Taussig Talking Machines

8/2/2019 Taussig Talking Machines

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I

I.

MIMESISAND

ALTERITV

PARTICULAR HISTORY

OF TE NSS

MCHAEL TAUSSG

UTEGE

N YORK . LD


2/13

MF. D AJ'J'

hav l ldd as a knd eleciciy, an ad pan aid slls din is e al cmbinn h playnwih h mnaial plxiy, ha is necessay a magniinxceivs v and ynd h ac ha mimess imlis aly s

s fli e ll HC( ccus when e ncssay mpbliy sUd whn es ees y. Thn d ly n cn pit

d m:ue, y nd U fl nt :ch trs' hene

192

14

E TAl.KNG MACHIE

Alng wh h sceiss and n s Mash k qi a i euipmen n his 12 eii in h wh ndiansan

El ad m, wilss qipm wiging appxmal n

n, incldng a 60- lscin m a milay ld s alding canvas deck chai f y wh man, h nk gifs

weighing sm 370 pnds, eams mmnin sicie wa cald a ld mliay , ymi wks, and w al

vicls wih a lage and vaied amn d.xc h dynami, lSCO l3ing apa lgs amming h

v> h me viusly mila mn was sls h havys e weess nd h s Evn vd of d :l W und u e e nd m b nsdd ntl we h bul plyful "culturlms: gifs he ew, d vcla me and again wk and h viclas v puls f civilzd pimiv

sm xcnges magic and f megic aying pmivend civlid

Dynamiing hei way uive hugh lg-jams in wha hey cnsided be danges Indian iy in he inei f h shms

n 1924, h xpls came ac k f ndians and ky ahes

in dd dsign, which Bain h ld ng sad w magc sgns.(Le n t cam acss weny- sch ahes suck in wn f ec mm h ei) The was n an Indian e een:

9


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MIESIS ND ALTRI)

Weer he Indan hte planing o d hy wr el whng S hat evin) eChai w ga h an "ibio. Rord a \'ly hLs g atoti, ad I ue i;l r-he kin whchg p sal udJen pel jting ree ghT whic las o oe ie h wa off1t( Idians' agi.

Ote i he exibins wr I viouly mit deed y

M a itnded fo ecn. O( tuhig {eue a tei v ing o te e o te ndnta ent n da d u a-i et, he a em uk e n pi, lo ltt pe m te nenn, y h d he Den, eenn o enttanng th Ind dng ae emmnt. iMrsh nh a frst nigt "Ch heh h g bi ld to ped th nht n Cn.),nt en! lwd p h h r l he a):

een l or and ou supnJed (OY s1g qt h u o u demaldnl(lair. D\ d uddny So we ou a mlt ky:k. Tn e ob \tob was produced.A y x rhD I o1d eer g ;wid" Lia :lwthot phugph T and 'gwwt cumr uly, fly, W ould 1 e lm tiry W wl big u (3 owil pd h rg k of pT ! te d d SOOI b dvered fm tiS 1 hmc-ox Thi ostiity wuld t nd e aed uiyGruly hy wod dw cloe e itet di gesele ad 6nay would d up y rowdg aod clo aposibl, tohing and eg F o h wol upng iuil d, d were n or o! o eht y ed That VI, o rewo, ouord mo adnm wr fr sil without which w od er h ta'vsd inerio Drin1

The cl ut h bughth xlrr ea ler,1I0t e o acount f [h lr i b!h h ndn It d

194

H K( C

E n a pohs 8

a ea o i ieull n ulul

zo o i sil ie(on o disvring ange

og mene e M ig u i' duge Cameia ae (0 t ol u e ae

ody og his ipe toppc< up h g ca vo "'It w p fmy ru I hv v sn" wraha eak h g d thethin blnd o l nd

iing mchiey pnsre h iqui vrmn th Phgah C rl 1895 in US gine tr, in r ud l nild The Fab-lous Phngraph:

. mly n a mom r dli: grdahe sig reled in es chi, hs son d deilaw stdng aenve to sehe sid d hi dld n ee bchs nd a e LdFanlo ackeh u nd dow ee i lgs he enin


4/13

MIFSI 4ND ALTFRITY

Jf a our w dircO I) th hn prrud a m:& hngh a-y w daly hng :ed mngs y "e c tt tk-d lug, pby. reo- '

"Yu mar Crmeira, id he hi nd you wil f llthe Tarua tib an we will be ri a wfu we ed tb."

Mah hsedhe chi oered him he g on he hild t h woan who

woke hm u wih h hol ad ba il hi in se

and (ex wove {au by e dwin bondrie bween wome

ad eie

ars t ad t de cr. !i uhed wa Msh put M B" vrl nd kd

Eew e nd f t Cu na: ee eed a wa d U rdr d oe empe a.

r, reatd a tng uawe r Paan ('ne) , mb1 mmeda

uses he 192 Cn anan ple enoLd

:dc a ocial ub riginll egn b youn ua m bac

fm e iies) wich he wa W-l dning t ph

gram plying amani fl ui as wel US-deid fox

tt ad jauc t Ihe da o ua at ad lders' The

Hh hie (fe/e) i rodd i Bao Nodenskils mp

ion a delang

A t e frce u t dbhard lbr y O e ;huS f w d h took no oic u whd wk hd ul n h bg to u i chiad n y ( bl u ()u w h w w d r gt f w w( r wn hy pu s prn A thY bgn o $Jak o O pel hI e ot ve ybY wo ol dp TIy n TO k wm' )g rng n ol wn he e us m()k rng o ad rkehe piecs d h ty W dakess :d 5

196

"PrC f P 1 R.O Mr v

i x, Ch l Mh, W ; ofV


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MIEI ND ATIT

Tus wih it anspots of Weten dlight tat magnin mimingmachine, he ictrola was impotant in making th cne povidng th

occasn o nn-ua men to gain acce to Cuna women, maintay f

h imagepolitics of una Bing No wond the chef ad d

we ma (Ad srely not only aong the Cna? he d of

U.S pa cue houo he world. from e bginnng of e

eeth y ow an ormous mou he mc reprce

by hephograph ndee he geat tibutio of the wdhstry ha been pecisey he haping of the wold's ears and eyes

n o ment "moalsby poplar msic and ollywood)

Coloni Phoogry

I am not much conceed with a ociology of te phonogaph orcama or thei effc on the atives The more important questi

lies with the whit man facination with hir faciation with thee

mimeticaly cpaciou machine. Hr the cama compad wi thphongraph pvide eevan matial

Whle thee appea to ha ben a lot of photography on M3sh

rst exein in sach o wit Idian it baely ate a mentin ncompaon with th eprducton of soud by the icola Marsh had

obaed he suppOr oary photography, undrakn p o hexpedo e nede ecnnoi th o vlly, vei sexisc d ee ad ocae as may Inan lges as he culd ommande o the anal Zone Ar Forc proided him wih t

planes one of whch caied an epet mliay photogaphe qiped

with a lage militay camea Wheevr Marshs pae signaled thecod wa o take a pe. u in al of thi th is not hit of ag

On [he cotra it is very much an enthuasc d with "technologya omethin antithtica to "magic Th planes and the big camrapovide a nonchala feeing of maal and scinic powr oer the

landscape ad people beow who wil soo be ubjec o had-hldcameras

Phtogphing the Inian wa sn a an stial part of scientic

'98

HE KING MIE

instigation nded phogaphy s b mblmatic, rifythe itence o the cintic aitude a much as th istnc of that

which wa photgaphed A f3gmnt fom ar diay pulied

posthumously n the Amerian Junl f Nys;l nthopolgy byhis oss at he Smsonan Al dlica eals how obessive and

cessy "dog cn" h wa:

Inins: Cp Tow Saturdy, b : Iut up chns r ann eght msuement-

n Feb Jo Ma n fmy av l. oo prs ofh qa J me er p for h ocaion adn o l n e.

Fh J : Grou f o ave Se m ten yeol dghr

W b 1 Akee by f hoco n 1ar .Morng spt poographg dy op o z lrn.

Mr f n f Ch

Phoorph os ly lo h)

Ohe time Marh spak of na men in the mountain ning

to him for potecion fom beig photogaped but whn t allance

bewen him ad the Cuna chief i emented on te an Bas coast,dll Idins h wat ae pmd o him, hneerythg

c phoorp mnrlofcenici. And ber,wh

doo t the kgo g w e here is ie wode

ecode a eithe the camea o the eltg photo we ee he

laer, as in Mahs own book wih the fontipiece phoogaph f

Mimi the whie Indian gil, (hey eem vacae aa and nomalieen over-nomalze You ask yorself, o what ut when

i comes to lming th phonogaph i ion o the colonial fonee veyhing chages Hee eery e is made to rpesn mimet

czng technology as magical and the estion mst b repated

ecae th phoographic s en sc,z i urpisingly commo i

wentith-cntuy descipios of piit peopesas to why

esrne a o fascnaed by Others scnation wih ths appaats

'"


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MII ALRITY

Cnia Pngrapy

Wh an f in hat h h onef the cla oehnogaphi

l, Nan f h th lk o ild dibelie on hearing und fm th whi m' phongraph, ten tn to t theecord? Mt senut naat! EcepTone shouldn't

ame ha th lok an hi a a Invac not

"pimit ut f rh pmitt lmma obe F1ahety?a -I o imi of mie a ln the chain of hat Hohimer

d An called the organization of iihat lhert'S intetion wa bve ll ietlngical, that th y

a t bm more g tactilit tha iion, i made e inth omy of hi ife and longtime cimatc colaboaO - bhar lahet. Yt dpit an appat vg he bween he ws of th w atd and tat of meearly i inma hoy ad Bejami eteion of that thythere i a id diergence A t th l f hock, ong

and prfmt ilmaton, lahert walow in due of sprluniy t b hvd though the mimetic and enuou poibiJitino ffd t uman enorium b cinema, and h doe o b

eruitin the nor appaatu f th pimitie Nanoo of the Nh,

w do a odu f nt eat inier feaSh begi with h huband m iae of a oe' hand (a

ima lvnly u by Benj3mn, to, in his ay the toytll t g tt te tte' pren an life mp,ito rhe tal t the imprint of the OS hand ae pr the lay n te am way tat th potte hand caree the idi

ay o ahrty he cinematc image hall ca th ding ye, eboy it oain: ae, for intane, th hd o the potte a h

old the ay he ite

Th Io-re cmera ca oow he ovee loely a aly tha as wt our ee we ollow we oe ehoC vs a ssao ourele. Moentarly we touh know h vy h and nd o he potter; W partake a t we lifC r wih h. He trogh toe acs o oee

200

G MCHINE

we on n [Hary' 94 lm] Moalcme aa t ha "partpJo qu we fud Nan)k {1922 He te wa o teaea, o ti Iahne: tru M:y ()ee can tae

u ito a new eo of e hrh h ysos rc

ule of fe a oe take u io t pr O he n of

] doubt ete a o ph:cally daT saeme hbn

03 nn he tm3 elahp heteen ti anthe :w thoi of e ene ulatn i th n e

eproductin. d hi I ak b th rlance of Robert lhe dpl k ndermen at the phonograph and

uhjetng the record t the f hi ngue and tt H

the lgd priitivi of th great u he th h ve th, drtbl g i th claim in mde b the

Modnit France Flahert th piriual unitie of if now -

ealed lmHere the logic o tl patiipan beeen ubect and object,

beteen Prmite peron and a advad b ien Bruhl, f itan i reborn tha t prducte tehlg. t ;

therefore curiou that thi eith diued n Modernit thoy ithoehingpedominance in erm th tic of inm,

hihligted b he e en ( o phngraphThi eatin fun by the a hu, h f thouc

ac e f mm, cly atchey RtFhtyS y l by hi wl intd pi bgaph o aaiaged anoo in furr pant pCrn kall in a phono-

aph dltl pehed a pil f f A Euopean man, perha

ahy, i eaed on the othe de of th phonoraph caullokng nt at the machine u a th rat hunte loong at it. caption d anok o ite man can hi oic" T

r i that hen lahery decided ro pla th ki hat a doig a a -makr) h developed ome footage of Nanoeang a alu, hung a dn B banet on th wl, and inited

he all ;n, mn mn and childrn What hapnd then S ot

ipl of a v lng and ndll fainatng erie of drama,a told t t prmtiv m it te machine, but one

201


7/13

,

1,

-. '"' i ,. "

Nank of e rth: Te exra-oial f te ie k 1 peiee (fro Fra H. Fhy, 984)

102

THETI.K1NG MACHIE

th at sagi whr the mhy mt wr th nw

o l n:odo, dy l. m ihty iic polhe eistmology of "mylia partp3-

on"f t P;

e prir gh he u Tnw ml slc te t.w


8/13

MIESS AN! A.TRITY

Kau }Gnki c C.! for the SV."

awit care fo th Fch my n Sa il Havng suff t Naz, t now ind the : to cnfrn t a f

he w whit oc. One Snge h 10M mn inBuea a thgh ee euln n wan

Gm Am "-u elm beeke aik Mimin he Nazi l h bom h luiv n 1 h enemis,

e o s frch clonial meHi bngl dijoinic h dak-blak a uud b this Germa dm hi

body a a on a Fenc ad und ia peag h

kin en e 61 w the ire a ba slie wi ut y tn n mineun t o f French

i mand fo tagg rllio v re uiliain mbilin.

B tr t othr jntene w , anth luv and

mlx r f iin Ero, and thi is th n' z sn e pn et in th fshiity th ling f

te mav ear-trpt pneul lne ve t tin

l mvin up own on th disc o wht n l r ed

fO t rat muc te Wtn caical tradition It i h thah li to n the tn pt of hi :a-m a

hi hit w n ti ute n Pr It i thi macn an

'

0, CAUSO I

205


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MTtESIS D ALTfRITY

repduced music that tugs at the attentn f the steam f flmc

imagery as much as that of t he wt ocers frm Fance n ways

grating n ways unslng, as wth graceful ease this lack man

evoks and assmilates th taste o Old Epe in the pivacy his

rom by means ts eplayd music. On th ne han, it is pleasng

t the ces t see ths man bcmng like them thugh a machin

whse jb it is to reprduce lkenss On the ther, t i prfound

dstubing t them because thisman s usng tis machine to manfac-ture lieness Tanks i pa t thismach, heis ntonl t comfrt-

able with Euopean culture, bt he shws the way fr a "new man

wh canbe both blac and white, Snegalese and Fench. his s why

te image te phngah in this lm appraches that a icon

wth the teible ambivalenc f the saced coursing the cicuity f

mimesis and alter binding cvlzation to its savagey.

In tis conc power s wat itz R, Captain of Darwns gdsip MS Beag, temed 1832 te absorbng terest in observgppe dspayng cdis ignrance matters ala to civiized

a" One undred and fty years ater b Cnn and Rnndersn's m First Contact povides just suc a dispaya dispaf te dispay we mig say Usng fotage of Firt Cntact me ban Austaian gd prspector in te eary 13 in igand Nwunea, n and nersn ae abe t beatss captue tsmtic moment te wite man rawing pen te curtan wistry t evea an ev in Oteness incanateand t d s spc-tacua tans to te pospctr aving med s ponogap pr-rming its mimetc wonders against te backdrp f te savage vsages t sprigy tue king O Te igt Side of ife" takes ou

acstic memories Westwad t camera takes us trug te otauncnscous int t neede ising and ang n te disc and tnabupty t te ongated bearded faces o t gandes staringscksti in appaet amazement at te sund emergng rm tmacne We tougt t was u ancesors singig" tey t nny and ndeson decades aer Not cntent wt tis te prspector pcs up te ponogap and trusts i acss t waistg sineat te wites aways eec as a barrr to mark ut teir camp ewants te igand wmen to dance s movements are somewat

206

Til'. AlKIN( MCHI

awkward evn gtsqu, as e unges at pepe acrss te ceamarked rntr wt ts precaious baanced music box ts as ife's m sessd wt wte mans magc tan te naves are, andts sessn demands sowig sowng rst as t sw tepngrap n action to em Ten as t capture te pno-grapdspa n m Ten ars ater correcty antcipating te atetwntetcentur E-a nge o sc reveation Cn

y ad Adersn dspa te dispa r usand repat it mor tanonce, tay and engi at te vr en t m ist ntat,

as te credts r to te dag gtee f Loking One rgt d o e (We tugt t was u ncestrs gg, tougt I ead someone sa.

igt is peraps sd te wt mans ascinatin wit Oter'sascnaton wt wt mans magic wen we red i te prspcrswn bo abut a gand NaU, w sent as a sort tua experiment t te town of La by aropae in 132. triatd m t Ston Ag t e tore age by ne swft gt, t boy

stened to a ponograp and saw an eectric igt, and wore out te$witc trning te igt n and agan Gurne e pit] said tatnt to te eectic igt te ting tat seemed to nterst Narmu mstwas te eap of tin cans and botts9 jist Contat as a dizzyingene a gander recountig ow as a id e eauy st t d a tin ca trwn awa as garbage b te prospctr, and worked itinto a as ornamnt r s ead. ut unftuatey Fit Contat so preccupied t m tose eaps of tin cans and bottes, for evenug garag is t tstandng sgn o Westen civizationasarmu peceivedt is not e sdeefect of mcanca pductin

a s congena t te stagng o rst Contact, but ate te afteraging f its mimetic macnatn

Mmetic Suplus

at seems crucia about te anat wit te Oer's ascatt te taking macine is t magc mecanca reprductsef n te West tis mag s inarticuab and s understod as te

7


10/13

r1EI N ''Y

ehlgia uta f iviized idetity-frati Neither th

prspetr ig h ay 190 i he Nw uia igha Fizarrald i he ugls f the pper a I th ary twetetury ud ake a phgraph r a eetri lightbl swi frhat ae. Vis a vi he avag they are e aes f hs wdr

tha afer he rst shk waves f srpse p their veti aeiaizai i the West pa i th vryday Yet thee hs

ighty iv i he ytriu erbely f h thgyt eviseraed as agi i tir rituas f tehlgal spray

T tae the alig ahe th jugl is t ephaize d eelli

te geuie yery ad apihe aial eprdtii a age whe tehlgy itself after the ury f xit at a weathrugh is see as ytiu petry ut a rutie aith taig ahi t the jgle i d tha ipre the aie

ad thfre eef wit Wester tehgy pw the Et u

bard t pared h we padle; i is istal e

iei faulty as ytery i th at f ehaia eprduti

reivigraig te priitivis ipii i ehlgyS widet dreasthrwith reaig a srfit f ieti pwer

May Had A il Lamb

Mrev Westerer wud d wl t be reided te ag f

sudreprduti i teir ree hisrsthi fasiat vith

t itrduti f trasist assette rerder i hei lities ad

beyd that the effe f the t sd rerders ad reprdus 18 77 i he ited tats he are ha itrdued dis tal

ahie t te fred pub i the Sentifc Ameran (eber877 deibeatly agiaized he apparatus as it if were aiated by

a itte hua iide it his akebeleve is a urius fr f se

key the e had i xpreses usy bu guie adi\ti fr he yty f sud reprduti a adirati hat el

h tehgy ad give the ehatt f its ahievet triv d a aguage f spiit ad agi exprs tha ehat O

20

H LKIG M]!

th ther had uh agiazati is a attept t gai astery vetehgy' aery f he ieti faty itse

. hoa A. Edion ecet cm it tis oce plced litleaine o ur des, ured k, an t chie iquire a to oralt d aked ow we lied the phoop, omed s th itwsV well, ad id a cordia od i.

his is uiilar he perfrae f agi Marh aepted

the jge with the taig aie ee ater Rad eattdeibe wd istg with astishe ieduity t th ph

grap rauus rak (he reprdutive deliy wa aysaly bad

ad ephasize tha i prvded he asa wih Marh i the

Da fstf great spetaes:

As a how proprt pogra wo i sucs To udisthrot te cour i proid ig naime awasfainatin ad uall diverg wl alk i nglis DU, Ger-

ma, Fnc, Spni ad Herew. t wold iitate te aki dosn cwig f cs. It uld e made to cat old d ch adsnz so lil phicia i adic wuld ititivybegn wrie rscritios

igle eibii phgraph s it is said, uld 7 thuea $180 a week ad agai we wite the sef-iu effrt at

ae-beeve, taby with the phyiia ati t th prduedseeze I Eurpe the asiati wit te akig ahie wa

s i I 894 just utside f Paris te ah brthrs (at

u i he vg piure idustry) fded heir fary akehap talig ahies deled ley he Eagl rapha

e,ad i he ae year bega akig yider wi suduced it the By 1899 there were 100 sud-yider tites t


11/13

MUESIS D AT

.

A L CONQL JET DU MDE

f. l\TH : r 'nf[S

s wih h do of is Mss Voi his rdmk isrs oo (Gi oism s os h mri) b h ibw mimsis imiism, d ooi dom I is hsk of h im o ris h rdisor of h rss o

h mimi f i hi ormi Bmiisih rrdi h bh of h mim wih m odio h homs Ediso, did wi h iio of

210

THE K MCH

Edin rgil phgph (Scietifc Amrian, 1 877.

h ki mhid h w o si bss h obiosimiiism, h imism, bi io h o i h or mf h rs from h srrs h i 7 his oi k o him sii M i mb" h is od si " ws r so k b i m if

,1 bk is

i ho of wods fo his hiso mom soosi w of xssi (wh doro d shdd of mim-sis i k bk o hidhood bk o imiiism d 's oo h ioio h o ims s w s o ir hid, of h

i mb s w s i M rmiis o h ki dori Mrshs ios d ords d sid o b mos sssf oo i hsor of drisi For d hor hs bk hr b r wi disi d o sii rimiiism rwi od o mimi ow-s o h bh of Ld o i:

The ld pea wi prns each wd in ay enen addressed he, ad ey remebred suh wrd f sm me.

1


12/13

F ANDALn:RI No O 184

Sh nd SherLt, Mormkae . . , . 3

1 Jm How, K Gang; mpry V P/)!, Pa (Aust: Univety Txas Pss N6) p. 7.

1. Sher, K W'$ fk pp. 75-6

13. Ibid. p.7.

14 S 930 h S. ula P ha had Xtev exprie in catn CU; mg;t labr i the a] Z nd h U. mi t i "jg Opi: l nd

h ao Gymi ndK

una Baa Wok

Amic" " Olt, IS (1 38

15. An Park ad Avon NMow; F ofhCU dwBarf.; Ba PuMsing, p_

6 dnal C wr te Epean our fo r apa f ter. n lc ( the spit-pow f te e an the w r wh C eis a s imed b tiumm weIhl rs tf bd n th wr oh whi wol s mmor, such pnench cd Hn th(u)iponth df our fa to o t inr!ub_

17 Erland Noskld RbP. H W, A"HandEl f dompe tngphl Stud, 10 Gu 98, p_ 4

18 Id p 49.

19 Nl Hle nd S. W, "Na la: O m; parar I. lra / ud 23 Gb 5 Udetab th nu echnqu e uo pct wth r 0evra ky C cX h bn rtciz bau as lh he baon m hav c work w dne s be jg as g h f mpr sandd Ye cene D b oe o W:Y and herI mc sid fvor f lr I&-ques. Wat I o, IK f l tr ub of e N- tat pubIhd b Caro $v, "LsPblmno ela IuraAmerind

8 (983) 12980. I Ss m i huly $ pa, tao pois epla ii l n :sltobeca is so obvosy a ng i my wy T on wih, ame ;im of aing Na-inuce 5

Amg h ny ifrece ewee SeVri' a he Swd' caneri erin cotans o ecio o aag i wh h:rreaes his on ues, wic i wa conern I y ayis.n te ue f mogy which crinly mu iu e n wl Ygo o eofp, i hou e n (.1e norhi uicains on Cn h J h n hi f

NuTsr 19f

o[ki n Pre. (98 ce. o vecog jton o [ngrahy by Gr Mc nd Cun 82,oghs A Tex.n A,ualRIwftoplog, (92.pp-9 i prclalOawta ely !mpw [ m t d hca b-lgtw e Cunwhc, uke thc 93 NodnsiolIe,z3n d I) v oc z cht cc ue t(1 aut-ri1que; th -eo a v a u pro proide trn o c; k as n es

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al t t nO at rl $ 1930 rejld wapubling na repar by n unr eir itGtcbr Etnc g ublts Ti gic a noM r a! I own by ay US. oEuoapst \ MVI h n vn s he i a ealy o-'f "chant.

20 Gulo men Now o u he in."S He W, M :na Id My Ao Gllo

H," og Tbr Eog Mm.992), J-I6

21. Wve e 3n mundrtad m UIt in te Hlen Was m tb t e t a uh vde o enid. o ahed t W mal , pcy o rnoe h er x rm Jld Pz the c (r o o the ded u rwi cO n qu oe ths pig-x ce r wi the blaunrhacsm ig i a o o pmn efect thwo m sm up a D ag of m garb a th gcal w f ov aig Ie (out f If t) whe

Cp 4 RO. Mh Wh Inian Da. w YorK: P', p

147

2. Ibi., p ! I

3. Rn Ga Th Fblus hng: From Eo t Str NewYrK: A-Ctuy 69 Ma W} nn 12.

4. m How An Ioca Tiage: Sule Or Sa BCulue, " n GUrbn Sh ds., ain-Stae an"a An A"jc (ASln Unversit o( TCK 1991

7

M A 16 212


13/13

MIESISANDALERtY TS T 16-212

5 Erla Noreskiol a Rubn rz, d. nry Wassn, An Hstorial"d thnog Suey oe Cuna Idias, maave tor3phic Sl 10 (Gtebug 938) p l

6 A dlcka Th da of aama Phyic31 lato t theMayas," mec J oPJiwAntopogy 9: (92 p 1

7 Fn Hba Flahy Te Oe Fm-ke; Rbert e'st (Pme, Vent: Thd Bk, 18 p 58 "Patcipion mstqu" tisass s tettiJu$ teiesf Luin L'rul coig e" pi:rmQe \i a is

Enihtnnt modls.8 a f1m-kp 18

Bb Cll d Rb F a New Yk: Vkng987) p 16.T a qug M y a M C Ld tbt Tim gt N rk a d: k nd Wana97

ella Te Fou Php p 2

I 27

Ibid., p 2 \! w a srl hoogh fm a M't xpdi; e J o at l a . Inten al AmQ h mpliao f the na f thMit. Ct

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