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Taxonomy and Taxonomy and ClassificationClassification
Honors BiologyHonors Biology20102010
15.15 and 15.19 Systematics15.15 and 15.19 Systematics16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and 16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and
ArchaeaArchaea16.11 Protists16.11 Protists
17.1 Plants17.1 Plants17.14 Fungi17.14 Fungi18.1 Plants18.1 Plants
Important Root WordsImportant Root Words
ROOT WORDROOT WORD MEANINGMEANINGmorph-morph-
-nomy-nomy
taxo-taxo-
bi-bi-
archae-archae-
eu-eu-
pro-pro-
karyo-karyo-
phylo-phylo-
-gen-gen
nomen-nomen-
form, shape
law, science
order, arrangement
twoancient, old
good, true
before
nucleustribe
to produce
name
Early Systems of ClassificationEarly Systems of Classification Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification
and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationshipsrelationships
TaxonomyTaxonomy NamingNaming DescribingDescribing ClassifyingClassifying
ClassificationClassification Grouping organisms by their similarities or relationshipsGrouping organisms by their similarities or relationships
AristotleAristotle First to classify organisms 2,000 years agoFirst to classify organisms 2,000 years ago Classified organisms as either plant or animalClassified organisms as either plant or animal
Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification Methods used to classify organismsMethods used to classify organisms
Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based on evolutionary history on evolutionary history
Morphology: using appearance, form or structure Morphology: using appearance, form or structure to determine relationshipsto determine relationships
Taxonomic categoriesTaxonomic categories DomainDomain KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Scientific NameScientific Name Genus + specific epithetGenus + specific epithet
Homo sapiensHomo sapiens Quercus albaQuercus alba
Linnaeus, mid-18Linnaeus, mid-18thth century century Facilitates international scienceFacilitates international science
Classification Video
Armadillidium vulgare
Odontotaenius disjunctus
Using Dichotomous KeysUsing Dichotomous Keys A device that can be used to easily identify an A device that can be used to easily identify an
unknown organism. unknown organism. A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part
statements that describe characteristic of organisms. statements that describe characteristic of organisms. At each step of a dichotomous key the user is At each step of a dichotomous key the user is
presented with two choices. presented with two choices. As the user makes a choice about a particular As the user makes a choice about a particular
characteristic of an organism they are led to a new characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key. branch of the key.
Eventually the user will be led to the name of the Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism they are trying to identify.organism they are trying to identify.
Comprehension CheckHomo sapiens : Homo neanderthalis ::
a. Melanoplus darwinian : Ulna darwinian b. Red Oak : White Oak c. Acer rubrium : Acer sacharusd. Anolis carolinenins: Turdus migratoria
The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms Based on cell structure & Based on cell structure &
nutritionnutrition
The Three DomainsThe Three Domains
Based on molecular differencesBased on molecular differences ArchaeaArchaea
Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme needed for making proteins)needed for making proteins)
EubacteriaEubacteria Peptidoglycan in cell wallsPeptidoglycan in cell walls
EukaryaEukarya EukaryotesEukaryotes
The Three Domains Video
Bacteria Domain Bacteria Domain UnicellularUnicellular Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells Cell walls made of Cell walls made of
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan Very diverse group Very diverse group
including free living including free living organisms and deadly organisms and deadly parasitesparasites
Some can Some can photosynthesize, some photosynthesize, some can notcan not
Archaea Domain Archaea Domain Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Live in extreme Live in extreme
environments environments Most will be killed Most will be killed
by oxygen by oxygen Some can Some can
photosynthesize/photosynthesize/chemosynthesizechemosynthesize, some can not, some can not
Eukarya Domain Eukarya Domain
Some unicellular, but most are multicellular Some unicellular, but most are multicellular All have cells with a nucleus All have cells with a nucleus 4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms)4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms)
Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, animal or fungianimal or fungi
Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food Plant: Photosynthesizers Plant: Photosynthesizers Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity
Comprehension CheckYou discover a new organism that has RNApolymerase, but does not have
peptidoglycanin it’s cell wall. • What domain does it belong to? How can
you tell? • Can you figure out what Kingdom it
belongs in based solely on this information? Why or why not?