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Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera Raul Puente Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University

Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

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Page 1: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Taxonomy and Distribution

of Opuntia and Related Genera

Raul PuenteDesert Botanical Garden

Donald PinkavaArizona State University

Page 2: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Subfamily Opuntioideae

Ca. 350 spp.13-18 generaVery wide distribution (Canada to Patagonia)

Page 3: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Morphological consistency

Glochids

Bony arils

Page 4: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

AustrocylindropuntiaBrasiliopuntiaConsoleaCumulopuntiaCylindropuntiaGrusoniaCorynopuntiaMicropuntiaMaihueniopsisMiqueliopuntiaOpuntiaNopaleaPereskiopsisPterocactusQuiabentiaTacingaTephrocactusTunilla

AustrocylindropuntiaBrasiliopuntiaConsoleaCumulopuntiaCylindropuntiaGrusoniaMaihueniopsisMiqueliopuntiaOpuntiaNopaleaPereskiopsisPterocactusQuiabentiaTacingaTephrocactusTunilla

GrusoniaMaihueniaNopaleaOpuntiaPereskiopsisPterocactusTacinga

Generic Boundaries

Britton and Rose, 1919 -- Seven genera

Anderson, 2001 -- 15 genera

Hunt, 2006--18 genera

Page 5: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Wallace, 2002

Classification:

Family: Cactaceae

Subfamily: MaihuenioideaePereskioideaeCactoideaeOpuntioideae

Page 6: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

OpuntiaNopaleaConsoleaTacingaBrasiliopuntiaTunillaMiqueliopuntiaCylindropuntiaGrusoniaGrusonia pulchellaPereskiopsisAustrocylindropuntiaQuiabentiaCumulopuntiaTephrocactusPterocactusMaihueniopsis

CactoideaeMaihuenioideae

Pereskia aculeataPereskia grandifloraTalinum

Opuntioideae

95

Griffith, P. 2002nrITS

Pereskiodeae

Portulacaceae

Page 7: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Origin and Dispersal

Andean Region(Wallace and Dickie, 2002)

Page 8: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Cylindropuntia

Cylindropuntia tesajo

Page 9: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Cylindropuntia thurberi(Engelmann) F. M. Knuth

Cylindropuntia cholla (Weber) F. M. Knuth

Page 10: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Potential overlapping areas between the Opuntia and the moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in North America

Orange Orange andand yellowyellow lineslines:: Similar Similar ecologicalecological areasareas forfor thethe mothmoth

AreasAreas in blue:in blue: SpeciesSpeciesaccumulationaccumulation ofof OpuntiaOpuntia

Page 11: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Caribbean Region and Florida9 species

Consolea Lemaire

Page 12: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Consolea corallicola Small

Florida Keys

Endangered

Page 13: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Genus Nopalea Salm-Dyck

Page 14: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck

Near Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Page 15: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Distribution of Nopalea spp

Page 16: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Nopalea gaumeri Rose

Yucatan Peninsula

Page 17: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Nopalea spp in the Yucatan Peninsula

Page 18: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Nopalea dejecta Salm-Dyck

a. Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico b. Sierra Soconusco, Chiapasc. Nenton, Guatemala

Page 19: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Nopalea lutea Rose

Guatemala to Costa Rica

Page 20: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Nopalea hondurensis (P.C. Standley) R. Puente

Honduras

Page 21: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

About 80-120 speciesOpuntia (L.) Miller

Page 22: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

var. engelmannii var. lindheimeri var. linguiformis

Opuntia rastrera Weber

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck

Page 23: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia engelmannii

a. var. engelmannii 66b. var. lindheimeri 66c. var. linguiformis 66d. var. flavispina 66e. var. flexispina?var. cuija 22var. rastrera?

Page 24: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia polyacantha

polyacanthaerinaceaenicholliihistricina

Page 25: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Southwest US:

Opuntia basilarisAZ and CA.

Opuntia gosselinianaArizona and Sonora, Mexico

Opuntia oricolaCalifornia Opuntia santa-rita

Arizona

Page 26: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia streptacantha“Nopal Cardon”

Central Mexico

Page 27: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia piliferaOpuntia piliferaPuebla and OaxacaMexico

Page 28: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Tuna ReynaO. ficus-indicaSan Luis Potosi

Page 29: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia stricta(O. dillenii)(O. inermis)

Sisal, Yucatan

Page 30: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia strictaSanta Clara, Yucatan

Page 31: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Sonora and ChihuahuaTo Hidalgo

Opuntia robusta Wendland

Page 32: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia puberula Pfeiffer

Sonora, Mexico to Costa Rica

Page 33: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia stenopetala Engelm.

Mexico: Coahuila to Hidalgo and Queretaro

Page 34: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

•Male or female flower(dioecious)

•Pollen 6-periporate

Page 35: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

O. megarhiza Rose

San Luis Potosi

Endangered

Page 36: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Opuntia sulphurea G. Don

Northern Argentina

Page 37: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Tacinga Britton & Rose

6 speciesEasthern Brazil

T. palmadora (Britton & Rose) Stuppy & N. P. Taylor T. funalis

Britton & Rose

Page 38: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Brasiliopuntia (K. Schumann) A. Berger1 species

Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Berger

Page 39: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Tunilla Hunt & Illif

Tunilla corrugata (Salm-Dyck) Hunt & Illif

Tunilla soherensii (Britton & Rose) Hunt & Illif

9 speciesPeru, Chile to Argentina

Page 40: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Hybrids:

Opuntia xandersoni(O. engelmanni var. cuija x

O. microdasys

Page 41: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Putative Interspecific Hybridization in Opuntia spp

humifusa

Page 42: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Putative Interspecific Hybridization in Cylindropuntia spp

Page 43: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Hybridization: Intergeneric Hybrids

Opuntia stricta x Nopalea dejecta

Opuntia xacaulisHaiti

(Consolea nashii x Opuntia stricta)

Page 44: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide

Summary:

•Taxa immune to Cactoblastis may provide a methodology to prevent damage to susceptiblespecies

•Nopalea, Consolea and Opuntia appear to be the most susceptible genera.•

•Species found along tropical and semi-tropical regions may be more susceptible.

•Numerous taxa are still poorly known as far as distribution, delimitation, ploidy level, etc.

•Several species complexes still require more study into their genetic relations.

Page 45: Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera · Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide