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8/14/2019 Taxonomic Survey of the Plant Kingdom - AP BIO DONOGHUE Q2 PROJECT
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axonomic Survey axonomic Survey f the Plant f the PlantKingdomingdomKhalil Abuhassan
Q2 Bio Project
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The Plant KingdomMulticelled, eukaryotic, photosyntheticautotrophs
Plants in the kingdom originate from afreshwater algae
Cell walls made of celluloseCarbohydrates stored as starch
Divided in divisions instead of phylaHave evolved in numerous ways to adapt to
land life.
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Divisions and PhylumLiving organisms are subdivided into five kingdomsFurther subdivisions are called phyla and divisionsInterchangeable; they both mean the same
thingPhylum (plural phyla) is a part of the taxonomic
hierarchyContains classes with similar characteristics,
which then contains orders with commonproperties that are from a similar family
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Plant Kingdom GroupsNonvascular Plants: Bryophyta, HepatophytaVascular Seedless Plants: Lycophyta,
PterophytaVascular Seed Plants: Coniferophyta,
Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta,Anthophyta
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Bryophyta (Moss)Small, soft, and shortDo not have flowers or
seeds
Often have specializedwater-conductingtissues
Simple leaves and wirystems
Reproduces sexually:sperm from malemigrates to femalethrough water
Thrive in wet, damphabitats, such asforests and bystreams, or betweenstones
Many uses formosses: aestheticpurposes, peat mossused as a fuel,Sphagnum mossesused for first aid
purposes, other
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Hepatophyta (Liverworts)Some grow as a flat,leafless thallus
Do not have flowersor seeds
Most are leafy; leavesdistinguished frommosses by single-
celled rhizoids, lackof costa, andoccasional presenceof cilia
Most common intropical, dampplaces; mostcommon in shadyareas
Not very useful onmodern timesCannot survive in
excessively dryenvironments
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Vascular Seedless PlantsVascular tissues havehelped these plants tosurvive on land
Contains specializedstems, leaves,roots, cuticles, andstomata
Nutrition via the xylemand phloem
Do not produce usingseedsreproduceusing spores only
Share a single commonancestor
Nutrition via the xylemand phloem
Includes:Phylum LycophytaPhylum Pterophyta
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Lycophyta (Club Mosses)Most abundant intropics, moisttemperate regions
Spores highlyflammable, used infireworksContains vascular
network, which
separates this clubmoss from moss(bryophyta)
Contains microphyllsas leaves
Lycophytas ancestorsformed huge forestsduring the
Carboniferous Period;the remains of theseforests are seen ascoal deposits
A chemical fromChinese clubmoss isbeing investigated forhealing properties forAlzheimers disease
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Lycophyta
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Pterophyta (Whisk Ferns,
Horsetails, and Ferns)Homosporous, fewheterosporous
Motile spermGameteophyte is afree-livingorganism
Have true leaves
Stems, leaves, rootsFour main habitats:
moist, shady forests;
crevices in rock faces;acid wetlands; andtropical trees
Some used as food,
aesthetics, fertilizer,and removal of metalsfrom soil
Some are weeds orinvasive species, e.g.
Japanese climbing fern
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Pterophyta
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Vascular Seed Plants The seed separatesthis group betweenother vascularplants (seedless).
Embryo protectedby extrasporophytetissue,which hardensinto the seed
Seeds allow easierdispersion andcan even lay
dormant forperiods of time
Includes:ConiferophytaCycadophytaGinkophytaAnthophyta
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Coniferophyta (Pines,
Cedars)Cone-bearing, woodyplants
Majority are trees; a
few shrubsMost have a single,straight trunk withside branches
Long, thin, needle-likeleaves; some havebroad, flat leaves
Heterosporous, seed-forming
Found in cool climatesfurther south
Used for Timber andpaper
Wood referred to assoftwood
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Coniferophyta
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Cycadophyta (Cycads)Stout trunksLarge crowns of
compoundedleaves
Often mistaken forpalms or fernsVascular tissue, but
slow growing plantSperm formed in
pollen tubes arereleased inside
ovule
Subtropical/tropicalparts of the world
Nuts carry a nerve
toxin that is harmfulto humans
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Cycadophyta
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Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)Only one existingspecies, Gingkobiloba, known as aliving fossil
Large trees withangular crowns, longbranches, and deeproots
Very long-livingUnique leaves: fan-shaped with veinsreaching to end of leaf
Heterosporous, seed-
No longer in wild,only Ginkgo bilobaexists
Commonly planted incitiesCultivated indifferent countries,was a part of historic Japaneseculture
Ginkgo nuts are apart of Chinasculinary arts forcertaincelebrations
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Ginkgophyta
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GnetophytaWoody plants Three genera: Gnetum,
Welwitschia, Ephedra
Gnetum : mostly woodyclimbers in tropicalforests
Welwitschia : only onespecies; large, strap-like leaves that growaround its base;deserts of Namibiaand Angola
Ephedra : long slenderbranches with scale-like leaves at nodes
Seeds of Gnetum gnemon used to produce thesnack known as emping
Ephedra used as astimulant; controlled bymany jurisdictions dueto deadly overdoses
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Anthophyta (Flowering
plants)Found worldwideHas adapted to
nearly all kindsof environments
HeterosporousSexually reproduces;
sperm conducted toegg via pollen tube(self-pollination)
Flowers ensurefertilization
Agriculture dependson anthophyta (rice,corn, wheat, barley,rye, oats, pearlmillet, sugar cane,sorghum); wood,paper, fiber;medicine;decoration and
landscaping
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Anthophyta