Tax System Simplified

7/28/2019 Tax System Simplified

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Cjj Kadbdfla ljjs dbk pljj

YC^ Q\QYKF QLF_JL@LKI

_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek 3

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Ycx systkf slfpjl`lki&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

[jtlfctk Ycx Wk`drfs & Cjj Ilrkat cbi Lbilrkat tcxks caadfpcblki gy tcx jcws*

caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe cbi tcx rkturbs* acb gk cgdjlsnki l` c bkw tcx systkf acjjki YD_

Ycx systkf ls cidptki cbi lfpjkfkbtki gy cjj bctldbs" [jtlfctk Ycx rk`drfs wljj

rkjlkvk 5 gljjldb pkdpjk d` tnk wdrji `rdf tnk adgwkg d` cfgleudus cbi adfpjkx tcx

struaturks* pjktndrc d` tcx jcws* fcbictdry cbi aufgkrsdfk caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe* tcx

rkturbs cbi adbskqukbt quceflrk d` cjj tcx rkjctki acsks"

Qcjlkbt `kcturks d` tnls bkw tcx systkf""""""""""""""""""""Ycxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb* tcx kb`drakfkbt* tcx adfpjlcbak* cjjdactldb d` rkvkbuks td

vcrldus flblstrlks dr ikpcrtfkbts cbi fdbky suppjy lbtd tnk kadbdfy crk ubl`lki cbi

lbtkerctki lb tnk gcbhlbe systkf" Lb tnls bkw tcx systkf tnkrk wljj gk bd Ilrkat tcxks*

Lbilrkat tcxks* tcx jcws* tcx rkturbs* tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts* tcx kb`drakfkbt

cekbalks cbi tcx trlgubcjs" Altlzkbs bkki bdt fclbtclb skpcrctk caadubt gddhs cbi

sugflt tcx rkturbs cbbucjjy `dr pcylbe kltnkr Ilrkat tcxks db pkrsdbcj lbadfks dr

Lbilrkat tcxks wnljk rubblbe guslbkss dr lbiustry" \kt* tnk tcx rkvkbuks adjjkatki gy

gcbhs `rdf slbejk tcx acjjki YD_ Ycx wljj gk 1? td 9?+ fdrk wnkb adfpcrki td tdtcjtcx rkvkbuks caaruki `rdf cjj tcxks lb tnk prkskbt tcx systkf"

YD_ Ycx systkf wljj fchk guiekt prkpcrctldb d` cby adubtry td gk slfpjk* kcsy cbi

tlfk scvlbe kxkralsk"

3??+ tcx adjjkatldbs wltndut tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts"

Ynkrk wljj gk bd tcx adjjkatldb kxpkbilturk `dr tnk Edvkrbfkbts cbi bd tcx adfpjlcbak

adst `dr tnk pkdpjk"

Ynkrk wljj gk bd ankah pdsts* wcy gljjs* caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe* tcx jcws* tcx rclis* kta"*

Ycx adfpdbkbt db cby adffdilty dr skrvlak wljj gk jkss tncb 33+* ubjlhk fdrk tncb

1?+ lb tnk prkskbt tcx systkf" Ynk prlaks wljj gk sugstcbtlcjjy ikarkcski

Ynkrk wljj gk bd tcx kvcsldb cbi lts fclb prdiuat gjcah fdbky

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Gy""""""""""""""""""""" PCWFC


2/58




L cf sueekstlbe bkw fktndis* fdikjs* cbi lbbdvctlvk cbi cjtkrbctlvk

pdjlalks lb tnk crkcs d`fdbktcry systkf* guiekt prkpcrctldb* gcbhlbe `lbcbak systkf* pugjla

`lbcbak*dptlfcj tcxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb* tcx adfpjlcbak* sugslilks*fdbky suppjy* cbi `lsacj

pdjlay td nkjp rkfdvk adrruptldb* tcx kvcsldb* kadbdfla rkakssldb* gjcah fdbky* `chk

aurrkbay* rcbsdfs* rdggkrlks cbi sdalktcj lbkqucjltlks" Lb fy dplbldb* tnk prdpdski bkw

kadbdfla systkf fcy usnkr lb eddi edvkrbcbak* 3??+ tcx adfpjlcbak cbi adrruptldb `rkk

kbvlrdbfkbt" Lt sueeksts c slbejk tcx acjjki YD_ Ycx .Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk Ycx, `dr gdtn

Akbtrk cbi Qtctks adfglbki lb pjcak d` prkskbt fujtlpjk Lbilrkat tcxks wltn il``krkbt sjcg rctks

db il``krkbt eddis$adffdiltlks$skrvlakscbi fujtlpjk Ilrkat tcxks wltn il``krkbt sjcg rctks* td

rkjlkvk 5 gljjldb pkdpjk d` tnk wdrji `rdf tnk adgwkg d` cfgleudus cbi adfpjkx tcx

struaturks* pjktndrc d` tcx jcws* fcbictdry cbi aufgkrsdfk caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe* tcx rkturbs

cbi adbskqukbt quceflrk d` cjj tcx rkjctki acsks" Ycxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb* tcx kb`drakfkbt* tcx

adfpjlcbak* cjjdactldb d` rkvkbuks td vcrldus flblstrlks dr ikpcrtfkbts cbi fdbky suppjy lbtd

tnk kadbdfy crk ubl`lki cbi lbtkerctki lb tnk gcbhlbe systkf" Altlzkbs bkki bdt fclbtclbskpcrctk caadubt gddhs cbi sugflt tcx rkturbs cbbucjjy `dr pcylbe kltnkr Ilrkat tcxks db

pkrsdbcj lbadfks dr Lbilrkat tcxks wnljk rubblbe guslbkss dr lbiustry" Ynls bkw kadbdfla

systkf lbvdjvlbe c bkw tcx systkf wltndut fujtlpjk tcxks* tcx jcws* tcx adjjkatldb

ikpcrtfkbts* tcx trlgubcjs cbi tcx kb`drakfkbt cekbalks* kbvlsceks 7? td 1? + fdrk

rkvkbuks tncb prkskbtjy caarulbe `rdf fujtlpjk tcxks adjjkatki gy il``krkbt tcx adjjkatldb

ikpcrtfkbts$cekbalks" Ynk cvcljcgljlty d` rksduraks cbi acpltcj `jdws* bkkiki `dr kadbdfla

rkadvkry* ls tnk skj`prlflbe ancrcatkr d` tnk YD_ Ycx systkf wltndut Edvkrbfkbts `lsacj

stlfujus pcahceks" Ynls bkw kadbdfla systkf sncjj gk dpkrctki gy gcbhs ct flblfuf

dpkrctlbe adst wltn jlfltki pcpkr aurrkbay .?"1+, cbi ikfctkrlcjlski fdbky .


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>" Quffcry d` YD_ Ycx systkf

3" Ycx struaturk cbi ilrkat gkbk`ltsd` tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf

Ycx struaturk d` sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf_rkskbt systkf

Ilrkat$Lbilrkat

tcxks.Akbtrk cbi

Qtctks,

Queekstki YD_ Ycx systkf sueekstki

sjcg rctk

3"Lbadfk Ycx

7"adrpdrctldb Ycx

1"acpltcj eclbs Ycx

9"wkcjtn Ycx

;"Qkaurltlks

trcbscatldb Ycx

0"Akbtrcj Kxalsk

iuty

5"Austdfs iuty

>"Qkrvlak Ycx

(6

Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk Ycx

.YD_ Ycx,

`dr Qtctks cbi Akbtrk adfglbki

Qjcg rctk 6 9+

9+

7

3(1(96

_rd`lt tcx .Ydtcjjy cvdlicgjk,

`dr Qtctks cbi Akbtrk adfglbki

sjcg rctk61?+

1?+

1 Adrpdrctldb Ycx gy Akbtrk

.dptldbcj,

Qjcg rctk67?+

7?+

Ynkrk wljj gk dbjy dbk fcbictdry tcx acjjki YD_ Ycx wltn slbejk sjcg rctk.9+, `dr gdtn Akbtrk

cbi Qtctks adfglbki lb tnk prdpdski YD_ Ycx systkf" Ynk _rd`lt tcx lb pjcak d` prkskbt

Lbadfk tcx cbi acpltcj eclbs tcx wljj gk caadubt gcsla cbi tdtcjjy cvdlicgjk ubjlhk lbilvliucj

gcsla cbi adfpujsdry lb tnk prkskbt systkf" @dr ajkcr ubikrstcbilbe pjkcsk skk tcgjk bufgkr

3 cbi 7 lb pcek bufgkr 0 cbi 5" _rd`lt tcx fkcbs lt wljj gk lfpdski db pkrsdbs lbadfks .l`

rkfclbki cby, kcrbki$edt tnrduen scjcry* rkfubkrctldb* guslbkss* lbiustry* idbctldbs cbi

el`ts c`tkr jlgkrcjjy uski db kxpkbilturk$spkbilbe* vcrldus lbvkstfkbts* el`ts cbi idbctldbs" Lb

tnk prkskbt systkf* pkrsdbcj Lbadfk tcx ls jkvlki db lbadfks kcrbki$edt tnrduen scjcry*rkfubkrctldb* guslbkss* el`ts* idbctldbs cbi scjk prdakkis .ndwkvkr wltn sdfk kxkfptldbs,


4/58




gk`drk uski db kxpkbilturk$spkbilbe* idbctldbs cbi vcrldus lbvkstfkbts" [bikr prdpdski

YD_ Ycx systkf tnk Adrpdrctldb Ycx cbi Austdf iuty$Lfpdrt iuty acb gk jkvlki gy tnk Akbtrcj

edvkrbfkbt cs usucj td scvk sfcjj sacjk cbi idfkstla lbiustrlks rkspkatlvkjy" Qlfljcrjy tnk

kxalsk iuty db jlqudr cbi wlbks acb gk jkvlki gy tnk Qtctk edvkrbfkbts cs ubikr tnk prkskbt

systkf td lbnlglt nkcvy adbsufptldb cbi ciilatldb"

Ilrkat gkbk`lts d` tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf

[bikr prdpdski YD_ Ycx systkf tnkrk wljj gk bd Lbadfk Ycx cbi dtnkr Ilrkat tcxks"

Gkbk`lts=

Qd ubikr sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf* pkdpjk wnd ncvk tcxcgjk lbadfks edt `rdf scjcry$

rkfubkrctldb$prd`kssldbcj lbadfk$idbctldb$el`t$skrvlak$guslbkss$lbiustry wljj gkbk`lt cs tnky

bkki bdt pcy Lbadfk tcx$dtnkr Ilrkat tcxks cbi sugflt Lbadfk Ycx rkturbs cbbucjjy" 5 gljjldb

_kdpjk d` tnk wdrji wljj gk ubsncahjki `rdf cjj Ilrkat tcxks* tcx jcws* tcx rclis* tcx rkturbs*

caadubtlbe cbi cuiltlbe"

[bikr sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnkrk wljj gk bd Qcjks Ycx .PCY,* Akbtrcj Kxalsk Iuty

.AKBPCY,* Qkrvlak Ycx cbi cjj dtnkr Lbilrkat Ycxks"

Gkbk`lts=&

3" Fcrhkts wljj gk `ujjy dpkb wltndut cby nurijks jlhk fujtlpjk tcxks* pkrflts* jlakbsks* wcy

gljjs* caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe* tcx rkturbs cbi tcx jcws" Yrcikrs* fcbu`caturkrs* trcbspdrtkrs*

ikcjkrs* rktcljkrs* vkbidrs* adbtrcatdrs* skrvlak prdvlikrs cbi cjj dtnkrs wljj bdt bkki td

fclbtclb caadubt gddhs* scjks jlsts* stdah jlsts* wcy gljjs kta" Bd caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe cbi tcx

rkturbs wljj gk rkqulrki `dr lbilvliucjs wnd rub guslbkss dr lbiustry" Ynk prkskbt icy trcik

gcrrlkrs gktwkkb fcbu`caturkrs cbi adbsufkrs8 gktwkkb tnk Qtctks wltnlb tnk adubtry cbi

gktwkkb tnk bctldbs acb gk tdtcjjy rkfdvki"

7" Ynkrk`drk cjj tnk ankah pdsts* wltnlb c YD_ Ycx systkf lfpjkfkbtki adubtry* acb gk

tdtcjjy rkfdvki cjjdwlbe `rkk fdvkfkbt d` lbiustrlcj eddis$adffdiltlks cbi cerlaujturk

prdiuak `rdf cbywnkrk td cbywnkrk lb tnct adubtry cbi gkbk`lttlbe cjj `crfkrs*

fcbu`caturkrs* trcikrs cbi fdrk lfpdrtcbtjy tnk adbsufkrs"

1" Ynk kbtlrk truah dwbkrs wljj gkbk`lt cs tnky bkki bdt pcy grlgks ct ankah pdsts" Ynky bkki

bdt acrry wcy gljjs wnljk trcbspdrtlbe lbiustrlcj eddis cbi cerlaujturk prdiuak `rdf dbk

pjcak td cbdtnkr pjcak lb tnct YD_ Ycx systkf lfpjkfkbtki adubtry"

9" Ynk kbtlrk `crflbe adffublty wljj gkbk`lt cs tnky acb trcbspdrt tnklr cerlaujturk prdiuak

`rdf cbywnkrk td cbywnkrk cbi skjj tnklr prdiuak ct fcrhkt prlaks"

;" Ynkrk wljj gk bd tcx adjjkatldb kxpkbilturk `dr tnk Edvkrbfkbts cbi bd tcx adfpjlcbak

adsts `dr tnk pkdpjk" \kt* tnk tcx rkvkbuks `rdf slbejk tcx .YD_ Ycx, wljj gk 1? td 9?+ fdrktncb tnk tdtcj rkvkbuks prkskbtjy caarulbe `rdf cjj Ilrkat cbi Lbilrkat tcxks adjjkatki gy

fujtlpjk tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts ct nuek kxpkbilturk `dr gdtn Qtctks cbi Akbtrk

adfglbki"

0" Ynk tcx adfpdbkbt db cby adffdilty* prdiuat dr skrvlak wljj gk jkss tncb 33+ wnljk tnk

cvkrcek tcx adfpdbkbt ls fdrk tncb 1;+ lb tnk prkskbt tcx systkf"

5" Ynkrk wljj gk cgsdjutkjy bd sadpk `dr tcx kvcsldb cbi lts gy prdiuats bcfkjy gjcah fdbky

cbi adrruptldb"


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_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek ;

7"""""""""""Fktndi d` Lfpjkfkbtctldb d` YD_ tcx systkf= Gcsla fdikj .Lbilc,Unct ls rkqulrki `dr YD_ tcx systkf td gk suaakssùjjy lfpjkfkbtki ls tnk strdbe pdjltlacj wljj

td gulji tnk gcsla lb`rcstruaturk d` prdvlilbe gcbhlbe skrvlak `dr kvkry vljjcek$sugurg$tdwb dradjdby ncvlbe c pdpujctldb d` crdubi 7??? wltn tnk nkjp d` prlvctk skatdr gcbhs cbi

lbstltutldbs"

Ynk Akbtrcj edvkrbfkbt snduji elvk c pkrfcbkbt caadubt bufgkr ._CB, gy uslbe gldfktrla

fktndi cbi Lrls likbtl`lactldb td kvkry altlzkb cgdvk tnk cek d` 3; ykcrs cbi fchk fcbictdry

`dr kvkry altlzkb td ncvk dbjy dbk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, wltn tnk scfk _CB lb tnk

gcbh$skrvlak akbtrk sltuctki ct tnk vljjcek dr adjdby wnkrk nk jlvks lb" Ynk _CB cbi FQC

bufgkr snduji gk dbk cbi scfk"

Kvkry altlzkb wduji gk cjjdwki td dpkb cby bufgkr d`Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts .QQC, cs nk$snk

wlsnks td dpkrctk guslbkss dr lbiustry lb cs fcby gcbhs gy uslbe .FQC, bufgkr"

[bikr prdpdski YD_ Ycx systkf tnk caadubtlbe cbi cuiltlbe d` tnk adrpdrctk dr pugjla

adfpcblks wljj gk fcbictdry cbi adfpujsdry cs lb tnk prkskbt systkf `dr prdtkatlbe tnk

lbtkrksts d` tnk lbvkstdrs" Adrpdrctk dr pugjla adfpcblks wljj gk elvkb Adrpdrctk Caadubt

Bufgkrs .ACB,"

Ynk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, snduji gk uski `dr guylbe d` sncrks* jcbi `dr cerlaujturk dr

lbiustrlcj purpdsk* pjdts* `jcts* edji* mkwkjjkry* vknlajks* adffkralcj kstcgjlsnfkbts dr cby

dtnkr fdvcgjk dr lffdvcgjk prdpkrty" Ynk FQC sncjj cjsd gk uski td rkaklvk dr pcy scjcrlks*

prd`kssldbcj `kks* skrvlak `kks* rkfubkrctldbs* idbctldbs* jdcbs kta" Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt ls

cjsd bkkiki td ekt irlvlbe jlakbak* pcsspdrt* vdtlbe rlent* sugslilks* ùbis* fdbtnjy rctldb*

pkbsldbs* rkflttcbaks cbi jdcbs .pkrsdbcj* cerlaujturk* guslbkss* kiuactldbcj cbi lbiustrlcj,

cbi `dr ekttlbe adfpkbsctldb$kxerctlc$rkjlk` ùbis lb tnk kvkbt d` bcturcj acjcfltlks jlhk

ayajdbks* kcrtnquchks* `jddis* `cflbks* caalikbts* kta*"

Ynk Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts .QQC, cbi cjsd tnk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubts .FQC, acb gk uski `dr

rubblbe guslbkss* lbiustry* sanddjs* adjjkeks* ndspltcjs* ndtkjs* rkstcurcbts* adbstruatldb*

stuilds* skrvlaks* dr cby dtnkr typk d` guslbkss" Must jlhk FQC* tnk QQC acb cjsd gk uski td

rkaklvk dr pcy scjcrlks* prd`kssldbcj `kks* skrvlak `kks* rkfubkrctldbs* idbctldbs jdcbs kta"

Ynk adrpdrctk dr pugjla adfpcblks wljj ncvk td dpkrctk cjj acsn trcbscatldbs tnrduen tnk

Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkr .ACB, dbjy"

C`tkr kstcgjlsnlbe su``lalkbt bufgkr d` gcbhs$skrvlak akbtrks gy tnk Edvkrbfkbt .`dr kxcfpjk*

Lbilc, wltn tnk nkjp d` prlvctk skatdr gcbhs cbi `lbcbalcj lbstltutldbs* cjj tnk altlzkbs snduji gk

cshki td ikpdslt cjj tnk aurrkbay bdtks d` 3???* ;??* 3?? cbi ;? rupkks kxakpt 7?* 3?* ;* 7

rupkk bdtks$adlbs* cvcljcgjk wltn tnkf lb tnksk gcbhs lb tnklr bkwjy elvkb Fclb QcvlbesCaadubt.FQC, dr Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts .QQC, wltnlb c stlpujctki tlfk d` 1? icys" Cjj prkskbtjy

rub scvlbes caadubts cbi aurrkbt caadubts snduji gk adbvkrtki lb td Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts

.QQCs, wltn tnk scfk caadubt bufgkrs cbi acb gk dpkrctki `rdf tnk scfk gcbhs" Qlfljcrjy*

pkdpjk wnd ncvk fdbky lb tnk `lxki ikpdslts$@IWs wljj ncvk td trcbs`kr cjj tnklr fdbky `rdf

tnksk `lxki ikpdslts$@IWs td tnklr rkspkatlvk bkwjy elvkb FQCs dr bkwjy dpkbki$adbvkrtki

QQCs wltnlb tnk scfk stlpujctki pkrldi d` 1? icys"

C`tkr tnls ercak pkrldi d` 1? icys* tnk Edvkrbfkbt .`dr kxcfpjk* Lbilc, bkkis td ikfdbktlsk

cjj bdtks d` ikbdflbctldb 3???* ;??* 3?? cbi ;? rupkk bdtks kxakpt 7?* 3?* ;* cbi 7 rupkk

bdtks" @rdf tnkb db* tnk YD_ tcx systkf gkadfks dpkrctldbcj" Kvkry pkrsdb sncjj gk cjjdwki

td wltnircw acsn up td fcxlfuf d` rupkks ;*??? pkr fdbtn `rdf nls$nkr kcrblbes dr scvlbescvcljcgjk lb nls$nkr Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt dbjy" Ynus c `cfljy d` twd acb cvclj acsn d` 3?*???


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rupkks fcxlfuf pkr fdbtn fclbjy td guy icljy bkakssltlks jlhk vkektcgjks* fljh* `rults* kilgjks*

erdakrlks* cbi cjj dtnkr sfcjj dr jdw vcjuki ltkfs" C pkrsdbs fcxlfuf acsn wltnircwcj d`

;*??? pkr fdbtn `rdf nls$nkr Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, tnrduen gcbh dr CYF wljj gk lb Ws

7?* Ws 3? cbi Ws" ; bdtks dbjy" C pkrsdb acb ekt sdfk pdrtldb d` nls$nkr lbadfks$kcrblbes

trcbs`krrki ilrkatjy lb td FQCs d` nls$nkr dtnkr bdb kcrblbe `cfljy fkfgkrs `rdf sdurak d`

nls$nkr lbadfks$kcrblbes sd tnct nls$nkr `cfljy acb wltnircw fdrk acsn .aurrkbay, pkr fdbtn"

Kvkry lbilvliucjs lbadfks cbi scvlbes wljj gk lb ikfctkrlcjlski `drf lb nls$nkr FQC dr QQCs"

Dtnkr tncb acsn wltnircwcjs d` fcxlfuf Ws" ;*??? pkr fdbtn `rdf nls$nkr Fclb Qcvlbes

Caadubt .FQC,* bd pkrsdb wljj gk cjjdwki td wltnircw acsn `rdf nls$nkr Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts

.QQC," Kvkry tlfk c pkrsdb guys nlen vcjuki ltkfs* eddis* vknlajks* jcbi* pjdt* `jct* edji*

mkwkjjkry* vknlajks dr cby dtnkr fdvcgjk dr lffdvcgjk prdpkrty* cvcljs pnyslacj dr lbtkjjkatucj

skrvlaks dr lb acsk nk$snk jkbis* idbctks fdbky td dtnkrs* tnkb nk$snk bkkis td trcbs`kr tnk

rkqulrki fdbky `rdf nls$nkr Qug Qcvlbes Caadubt$Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt tnrduen ankquk*

ikglt acri dr bkt gcbhlbe .dbjlbk acsn trcbs`krs," Guslbkssfkb* trcikrs* lbiustrlcjlsts wljj ncvktd fchk tnklr acsn trcbs`krs `dr cjj trcbscatldbs tnrduen ankquk* ikglt acri dr bkt gcbhlbe

.dbjlbk acsn trcbs`kr, `rdf tnklr Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts$Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt" Qlfljcrjy c

pkrsdbs scjcry dr rkfubkrctldb dr prd`kssldbcj `kk cbi cjj nls$nkr lbadfks `rdf guslbkss dr

lbiustry wljj gk arkiltki td tnklr Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts dr Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt tnrduen

ankquks* ikglt acri dr bkt gcbhlbe .dbjlbk acsn trcbs`krs," Cjj tnrkk caadubts bcfkjy ACB* QQC

cbi FQC acb gk utljlski td rkaklvk* pcy dr stdrk lbadfks$kcrblbes$scvlbes$idbctldbs$jdcbs"

Gut acsn acb gk wltnircwb dbjy `rdf FQC .l` cvcljcgjk, up td fcxlfuf Ws" ;??? pkr fdbtn

pkr pkrsdb" Ynk rkfclblbe cvcljcgjk fdbky .ikfctkrlcjlski `drf, `rdf FQC acb gk uski dr

spkbt dbjy tnrduen ikglt acri* ankquk dr dbjlbk acsn trcbs`kr"

@dr kvkry trcbs`kr d` cfdubt* c 9+ Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk tcx .YD_ Ycx, d` tnct cfdubt wljj gkcutdfctlacjjy ikiuatki `rdf nls$nkr FQC$QQC caadubt" Ynls 9+ tcx cfdubt db kvkry acsn

trcbscatldb tnrduen FQC$QQC$ACB `rdf cjj gcbhs lb c pcrtlaujcr Qtctk wljj ed td tnk adfglbki

caadubt d` Qtctk cbi Akbtrk lb tnct pcrtlaujcr Qtctk" 1?+ d` tnls cfdubt `rdf kvkry Qtctk cbi

Akbtrk adfglbki caadubt .QCAAC, wljj ed td Akbtrcj edvkrbfkbt pddj caadubt" Ynk rkfclblbe

5?+ wljj gk rktclbki gy tnk rkspkatlvk Qtctk edvkrbfkbts" Ynls 9+ Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk .YD_

tcx, acb gk rkiuaki td 7+ wltnlb 9 ykcrs `rdf tnk cidptldb d` tnls YD_ tcx systkf gy rkiualbe

?";? gcsls pdlbts pkr ykcr" Ynls wljj `urtnkr rkiuak tnk prlaks d` tnk adffdiltlks gkbk`lttlbe

adbsufkrs" Cjj edvkrbfkbt caadubts cbi gcbhs wljj ncvk td gk kxkfptki `rdf tnls YD_ tcx"

Plvli kxpjcbctldb= Ynls 9+ Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk Ycx .YD_ Ycx, db kcan acsn trcbs`kr*

lrrkspkatlvk d` tnk rkcsdb `dr suan trcbs`kr .purancsk* el`t* idbctldb* scjcry$rkfubkrctldb drcby dtnkr purpdsk,* dpkrctki tnrduen Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubts .FQC,$ Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts

.QQC,$ Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkrs .ACB,* cbi dpkrctki gy cby gcbh dr skrvlak akbtrk* wljj gk

cutdfctlacjjy ikiuatki `rdf tnct caadubt cbi trcbs`krrki td Qtctk cbi Akbtrks adfglbki

caadubt .QCAAC," Ynk YD_ Ycx wljj gk tnk scfk cbi ubl`drf tnrduendut tnk adubtry db cjj acsn

trcbs`krs fcik tnrduen dbjlbk$ankquk$II `rdf cjj caadubts tdwcris purancsk* el`t* idbctldb*

cbi scjcry$`kk$rkfubkrctldb" Qd lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnk tcx gcsk wljj gk tnk

jcrekst td ncvk tnk flblfuf sjcg rctk cbi tnk jdwkst tcx adfpdbkbt db kcan

adffdilty$skrvlak" _kdpjk wljj ekt adffdiltlks$skrvlaks ct tnk jdwkst prlaks tncb lb tnk

prkskbt systkf" @urtnkrfdrk tnk tdtcj rkvkbuks ekbkrctki `rdf YD_ Ycx `rdf cjj acsn

trcbs`krs `rdf cjj caadubts wljj gk fdrk tncb idugjk tncb tnk adfglbki rkvkbuks d` cjj Qtctkscbi Akbtrk edt `rdf prkskbt fujtlpjk tcxks wltn il``krkbt sjcg rctks" Ultn jlfltki pcpkr

aurrkbay cbi ikfctkrlcjlski fdbky lb tnk YD_ tcx systkf* kvkry trcbscatldb wljj gk


7/58




trcbspcrkbt ikplatlbe tnk catucj EI_ d` tnk adubtry" Lb jltkrcj skbsk* kvkry purancsk* el`t*

idbctldb cbi cjj typks d` pcyfkbts wljj ncvk td gk acrrlki tnrduen dbjlbk acsn trcbs`krs `rdf

dbk caadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt gkacusk d` jlfltki pcpkr aurrkbay" Ynk tdtcj rkvkbuks edt

`rdf YD_ Ycx wljj gk cpprdxlfctkjy kqucj td 1x9 +. 37+, d` catucj vcjuk d` tnk EI_ d` tnct

adubtry lb tnk fcbu`caturkr* ikcjkr* rktcljkr cbi adbsufkr anclb" Cs eddis* adffdiltlks*

skrvlaks* idbctldbs* pnyslacj cbi lbtkjjkatucj wdhs ancbek ncbis lb tnk fcbu`caturkr* ikcjkr*

rktcljkr cbi adbsufkr anclb ikfctkrlcjlski fdbky wljj gk trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk caadubt td

cbdtnkr caadubt adrrkspdbilbejy" Ynus kvkry acsn trcbs`kr tdwcris purancsk* el`t* idbctldb*

scjcry$rkfubkrctldb dr cby dtnkr purpdsk wljj gk caadubtki cbi wltnlb tnk systkf kjlflbctlbe

ubikrerdubi$sncidw$ubrkpdrtki$nliikb trcbscatldbs dpkrctki gy pnyslacj aurrkbay edt `rdf

gjcah fdbky cbi `chk aurrkbay lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf" Lb tnk prkskbt systkf tnk

pcrcjjkj kadbdfy* gklbe rub gy gjcah fdbky cbi `chk aurrkbay* ls dgsaurlbe tnk rkcj EI_ cbi

ncfpkrlbe dr jdwkrlbe tnk adjjkatldb d` rkvkbuks" Ynk YD_ Ycx systkf wljj kjlflbctk tnk gjcah

fdbky cbi `chk aurrkbalks ct dbk ed cbi ikplat tnk kxcat EI_ d` tnk adubtry" Ynk dtnkr scjlkbt`kcturk d` tnk YD_ Ycx systkf ls tnk gkttkr kadbdfla fcbcekfkbt cbi custkrlty" Ynk

lbilvliucjs* wnd rub guslbkss dr lbiustry* wljj gk rkjlkvki `rdf cfgleudus tcx struaturks*

pjktndrc d` tcx jcws* cbi fcbictdry scjks jlsts* stdah jlsts* caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe cbi tcx rkturbs"

Lb ciiltldb td tnk Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk .YD_, tcx* c _rd`lt Ycx ._Y, d` 1?+ wduji gk jkvlki cbi

cutdfctlacjjy ikiuatki dbak c ykcr db tnk flblfuf cfdubt rkadriki lb tnk `lbcbalcj ykcr d`

Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, cbi kcan Qug Qcvlbes Caadubt .QQC,* l` cby* d` kvkry altlzkb" Ynk

`lbcbalcj ykcr d` tnk FQC d` c pkrsdb gkelbs ct tnk ictk tnk Edvkrbfkbt cjjdts nlf$nkr tnk

FQC" Ynk `lbcbalcj ykcr d` tnk Qug Qcvlbes Caadubt .QQC, wljj gkelb ct tnk ictk c pkrsdb

anddsks td dpkb nls$nkr QQC" Ynls _rd`lt Ycx ._Y, ls cb caadubt gcsla cbi lt ls tdtcjjy lrrkjkvcbt

wnd dwbs tnct caadubt .FQC$QQC," Ynk _rd`lt Ycx* 1?+ d` flblfuf gcjcbak cfdubt rkadrikilb tnk FQC cbi kcan QQC .l` cby, d` kvkry pkrsdb* wljj gk cutdfctlacjjy ikiuatki db tnk jcst

icy d` tnk `lbcbalcj ykcr d` tnct FQC cbi QQC .l` cby, d` kcan pkrsdb" Ynk _rd`lt tcx lb tnk bkxt

`lbcbalcj ykcr d` tnct pcrtlaujcr FQC$QQC wljj gk jkvlki db tnk flblfuf gcjcbak rkadriki d`

tnct ykcr flbus tnk prkvldus ykcrs tcxki cfdubt d` tnct pcrtlaujcr FQC$QQC lebdrlbe tnk

fcxlfuf cfdubt* ndwkvkr nuek fcy gk" Ynus tnk ikiuatki _rd`lt tcx* 1?+ d` flblfuf

gcjcbak cfdubt rkadriki lb tnk FQC cbi kcan QQC .l` cby, d` kvkry pkrsdb lb c pcrtlaujcr

Qtctk* wljj gk trcbs`krrki td tnct Qtctk cbi akbtrks adfglbki caadubt .QCAAC," Ynk adfglbki

tcxks d` YD_ Ycx cbi _rd`lt tcx* adjjkatki lb kvkry Qtctk cbi Akbtrks adfglbki caadubt

.QCAAC,* wljj ncvk td gk sncrki gktwkkb tnct pcrtlaujcr Qtctk cbi Akbtrk lb tnk rctld d` tnct

pcrtlaujcr Qtctk ekttlbe 5?+ cbi Akbtrk 1?+" Nkbak tnk tdtcjjy dptldbcj cbi cvdlicgjk _rd`ltYcx wljj kbsurk tnct tnk fdbky wljj gk adbstcbtjy pufpki gcah lbtd systkf hkkplbe tnk

kadbdfla erdwtn ct nkcjtny rctk" Lb tnk prkskbt systkf tnk nuek gjcah fdbky* ekbkrctki gy

nliikb$sncidw caadubts* adfglbki wltn nuek `chk aurrkbay ls pjcylbe ncvda wltn dur

kadbdfy" Gksliks tnksk twd tcxks bcfkjy YD_ Ycx* cbi _rd`lt tcx wnlan acb gk cvdlicgjk* tnk

Akbtrcj Edvkrbfkbt sncjj lfpdsk tnk austdfs iuty .lfpdrt iuty, cbi Adrpdrctldb tcx cs lb tnk

kxlstlbe systkf" Kxakpt tnksk `dur tcxks* tnk YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts rkfdvcj d` cjj dtnkr

Ilrkat tcxks* Lbilrkat tcxks cbi vcrldus surancreks jkvlki lb tnk prkskbt systkf"

Ynk `djjdwlbe twd tcgjks ajkcrjy ljjustrctk ndw tdtcjjy cvdlicgjk _rd`lt Ycx ls ikiuatki `rdf

QQC cbi FQC d` c pkrsdb db flblfuf gcjcbak cfdubts rkadriki lb kcan `lbcbalcj ykcr

kxajuilbe tnk prkvldus dr jcst tcxki cfdubt"


8/58



_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek >

Kxcfpjk3= Lt sndws ndw tnk _rd`lt tcx db flblfuf gcjcbak cfdubts rkadriki kcan ykcr

kxajuilbe tnk prkvldus dr jcst tcxki cfdubt wljj gk ikiuatki `rdf kcan Qug Qcvlbes caadubt

.QQC, dpkrctki gy c gcbh$skrvlak akbtrk lrrkspkatlvk d` tnk `cat tnct wnd ndjis tnct caadubt"

\kcr

Flblfuf

gcjcbak d`

tnk ykcr

Fcxlfuf

Gcjcbak d`

tnk ykcr

_rd`lt Ycx ._Y, db tnk Flb"

Cft" Ynk jcst tcxki cfdubt

Bkt _rd`lt Ycx

._Y,Ikiuatki

7??5?> 3?*??? ;?*??*??? 1?+ d` 3?*??? 1*???"??

7??>?< 9?*??? 5?*??*??? 1?+ d` .9?*???3?*???,


9/58



_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek


10/58



_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek 3?

cfdubt kvkr ykcr" Lb tnk prdakss tnk jdcbkrs .jdcb tchkrs, wljj ekt jdcbs ct ankcpkr rctk wnkb

adfpcrki td prkskbt systkf"

Nk$snk acb sktup lbiustrlks* stcrt guslbkssks td cvdli _rd`lt tcx" Qd lb tnls prdakss nuek

kfpjdyfkbt dppdrtubltlks wljj gk ekbkrctki" Qd lb tnk kbsulbe adfpktltldb* adffdiltlks

prlaks wljj gkadfk fuan ankcpkr"

Nk$snk acb trcbs`kr acsn `rdf nls$nkr FQC$QQCs td cbdtnkr dbk d` nls$nkr Qug Qcvlbes

Caadubts dr td nls wl`ks$nkr nusgcbis QQCs td cvdli _rd`lt tcx" Nk$snk acb idbctk nuek

cfdubts td drecblsctldbs$ancrltcgjk trusts l` nk$snk wlsnks" Lb tnls prdakss nk$snk wljj jdsk 9+

d` tnct trcbs`krrki acsn lb tnk `drf d`Ydp Ycx"

Nk$snk acb lbvkst lb vcrldus Jl`k Lbsurcbak sankfks" Ct tnk kbi d` tnk fcturlty pkrldi tnky wljj

ekt dbjy tnk catucj tdtcj prkfluf cfdubt pcli wltndut cby lbtkrkst" Gut lb acsk d` prkfcturk

ikctn dr ndspltcjlsctldb iuk td ljjbkss `ujj lbsurki cfdubt wljj gk pcli cs lb tnk prkskbt systkf"

Plvli kxpjcbctldb= Ynk YD_ Ycx systkfs tcx adjjkatldbs .YD_ Ycx cbi _rd`lt tcx, `dr

Edvkrbfkbt cbi tcx pcyfkbts$tcx adfpjlcbak gy cjj altlzkbs wljj gk tdtcjjy cutdfctla cbilbvdjubtcry must jlhk rksplrctdry systkf lb nufcb gdiy" Kvkry caadubt .FQC$QQC$ACB, ls cb

lbvdjubtcry tcxpcylbe caadubt" Altlzkbs bkki bdt fclbtclb skpcrctk caadubt gddhs cbi

sugflt tcx rkturbs cbbucjjy `dr pcylbe kltnkr Ilrkat tcxks db pkrsdbcj lbadfks dr Lbilrkat

tcxks wnljk rubblbe guslbkss dr lbiustry" Ynk slbejk tcx bkt .Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk tcx,

sprkcis cjj caadubts cbi kbtlrk bctldb wltndut gdtnkrlbe cgdut wnd ndjis tnct caadubt" Ynls

wljj put tnk tcx adfpdbkbt d` eddis$skrvlaks ct must dbk tnlri d` tcx adfpdbkbt d` tnk

kxlstlbe systkf" Gksliks tnct tnkrk wljj gk bd tcx adjjkatldb kxpkbilturk `dr tnk Edvkrbfkbt

cbi cgsdjutkjy bd tcx adfpjlcbak adst `dr pcylbe kltnkr Ilrkat tcxks db pkrsdbcj lbadfks dr

Lbilrkat tcxks wnljk rubblbe guslbkss dr lbiustry" Ynk Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk tcx .9+, wljj gk

ikiuatki cutdfctlacjjy gy adfputkr systkfs d` gcbhs db cjj fdbky trcbs`krs `rdf dbkcaadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt fcik tnrduen ankquk* ikglt acri* II dr dbjlbk trcbs`krs

lrrkspkatlvk d` tnk `cat tnct wnd ndjis tnct caadubt cbi `dr wnct purpdsk tnct fdbky

trcbs`krs ncvk gkkb fcik" Ynus tcx adjjkatldb cbi tcx adfpjlcbak wljj lbvcrlcgjy gkadfk dbk

cbi scfk" Ynls cutdfctla tcx pcyfkbt cbi tcx adjjkatldb systkf kbsurks tnct tnkrk wljj gk

bd rkvkbuk jkchceks* ubcaadubtki lbadfks cbi wkcjtn" Ynkrk wljj gk bd bkki `dr

Edvkrbfkbts td rub skpcrctk tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts cbi tcx kb`drakfkbt cekbalks cbi

ikpcrtfkbts td skk cbi vkrl`y caadubts d` cjj tcxcgjk altlzkbs" Qlfljcrjy pkdpjk bkki bdt

kfpjdy caadubtcbts dr tcx adbsujtcbts td pcy kltnkr Ilrkat tcxks dr Lbilrkat tcxks dr td

sugflt tcx rkturbs" Ynk pjktndrc d` tcx jcws* tnct crk kbcatki cbi gklbe uski lb tnk prkskbt

systkf td kb`drak tcx pcyfkbts* wljj bdt gk bkaksscry ct cjj lb tnk YD_ Ycx systkf" Ynkfljjldbs d` tcx rkjctki jkecj acsks* wnlan crk kfcbctki `rdf bdb adfpjlcbak d` tcxks cbi

ubcaadubtki lbadfks* cbi andhlbe tnk muilalcj systkfs d` cjj bctldbs* wljj bdt gk skkb lb tnk

YD_ Ycx systkf" Ynls ls ndw tnk YD_ Ycx systkf wdrhs cbi nkjps gdtn Edvkrbfkbt lb Ilrkat

cbi Lbilrkat tcx adjjkatldbs wltndut tcx jcws cbi kb`drakfkbt* cbi altlzkbs lb pcylbe tcxks

lbvdjubtcrljy wltndut tcx adfpjlcbak .caadubtlbe* cuiltlbe* tcx rkturbs kta"*, adsts"

Ynk adjjkatki tcx rkvkbuks d` YD_ Ycx cbi _rd`lt Ycx gy gcbhs wljj ed td Edvkrbfkbt

caadubts .QCAAC," Ynksk rkvkbuks wljj gk trcbs`krrki td vcrldus ikpcrtfkbts$flblstrlks

caadrilbe td tnk pkrakbtceks cs cjjdactki td tnksk ikpcrtfkbts$flblstrlks ct tnk guiekt

prkskbtctldb" Ynls pkrakbtcek d` cjjdactldbs td vcrldus ikpcrtfkbts$flblstrlks acb gk

ancbeki `rdf tlfk td tlfk ikpkbilbe updb tnk bkaksslty* bkki* urekbay cbi kfkrekbay d`tnk sltuctldb tnct crlsk ubkxpkatkijy" Cs stctki kcrjlkr tnk rkvkbuk ekbkrctldb wljj gk

sfddtn* kcsy cbi adbtlbudus prdakss ct flblfuf gurikb db pkdpjk fchlbe lt pdsslgjk `dr


11/58




tnk slfpjl`lki guiekt prkskbtctldb" Ynk adjjkatldb d` rkvkbuks `rdf pkdpjk td Edvkrbfkbt

cbi trcbs`kr d` tnksk rkvkbuks `rdf Edvkrbfkbt td pkdpjk tnrduen vcrldus

flblstrlks$ikpcrtfkbts$cekbalks ls sfddtn* ncssjk `rkk cbi adbtlbudus prdakss wltndut

jkchceks* tcx adjjkatldb* tcx kb`drakfkbt cbi tcx adfpjlcbak adsts"

Lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf Ilrkat cbi Lbilrkat tcxks crk gklbe pcli gy altlzkbs

gcski db tnk caadubts prkpcrki gy tnkf cbi tnkrk ls adffdb `lbcbalcj ykcr `dr cjj altlzkbs

td sugflt tnklr caadubts cbi Lbadfk tcx rkturbs" Gut lb tnk YD_ Ycx systkf* YD_ Ycx cbi

_rd`lt tcx wljj gk db caadubt gcsla" Ynk `lbcbalcj ykcr d` kcan caadubt QQC$ACB gkelbs ct tnk

ictk lt ls dpkbki cbi tnk `lbcbalcj ykcr d` FQC wljj gkelb ct tnk ictk tnk Edvkrbfkbt cjjdts

FQC td kcan altlzkb ct tnk cek d` 3;" Lt idksbt fcttkr fuan wnct tnk `lbcbalcj ykcr d` kcan

caadubt ls" Ynk bufgkr d` caadubts tnct gkelb dr kbi kcan icy ls cpprdxlfctkjy kqucj td tnk

tdtcj bufgkr d` caadubts dpkrctki gy cjj gcbhs lb tnct adubtry ilvliki gy 10;" Ynk adffdb

`lbcbalcj ykcr `dr tnk wndjk bctldb wljj gkadfk lrrkjkvcbt* ublfpdrtcbt cbi rkiubicbt lb tnk

YD_ Ycx systkf" Kcan lbilvliucj acb ncvk c andskb `lbcbalcj ykcr `dr nls kvkry QQC caadubt"

1" YD_ Ycx systkf wljj rub db jlfltki pcpkr aurrkbayYD_ Ycx systkf* dpkrctki gy gcbhs* wljj rub db jlfltki pcpkr aurrkbay td kjlflbctk gjcah

fdbky* chk aurrkbay* adrruptldb* rcbsdfs cbi kxtdrtldbs"Lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf* tnkrk ls nuek fdbky lb pnyslacj `drf .gljjs$bdtks," @dr

kxcfpjk lb Lbilc* tnkrk ls cb kstlfctki pnyslacj aurrkbay d` 3?*57*?7? ardrks wltn tnk pugjla

dut d` tdtcj fdbky suppjy d` 55*7;*;0? ardrks kxajuilbe `chk aurrkbay lb tnk kadbdfla

systkf .Cs ct 7?37 & Mubk 7< ," Ynls pnyslacj aurrkbay ls cgdut 31">+ d` tnk tdtcj fdbky

suppjy lb tnk kadbdfla systkf" Ynk pkrakbtcek d` pnyslacj fdbky fcy vcry `rdf adubtry tdadubtry" Ynkrk crk rkpdrtki td gk pjkbty d` acsks d` jddtlbes* rdggkrlks* ndflaliks*

kxtdrtldbs* rcbsdfs* cbi grlgks cardss tnk wdrji lb cjfdst cjj bctldbs gkacusk d` tnls nuek

fdbky lb pnyslacj `drf" Ynls pnyslacj fdbky* lb nuek cfdubts* ls gklbe trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk

ncbi td dtnkr kjuilbe cjj tcx bkts lb trcbscatldbs d` adffdiltlks dr eddis" Ynk ubcaadubtki

EI_ ls scli td gk tdd nkcvy cbi vcrlks `rdf adubtry td adubtry ikpkbilbe updb tnk

adrruptldb jkvkj tnct kxlsts lb tnct adubtry" Lb ciiltldb td tnls gjcah fdbky tnkrk crk cjsd

nuek cfdubts d` `chk aurrkbay tnct ncs adbtcflbctki tnk ekbulbk aurrkbay" Ynk adfglbki

k``kat d` tnk gjcah fdbky cbi `chk aurrkbay ls pjcylbe ncvda wltn kadbdflks d` fcby

adubtrlks" Bdw fdbky ls gklbe trkctki cs cb lbadfk ekbkrctlbe csskt cbi wkcjtn lbstkci d`

uslbe lt cs c fkiluf lb kxancbek d` adffdiltlks* eddis* skrvlaks* cbi sncrks* pnyslacj cbilbtkjjkatucj wdrhs" Ynk nuek caaufujctldb d` fdbky lb `kw pdahkts lb tnk `drf d` gjcah

fdbky ls fchlbe tnk ayajla alraujctldb d` fdbky lb tnk kadbdfla systkf td gk krrctla .sdfk

tlfks fdrk ayajks pkr ykcr cbi sdfk tlfks jkss ayajks pkr ykcr, wltn stcebctldb$bdb uscek d`

fdbky acuslbe kadbdfla rkakssldb ct tlfks" Ynk fujtlpjlkr k``kat db tnk fdbky lb gcbhlbe

`lbcbak systkf ls ikarkcslbe tnk rkcj `cak vcjuk d` tnk pnyslacj aurrkbay" Cjtnduen tnk

lbilvliucjs kcrblbes crk lbarkcslbe kvkry ykcr* tnk purancsk vcjuk d` tnk aurrkbay ls

ikarkcslbe cbi rkcanki cjfdst 3$3?tn

d` lts `cak vcjuk" YD_ Ycx systkf trlks td `lx tnls

prdgjkf gy qucjltctlvk cbi qucbtltctlvk suppjy d` fdbky lb kadbdfla systkf sd tnct tnk

purancsk vcjuk d` pnyslacj aurrkbay ct lts `cak vcjuk rkfclbs nlen cbi scfk `dr jdbekr pkrldi

d` tlfk" Ynk prlaks d` adffdiltlks dr skrvlaks wljj rkfclb scfk dr kvkb ikarkcsk kbncbalbe

tnk purancslbe acpcalty d` pkdpjk kvkry ykcr wltn lbarkcsk lb kcrblbes .pkr acpltc lbadfk,

kcan ykcr"


12/58




Lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf


13/58




ikstlbctldb* tnk prlaks d` adffdiltlks$eddis dr skrvlaks lbajuik dbjy tnk vcjuk$adst d`

fcbpdwkr .pnyslacj$lbtkjjkatucj, wnkrk cgubicbt rcw fctkrlcjs crk cvcljcgjk" Lb tnk prkskbt

systkf tnk prlaks d` adffdiltlks$eddis dr skrvlaks lbajuik vcrldus adfpdbkbts jlhk rcw

fctkrlcjs adst* tcx* prd`lt* lbtkrkst* adrruptldb* tcx adfpjlcbak adst* fcb pdwkr

.pnyslacj$lbtkjjkatucj,* trcbspdrt* pdwkr .`ukj$kjkatrlalty, cbi snkj` jl`k" Ynk `lbcj rksujt d` YD_

Ycx systkf wljj gk tnk canlkvkfkbt d` pkr`kat kquljlgrluf gktwkkb ikfcbi cbi suppjy8

ikvkjdpfkbt cbi kqucjlty8 erdwtn cbi lb`jctldb8 rkcj fdbky cbi arkilt fdbky .jdcbki fdbky,8

rkvkbuks cbi kxpkbilturk" Ynk jdpsliki ikvkjdpfkbt cfdbe pkdpjk cbi rkeldbs tnct ls gklbe

wltbksski lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf wljj akcsk td kxlst" Ynk bcturcj rksdurak cbi wkcjtn

d` c adubtry acb gk kqucjjy ilstrlgutki cfdbe tnk pkdpjk"

[bikr prkskbt kadbdfla systkf tnkrk crk dbjy c `kw pjcykrs* fdrk rk`krkks .jlakbsk*

pkrflt* ankah pdsts* wcy gljjs* cuiltlbe* csskssfkbt cbi lbspkatldb, cbi fdrk spkatctdrs"

Ynk prdpdski Ydp tcx systkf wljj jkcvk spcak `dr fdrk pjcykrs* c `kw rk`krkks .pdjjutldb

adbtrdj gdcri dbjy, cbi c `kw spkatctdrs" Ynk fcrhkts wljj gkadfk sd wlik dpkb wltn bdpkrflts dr jlakbaks rkqulrki .kxakpt pdjjutldb adbtrdj gdcris pkrflssldb, td rub cby guslbkss

dr lbiustry kxakpt tndsk wnkrk cgsdjutk bkaksslty ls rkqulrki `dr pkrflssldbs `rdf

Edvkrbfkbts `dr flblbe drks* flbkrcjs* skkis* pkstlaliks* kxpjdslvks kta*" Ynus kvkrydbk acb

kbtkr lbtd tnk fcrhkt cbi stcrt nls$nkr dwb guslbkss dr lbiustry wltndut cby sncahjks

tnkrkgy rkiualbe ubkfpjdyfkbt sugstcbtlcjjy" Ct tnk scfk tlfk* wltn sd fcby pjcykrs lb tnk

fcrhkt cbi nlen adfpktltldb* tnk prlaks d` eddis$skrvlaks wljj gkadfk ankcpkr* gkbk`lttlbe

adbsufkrs" Ynls lbvcrlcgjy lbarkcsks adbsufptldb jkcilbe td fdrk prdiuatldb cbi erdwtn

rctk"

Ynk gcsla adbakpt d` tnk YD_ Ycx systkf ls tnct dbjy slbejk tcx* lb tnk pjcak d` prkskbt

fujtlpjk tcxks* wljj gk pcli gy tnk pkdpjk db adffdiltlks$skrvlaks fcbu`caturki wltnlb tnkadubtry* cpcrt `rdf tnk austdfs iuty wnlan ls lfpdski dbjy td scvk idfkstla lbiustry dr

guslbkss" Ynk austdfs iuty acb gk rkfdvki db akrtclb eddis jlhk akfkbt cbi stkkj cs cbi

wnkb bkaksscry td ankah tnk mcahki up prlaks acuski gy acrtkj cfdbe tnksk adfpcblks cbi

cjsd db cerlaujturk prdiuak wnkb su``lalkbt `ddi erclb prdiuatldb ls bdt cvcljcgjk `dr

adbsufptldb dr prdaurkfkbt tdwcris ksskbtlcj gu``kr stdah* gkacusk d` irduent dr dtnkr

bcturcj acjcfltlks" Qd tnk cbbucj guiekt prkskbtctldb* l` bkaksscry* wljj gk fclbjy utljlski td

ilstrlgutk cbi cjjdactk rkvkbuks td vcrldus skatdrs* ikpcrtfkbts cbi wkj`crk sankfks

lbstkci d` `dausslbe db tcxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb cbi kb`drakfkbt db tcx adfpjlcbak"

Lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf tnk guiekt prkpcrctldb ls

fcsslvk* fujtl stceki* tlfk adbsuflbe cbi jcgdrldus prdakss" Ynkrk crk tnduscbis d`il``krkbt nlen dr vkry jdw vcjuki eddis dr skrvlaks td gk skerkectki lbtd il``krkbt erdups cbi

tcxki gy gdtn Akbtrk cbi Qtctks wltn il``krkbt tcxks ct tnrkk dr fdrk sjcg rctks cbi* cs l`

tnksk crk bdt kbduen* tnkrk crk ciiltldbcj surancreks dr akssks db skjkatki eddis" Ynksk tcx

struaturks cbi sjcg rctks db il``krkbt eddis hkkp ancbelbe kvkry ykcr" Ultn tnksk

adfpjlactki tcx struaturks cbi kvkr ancbelbe sjcg rctks kvkry ykcr* tnk tcx adfpjlcbak gy

lbilvliucj fcbu`caturkrs* ikcjkrs cbi rktcljkrs ncs gkkb il``laujt* aufgkrsdfk cbi

gdtnkrsdfk" Ycxks crk gklbe adjjkatki gy il``krkbt tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts gcski db tnk

caadubts fclbtclbki gy lbilvliucjs wnd rub lbiustry dr guslbkss" Ynkrk ls pjkbty d` rddf `dr

ubikrstctkfkbt d` prdiuatldb cbi scjks* tcx kvcsldb cbi adbskqukbt gy&prdiuat d` gjcah

fdbky" Gut lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnkrk wljj gk slbejk tcx acjjki YD_ .Yrcbs`kr Dr_urancsk, tcx wltn `lxki$stctldbcry sjcg rctk .9+, db cjj fdbky trcbs`krs `rdf dbk caadubt td

cbdtnkr caadubt tnrduen ankquk* ikglt acri cbi dbjlbk trcbs`kr$bkt gcbhlbe lb tnk purancsk


14/58




anclb d` adbsufkrs* rktcljkrs cbi fcbu`caturkrs" Ynk Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk YD_ Ycx .9+, wljj

gk ikiuatki cutdfctlacjjy gy adfputkr systkfs d` gcbhs db cjj fdbky trcbs`krs `rdf dbk

caadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt lrrkspkatlvk d` tnk `cat tnct `dr wnct purpdsk

.purancsk$idbctldb$scjcrlks$jdcbs, cbi gy wndf tnksk fdbky trcbs`krs ncvk gkkb fcik"

Ynk tcx wljj gk dbjy db fdbky trcbs`krs `drf dbk caadubt td cbdtnkr rctnkr tncb db

tnk vcjuk d` eddi$adffdiltlks cbi skrvlaks wltn kvkr ancbelbe sjcg rctks kvkry ykcr ct

guiekt tlfk lb tnk prkskbt tcxctldb systkf" Qd tnk rkvkbuk adjjkatldbs `dr gdtn Akbtrk cbi

Qtctki Edvkrbfkbts wljj gk lbstcbt* cutdfctla* prdfpt cbi adbtlbudus prdakss tnrduendut

tnk ykcr wltn bd rddf `dr tcx kvcsldb" Ynkrk wljj gk cgsdjutkjy bd tcx adjjkatldb kxpkbilturk

`dr tnk Edvkrbfkbt cbi tcx adfpjlcbak adst `dr altlzkbs" Ynk purpdsk d` guiekt prkpcrctldb

wljj gk dbjy tnk cjjdactldb d` rkvkbuks* edt `rdf YD_ Ycx cbi _rd`lt Ycx* td vcrldus skatdrs*

ikpcrtfkbts dr flblstrlks" Ycxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb* tcx kb`drakfkbt* tcx adfpjlcbak*

cjjdactldb d` rkvkbuks td vcrldus flblstrlks dr ikpcrtfkbts cbi fdbky suppjy lbtd tnk

kadbdfy crk ubl`lki lb tnls ublquk YD_ Ycx systkf" Qd tnk guiekt prkskbtctldb wljj gkadfkslfpjk* sfddtn cbi tlfk scvlbe" Dr kvkb tnkrk wljj gk bd bkki `dr guiekt prkskbtctldb kcan

ykcr" Ynk ykcrjy guiekt prkskbtctldb acb gk sdjkjy utljlski `dr pkrakbtcek wlsk cjjdactldb cbi

ancbbkjjlbe d` tndsk cutdfctlacjjy adjjkatki YD_ Ycx cbi _rd`lt Ycx rkvkbuks gy gcbhs td

vcrldus skatdrs jlhk nduslbe* nkcjtn acrk* kiuactldb* irlbhlbe wctkr* trcbspdrt* lrrlectldb*

cerlaujturk* kbvlrdbfkbt* scbltctldb* lb`rcstruaturk prdmkats* rurcj ikvkjdpfkbt* ik`kbak cbi

lbtkrbcj pdjlalbe" Ynk pkrakbtcek d` ùbis cjjdactki td vcrldus flblstrlks* ikpcrtfkbts dr

skatdrs acb gk ancbeki kvkry ykcr ikpkbilbe updb tnk bkki* bkaksslty cbi urekbay caqulrki

gy tnkf" Ynk Edvkrbfkbt struaturk cbi fcanlbkry acb gk rkstruaturki* idwbslzki cbi `lbk

tubki bdt dbjy td rkiuak wcstkùj kxpkbilturk gut cjsd td actkr td tnk gcsla bkkis d` pkdpjk

adbakrblbe nduslbe* nkcjtn acrk* kiuactldb* scbltctldb cbi irlbhlbe wctkr"YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts c bkw `lsacj pdjlay gy wnlan tnk Edvkrbfkbt spkbilbe snduji gk

kqucj td lts tcx rkvkbuks elvlbe c gcjcbaki dr stcgjk kadbdfy" Ynk Edvkrbfkbt spkbilbe acb

gk ùbiki tnrduen must dbk tcx acjjki YD_ Ycx lb pjcak d` prkskbt fujtlpjk tcxks wltn

il``krkbt sjcg rctks" Ynkrk wljj gk dbjy slbejk tcx acjjki YD_ .Yrcbs`kr Dr _urancsk, Ycx wltn

`lxki$stctldbcry sjcg rctk .9+, db cjj fdbky trcbs`krs `rdf dbk caadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt"

Kvkry ykcr* ciiltldbcj fdbky kqucjjlbe ;7"01+ d` tnk vcjuk d` tnk erdwtn lb tnk EI_* snduji

gk ciiki td tnk Edvkrbfkbt caadubt ct tnk tlfk d` guiekt prkskbtctldb td ankah ik`jctldb

cbi rkakssldb" Ynk fcmdr pdrtldb .;?+, d` tnls ciiki fdbky snduji gk cjjdactki tdwcris

pkbsldbs td skbldr altlzkbs wnd ncvk bd dr pcjtry lbadfks" Ynk rkfclblbe pdrtldb sncjj gk

cjjdactki td wkj`crk sankfks* nkcjtn acrk skrvlaks* cbi kiuactldb cbi lb`rcstruaturk skatdrs"

Dbak tnls rkcj fdbky ls ciiki cbi fkreki lb tnk alraujctlbe fdbky* tnk rkfclblbe pdrtldb d`

95"15+ d` tnk vcjuk d` tnk erdwtn lb tnk EI_* wljj cjsd gk ekbkrctki tnrduen jdcbs cs ikgt

fdbky$jdcb fdbky gy tnk gcbhs cbi ciiki td tnk alraujctlbe fdbky lb tnk `lbcbak systkf"

Ynk gcbhs prd`lts wljj lbarkcsk tnrduen lbtkrksts db tnls ciiltldbcj jdcb fdbky kvkry ykcr"

YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts tnct tdtcj jlquli fdbky .rkcj fdbky cbi $jdcb fdbky, td gk

bkaksscry `dr alraujctldb lb gcbhs snduji gk ct tnk flblfuf jkvkj 3??+ cbi ct fcxlfuf

jkvkj 33?+ d` tnk vcjuk d` EI_ d` tnk adubtry" Cssuflbe tnct kcan adffdilty$skrvlak ls

ancbeki ncbis tnrkk tlfks lb tnk adbsufkr* rktcljkr* ikcjkr cbi fcbu`caturk anclb* tnk

ayajks d` tnk tdtcj fdbky lb tnk alraujctldb wljj gk ct cvkrcek tnrkk pkr ykcr"


15/58



_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek 3;

Yd scy grlk`jy* tnk Edvkrbfkbts kbtlrk adbakbtrctldb cbi tdp fdst prldrlty wljj snl`t `rdf

tcxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb cbi kb`drakfkbt td lfpjkfkbtctldb d` wkj`crk sankfks cbi

ikvkjdpfkbt d` lb`rcstruaturk prdmkats"

Lb tnls bkw kadbdfla systkf tnk tdtcj rkvkbuks d` cby adubtry wljj gk cpprdxlfctkjy

kqucj td 9+ .YD_ Ycx, ^ 1 6 37+ d` tnk tdtcj EI_ Pcjuk d` tnct adubtry wnljk cssuflbe tnct

kcan adffdilty dr skrvlak wljj ancbek ncbis ct cb cvkrcek d` tnrkk tlfks lb tnk adbsufkr*

rktcljkr* ikcjkr cbi fcbu`caturkr anclb" Ynct fkcbs ct kcan ancbek d` ncbis d` cby

adffdilty dr skrvlak tnk fdbky wljj gk trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk caadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt

wnljk jkcvlbe bd rddf `dr tcx kvcsldb" Ynkrk wljj gk ciiltldbcj ; td 3? + YD_ Ycx rkvkbuks

db tnk rkscjk d` tnk sncrks* fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks* cbi idbctldbs lb tnct

adubtry" @urtnkrfdrk tnkrk wljj gk rkvkbuks `rdf cvdlicgjk _rd`lt tcx" Lb cjj prdgcgljlty

tnksk rkvkbuks wljj gk fdrk tncb 3;?+ d` tnk rkvkbuks tnct crk caarulbe `rdf fujtlpjk tcxks

lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf" _jkcsk rkfkfgkr tnct cjj tnksk rkvkbuks wljj gk adjjkatki

wltndut cby tcx adjjkatldb kxpkbilturk db tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts* tcx trlgubcjs cbi tcxkb`drakfkbt cekbalks

Lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnk gcbhs$skrvlak akbtrks wljj gkadfk vlrtucjjy tnk

lbtkrfkilcrlks gktwkkb pkdpjk cbi tnk Edvkrbfkbt `dr cjj tcx adjjkatldbs cbi rkilstrlgutldb

d` `ubis$rkvkbuks `rdf tnk Edvkrbfkbt td pkdpjk* wnd snduji gk tnk bcturcj* kjlelgjk cbi

jkeltlfctk rkalplkbts wnljk kjlflbctlbe wncjks* pcrcsltks cbi jlfpkts" Unkbkvkr c pkrsdb

flerctks dr fdvks td c bkw pjcak nls dji ciirkss lb Fclb Qcvlbe Caadubt .FQC, snduji gk

ancbeki wltn tnk bkw ciirkss td ekt fdbtnjy rctldb* sugslilks*

adfpkbsctldb$kxerctlc$rkjlk` `ubis lb tnk kvkbt d` bcturcj acjcfltlks jlhk kcrtnquchk*

ayajdbks* `jddis* `cflbk* irduent* kta"* lb tnct pcrtlaujcr pjcak cbi cjsd td ekt vdtlbe rlent lb

tnct pcrtlaujcr adbstltukbay" Lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt.FQC, d` kcan pkrsdb sncjj gk utljlski cs tnk ik&fct caadubt d` tnct pkrsdb `dr ndjilbe gdtn

fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk sncrks* jcbis* pjdts* `jcts* edji* sljvkr* mkwkjjkry*

drbcfkbts* vkry nlen vcjuki crtlajks* fdtdr ayajks* acrs* dtnkr vknlajks cbi cjj dtnkr

prdpkrtlks$csskts" Unljk purancslbe dr skjjlbe* tnk trcbs`kr d` dwbkrsnlp rlents d` tnksk

csskts$prdpkrtlks `rdf dbk pkrsdb td cbdtnkr pkrsdb sncjj gk fcik `rdf dbk pkrsdbs FQC

td cbdtnkr pkrsdbs FQC tnrduen gcbhs$skrvlak akbtrks lb c ileltcj$kjkatrdbla drf"

[scek d` FQCs* QQCs cbi ACBs=&Lb tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf c pkrsdbs dr c adfpcbys fdbky* fdvcgjk dr

lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks.jlhk vknlajks* pjdts* `jcts* ndusks* `catdrlks* adffkralcj kstcgjlsnfkbts*

jcbis kta"*, sncrks* `cfljy trkk* lbsurcbak pdjlalks cbi cjj dtnkr csskts crk rkadriki* fcbcekicbi ncbijki gy il``krkbt ikpcrtfkbts* cekbalks dr lbstltutldbs"

Gut lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf kcan lbilvliucj cgdvk tnk cek d` 3; ykcrs wljj ncvk

dbk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt adbslstlbe d` `lvk `djikrs" Fdbky* fdvcgjk dr lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks

.jlhk vknlajks* pjdts* `jcts* ndusks* adffkralcj kstcgjlsnfkbts* jcbis kta"*, sncrks* `cfljy trkk*

lbsurcbak pdjlalks kta"* crk rkadriki* fcbceki cbi ncbijki lb c slbejk caadubt acjjki Fclb

Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, wltn `lvk `djikrs lb acsk d` lbilvliucjs cbi lb Adrpdrctk Caadubt

Bufgkrs .ACB, wltn skvkb `djikrs lb acsk d` adfpcblks wnlan lssuki sncrks `dr pugjla" Ynksk

caadubts bcfkjy* FQCs* QQCs cbi ACBs wljj gk fclbtclbki cbi dpkrctki gy gcbhs rkpjcalbe

il``krkbt ikpcrtfkbts* tcx adjjkatldb cbi tcx kb`drakfkbt gdcris* cekbalks dr lbstltutldbs d`

tnk prkskbt kadbdfla systkf"


16/58




Ynus pkdpjks fdbky* sncrks* cjj fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks wljj gk lb dbjy dbk

caadubt .FQC, wltn il``krkbt `djikrs dpkrctki gy gcbhs"

3" [scek d` Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, Ynkrk wljj gk dbjy dbkadfpujsdry cbi fcbictdry FQC `dr kcan pkrsdb elvkb gy tnk Edvkrbfkbt" Ynls FQC wljj ncvk`lvk `djikrs `dr kcan spkal`la purpdsk d` cb lbilvliucj"

Ynk `lrst `djikr .jlquli fdbky `djikr, wljj gk uski `dr stdrcek cbi uscek d` fdbky .lb YD_ Ycx

systkf lt ls acjjki cs jlquli fdbky, ekbkrctki tnrduen scvlbes$kcrblbes$lbadfks$idbctldbs"

Ynls `djikr d` FQC acb cjsd gk uski td rub dr dpkrctk cby guslbkss dr lbiustry dwbki wndjjy gy

cb lbilvliucj"

Ynk skadbi `djikr .lffdvcgjk prdpkrty `djikr$Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt$JAC, sncjjgk uski `dr rkelstrctldb* stdrcek cbi uscek d` dwbkrsnlp rlents d` cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk

jcbis* `jcts* pjdts* adffkralcj kstcgjlsnfkbts* cbi ktaktkrc" Ynk dwbkrsnlp rlents d` tnksk

csskts wljj gk trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk pkrsdbs JQC td cbdtnkr pkrsdbs JQC wnljkpurancslbe$skjjlbe$idbctlbe d` tnksk lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks"

Plvli kxpjcbctldb= & Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt$JAC Lb tnls sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnk

lffdvcgjk prdpkrty `djikr$ d` kcan pkrsdb sncjj gk utljlski cs tnk ikfct caadubt d` tnctpkrsdbs dwbkrsnlp rlents d` lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk jcbis* pjdts* `jcts* `catdrlks cbi dtnkr

kstcgjlsnfkbts" Unljk purancslbe dr skjjlbe* tnk trcbs`kr d` dwbkrsnlp rlents d` tnksk

csskts$prdpkrtlks `rdf dbk pkrsdb td cbdtnkr pkrsdb sncjj gk fcik `rdf dbk pkrsdbs JQC td

cbdtnkr pkrsdbs JQC tnrduen gcbhs$skrvlak akbtrks lb cb kjkatrdbla$ileltcj `drf" Qd tnk

trcbs`kr d` csskts jlhk jcbis* pjdts* `jcts* struaturks cbi dtnkr kstcgjlsnfkbts wljj tchk pjcak lb

pnyslacj `drf updb tnk trcbs`kr d` dwbkrsnlp rlent d` tnct csskt lb ileltcj `drf `rdf dbk JQC

.skjjkr, td cbdtnkr JQC .guykr," YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts tnct tdtcj jcbi rkadri d` tnk adubtrysnduji gk ikfctkrlcjlski caadrilbe td kxtkbt* jdactldb* fcpplbe cbi dwbkrsnlp" Ynk jcbi

gkjdbes td pkdpjk wljj gk rkadriki lb tnklr rkspkatlvk JQCs" Qlfljcrjy tnk jcbi tnct gkjdbes td

Edvkrbfkbt* Edvkrbfkbt drecblsctldbs* adfpcblks snduji gk rkadriki lb tnklr rkspkatlvk

caadubts" Ynk

Wkpkct8& [bikr tnk YD_ tcx systkf tnk purancsk d` jcbis* pjdts* `jcts dr dtnkr

prdpkrtlks snduji gk fcik tnrduen Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt .JAC,* tnk skadbi `djikr d` Fclb

Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, dpkrctki gy gcbhs" L` cby pkrsdb guys jcbi* pjdt* `jct dr cby dtnkr

prdpkrty cbywnkrk lb Lbilc tnk kxtkbt cbi bcturk d` tnk prdpkrty wljj gk arkiltki lb nls Jcbi

Qcvlbes Caadubt cbi tnk scfk prdpkrty wljj gk ikgltki `rdf tnk skjjkr Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt

.JQC," Unkbkvkr nk$snk skjjs cby prdpkrty tnct ls arkiltki lb nls JQC* tnk scfk wljj gkikgltki `rdf nls$nkr Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt cbi tnk scfk prdpkrty wljj gk arkiltki lb tnk

guykrs Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt .JQC," Ynk arkilt lb tnk JQC fkcbs purancsk d` lffdvcgjk

prdpkrty cbi ikglt fkcbs skjjlbe d` lffdvcgjk prdpkrty" Ynk lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks wljj gk

lb ikfctkrlcjlski `drf cbi tnk dwbkrsnlp rlents acb gk trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk caadubt td

cbdtnkr caadubt must jlhk fdbky trcbs`krs cbi sncrks" Must jlhk sncrks tnkrk wljj gk bd pcpkr

idaufkbts `dr prdpkrtlks" [bjlhk acsn trcbs`krs tnk guykrs prkskbak cbi

slebcturk$cutnkbtlactldb sncjj cjsd gk bkkiki `dr cby fdvcgjk dr lffdvcgjk prdpkrty

trcbscatldb" C gcbh stctkfkbt d` tnk skadbi `djikr .JQC, d` cby pkrsdbs Fclb Qcvlbes

Caadubt wljj ndji tnk kbtlrk dwbkrsnlp rlents d` tnct pkrsdbs cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks" Ynk

_kdpjk acb ekt tnksk gcbh stctkfkbts d` tnklr prdpkrtlks ct cby tlfk ct gcbhs lb ciiltldb td

wkkhjy* fdbtnjy dr ykcrjy stctkfkbts gy pdst dr k&fcljs dr gdtn" Ynky wljj ekt pndbk

fkssceks cbi kfclj stctkfkbts lffkilctkjy c`tkr kcan prdpkrty trcbs`kr"


17/58




Ynkrk wljj gk bd fujtlpjk skjjlbe d` tnk scfk prdpkrty td il``krkbt pkdpjk cbi

ubcutndrlski skjjlbe$purancsk cbi ljjkecj daaupctldb d` dtnkr pkrsdbs prdpkrty wltndut

nls$nkr hbdwlbe$adbskbt wljj bdt gk pdsslgjk"

Civcbtceks d` Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt=&

3" Jcbi akljlbe catLb tnk prkskbt systkf rlan pkdpjk crk ncvlbe nuek trcats d` cerlaujturk jcbis lb il``krkbt

ilstrlats cbi Qtctks fchlbe fdahkry d` tnk jcbi akljlbe cat" Ynk rkelstrctldbs d` jcbis* `jcts*

pjdts cbi dtnkr prdpkrtlks crk gklbe fcik gy tnk rkelstrctldb ikpcrtfkbts cbi jcbi rkadris

crk fclbtclbki gy rkvkbuk ikpcrtfkbts"

Lb tnk YD_ Ycx systkf jcbi akljlbe cat acb gk strlatjy kb`draki db lbilvliucjs cbi bd

lbilvliucj acb ncvk fdrk tncb 7? carks d` jcbi lb tnk kbtlrk adubtry" Kvkry lbilvliucj wljj

ncvk dbjy dbk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt adbslstlbe d` skpcrctk `djikr acjjki Jcbi Qcvlbes

Caadubt `dr cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk jcbis* pjdts* `jcts* kta"* Cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks*

sltuctki wnkrkvkr lb tnk adubtry* cjdbe wltn cjj iktcljs d` Qurvky bufgkrs* gdubicrlks*

iksarlptldb* bcturk* fcp* ekd jdactldb* vljjcek* ilstrlat* stctk* kxtkbt cbi ictk d`

skjjlbe$guylbe d` kcan prdpkrty d` kcan pkrsdb wljj gk rkadriki cbi fclbtclbki lb Jcbi

Qcvlbes Caadubt .JAC,"

Ynk Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt wljj gk dpkrctki cbi fclbtclbki gy gcbhs must jlhk fdbky scvlbes

caadubts" Ikglts cbi Arkilts d` cjj prdpkrtlks wljj gk fcik lb tnk Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt wnljk

c pkrsdb guys dr skjjs nls prdpkrty" Ynk tdtcj kxtkbt d` jcbi rkadriki lb cjj Jcbi Qcvlbes

Caadubts gkjdbelbe td pkdpjk* Edvkrbfkbts* ikpcrtfkbts* drecblsctldbs* adfpcblks*

lbstltutldbs kta"* wljj rkfclb kxcatjy tnk scfk kvkb c`tkr adubtjkss bufgkr d` ikglts cbi

arkilts kcan icy" Ynk Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt wljj sndw cb lbilvliucjs kxcat dwbkrsnlp rlents

d` nls$nkr cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks" Ynk tdtcj jcbi kxtkbt lb kcan Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt wljj

bkvkr ardss tnk uppkr jlflt d` 7? carks .cs kbvlsceki lb YD_ Ycx systkf, strlatjy cinkrlbe td

jcbi akljlbe cat" Ynkrk acb gk cgsdjutkjy bd fujtlpjk skjjlbe d` scfk prdpkrty td il``krkbt

pkdpjk" Lt wljj gkadfk lfpdsslgjk `dr cby lbilvliucj td dwb nuek kxtkbt d` jcbis .gkydbi

jcbi akljlbe cat, ubikr il``krkbt bcfks lb il``krkbt jdactldbs d` tnk adubtry" YD_ Ycx systkf

kbsurks tnct tnk jcbi akljlbe cat acb gk lfpjkfkbtki lb tdtcjlty td pkr`katldb fchlbe

Edvkrbfkbts tcsh kcslkr lb pusnlbe `drwcri jcbi rk`drfs cbi cjjdactlbe jcbi td jcbijkss

pddr"

Ynkrk wljj gk bd pcpkr idaufkbts `dr cjj fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks" Nkbak bd

skpcrctk rkelstrctldb cbi rkvkbuks ikpcrtfkbts crk bkkiki lb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx

systkf" Dbjy jcbi survky ikpcrtfkbt wduji su``lak td fcrh cbi ajkcr gdubicry ilsputks"

7" @crf sugslilks8 & Lb prkskbt systkf


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_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek 3>

ikpcrtfkbt td cbdtnkr ikpcrtfkbt td ekt jcbi idaufkbts* kvcjuctldb cbi kbaufgrcbak

akrtl`lactks* rkvkbuk akrtl`lactks kta"* c`tkr pcylbe nkcvy grlgks" @crfkrs crk gklbe `draki td

tchk jdcbs `rdf prlvctk jkbikrs wnd ancrek nlen lbtkrkst rctks"

Gut Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt wljj fchk fdbky gdrrdwlbe gy `crfkrs `rdf gcbhs sd fuan kcsy*

lbstcbt* sfddtn* tlfkjy cbi tlfk scvlbe kxkralsk" Gy uslbe Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubts tnk grcban

fcbcekrs acb scbatldb `crf jdcbs lbstcbtjy gcski db jcbi rkadris lb tnk JACs"

9" Lbtkrkst rctks db `crf jdcbsLb tnk sueekstki YD_ Ycx systkf tnk lbtkrkst rctks db `crf jdcbs* up td Ws"3?* ???* ??* wljj gk

dbjy 7+ pkr cbbuf cbi 9+ pkr cbbuf gkydbi Ws" 3?*???*??"

;" Jcbi caqulsltldb cbi adfpkbsctldb8& L` cb lbilvliucj dr adfpcby caqulrks jcbi d`fdrk tncb 7? carks d` jcbi `dr lbiustry* stuilds* rkcj kstctk dr cby dtnkr purpdsk* jcbi tcx d`

3?*??? pkr cark pkr cbbuf bkkis td gk jkvlki" L` jcbi ls caqulrki `dr QK]s tnk `crfkrs snduji

gk pcli bdt dbjy tnk fcrhkt prlak d` tnk jcbi gut cjsd Ws 3*??? pkr cark pkr fdbtn `dr rkst d`

nls$nkr jl`k cbi tnkrkc`tkr td nls$nkr jkecj nklr" Lt ls kcslkr `dr jdacj pcbancycts*

fublalpcjltlks* adrpdrctldb td adjjkat ndusk tcx* vcacbt pjdt$jcbi tcx cbi prdpkrtlks tcx cs cjj

tnk iktcljs d` c pkrsdbs prdpkrtlks crk rkadriki lb nls$nkr Jcbi Qcvlbes Caadubt .JQC,"

0" Jcbi trcbs`kr$rkelstrctldb$stcfp iuty8&[bikr tnk YD_ Ycx systkf tnkrk wljj gkbd stcfp iutlks db cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks Ynk rkelstrctldb ancreks `dr purancslbe cby

prdpkrty l"k" jcbi* pjdt* `jct* ndusk dr dtnkr adffkralcj kstcgjlsnfkbts wljj gk scfk cbi

kqucj cjj dvkr Lbilc lrrkspkatlvk d` tnk pjcak cbi fcrhkt vcjuk d` prdpkrty" Ynk rkelstrctldb

ancreks wduji gk dbjy Ws" 3*??? pkr cark* Ws" 3*??? pkr 1?? squcrk ycris d` pjdt dr Ws 3*???

pkr 3??? squcrk `kkt d` `jct cbi fujtlpjks tnkrkd`" Ynksk rkelstrctldbs d` jcbi trcbs`krs acb

gk fcik lb cby gcbh cbi cbywnkrk lb Lbilc" Lt ls bkkijkss tnct tnk jdss d` stcfp iutlks wduji

gk adfpkbsctki gy tnk YD_ Ycx wnlan ls adfpujsdry db cby fdbky trcbs`krs" L` c pkrsdb

guys c prdpkrty .jcbi* pjdt* `jct* ndusk* adffkralcj kstcgjlsnfkbt, `dr Ws" 3? jchns* c YD_ tcx

d` Ws" 9?*??? wljj gk ikiuatki `rdf nls FQC dr QQC wnljk trcbs`krrlbe tnk acsn td tnk skjjkrs

caadubt" L` nk$snk guys tnk scfk prdpkrty `dr Ws" 3 ardrk tnk ikiuatki YD_ tcx wljj gk Ws" 9

jchns" Lb tnk acsk c pkrsdb trcbs`krs c prdpkrty cs c el`t td nls$nkr sdb$icuentkr dr cby dtnkr

pkrsdb* trust dr drecblsctldb tnk YD_ tcx ikiuatki wljj gk blj cs tnkrk ls bd acsn trcbs`kr

fcik" Ynct fkcbs tnkrk wljj gk bd bkki `dr skpcrctk rkelstrctldb cbi rkvkbuk ikpcrtfkbts

`dr rkelstrctldbs cbi ncbijlbe d` cjj lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks"

Ynk tnlri `djikr .fdvcgjk prdpkrty `djikr, sncjj gk utljlski `dr dwbkrsnlp rlents d` cjjfdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk vknlajks* edji* mkwkjjkry* cbi ktaktkrc" Ynk dwbkrsnlp rlents d` tnksk

prdpkrtlks wljj gk trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk pkrsdbs FQC .fcbu`caturkr* ikcjkr* cbi skjjkr, td

cbdtnkr pkrsdbs FQC wnljk purancsk$scjk$idbctldb d` tnksk fdvcgjk prdpkrtlks" Ynk

dwbkrsnlp rkadris wljj adbtclb tnk vknlajks fdikj* fcbu`caturlbe ictk* kbelbk bufgkr*

ancssls bufgkr* rkelstrctldb bufgkr* `ltbkss akrtl`lactk kta" Ynk dwbkrsnlp rlents d` cjj vknlajks

wljj gk trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk FQC gkjdbelbe td fcbu`caturkr$lfpdrtkr$ikcjkr$rktcljkr* dr dtnkr

altlzkb td tnk guykrs caadubt tnrduen dbjlbk must jlhk fdbky trcbs`krs lb tnk prkskbt systkf"

Lb tnk YD_ Ycx systkf pkdpjk wljj bdt bkki td ncvk skpcrctk vknlajk rkelstrctldb akrtl`lactks*

`ltbkss akrtl`lactks* cbi lbsurcbak akrtl`lactks `dr kcan vknlajk nk$snk dwbs" Ynk gcbh

stctkfkbt d` tnk tnlri `djikr d` nls$nkr FQC* wnlan adbtclbs tnk dwblbe rkadri d` cjj nls$nkr

vknlajks* wljj su``lak `dr cjj nls$nkr vknlajks" Ynct fkcbs tnk gcbh stctkfkbt d` tnk tnlri `djikr

.JQC, d` cby pkrsdbs Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt wljj ndji tnk kbtlrk dwbkrsnlp rlents d` tnct

pkrsdbs cjj fdvcgjk prdpkrtlks" @urtnkrfdrk tnkrk wljj gk bd bkki td ncvk skpcrctk WYD


19/58





20/58




ekts tnk cek d` 3; ykcrs nk$snk wljj cutdfctlacjjy ekt _CB cbi FQC" Ynk tdtcj acrk cbi wkj`crk

d` tnk drpncbs snduji gk tchkb gy tnk Qtctk edvkrbfkbts tljj tnk anlji rkcanks tnk cek d` 7?

ykcrs" Ynk pctnktla pjlent d` strkkt anljirkb cbi drpncbs wljj adfk td cb kbi dbak tnk YD_ Ycx

systkf gkadfks dpkrctldbcj"

Ynls systkf tdtcjjy cbi pkrfcbkbtjy ankahs tnk kvkr lbarkcslbe prdgjkf d` ljjkecj flerctldb

`rdf _chlstcb cbi Gcbejciksn ancbelbe tnk ikfdercpnla prdpdrtldb d` Lbilc td cb

ublfcelbcgjk jkvkj" Dbak cjj tnk altlzkbs cgdvk tnk cek d` 3; ykcrs crk elvkb tnk fcbictdry

Fclb Qcvlbes caadubt .FQC, cbi tnk YD_ Ycx systkf gkadfks ùjjy dpkrctldbcj* bd ciujt wljj

gk elvkb Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, tnkrkc`tkr" @rdf nkrkc`tkr kvkry ciiltldbcj Fclb

Qcvlbes Caadubt FQC wljj gk cb d``snddt d` cb kxlstlbe FQC gkjdbelbe td pcrkbts" Ynkrk wljj gk

bd qukstldb d` ciiltldbcj `rksn FQC wltndut pcrkbts kxlstlbe FQC" Qlfljcrjy kxlstlbe FQCs wl jj

adfk td akcsk updb tnk ikctn d` lbilvliucjs" Cjj tnk fdbky* sncrks* fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk

prdpkrtlks rkadriki lb tnk `lvk `djikrs d` FQC d` tnk ikakcski pkrsdb wljj gk trcbs`krrki td

nls$nkr jkecj nklrs" Ynk tdtcj bufgkr d` FQCs wljj lbarkcsk kvkry ykcr ikpkbilbe updb tnkerdwtn rctk d` pdpujctldb d` tnct adubtry" YD_ Ycx systkf wljj rkadri8 fclbtclb kvkry

lbilvliucjs `cfljy rkadri ekbkrctldb c`tkr ekbkrctldb" Ynkrk`drk ljjkecj flercbts `rdf dtnkr

adubtrlks acbbdt kbtkr ljjkecjjy lbtd Lbilc* ekt Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt dr Qug Qcvlbes Caadubts

cbi csslfljctk lb Lbilcb pdpujctldb" Lt wljj gk c jdt kcslkr `dr tnk edvkrbfkbt td iktkat

tkrrdrlsts cbi fljltcbts wnd ardss dvkr `rdf cardss tnk gdrikr td lbiujek lb ubjcwùj catlvltlks"

_rkpcrctldb d` vdtkr jlsts YD_ Ycx systkf fchks tnk prkpcrctldb d` kjkatdrcj rdjks td gk vkry

kcsy cbi slfpjk cbi lbstcbt" @rksn vdtkr jlsts wljj gk prdvliki gy gcbhs ct cby tlfk l` cshki gy

kjkatldb adfflssldb" Caadrilbe td tnk ciirkssks rkadriki lb tnk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt tnk

crkc wlsk vdtkr jlsts acb gk suppjlki gy gcbhs td adbiuat pdjjs td pcbancycts* altlks* ilstrlats*

FJC* F_ cbi cjj dtnkr pdjjs" L` gy pdjjs crk td gk nkji* tnk jcst vdtkr jlsts snduji gk uski lb tnctpcrtlaujcr adbstltukbay lb drikr td stdp pkdpjk `rdf dtnkr crkcs td ancbek tnklr ciirkssks td

tnct gy pdjj crkcs"

YD_ tcx systkf wljj gk dpkrctki sdjkjy gy gcbhs td prdvlik il``krkbt skrvlaks `dr tnk

Edvkrbfkbt jlhk tcxctldb* tcx adjjkatldb* tcx kb`drakfkbt8 `dr lssulbe acstk akrtl`lactks*

lbadfk akrtl`lactks* vdtkr jlsts* fdbtnjy rctldbs* sugslilks* pkbsldbs* acjcflty rkjlk` ùbis*

pcsspdrts* jlakbaks* `kks rklfgurskfkbts* sandjcrsnlps kta"* ct cgsdjutkjy `rkk d` adst" YD_

Ycx systkf* dpkrctki gy gcbhs* wljj cjsd nkjp pkdpjk lb ekttlbe cjj tnk cgdvk fkbtldbki

skrvlaks ct slbejk wlbidw tnrduen tnklr FQCs wltn `lvk il``krkbt `djikrs" Ynct fkcbs YD_ Ycx

systkf wljj rkpjcak prkskbt systkfs fujtlpjk ikpcrtfkbts jlhk Lbadfk tcx ikpcrtfkbt*

Akbtrcj Kxalsk ikpcrtfkbt* AGIY* AGKA* Ycx trlgubcjs* pcsspdrt ikpcrtfkbt* akbsusikpcrtfkbt* Qtctks adffkralcj tcx ikpcrtfkbts* alvlj suppjlks ikpcrtfkbts* rkelstrctldb

ikpcrtfkbts* rkvkbuk ikpcrtfkbts kta"* scvlbe tnduscbis d` ardrks d` Edvkrbfkbts bdb&

pjcb kxpkbilturk"

7" [scek d` Qug Qcvlbes Caadubt .QQC,= Kvkry pkrsdb acb dpkb cbidpkrctk cs fuan bufgkr d` QQCs cs nk$snk wlsnks" Ynk QQC wljj ncvk dbjy dbk `djikr acjjki cs

jlquli fdbky `djikr" Ynls `djikr sncjj gk uski `dr rkaklvlbe* stdrcek cbi uscek d` fdbky td

dpkrctk cby guslbkss dr lbiustry wndjjy dwbki gy cb lbilvliucj"

1" [scek d` Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkr .ACB,=


21/58




Adrpdrctk adfpcblks* FBAs cbi _ugjla jlfltki adfpcblks wnlan sdji$lssuki sncrks td tnk

pugjla wljj gk elvkb ACBs" Kcan Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkr wljj ncvk skvkb `djikrs `dr kcan

spkal`la dpkrctlbe$rubblbe purpdsk d` tnk adfpcby"

Ynk `lrst `djikr sncjj gk utljlski `dr rkaklvlbe* stdrcek cbi uscek d` fdbky `dr rubblbe d` tnct

adfpcby"

Ynk skadbi `djikr sncjj gk utljlski `dr ncvlbe cjj rkadris d` lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk jcbi*

guljilbes* lb`rcstruaturk cbi ktaktkrc d` tnct prdmkat$pjcbt$guslbkss"

Ynk tnlri `djikr sncjj gk uski `dr rkelstrctldb* stdrcek cbi uscek d` dwbkrsnlp rlents `dr cjj

`jkkt d` vknlajks cbi dtnkr fdvcgjk prdpkrtlks jlhk fcanlbkry ktaktkrc rkqulrki `dr rubblbe d`

tnct adfpcby"

Ynk `durtn `djikr sncjj gk uski `dr stdrcek d` cjj sncrks d` tnk prdfdtkrs cbi tnk pugjla d` tnct

adfpcby"

Ynk `l`tn `djikr wljj adbtclb tnk iktcljs cbi caadubts d` cjj tnk kfpjdyki fcbpdwkr d` tnct

adfpcby"Ynk slxtn `djikr wljj adbtclb tnk iktcljki caadubts d` cjj rcw fctkrlcjs cbi dtnkr rkqulrki

lbputs gduent cbi uski `dr rubblbe d` tnct adfpcby"

Ynk skvkbtn `djikr wljj adbtclb tnk iktcljs cbi caadubts d` cjj prdiuats fcbu`caturki* scjks

cbi lbvkbtdry" YD_ Ycx systkfs ACB wltn skvkb `djikrs ls c bkw prdakiurk td skk t nct

adfpcbys `lbcbalcj gddhs wkrk ajkcb* caaurctk* dpkb cbi trcbspcrkbt td cjj sncrk ndjikrs sd

tnct tnkrk acb gk bd rddf `dr `rcuiujkbt cbi ikakptlvk `lbcbalcj stctkfkbts"

Plvli kxpjcbctldb= & Ynk YD_ Ycx systkfs Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkrs .ACBs, wltn skvkb

`djikrs wljj fchk cjj adfpcblks caadubts `ujjy trcbspcrkbt cbi dpkb td cjj sncrk ndjikrs kvkry

icy .ubjlhk qucrtkrjy* ncj`ykcr cbi ykcrjy stctkfkbts rkjkcski gy tnk adfpcblks lb tnk prkskbt

systkf, `dr lbspkatldb* stuiy cbi cbcjysls gk`drk lbvkstlbe tnklr ncri kcrbki fdbky lb sncrksd` tndsk adfpcblks wltn sdubi `lbcbalcj pdsltldb"

Fdbky wljj `jdw lbtd tnk `lrst `djikr d` Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkr .ACB, wnkb prdiuats crk

sdji cbi fdbky wljj ed dut wnkb pcyfkbts crk fcik tdwcris scjcrlks* purancsk d` rcw

fctkrlcjs* skrvlaks* kqulpfkbt kta*" Ynk skvkbtn `djikr* wnlan rkadris tnk fcbu`caturki

prdiuats* ekts upictki dbjlbk ct kvkry stcek d` prdiuatldb cbi fcrhktlbe must jlhk fdbky

scvlbes caadubt" Ynk ikpjktldb d` stdah lb tnk skvkbtn `djikr .prdiuats `djikr, fkcbs tnk

lbarkcsk d` fdbky lb tnk fdbky `djikr .`lrst `djikr, db tnk skjjlbe d` prdiuats" Qlfljcrjy tnk

ikarkcsk d` rcw fctkrlcjs lb tnk slxtn `djikr fkcbs cb lbarkcsk d` `lblsnki prdiuats lb tnk

skvkbtn `djikr" Ynk lbarkcsk d` rcw fctkrlcjs lb tnk slxtn `djikr pdlbts td ikpjktldb d` fdbky

lb tnk fdbky `djikr .`lrst `djikr, db purancsk d` rcw fctkrlcjs" Cjj tnksk skvkb `djikrs ektupictki dbjlbk ct kvkry stcek d` adbstruatldb* prdiuatldb cbi fcrhktlbe sndwlbe tnk kxcat

iktcljs d` ikglts cbi arkilts rkjctlbe td fdbky* rcw fctkrlcjs* `lblsnki prdiuats* gdrrdwlbes*

sncrks* kta"* `dr tnk gkbk`lt d` cjj lbvkstdrs wnd put tnklr ncri kcrbki fdbky lbtd tnksk

adfpcblks" Ynk tdtcj fdbky* tnk vcjuk d` rcw fctkrlcjs* `lblsnki prdiuats* fcanlbkry*

fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks rkadriki lb tnk skvkb `djikrs d` cby Adrpdrctk Caadubt

Bufgkr .ACB, flbus tnk gdrrdwlbes ls kqucj td tnk tdtcj strkbetn d` tnct adfpcby"

Ynk YD_ Ycx systkfs trcbspcrkbt caadubtlbe systkf lb Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkr .ACB, wltn

skvkb skpcrctk `djikrs `dr fdbky* fdvcgjk prdpkrty* lffdvcgjk prdpkrty* fcbpdwkr* sncrks*

rcw fctkrlcjs cbi dtnkr lbputs* cbi fcbu`caturki prdiuats cbi lbvkbtdry wljj rkfdvk cjj

`rcuis lb caadubtlbe* skaurltlks* stdahs cbi lbvkstfkbt" Ynksk ACBs wltn skvkb `djikrs kbsurktnct tnkrk wljj gk bd ancbak d` `rcuiujkbt guslbkss prcatlaks d` dvkrstctlbe prd`lts* adbakcjlbe

ikgts* sprkcilbe tnk kxpkbsks dut dvkr skvkrcj ykcrs* ubikr vdlalbe dr dvkr vdlalbe d` rcw


22/58




fctkrlcjs* lbputs* cbi fcbu`caturki prdiuats* ubikr dr dvkr stctlbe d` stdahs* pciilbe up d`

prdmkat adst cbi ilvkrtlbe d` ùbis ct erdubilbe* adbstruatldb* krkatldb cbi cjj stceks d` prdmkat

lfpjkfkbtctldb cbi pugjlactldb d` `cjsl`lki `lbcbalcj rkpdrts" Ynk ACBs d` YD_ Ycx systkf acb

cjsd ankah tnk ilvkrsldb d` ùbis `rdf dbk adfpcby td cbdtnkr adfpcby wltnlb tnk erdup

adfpcblks .scfk prdfdtkrs," Ynk YD_ tcx systkf elvks c gle gddst td stdah fcrhkts cs

pkdpjk stcrt guylbe nuek jdts d` sncrks td fclbtclb flblfuf gcjcbak lb tnklr caadubts lb drikr

td cvdli _rd`lt tcx" Ynkrk wljj gk bd slebl`lacbt k``kat d` YD_ tcx systkf db lbtrcicy trcilbe cbi

@uturk dptldbs trcilbe gkacusk tnk jddskr jddsks kxtrc 9+ d` tnk jdss cfdubt dbjy lb tnk

lbtrcicy trcilbe" _kdpjk wljj prk`kr td guy sncrks db tnk jdbe tkrf cbi cbbucj ylkji gcsls" Ynky

lbvkst lb tnk adfpcblks wnlan elvk ncbisdfk ilvlikbis ykcr c`tkr ykcr"

Ynus c adubtrys kxcat wdrtn d` cjj lts fdbky* fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks* sncrks*

edji* drks cbi flbkrcjs wljj gk hbdwb kxcatjy ct cby elvkb pdlbt d` tlfk"

YD_ Ycx systkf lbslsts tnct tnk kbtlrk bcturcj rksduraks d` cby adubtry snduji gkjdbe td pkdpjk

d` tnct adubtry" Ynk tdtcj hbdwb rkskrvks d` cjj bcturcj rksduraks snduji gk rkadrikiikfctkrlcjlsk `drf lb Edvkrbfkbt caadubts" Ynk Edvkrbfkbt snduji skjj drks dr flbkrcjs td

flblbe adfpcblks ct rkcsdbcgjk prlak lb tkrfs d` qucbtlty dr tdbbks lbstkci d` jkcslbe dut

flbks lb tkrfs d` kxtkbt dr carks" Kvkry tdbbk d` drk dr flbkrcj flbki snduji gk pcli gy

flblbe adfpcblks" Ynk flblbe adfpcby wnlan d``krs tnk nlenkst prlak pkr tdbbk snduji gk

elvkb tnk jlakbak td flbk c`tkr pcylbe civcbak pcyfkbt `dr tnk qucbtlty lt wcbts td flbk" Cjj

tnk flblbe adfpcblks snduji guy drk dr flbkrcjs `rdf Edvkrbfkbts gk`drk stcrt d` flblbe"

Ynk gduent drk dr flbkrcj wljj gk lb ikfctkrlcjlski `drf cbi trcbs`krrki `rdf Edvkrbfkbt

caadubt td flblbe adfpcblks ACB" Kvkry tdbbk d` flbki drk dr flbkrcj wljj gk caadubtki cbi

trcbs`krrki `rdf dbk caadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt l"k"* `rdf flbkrs caadubt td uskrs dr

kxpdrtkrs caadubt" Ynk qucbtlty d` drks dr flbkrcj rkadriki lb tnk Adrpdrctk CaadubtBufgkrs .ACB, ekts ikpjktki wnkb uski lb tnk prdiuatldb prdakss dr wnkb kxpdrtki" Ynk

stdahs ekt lbarkcski wnkb gduent `rdf flblbe adfpcblks dr Edvkrbfkbts" Unkb c flblbe

adfpcby skjjs dr kxpdrts tnk flbki drk dr flbkrcj td cby dtnkr adfpcby tnk trcbs`kr d` rlents

d` gduent drk dr flbkrcj wljj gk fcik dbjlbk `rdf tnk flblbe adfpcbys ACB .slxtn `djikr, td

tnk guykrs ACB" Ct tnk scfk tlfk fdbky wljj gk trcbs`krrki `rdf guylbe adfpcbys ACB td

flblbe adfpcbys ACB" C`tkr tnk ikpjktldb d` tnk rkadriki gduent stdahs lb tnk ACB* tnk

flblbe adfpcby wljj ncvk td guy `rksn stdahs `rdf tnk Edvkrbfkbts cbi rkpjkblsn lts slxtn

`djikr" Ynct fkcbs tnk guylbe cbi skjjlbe d` bcturcj rksduraks wljj gk fcik gdtn lb pnyslacj

`drf cbi ikfctkrlcjlski `drf" YD_ Ycx systkf fchks lt lfpdsslgjk `dr cby flblbe adfpcby td

ljjkecjjy flbk nuek cfdubts d` drk dr flbkrcjs wltndut pcylbe adrrkat prlak" YD_ Ycx systkffchks lt pdsslgjk td hbdw tnk kxcat qucbtlty d` drks dr flbkrcjs flbki* kxpdrtki dr uski gy

idfkstla adfpcblks"

YD_ Ycx systkfs `lvk fclb dgmkatlvks crk 3,Ynk tcx adjjkatldbs `rdf

pkdpjk* 7, tnk ilstrlgutldb d` rkvkbuks `rdf edvkrbfkbts td pkdpjk lb tnk `drf d` sugslilks*

rkjlk` ùbis lb tnk kvkbt d` bcturcj acjcfltlks jlhk kcrtn quchks* `jddis* `cflbks* pkbsldbs*

acsn trcbs`krs tdwcris fdbtnjy rctldbs* ndspltcj gljjs* kiuactldb gljjs* kt"* 1, prdvlilbe cjj

gcsla skrvlaks lbajuilbe rkelstrctldbs d` fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks* irlvlbe jlakbaks*

clr* gus* trclb tlahkts* pkrflts* jlakbaks* pcyfkbt d` kjkatrlalty* tkjkpndbk gljjs* wctkr akss*

ndusk tcxks* lssuk d` vdtkr jlsts cbi vdtkr sjlps* glrtn cbi ikctn rkelstrctldbs* akbsus `leurks

ct kvkry icy* kvkry ndur* kvkry flbutk .ubjlhk ct kvkry ikacik lb tnk prkskbt systkf,*9, jkbilbe fdbky td gdrrdwkrs ct tnk jdwkst _JW .cvkrcek 1+pkr cbbuf," Cjj tnksk

dgmkatlvks acb gk fkt cbi acrrlki tnrduen gcbhs$skrvlak akbtrks td cjj pkdpjk ct slbejk


23/58




wlbidw* sltuctki bkcrkst td tnklr ndfks .;, lfpjkfkbtctldb d` wkj`crk sankfks td GAs* QAs*

QYs* tdwcris kiuactldb* skj` kfpjdyfkbt cbi dtnkr crkcs* cbi fdbtnjy pkbsldbs td skbldr

altlzkbs .wltn bd dr pcjtry lbadfks, cbi pnyslacjjy ancjjkbeki"

Cjj tnk kcrblbes$scvlbes d` cb lbilvliucj ikpdsltki lb tnklr rkspkatlvk

caadubts .FQC$QQC, lb tnk `drf d` bufkrlacj$ileltcj vcjuk acb gk utljlski ct cby tlfk `dr

guylbe d` fdvcgjk dr lffdvcgjk prdpkrty dr `dr cby dtnkr jkecjjy cjjdwki purpdsk" Ynk

ubutljlski ikpdslts wljj gk ilsgurski cs jdcbs td tnk gdrrdwkrs gy tnk gcbhs ct tnk jdwkst

jkbilbe rctk .cvkrcek 1+ pkr cbbuf cs dpkrctlbe adst," Ynk tdtcj prd`lts .cb kstlfctki

09*


24/58




cbi jdcbki fdbky crk flbejki tdektnkr gkydbi rkadebltldb" Qd tnk kxcat vcjuks d` tnk tdtcj

fdbky suppjy* tnk vkjdalty cbi ayajks d` tnk fdbky cbi EI_ fcy bdt gk cvcljcgjk" Ynk

fdbky suppjy cbi EI_ vcjuks* tnct crk gklbe ùrblsnki* crk gkjlkvki td gk d`` tnk fcrh" Ynk

kxcat rksujts d` fkcsurks* tchkb gy tnk Edvkrbfkbts cbi Akbtrcj gcbhs `rdf tlfk td tlfk td

ankah lb`jctldb dr td lbùsk `lsacj stlfujus pcahceks td adbtrdj rkakssldb* acb gk dgskrvki

dbjy c`tkr jdbe tlfk" Ynk fkilalbks cbi tnkrcpy* tnct crk uski td bursk tnk nkcjtn d` cb

kadbdfy* crk gcslacjjy trlcj cbi krrdr fktndis" Ynkrk crk sd fcby rkeujctdrs jlhk* AWW* _JW*

QJW* rkpd* rkvkrsk rkpd tnct wdrh db fdbky suppjy lb tnk kadbdfla systkf td ankah

lb`jctldb* kadbdfla rkakssldb cbi ik`jctldb" Ynk catldbs d` tnksk rkeujctdrs db fdbky suppjy

usucjjy elvk rksujts tnct crk qultk dppdsltk td kcan dtnkr" Ynky cjwcys kbidrsk dbk prdvkrg

Ydd fcby addhs spdlj tnk grdtn"

Fdbky Quppjy lb YD_ Ycx systkf

Ynk ùbatldblbe d` gcbhlbe systkf lb YD_ Ycx systkf ls tdtcjjy il``krkbt `rdf prkskbt gcbhsystkf" Ynkrk wljj gk dbjy twd typks d` fdbky* bcfkjy rkcj fdbky cbi jdcbki fdbky* lb tnk

YD_ Ycx systkf" Ynk rkcj fdbky cbi jdcb fdbky wljj gk tdtcj fdbky suppjy lb tnk gcbhlbe

systkf" Ynk vcjuk d` tnk rkcj fdbky wljj gk kqucj td ;7"01+ .flblfuf jkvkj, d` tdtcj fdbky

suppjy lb tnk kadbdfla systkf l` rkskrvk rctld ls 3?+" Ynk rkfclblbe 95"15+ d` tnk fdbky

suppjy acb gk ekbkrctki tnrduen jdcbs" Ynk rkcj fdbky wduji gk ct flblfuf jkvkj d`

;7"01+ cbi acb lbarkcsk gkydbi tnct" Ynk tdtcj jdcbki fdbky elvkb gy gcbhs wduji gk ct

tnk fcxlfuf jkvkj d` 95"15+ d` tdtcj fdbky suppjy .dr


25/58



_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek 7;

Cb lbilvliucjs `lrst `djikr d` Fclb Qcvlbes caadubt adbtclbs nls$nkr kbtlrk fdbky edt `rdf

kcrblbes* scvlbes* idbctldbs* lbnkrltcbak cbi jdcbs tchkb l` cby" Ynls fdbky ls acjjki jlquli

fdbky" Ynct fkcbs jlquli fdbky ls gdtn rkcj fdbky cbi jdcb fdbky" Ynk `lrst `djikr cjsd

adbtclbs c sug`djikr acjjki ikgt `djikr" Ynls ikgt `djikr adbtclbs cjj ceerkectk jdcbs tchkb gy

cb lbilvliucj `rdf gcbhs updb fdrtecek d` nls$nkr fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk csskts cs rkadriki

lb tnk skadbi* tnk tnlri cbi tnk `durtn `djikrs d` nls$nkr Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt" Ynk jdcb

fdbky ls acjjki Ikgt fdbky" Qlfljcrjy tnk gdrrdwlbes d` fdbky .jdcbs, `dr lbiustrlks rub gy

adrpdrctk adfpcblks dr pugjla adfpcblks wljj gk rkadriki cbi fclbtclbki lb tnk sug `djikr

acjjki Ikgt fdbky `djikr d` Adrpdrctk Caadubt Bufgkrs .ACBs, d` tndsk adfpcblks" Ynk tdtcj

jdcbs$civcbaks elvkb gy cjj Gcbhs .rkadriki cs Ikgt fdbky lb Ikpt fdbky `djikrs d` FQCs

cbi ACBs, snduji bdt gk fdrk tncb 95"15+ .l` AWW 6 3?+, d` tnk tdtcj fdbky suppjy$jlquli

fdbky .fdbky wnlan lbajuiks gdtn rkcj fdbky cbi jdcb fdbky, lb cjj FQCs* QQCs* ACBs cbi

Gcbhs dwb acpltcj fdbky" Ynk tdtcj fdbky .jlquli fdbky, rkadriki lb FQCs* QQCs cbi ACBs

gkjdbelbe td pkdpjk* gcbhs* adfpcblks* lbstltutldbs* drecblsctldbs cbi Edvkrbfkbt ls tnk tdtcjfdbky suppjy lb tnk kadbdfla Qystkf" Ynk ikgt fdbky$jdcb fdbky rkadriki lb tnk ikgt

`djikrs d`FQCs* QQCs cbi ACBs ls jdcb fdbky lb tnk gcbhlbe systkf" Ynk tdtcj jlquli fdbky

flbus tnk ikgt fdbky ls kqucj td tdtcj rkcj fdbky" Ynk kxcat `leurks d` tdtcj fdbky suppjy*

rkcj fdbky* jdcb fdbky cbi vcrlctldbs lb ikfcbi `dr jdcb fdbky lb tnk kadbdfla systkf acb

gk dgtclbki ct cby spkal`la tlfk"

Ynk fdbky `djikr d`Gcbhs Caadubt wljj ncvk lts acpltcj fdbky cbi prd`lts" Lt ls acjjki

acpltcj fdbky$`lxki fdbky" Lt ls acjjki cs `lxki fdbky gkacusk lt acbbdt gk elvkb cs jdcb cs

rkcj fdbky" Ynk gcbhs acpltcj fdbky wljj gk uski td pcy scjcrlks cbi tdwcris dtnkr dpkrctlbe

adsts d` tnct gcbh" Cjj tnk jdcbs elvkb gy lt wljj gk rkadriki lb cbdtnkr sug `djikr acjjki jdcb

fdbky `djikr" Lts bufkrlacj `leurks snduji gk lb rki adjdur" Kvkry tlfk tnk gcbh elvks jdcbs*tnk Gcbhs acpltcj fdbky$`lxki fdbky snduji bdt gk ancbeki" Gut tnk elvkb jdcb fdbky wljj

gk ciiki td tnk Gcbhs jdcb fdbky caadubt lb jdcb fdbky `djikr" Adrrkspdbilbejy tnk jdcb

cfdubt wljj gk ciiki td tnk jlquli fdbky caadubt d`FQC dr QQC dr ACB* wnd ncs tchkb tnct

jdcb* cbi ct tnk scfk tlfk tnk jdcb cfdubt wljj gk rkadriki lb tnk Ikgt fdbky `djikr d` tnk

scfk FQC dr QQC dr ACB" Unkb c jdcb ls rkpcli* tnk prlbalpjk cfdubt d` tnct jdcb wljj ed lb td

tnk jdcb fdbky caadubt d` tnct Gcbh caadubt cbi jdcb cfdubt lb rki adjdur ikarkcsks gy tnk

rkpcli jdcb cfdubt" Gut tnk lbtkrkst cfdubt d` tnct jdcb snduji gk arkiltki td tnk Gcbhs

acpltcj fdbky$`lxki fdbky" Qlfljcrjy wnkbkvkr c jdcb ls rkpcli tnrduen cby FQC dr ACB tnk

pcli cfdubt wljj gk ikarkcski `rdf gdtn tnk jlquli fdbky caadubt cbi ikgt fdbky caadubt

d` tnk scfk FQC dr ACB" _jkcsk bdtk tnct wnkb Gcbh.^, elvks jdcbs* lts acpltcj fdbky$`lxkifdbky wduji bdt ancbek gut lbarkcsks wnkb lbtkrkst db jdcbs pcli td lt* cbi ikarkcsks wnkb

Gcbh.^,s scjcrlks cbi dtnkr dpkrctlbe adsts crk pcli" Gcbhs scjcrlks cbi dtnkr

rubblbe$dpkrctlbe adsts snduji gk pcli `rdf tnk acpltcj fdbky$`lxki fdbky d` tnk Gcbhs

Caadubt" Qd tnk acpltcj fdbky$`lxki fdbky flbus tnk lbltlcj acpltcj crk Gcbhs prd`lts" L` tnk

acpltcjfdbky$`lxki fdbky lb tnk gcbhs fdbky `djikr crk jkss tncb tnk Gcbhs lbltlcj acpltcj

lbvkstfkbt tnct fkcbs tnk gcbh lbaurrki jdssks"

Ynk YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts AWW .Acsn Wkskrvk Wctld, td gk crdubi 3?+" Ynk tdtcj

jdcbs$civcbaks elvkb gy c Gcbh.^,* rkadriki lb tnk jdcb fdbky `djikr d` Gcbhs Caadubt *

snduji bdt gk fdrk tncb 95"15+ .l` AWW 6 3?+, d` tnk tdtcj fdbky stdrki lb cjj FQCs* QQCs*

ACBs dpkrctki gy cjj lts grcbanks* cbi Gcbh.^,s dwb acpltcj lbvkstfkbt$jlquli fdbky cbiprd`lts .l` cby," Ynk tdtcj fdbky$jlquli fdbky lb cjj FQCs* QQCs cbi ACBs lbvcrlcgjy lbajuiks

tnk rkcj fdbky cbi jdcbki fdbky ekbkrctki gy tnk Gcbhs" Gut tnk Gcbhs acpltcj


26/58




fdbky$`lxki fdbky ls purkjy rkcj fdbky" Ynls tdtcj fdbky wljj hkkp ancbelbe adbtlbudusjy"

Qd tnk cvkrcek tdtcj fdbky d` cjj caadubts `dr dbk ykcr d` cjj grcbanks d` tnct pcrtlaujcr

Gcbh.^, snduji gk tchkb lb td caadubt wnljk elvlbe jdcbs" Ynls kvkr ancbelbe cvkrcek tdtcj wljj

gk cutdfctlacjjy cvcljcgjk kvkry icy gy adfputkr sd`twcrk systkf ltskj`" Ct tnk scfk tlfk tnk

tdtcj jdcbki fdbky$civcbaks d` cjj tnk grcbanks d`Gcbh.^, snduji bdt kxakki blbk tlfks tnk

vcjuk d` tnct pcrtlaujcr Gcbh.^,s Acpltcj fdbky$`lxki fdbky" Ct bd tlfk tnk Gcbh.^,s jdcb

fdbky$civcbaks lb tnk jdcb fdbky `djikr snduji kxakki blbk tlfks tnk gcbh.^,s acpltcj

fdbky$`lxki fdbky* cbi fdrk tncb 95"15+ d` tnk tdtcj fdbky .?r


27/58




L` tdtcj rkcj fdbky lb cjj FQCs* QQCs cbi ACBs 6 _* AWW 6 3?+* cbbucj cvkrcek slfpjk lbtkrkst

6 1+* dpkrctlbe adst d` gcbhs 6 \ cbi tdtcj rkelstrctldb ancreks d` cjj lffdvcgjk cbi fdvcgjk

prdpkrtlks 6 ^* tnkb tnk tdtcj prd`lts pkr cbbuf edt gy cjj Gcbhs lb tnk adubtry 6 X._&_$3?, ^

1$3??V ( ^\" Ynct fkcbs tdtcj prd`lts 6 75_$3??? ( ^ \" Ynct lfpjlks prd`lts 6 .?"?75+ d` _,

( ^ & \" Lb slfpjkr tkrfs tnk prd`lts `dr cjj adffkralcj gcbhs lb c adubtry ls kqucj td tdtcj jdcb

fdbky x 1$3??" Ynksk fcxlfuf prd`lts wljj ncvk td gk sncrki gy cjj Gcbh dpkrctdrs lb tnk

adubtry" Kcan Gcbh dpkrctdrs prd`lt wljj ikpkbi up db tnk rkcj fdbky cvcljcgjk lb cjj FQCs*

QQCs cbi ACBs lt dpkrctks" Qd* tnk Gcbh dpkrctdrs wljj vlk wltn dbk cbdtnkr `dr fdrk caadubts

gy prdvlilbe prdfpt cbi qucjlty skrvlaks td lts austdfkrs" Wkcj fdbky fkcbs tdtcj jlquli

fdbky flbus tdtcj jdcb fdbky$ikgtfdbky elvkb gy gcbhs" @dr kxcfpjk ct rkskrvk rctld d`

3?+* `dr kcan 3?? d` rkcj fdbky dwbki gy pkdpjk* Edvkrbfkbt* gcbhs cbi adfpcblks* tnkrk

wljj gk jdcb fdbky d`


28/58



_jkcsk vlslt nttp=$$www"dptlfcjtcxctldb"bkt _cek 7>

Ynk dtnkr typk d` adffdiltlks wljj gk adbvkrtki lbtd rk&scjkcgjk csskts jlhk fdvcgjk cbi

lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks cbi acrrlki lb td bkxt `lbcbalcj ykcr" Ynk fdbky suppjy* kqucjjlbe

33?+ d` tnk vcjuk d` EI_* wljj fkkt tnk bkki `dr kxancbek d` tdtcj EI_ prdiuaki lb c ykcr lb

ciiltldb td tnk cjrkciy kxlstlbe fdvcgjk cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks* sncrks* edji* cbi

drbcfkbts wnlan crk caaufujctk dvkr tnk ykcrs" Cssuflbe tnct kcan adffdilty$skrvlak ls

ancbeki ncbis ct cb cvkrcek d` tnrkk tlfks lb tnk adbsufkr* rktcljkr* ikcjkr cbi

fcbu`caturk anclb* tnk ayajks d` tnk tdtcj fdbky suppjy lb tnk alraujctldb wljj ncvk cb

cvkrcek d` `dur td `lvk ayajks pkr ykcr"

Ynk rkvkbuks `rdf 9 + YD_ Ycx db cjj fdbky trcbs`krs `rdf dbk caadubt td cbdtnkr caadubt

wljj ed td Qtctk cbi Akbtrks adfglbki caadubt .QCAAC, lb kcan stctk" 1D + dut d` tnksk

rkvkbuks wljj ed lb td Akbtrcj Edvkrbfkbts caadubt" Ynksk `jdws wljj gk adbtlbudus cbi

ubcgctki cs jdbe cs gcbh dpkrctldbs adbtlbuk iurlbe tnk icy" Lb tnk prkskbt systkf cjj gcbhs

ncvk dbk adffdb wkkhjy ndjlicy cpcrt `rdf bctldbcj ndjlicys" Gut lb YD_ Ycx systkf wnljk

ncj` d` tnk gcbh grcbanks wljj ncvk dbk wkkhjy ndjlicy* scy Qubicy* tnk dtnkr ncj` d` tnkgcbhs wljj ncvk cbdtnkr wkkhjy ndjlicy* scy* Ukibksicy* Ynk lbadflbe tcx rkvkbuks wljj ekt

trcbs`krrki `rdf QCAAC s cbi Akbtrcj Edvkrbfkbts caadubt td vcrldus flblstrlks caadubts

d` Qtctks cbi Akbtrk caadrilbe td pkrakbtcek cjjdactldb fcik lb tnk guiekt" Cs scli kcrjlkr

kvkry ykcr* ciiltldbcj rkcj fdbky kqucjjlbe ;7"01+ d` tnk vcjuk d` tnk erdwtn lb tnk EI_

wnkb adfpcrki td jcst ykcr* snduji gk ciiki td tnk Akbtrcj Edvkrbfkbts caadubt .dut d`

tnlb clr, ct tnk tlfk d` guiekt prkskbtctldb" Ynkrk wljj gk cjsd rkvkbuks `rdf scjk d` bcturcj

rksduraks jlhk flbkrcjs* drks* clr wcvks* kta* lb ciiltldb td rkvkbuks `rdf _Q[s cbi dtnkr

csskts" Cpcrt `rdf tnksk rkvkbuks tnk Akbtrcj Edvkrbfkbt dr Qtctks acb gdrrdw jdcbs `rdf

gcbhs updb fdrtecek d` Edvkrbfkbt csskts" Ynk YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts tnct tnls stctutdry

jlqulilty rctld acb gk ct tnk fcxlfuf d` 79+" Ynk Edvkrbfkbt spkbilbe wljj gk kqucj dr jksstd lts tdtcj rkvkbuks cbi tnkrk wljj gk bd `lsacj dr rkvkbuks ik`lalts" @rdf tnksk caadubts tnk

ùbis wljj gk trcbs`krrki td vcrldus ikpcrtfkbts* skatldbs* lbstltutldbs cbi `rdf tnkrk tnk

ùbis trcvkj up td vljjcek jkvkj cbi `lbcjjy rkcan pkdpjk lb tnk `drf d` wkj`crk sankfks jlhk*

kiuactldb* nkcjtnacrk* scbltctldb* fdbtnjy rctldbs* pkbsldbs* lb`rcstruaturk `caljltlks cbi cjj

dtnkr skrvlaks" Ynk lbadflbe rkvkbuks cbi dutedlbe kxpkbilturk wljj gk ùjjy trcbspcrkbt cs

ajkcr cs arystcj" Ynls wcy tnk YD_ Ycx systkf wljj fchk tnk guiekt prkpcrctldb d` cby

adubtry td gk kcsy* slfpjk cbi tlfk scvlbe kxkralsk"

@drkleb aurrkbay kxancbek& wnkb pkdpjk bkki `drkleb aurrkbay `dr tdurs* kiuactldb cbi

lfpdrts dr @IL edks dut* tnk fdbky .lbilekbdus, wljj gk ikarkcski `rdf nls$nkr FQC dr ACB

lb acsk d` adfpcblks dr @IL* cbi tnk scfk cfdubt wljj gk lbarkcski lb Edvkrbfkbt drAkbtrcj gcbh caadubt cbi lts `drkleb aurrkbay wljj gk ikarkcski `rdf tnk scfk caadubt"

Unkb pkdpjk .wnd wdrhs tnkrk, dr adfpcblks .wnlan kxpdrts , dr @IL grlbe `drkleb aurrkbay*

tnk `drkleb aurrkbay lb Edvkrbfkbt dr Akbtrcj gcbhs caadubt lbarkcsks wltn ikarkcsk lb

fdbky .lbilekbdus, lb lts caadubt wnljk tnk fdbky .lbilekbdus, lb tndsk caadubts .wnd grlbe

fdbky, lbarkcsks"

Ynk tdtcj fdbky .jlquli fdbky,* Ikgt Fdbky$jdcbki fdbky* sncrks$stdahs* fdvcgjk

prdpkrtlks* cbi lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks d` lbilvliucjs dr lbiustrlks wljj gk stdrki* rkadriki*

fclbtclbki cbi trcbs`drfki lb tnk scfk caadubts d` FQCs cbi ACBs" Ynk fdvcgjk cbi

lffdvcgjk prdpkrtlks acb gk fdrteceki cbi trcbs`drfki lb td jlquli fdbky `dr pkrsdbcj*

guslbkss dr lbiustry purpdsk" Qlbak cjj tnk fdbky* ikgts* sncrks cbi csskts crk rkadriki* jlbhkicbi advcjkbtjy gdbiki tdektnkr ubikr il``krkbt `djikrs lb tnk scfk Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt lb

tnk acsk d` lbilvliucjs cbi lb tnk adrpdrctkcaadubt bufgkrs lb tnk acsk d` adfpcblks8 tnk


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30/58




ncvk tnklr dwb ndfks cbi tnky wljj ekt ksskbtlcj adffdiltlks ct fuan ankcpkr prlaks tncb

tdicy"

_rkskbtjy* fcmdr sncrk d` rkvkbuks d` gdtn Akbtrk cbi Qtctks ls gklbe edggjki up

gy tnk nuek gurikb adst d` lbtkrkst pcyfkbts db lbtkrbcj gdrrdwlbes" Ynk nuek cfdubts

scvki db lbtkrkst pcyfkbts gy tnk Akbtrcj cbi Qtctk edvkrbfkbts db lbtkrbcj gdrrdwlbes

acb gk utljlski td prdvlik `rkk nkcjtn acrk skrvlaks cbi qucjlty kiuactldb td cjj pkdpjk d` tnk

adubtry" Lt ls truk tnct sdfk d` tnk skbldr altlzkbs rkjy sdjkjy db fdbtnjy lbtkrkst pcyfkbts

db tnklr jl`k tlfk scvlbes" Nkbak lt ls cgsdjutkjy lfpkrctlvk tnct tnk fcmdr pdrtldb d` tnk

scvki lbtkrkst db lbtkrbcj gdrrdwlbes gy tnk Akbtrk cbi Qtctks cbi tnk scvki tcx adjjkatldb

kxpkbilturk adst snduji gk elvkb td cjj skbldr altlzkbs .wltn bd dr pcjtry lbadfks, cgdvk tnk

cek d` 0; ykcrs cs pkbsldb kvkry fdbtn"

Ynk YD_ Ycx systkf sueeksts tnk `djjdwlbe _rlfk Jkbilbe Wctks

CQ tnkrk wljj gk bd lbtkrkst rctks db tlfk ikpdslts cbi `lxki ikpdslts* tnk prlfk jkbilberctks db jdcbs elvkb gy gcbhs wljj gk vkry jdw wnkb adfpcrki td prkskbt systkf"

[bikr YD_ Ycx systkf fcxlfuf d` 7+ slfpjk lbtkrkst pkr cbbuf wljj gk jkvlki db cjj jdcbs

up td Ws" 3? jchns .tchkb `dr cerlaujturk* kiuactldb* sfcjj sacjk lbiustrlks* vknlajks* ndusk*

`jcts* pjdts* dr cby dtnkr purpdsk"

Fcxlfuf d` 9+ slfpjk lbtkrkst pkr cbbuf wljj gk jkvlki db cjj jdcbs fdrk tncb Ws" 3? jchns

.tchkb `dr cerlaujturk* lbiustry* guslbkss* kiuactldb* vknlajks* `jct* pjdts dr cby dtnkr purpdsk,

Ynk prlvctk jkbikrs* wnd ncvk gkkb kxcatlbe nkcvy lbtkrkst rctks nltnkrtd* crk `draki td

rkiuak tnklr lbtkrkst rctk ubikr tnk YD_ tcx systkf `dr tnk `djjdwlbe rkcsdb"

Ynk gcbh _JW rctks wljj gk must 7+ pkr cbbuf up td Ws" 3? jchns cbi 9+ pkr cbbuf dvkr Ws" 3?

jchns cbi scbatldblbe d` jdcbs gy gcbhs wljj gk `cstkr cbi sfddtnkr"

@crfkrs wnd tchk ardp jdcbs `dr hncrl`` dr Wcgl up td Ws" 3? jchns wljj gk cjjdwki td pcy

lbtkrkst dbjy ct tnk kbi d` tnk ykcr td rkbkw tnklr jdcbs lb drikr td cvdli YD_ tcx"

Jdcb tchkrs wljj ncvk tnk dptldb d` rkpcylbe tnklr jdcbs `rdf tnk sdurak d` tnklr lbadfk ilrkatjy

td gcbhkrs dr fdbky jkbikrs `dr schk d` cvdlilbe Ydp tcx" Ynk jdw lbtkrkst rctks wljj ncvk twd

k``kats db kadbdfy" Lt prdpkjs tnk kadbdfla erdwtn rctk td nlenkr jkvkj cbi ekbkrctks nuek

kfpjdyfkbt cbi ct tnk scfk tlfk tnk erdwtn rctk wljj bdt gk caadfpcblki gy lb`jctldb

gkacusk tnk lb`jctldb cjwcys `djjdws nlen lbtkrkst rctk" Ynk jdw lbtkrkst rctk lb YD_ Ycx systkf

wljj grkch tnk jdbe stcbilbe cjjlcbak gktwkkb erdwtn rctk cbi lb`jctldb" Ynk 7+ pkrakbt

il``krkbak gktwkkb _JW rctks wljj nkjp sfcjj sacjk cbi adttcek lbiustrlks* wnlan elvk nuek

kfpjdyfkbt* adfpktk wltn gle lbiustrlks cbi FBAs" Ynk gcbhs cgljlty td rkadvkr jdcbs wljjcjsd lbarkcsk gkacusk gcbhs fclbtclb cjj csskts d` cb lbilvliucj dr c adfpcby lb tnk scfk Fclb

Qcvlbes Caadubt" Ynk nuek bdbpkr`drflbe csskts wljj gkadfk kxtlbat lb YD_ Ycx systkf" Ynk

adbvkrsldb d` pkdpjks* adfpcblks* Edvkrbfkbts csskts lbtd jlquli fdbky cbi vlak vkrsc wljj

gkadfk kcsy cbi slfpjk" Ultndut cby lbtkrkst rctks db `lxki ikpdslts cbi ikfcbi ikpdslts

cbi jdw _JWs* tnk vkjdalty cbi ayajks d` fdbky lb tnk gcbhlbe systkf wljj gk kvkb cbi

adbstcbt"

Ekttlbe jdcbs `rdf gcbhs wljj gk fuan kcslkr `cstkr cbi sfddtnkr" Austdfkrs bkki bdt

prdiuak idaufkbts* K"As* jkecj dplbldbs kta"* `dr dgtclblbe jdcbs" Ikpkbilbe updb tnk jdcb

cfdubt* tnk gcbh fcbcekrs wljj bkki td put tnk cpprdprlctk csskt cfdbe tnk austdfkrs

prdpkrty ndjilbe lb nls$nkr Fclb Qcvlbes Caadubt .FQC, ubikr fdrtecek cbi acb scbatldb tnkjdcb wltndut cby ikjcy"


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Cjj tnk prkskbt icy anlt ubi adfpcblks* lbcbalcj lbstltutldbs wljj ncvk td ancbek tnklr

dpkrctldbs cbi skrvlaks cbi trcbs`drf lbtd gcbhlbe skrvlak akbtrks" YD_ Ycx systkf rkqulrks

;* ??*??? gcbhlbe skrvlak akbtrks" Ynk jdss d` kfpjdyfkbt lb tnk tcx adjjkatldb ikpcrtfkbts

cbi _IQ wljj gk adfpkbsctki gy fcbl`dji kfpjdyfkbt ekbkrctldb tnrduen jcrek bufgkr d`

gcbhlbe skrvlak akbtrks* nuekjy kxpcbiki nkcjtn acrk* kiuactldb* lb`rcstruaturk* cerd* lrrlectldb

cbi dtnkr skatdrs" Ynk fcmdr sncrk d` rkvkbuks tnct ls gklbe spkbt db lbtkrkst pcyfkbts db

lbtkrbcj gdrrdwlbes* tcx adjjkatldb* dvkr slzki Edvkrbfkbt fcanlbkry cbi _IQ* .wnlan idks

bdt prdpkj kadbdfla catlvlty cbi arkctk lb`rcstruaturk cbi csskts,* wljj gk gkttkr utljlski db

lb`rcstruaturk prdmkats* nkcjtn acrk skrvlaks* kiuactldb* lrrlectldb* cerlaujturk cbi dtnkr skatdrs

td lbiuak nuek ikvkjdpfkbt* kfpjdyfkbt ekbkrctldb* cbi cjjrdubi ikvkjdpfkbt d`

lbilvliucjs cbi adubtry cs c wndjk" Ynksk nuek lbvkstfkbts db lb`rcstruaturk wljj `urtnkr

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