ClassClass (Came)(Came)
• OrderOrder (Over)(Over)
• FamilyFamily (For)(For)
• GenusGenus (Good)(Good)
• SpeciesSpecies (Spaghetti)(Spaghetti)
Remember by Mnemonics !
Sub-GroupingsSub-Groupings• SubspeciesSubspecies (ssp)(ssp) – same species, but notable
morphological differences due to geographic isolation. (common in animal species)
Subspecies of the rat snake Elaphe obsoleta, which interbreed where their ranges meet.
• Varieties (var.)Varieties (var.) – same species but notable morphological differences not due to isolation. (common in plants, breeds of animals, even races of people)
• Strains Strains – – refer to biochemically dissimilar refer to biochemically dissimilar microorgamisms ( microorgamisms (bacteria, virusesbacteria, viruses))
Typical Staph Bacteria
MRSA Bacteria
Criteria/Evidence for Classification
• Comparing anatomical structures in order to determine similarities between organisms
• Homologous Structures: similar parts between organisms (related)
• Analogous Structures: different anatomical parts between two organisms (un-related)
1. Morphology1. Morphology
Homologous vs. Analogous
2. Embryology
• Comparing the early development of organisms in order to group similar organisms.
3. Genetics
• Comparing DNA sequences to determine similarities.
Humans and Chimps share 99.6% of Humans and Chimps share 99.6% of the same exact DNA !the same exact DNA !
4. Phylogeny
• Family tree that shows evolutionary relationships.
• Base of tree = common ancestor of all the living things in the tree
• Branching = change of organism into a new species
PhylogenyPhylogeny
• Tips of Branches = Current day species
• The closer the branches, the more similar
• The farther the branches, the more different
5. Biosystematics
• The study of reproductive capabilities in organisms (can two species reproduce with one another?)
bi·o·sys·tem·at·ics The statistical analysis of data obtained from genetic, biochemical, and other studies to assess the taxonomic relationships of organisms or populations, especially within an evolutionary framework.
Animalia
Plantae
Plantae
Protista
Animalia
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia Animalia
Protista
Monera
Fungi
Plantae
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Plantae
Kingdom Cell Type # Cells Nutrition
Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic & (Primitive Bacteria) Heterotrophic
Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic & (Normal Bacteria) Heterotrophic
Protista Eukaryotic Mostly Autotrophic & (Amoeba, Paramecium, algae) Unicellular Heterotrophic
Fungi Eukaryotic Mostly Heterotrophic (Mushrooms, mold, yeast) Multicellular
Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic
Animal Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic