Targeting Net Zero Energy for Military Installationsases.conference-services.net/resources/252/2859/pres/SOLAR2012... · • Goal of analysis is to lead to project implementation

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Targeting Net Zero Energy for Military Installations

Venue: WREF 2012

Presenter: Kari Burman

Date: May 14, 2012

2

Overview

• A net zero energy installation (NZEI) is one that produces as much energy from on-site renewable sources as it consumes

• NZEI assessment provides a systematic approach to energy projects

• Analysis includes efficiency, renewables, transportation, and grid

• Goal of analysis is to lead to project implementation

• Full Report for MCBH-Kaneohe Bay: Targeting Net Zero Energy at Marine Corps Base Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: Assessment

and Recommendations http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52897.pdf

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52897.pdf

3

Assessment Outline

• Baseline o Current energy consumption

• Energy Efficiency Measures o Retrofit improvement potential o New construction design

improvement and optimization

• Renewable Energy o Deployment of renewable energy

• Transportation o Reduce and replace fossil fuel use

• Electrical Systems o Interconnection and microgrid

• Implementation o Savings & Utility Contracts o Enhanced Use Lease

Typical

Community

Option 0Energy Efficiency

and Energy

Demand Reduction

En

erg

y L

oa

d (

$ o

r b

tu o

r C

O2)

buildings

vehicles

industry

Maximize

efficiency,

minimize

demand

Renewable

Option 1

Renewable

Option 2

Renewable

Option 3

Some combination

of options 1, 2 & 3

meet remaining load

Marine Corps Base Hawaii-Kaneohe Bay

Targeting Net Zero Energy at Marine Corps Base Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: Assessment and Recommendations

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52897.pdf (PDF 4.6 MB)


5

Baseline

•Determine installation energy boundary o MCBH-Kaneohe Bay is located on the eastern side of Oahu, HI o The energy boundary includes all on-site buildings and facilities and fleet vehicles

•Data

o NREL collected data for the most recent

full year, 2009.

o Electrical, thermal and transportation

o The metrics used is source Btu

Energy Use Breakdown for buildings % of Total Source MMBtu

MCBH- Kaneohe Bay Baseline

99%

1%

Electricity

propane

Baseline Annual Energy Usage Information

2009 (Source MMBtu)

Electricity (kWh) 419,788,096

Propane (MMBtu) 21,723

6

Baseline

Note: 95.88% of source Btu’s are from electricity and 4.12% from fuels *Source Btu analysis allows for the accounting of the energy required to transport fuel to the base and the energy losses due to inefficiencies in the electrical generation process. Conversion factors developed by NREL (3.92 source Btu/site Btu for electricity and 1.15 source Btu/site Btu fuel)

7

Energy Efficiency

7

Determine efficiency reduction potential

• MCBH- Kaneohe Bay has an Energy Savings Performance Contract in place

• Specific Main Base Facilities Modeled o Offices

o Commissary

o Barracks

o Main Gym

• Base Wide ECMs o Lighting Occupancy Sensors

o Computer Energy management

o Water Heater Boilers

• Analysis Tools and Methods o Efficient building retrofits

Building audit / walkthrough

o Building modeling e-Quest

Modeled electricity end use office buildings

• Installation details

o 6.1 M square feet and 800 facilities

• Average Energy Use Intensity ~ 50 kBtu /

sq. ft.

• Efficiency reduction potential = 73,169 MMBtu

o 20% reduction in office buildings

Sample Results from MCBH-Kaneohe Bay

8

Energy Efficiency Measure Savings (% of fuel type) MMBtu

Equivalent

Savings

% Total Site

Savings

Specific Base Facilities

Commissary (32% reduction) MWh 1,401 2.4% 4,780 2.1%

Barracks (40% reduction) MWh 7,497 12.8% 25,587 11.4%

Offices (43% reduction) MWh 3,215 5.5% 10,972 4.9%

Gym (52% reduction) MWh 467 0.8% 1,593 0.7%

Mess Hall (40% reduction) MWh 1,310 2.2% 4,470 2.0%

Base Wide ECMs

Retro-commissioning MWh 2,023 3.5% 6,904 3.1%

Lighting Occupancy Sensors MWh 935 1.6% 3,190 1.4%

Computer Energy Mgmt MWh 1,387 2.4% 4,732 2.1%

Water Heater Boilers MMBtu 1,251 4.8% 1,251 0.6%

Total

Electricity MWh 18,233 17.03% 62,211 15.9%

Propane MMBtu 1,251 6.62% 1,251 0.6%

Total MMBtu 63,462 16.5%

Total electrical reduction = 18,233 megawatt-hours (MWh) or 62,221 MMBtu (17.03% electrical load reduction) Total propane reduction = 1,251 MMBtu (6.62% propane load reduction)

Total reduction = 63,462 MMBtu (16.5% total reduction)

9

Renewable Energy

• Tools used in RE assessment o GIS resource screening tools, Renewable Energy

Optimization (REO), PV Watts, HOMER.

• Daylighting o Assessment restricted to warehouses

o MCBH Kaneohe has installed some skylights

• Solar Projects o Solar resource is good

o MCBH Kaneohe has task orders scheduled for 10 MW of PV (rooftop, carport & ground mount)

• Wind turbines o Wind resource is excellent. NREL completed a

wind resource study

o Wind turbines most economical form of renewable energy

o Small 2.4 kW wind turbine being installed now

• Solar Hot water (Thermal load ) o NREL team evaluated the feasibility of installing

solar water heating systems on 28 of the buildings and swimming pool

64 kW Rooftop PV at K-Bay

Potential wind turbine sites at K-Bay

10

Renewable Energy

Project Name Size Savings Source Btu Savings

MMBtu

% of Total

MMBtu

Electrical Reduction

PV 10 MW 15,432,643 kWh 206,412 14%

Wind Turbines 28.5 MW 92,879,232 kWh 1,242,263 86%

Daylighting 99,140 ft2 2,092,540 kWh 27,988 2%

Thermal Reduction

Solar Hot Water

257,509 ft2

112,389 therms

12,925

59%

After conservation and energy efficiency improvements are accounted for, the balance of energy consumption is met with renewable energy to reach NZEI electric & thermal (Note: solar hot water & daylighting are considered renewable energy)

Total electrical reduction = 110,403 MWh or 1,476,663 MMBtu (102% electrical load reduction) Total Thermal reduction = 12, 925 MMBtu (59 % propane load reduction- not fully net zero) In the future it may be possible to replace the remaining propane thermal load with hydrogen produced on site from renewables

11

Economic Analysis

MCAS Kaneohe Bay

Airport Runway

Kaneohe 50 m

Met Tower

100 m hill on

MCAS base

Pali Crater -

~1-200 m high

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Pow

er (k

W)

Monthly Average Electric ProductionPVWindGrid

Production kWh/yr %

PV array 15,432,643 13

Wind turbines 78,213,952 65

Grid purchases 26,186,056 22

Total 119,832,648 100

System Components size and

Levelized Cost of Energy

PV array 10.0 MW

Wind Turbines 16 (1.5 MW each) 24.0 MW

Utility Cost (Baseline) $0.20/kWh

Levelized Cost of Energy of

Wind/PV/Grid Hybrid System

$0.09/kWh

PV, Wind Hybrid System Optimal Solution

Potential site for Wind turbines near Pali Crater/Met tower

12

Transportation Analysis • Baseline Fleet

o Obtained MCBH Kaneohe Bay’s fleet fuel consumption

o Obtained a fleet list and estimated driving usage

o Commuting patterns of staff were not available

o Kaneohe Bay recently installed E85 & B20 refueling pumps

o A portion of fleet is being converted to hydrogen vehicles by 2015.

• Tactical

o No analysis conducted by NREL

o Potential exists for future studies

Results From MCBH-Kaneohe Bay

1.89% 0.98%

97.13%

Gasoline

Diesel

JP-8

Baseline Annual Fuel Usage Information

2009

Total Gasoline (gallons) 181,802

Total Diesel (gallons) 93,967

Total JP-8 (gallons) 9,335,777

13

Transportation Analysis

Hydrogen fuel station – Hickam Air Force base, HI (powered by 120 kW solar array)

Similar station to be installed at Kaneohe Bay

• Switch to alternative fuel vehicles:

o MCBH Kaneohe Bay recently installed E85 & B20 refueling pumps.

• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs):

o HEVs are also being introduced into the MCBH Kaneohe Bay fleet to reduce their fuel use

• Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles:

o MCBH- Kaneohe Bay is converting some of fleet to new hydrogen fueled vehicles.

o Installing electrolysis equipment to produce hydrogen on site

o The hydrogen vehicle fleet is presently 3 sedans and electrolysis can handle additional 13 sedans

14

Electrical Systems Analysis

• High Penetration of Renewables

o Interconnecting 20-30 MW of wind is challenging on island grid

o Infrastructure would need to be upgraded to handle large variable power

• Analysis Required

o Power flow analysis

o Feasibility study

• Additional Considerations

o Utility interconnection may require storage to prevent from exporting power

o The electrolyzer may act as energy storage

o Using an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen on base could assist in smoothing the output power from the wind farm

o Potential for hydrogen fuel cell to be installed for complete microgrid (loss of utility) scenario

C

O O O

CC

C

O

C C

C

C

XFMR

#1

XFMR

#2

XFMR

#3

B5033

HECO XFMR’s 1,2 & 3 are 10 (12.5)

MVA capacity each (FA/FO)

HECO 46 KV

Koolau-Aikahi

Circuit

HECO 46 KV

Koolau-Kailua

Circuit

C

C

CC =Normally Closed

O =Normally Open

=Energized feeder

=De-energized feeder

=Alternate feeder

## =Critical Asset

12/8/08

O

MCBH ELECTRICAL ONE-LINE

A BUS B BUS C BUS

Legend

C

150 250

350

510 A200 A

1B

100 200 300

1B 3B 1A 2B

B5092

A BUS B BUS C BUS150 250 350

100 200 300

3-4B 3-3B 3-2B 3-1B3-1A 3-2A 3-2A 3-4A 12-1 12-2A 12-3 12-4 12-2 101 106 104 107 105 103 102

3A T3-2 3B T3-1 2A 2B T2-3 T2-1 T1-2 1A 1B T1-3

290 A

3A2A

Sub

#1

Sub

#2

Sub

#3

Main

Sub

B1125B820

1

1211

10987

654

3

2

20

191817

161514

13

282726

252423

21 22

15

Implementation

Financial Estimates NZEI assessments include potential methods for Implementation (PPA, ESPC, UESC & EUL)

Resource Commitment Provide implementation support after the assessment as part of the upfront project planning and budgeting

Mahalo- Thank you


Islands and Our Renewable Energy Future

WREF 2012 Conference

May 16, 2012 Denver, CO

2

NREL Snapshot

• Leading clean-energy innovation for 34 years

• 1,740 employees working in a living model of

sustainable energy

• Owned by the U.S. Department of Energy

• Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy

Only US Laboratory Dedicated Solely to Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

3

Why Islands? Motivation

“Islanders” “Continentals”

• High and variable energy

costs

• Excellent access to

renewables

• Visible externalities

• Vulnerability to climate

change

• Demonstration of high-

penetration renewables

• Development of next-

generation technologies

• Proof that energy

transformation is possible

4

NREL’s Island Work

4

image courtesy NASA

5

NREL’s Island Work - Panelists

5

image courtesy NASA


Marketing Strategies for High Contribution Renewables in Islanded Power Systems



E. Ian Baring-Gould, NREL

7

Wide Range of Power System Options

Renewable power system can be used to cover a wide range of needs, including:

• Dedicated Use: Power being used at point sources without regulation

• Small or Simple Systems: Power systems for individual buildings and dispersed generation where high level of reliability is not required

• Community Power Systems: Utility provided power to larger communities or group of buildings with larger loads.

• Wind-Diesel Systems: Large communities or facilities with large loads.

• Integrated Systems: Large islanded systems incorporating conventional and large scale renewable generation.

Photo

Cre

dit: K

ent

Bulla

rd

8

High Contribution Renewables…

• dos not require additional capacity

• does change the way that the balance of system capacity is utilized

• does require expanded system flexibility

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

MW

160140120100806040200

Hours (1 week)

800

600

400

200

0

-200

-400

-600

-800

Ra

mp

(M

W/h

ou

r)

Net load (load-wind)

Additional ramping needs with wind

Maximum/Minimum Load Peak Load

• There are a number of ways from the demand and supply side to help support this flexibility, with expanded use of inelegant grids important

9

Current Status of High Contribution Renewable Tech

Recent oil cost variability has caused many nations, states, and organizations to look at options to reduce dependence on diesel fuel for power generation

Rapidly expanding market for large scale renewable-diesel systems:

• ~40 projects operating or in construction with additional projects being developed

• Operating projects in almost every region of the world

• Most projects are smaller in size (2 MW or less) with expanded interest in larger integrated island systems

• Interest growing worldwide but strong interest in US (Alaska), Australia, Canada, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands

Heat

Electricity

Transport

% of energy usage in the rural community of

Akutan, Alaska by sector

But the challenges continue…

• Electricity is only part of the energy question

• High capital costs

• Lack of understanding of the technology

• Requires a rethinking of the grid and controls

10

NWTC – 2MW+

NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facilities

ESIF 1kW-2MW

DERTF 1kW-200kW

The existing and developing research facilitates at NREL provides a unique international asset for energy systems integration R&D, testing, and analysis at a wide range of scales.

TTF

VTIF

• High, medium & Low voltage testing grids

• Indoor and outdoor test areas

• Dedicated control and product test capabilities

• High Performance computing

• Multi-system integration and testing capabilities

11

For More Information:

Energy Systems Integration Facility

http://www.nrel.gov/eis/facilities_esif.html

Wind / Diesel Overview

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/pdfs/wind_akwd04_basics.pdf






Inter-Island Transmission and Interconnection



Vahan Gevorgian, NREL

13

Benefits of Island Interconnections

• Deliver lower cost power from one island to another

• Transmit renewable generated energy to an island that otherwise does not have access to less expensive renewable power

• Increased reliability, better power quality, better hurricane resilience

• Reduced spinning reserve requirements, sharing frequency regulation without adding new generation, lower operating costs

• Integrated fiber-optic cables

14

Examples of Case Studies

• OWITS (DOE/HECO/DBEDT)

• Caribbean Grid (World Bank)

• Puerto Rico – USVI - BVI (DOE)

• Nevis – USVI – Puerto Rico (U.S. Dept. of State / OAS)

• Puerto Rico – Dominican Republic (World Bank)

15

Technology Advances and Technical Barriers • Submarine power transmission has been around for more

than a century, significant offshore wind power experience • Tradeoffs between HVDC vs. HVAC

o Transmission capacity o Cable length o Water depths

• Deepest existing cable is only 1650m • HVDC has many advantages over HVAC • Multi-terminal HVDC is an existing technology • Historically, geothermal power was the main driver for inter-

island transmission • Wind, PV, LNG generation can be drivers as well • Environmental impacts and permitting require detailed

studies

Caribbean bathymetry (less than 2000 m) and slopes (less than 200)

16

NWTC Test Site

Siemens

2.3 MW Alstom

3 MW GE

1.5 MW

Gamesa

2 MW

Research Turbines

2 x 750 kW

PV Array

1.1 MW 2.5 MW

dynamometer

• Total of 11 MW variable renewable generation currently at NWTC test site

• There are many small wind turbines (under 100 kW) installed as well

5 MW

dynamometer

under construction

17

NWTC New Testing Capabilities – Dual Bus System

2.5 MW Dynamometer(exisiting)

5 MW Dynamometer(under development)

NWTC Wind Turbines

1MW PV Array(existing)

Permanent Storage Testing

Facilities* Controllable Grid Interface (CGI) for Grid and Fault Simulation

Switchgear Building

XcelSubstation

Permanent (facility)energy storage *

Temporary (mobile)

storage testing facilities

CGI Bus

Xcel Bus

(7 MVA - under development)

*Permanent storage facility concept is under evaluation

13.8 kV115 kV

10 MW line capacity(future upgrades up to 70 MW under study)

GE 1.5 MWSiemens 2.3 MW

Alstom 3 MW

Gamesa 2 MW

•MW-scale variable generation (wind and PV) •Mix of modern variable speed wind turbine electrical topologies

•Different fault behavior •Different voltage distortion spectrums •Different control architectures •Different mechanical inertia

•These conditions create unique opportunity for testing combinations of renewable technologies and energy storage

18


National Wind Technology Center (NWTC)

http://www.nrel.gov/wind/

Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study

http://www.uwig.org/owits_summary_report.pdf

Puerto Rico / USVI Transmission

http://www.edinenergy.org/pdfs/51294.pdf

http://www.viwapa.vi/AboutUs/Projects/ProjectDetails/11-08-02/USVI-BVI-Puerto_Rico_Interconnection.aspx


















Hawaii Electric Vehicles



Ken Kelly, NREL

20

Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative - Regional-focused Energy Strategies

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

20

09

Fu

el U

se, M

illio

n G

allo

ns

Transportation: Jet fuel

Transportation: Gasoline & Ethanol

Transportation: Diesel & Biodiesel

Electricity: Diesel & Biodiesel

Electricity: Fuel Oil & Naphtha

32%

33%

35%

32%

33%

35%

21

Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Islands

21

Opportunities

Climate & driving limits

Transportation fuel diversification

Connection to smart grid and high-penetration

renewables

– Load demand management

– Grid integration – peak shaving, energy storage

Vehicle performance and efficiency

Synergies with tourism industry

Potential challenges

Market penetration – cost, availability, and vehicle

turnover

Establishing EVSE – home and public charging

Grid impacts, control systems

Education and outreach

Range limitations (pure EV)

22

Hawaii’s EV Programs

22

State EV-friendly policies

EVs to park for free at state and county facilities, EVs access to Hawaii State HOV lanes Required EV Parking spaces set asides w/ chargers State and county agencies to Lead-by-Example in

purchasing EVs Homeowner associations must not ban EVSE Active engagement with EV industry Utility off-peak EV charging rate demo

EV-Ready Grants & Rebates (ARRA funded)

$2.6M to establish state-wide charging infrastructure $4500 EV and charger rebates

Expanding EV Charger (EVSE) Network

Level 3 fast chargers

Smart Grid and Micro-grid demo projects

23

Hawaii’s EV Grid Integration

23

US-Japan Maui Smart Grid • integration of variable renewable energy resources on islanded grid with widespread adoption of electric vehicles • International cooperation – public/private partnership • Key features:

– 200 EVs with home charging + public fast charger network

– Smart meters and appliances – Integrated EMS, DMS, and μDMS – EV Energy Control Center – RE intermittency / demand response – Excess renewable energy

Electric Vehicle Grid Integration focuses on the interface,

integration, and interoperability of electrified vehicles, energy

storage systems, and the evolving smart, renewable grid.

Hawaii – Korea Smart Grid Proposal - Collaboration with hotel industry on Oahu

- focus on energy use in large commercial buildings with integrated renewable energy and electric vehicle charging

24

2010

24

V2Campus Distribution Electrical & Thermal Analysis

Hardware and Communications Testing Battery Ownership Model

NREL EV – Grid Integration Resources

25

A

Mahalo nui loa!

25

Personal mobility

Bicycling…

Daunting challenge…

But very hopeful – new generation, commitment and hard work

Pulling together

Artist: Jean Charlot, Chief’s Canoe (1956), Hawaii Convention Center

26


Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative

http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/

NREL Advanced Vehicles and Fuels

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/






Integrated deployment



Misty Conrad

28

Clean Energy Transformational Change

28

Develop an Approach That Provides: • A comprehensive & aggressive method to address clean energy

• A focus on transformational, systemic change

• A multi-dimensional, multi-technology approach to energy sources, generation, and end-use

• An approach that addresses cross-technology linkages and gaps

• A model for the rest of the world to follow

• A vehicle to accelerate market adoption of clean energy solutions

• A way to integrate DOE’s current deployment efforts

Integrated Deployment’s mission is to accelerate market adoption of alternative energy solutions to power our homes, businesses and vehicles

through a comprehensive and aggressive approach.

29

Situational Assessment

– Constituent Analysis – Resource Assessment – Barriers Assessment

Policy Opportunities – Codes and Standards – Utility Programs – Legislation – Utility Regulations

Economic Evaluations

– Financing Options – Economic Development – Business Case

Development

Communication & Outreach – Stakeholder Development

– Public Information

– Workforce Development

Combining Technology Solutions, Deployment Strategies & Leveraging Partnerships

29

Technologies Deployment Strategies Partnerships

Leadership

Vision & Goals

Commitment & Dedication

Strategy & Planning

Political Commitment

Decision-making Drive policy change

Drive regulatory change

Reduce business risks

Funding Innovative

Motivated

Will to Change Buy-in

Engagement

Adoption

Efficiency – Residential – Commercial – Industrial

Renewable Generation – Solar – Wind – Geothermal – Hydro / Wave / OTEC

Renewable Fuels – Biomass – Hydrogen / Fuel Cells

Transportation – Efficient Vehicles – Electric Vehicles – Alt. Fuel Vehicles

Grid System – Transmission – Distribution – Controls

30

Power Developers

Fuel Developers

Utilities

Education Organizations

Consumer Interests

Transportation Providers / End

Users

Federal Agencies

State & Local Government

Builders / Energy End Users

Financiers / Investors

Electricity Generation &

Delivery

Fuel Sources

& Delivery

Transportation End Use

Building& Industry End Use

Po

licy

& A

nal

ysis

Planning & Management

Partnership Building & Communication

Pro

ject D

evelo

pm

en

t & Fin

ance

Land Owners / Developers

Building & Vehicle Owners

Integrated Deployment Model

31

Implementation Approach & Value Proposition

Build Stakeholder Partnerships

•Vision

•Commitment

•Education & Outreach

Establish Analytical Framework

•Macro Analysis

•Baseline Development

•Modeling

•Goal setting

•Plan Development

Advance Energy Policy

•Evaluate Policy Options

•Evaluate Regulatory Options

•Quantify & Qualify Option Impacts

Apply the Business Perspective

•Financing models

•Business Case Analysis

•Barrier Reduction

•Risk Mitigation

•Technical and economic viability

Get Early Successes

• Hardware Deployed

• Technology demonstrations

• Replication models

Integrated Deployment’s Unique Value Proposition:

Integrated Deployment utilizes a holistic approach to inform energy communities who are committed to implementing transformational energy system change to achieve an affordable and sustainable clean energy future

32

An Aggressive Deployment Approach Can be Taken at various scales

Community/City

NREL is leading DOE support

in rebuilding New Orleans

and Greensburg, KS in the

most energy efficient and

renewable way possible

State

NREL is leading DOE efforts

in Hawaii and Alaska in their

pursuit for efficient and

renewable solutions to reduce

dependence on fossil fuel

Nation

NREL is leading DOE efforts in

support of the international

partnership through Energy

Development in Island Nations,

providing comprehensive energy

solutions to island nations.

Federal site

NREL is leading DOE support to

the Department of Defense and

National Science Foundation to

pursue comprehensive solutions to

energy independence on military

installations and reduced

emissions in our polar regions.

33


Integrated Deployment Model Paper


EERE’s Deployment Website

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/commercialization/deployment.html


http://www1.eere.energy.gov/commercialization/deployment.html

34

Thank you

Questions / Discussion


Indian Solar Cities Programme: An Overview of Major Activities and Accomplishments

WREF 2012

Alicen Kandt

May 17, 2012

2

Presentation Overview

• Background

• India Solar Cities Programme Overview

• Master Plans

• Sample Master Plan: Agra

• Solar America Cities

• Synergies with Solar America Cities

3

India’s Energy Use

• India’s energy consumption has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the world

• Existing energy supply-demand imbalance

• Over half of the citizens have no access to energy (Government of India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, ‘Annual Report 2010-2011’, page 1)

4

India’s RE Goals

• India’s government is aiming for 14,000 MW of RE installation from 2007-2012 (‘Guidebook for Developing Solar City’, ICLEI-South Asia, 2010, page 9)

• National Solar Mission (Government of India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, ‘Annual Report 2010-2011’, page 57)

o 20,000 MW of grid-connected solar by 2022

o 2,000 MW of off-grid solar

• Created Solar Cities Programme

MNRE = Ministry for New and Renewable Energy

5

Solar Cities Programme

• Supports 60 Indian cities in the development of EE and RE projects

• Aims to reduce conventional energy demand by 10% by 2013, compared to a baseline year of 2008

• Support provided to municipal corporations for preparing and implementing a master plan

6

Solar Cities Programme Objectives

• To enable/empower urban local governments to address energy challenges at a city-level;

• To provide a framework and support to prepare a Master Plan including assessment of current energy situation, future demand and action plans;

• To build capacity at the urban local bodies and create awareness among all sections of civil society;

• To involve various stakeholders in the planning process; and

• To oversee the implementation of sustainable energy projects through public-private partnerships.

7

Solar Cities Programme Support

• Setting up a solar cell in the city

• Organizing promotional activities

• Preparing and implementing master plans

8

Master Plans

• Provide an overview of the city o Location, population, growth, renewable resource,

energy use

• Outline total and sector-wide baseline data for 2008 o Energy use and GHG emissions

– Electricity, petrol, diesel, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

o Residential, industrial, commercial, municipal

• Project energy demand and supply for future 5- and 10-year periods

9

Master Plans (cont)

• Outline annual targets for: o Energy conservation

o RE addition

o GHG abatement and action plan

• Outlines potential sources of funding

Reductions must equate to at least a 10% reduction in projected total demand of conventional energy at the end of five years (end of 2013) o A minimum of 5% of this reduction goal must be RE

10

Sample Master Plan: Agra City

City Overview:

• Home to the Taj Mahal

• Population of 4,380,793 (2011) o Represents a 20.96% growth from the 2001 census.

http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/up/Census2011Data%20Sheet-UP.pdf

• Good average annual solar resource

• Wind resource data is not readily available

• Biomass resource data for the city is not available

http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/up/Census2011Data Sheet-UP.pdf







11


Energy Baseline: • Projections based on historical growth in consumption levels and

population growth projections o The 10% reduction goal is 248.48 million kWh. ‘Development of Agra Solar City:

Final Master Plan’, page 4.

Year 2008 2013 2018

Electricity Consumption

1,206.43 1,804.77 2,423.67

LPG 151.39 213.41 275.34

Kerosene 325.75 466.64 607.98

Total 1,683.57 2,484.82 3,306.99

TABLE: ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN AGRA CITY IN 2008 AND ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS FOR 2013 AND 2018 IN MILLION KWH

‘Development of Agra Solar City: Final Master Plan’, page 38.

12


Renewable Energy Recommendations

• Agra’s master plan sets a target of installing:

• 5.82 million litres per day (LPD) capacity SWH with a collector capacity of 0.116 million square meters (sqm)

• 12.40 MW cumulative solar PV systems

• 7,553 cubic meters (CuM) biogas systems

• 5.12 MW waste to energy projects

• 4,592 solar cookers

13


Energy Efficiency Recommendations

• Lighting retrofits

• Replacing conventional ceiling fans, AC, refrigerators, water pumps, motors with efficient ones

• Variable speed drives

• Daylight sensors for street lights

14


RE and EE

strategy for Agra

Energy Savings Target over 5 years % of

Savings

target to

achieve

Emission

Reduction/year 1st

Year

2nd

Year

3rd

Year

4th Year 5th Year

RE Residential 11.42 28.54 51.37 79.91 114.15 45.94 84761

RE Commercial 0.6 1.49 2.69 4.19 5.98 2.41 3486

RE Industrial 1.25 3.13 5.63 8.76 12.52 5.04 11094

RE Municipal .24 9.5 13.18 33.02 33.73 13.57 27322

Total RE Strategy 16.64 41.59 74.87 116.46 166.38 66.96 126664

EE Residential 8.68 21.70 39.70 60.77 86.82 34.94 70323

Ee Commercial 1.42 3.56 6.4 9.96 15.23 5.72 11522

EE Industrial 0.65 1.63 2.93 4.56 6.52 2.62 5278

EE Municipal 2.26 5.65 10.17 15.82 22.6 9.09 18305

Total EE Strategy 13.02 32.54 58.57 91.11 130.16 52.38 105429

RE and EE

Combined

29.65 74.13 133.44 207.57 296.53 232092

12% 30% 54% 84% 119%

15

Solar America Cities

• In 2007 and 2008 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) designated 25 major U.S. cities as Solar America Cities

• Provided financial and technical assistance to help the cities develop comprehensive, city-wide approaches to accelerate the adoption of solar energy technologies.

• Only solar technologies, unlike India Solar Cities Programme

16

Solar America Cities Technical Support

Support provided to the cities fell into these categories:

• Organizing and strategizing a local solar effort

• Making solar energy affordable for residents and businesses

• Updating and enforcing local rules and regulations

• Improving utility policies and process

17

Solar America Cities Technical Support

Support provided to the cities fell into these categories (cont):

• Creating jobs and supporting economic development

• Educating and empowering potential customers

• Leading by examples with installations on government properties.

• http://solaramericacommunities.energy.gov/solaramericacities/action_areas/

http://solaramericacommunities.energy.gov/solaramericacities/action_areas/

http://solaramericacommunities.energy.gov/solaramericacities/action_areas/

18

Synergies Between the Two Programs

• Draw upon experiences of Solar America Cities

o Share lessons learned and best practices

o Facilitate dialogue between American and Indian cities

19

Synergies Between the Two Programs

• Provide support in:

o Developing city plans

o Implementation support for overall program development

o Capacity building and training activities in the following areas:

– Technology-Focused

– Policy-Focused

– Financing-Focused

– Curriculum Development


Targeting Net Zero Energy for Military Installations

Venue: WREF 2012

Presenter: Kari Burman

Date: May 14, 2012

2

Overview

• A net zero energy installation (NZEI) is one that produces as much energy from on-site renewable sources as it consumes

• NZEI assessment provides a systematic approach to energy projects

• Analysis includes efficiency, renewables, transportation, and grid

• Goal of analysis is to lead to project implementation

• Full Report for MCBH-Kaneohe Bay: Targeting Net Zero Energy at Marine Corps Base Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: Assessment

and Recommendations http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52897.pdf


3

Assessment Outline

• Baseline o Current energy consumption

• Energy Efficiency Measures o Retrofit improvement potential o New construction design

improvement and optimization

• Renewable Energy o Deployment of renewable energy

• Transportation o Reduce and replace fossil fuel use

• Electrical Systems o Interconnection and microgrid

• Implementation o Savings & Utility Contracts o Enhanced Use Lease

Typical

Community

Option 0Energy Efficiency

and Energy

Demand Reduction

En

erg

y L

oa

d (

$ o

r b

tu o

r C

O2)

buildings

vehicles

industry

Maximize

efficiency,

minimize

demand

Renewable

Option 1

Renewable

Option 2

Renewable

Option 3

Some combination

of options 1, 2 & 3

meet remaining load

Marine Corps Base Hawaii-Kaneohe Bay

Targeting Net Zero Energy at Marine Corps Base Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: Assessment and Recommendations

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52897.pdf (PDF 4.6 MB)


5

Baseline

•Determine installation energy boundary o MCBH-Kaneohe Bay is located on the eastern side of Oahu, HI o The energy boundary includes all on-site buildings and facilities and fleet vehicles

•Data

o NREL collected data for the most recent

full year, 2009.

o Electrical, thermal and transportation

o The metrics used is source Btu

Energy Use Breakdown for buildings % of Total Source MMBtu

MCBH- Kaneohe Bay Baseline

99%

1%

Electricity

propane

Baseline Annual Energy Usage Information

2009 (Source MMBtu)

Electricity (kWh) 419,788,096

Propane (MMBtu) 21,723

6

Baseline

Note: 95.88% of source Btu’s are from electricity and 4.12% from fuels *Source Btu analysis allows for the accounting of the energy required to transport fuel to the base and the energy losses due to inefficiencies in the electrical generation process. Conversion factors developed by NREL (3.92 source Btu/site Btu for electricity and 1.15 source Btu/site Btu fuel)

7

Energy Efficiency

7

Determine efficiency reduction potential

• MCBH- Kaneohe Bay has an Energy Savings Performance Contract in place

• Specific Main Base Facilities Modeled o Offices

o Commissary

o Barracks

o Main Gym

• Base Wide ECMs o Lighting Occupancy Sensors

o Computer Energy management

o Water Heater Boilers

• Analysis Tools and Methods o Efficient building retrofits

Building audit / walkthrough

o Building modeling e-Quest

Modeled electricity end use office buildings

• Installation details

o 6.1 M square feet and 800 facilities

• Average Energy Use Intensity ~ 50 kBtu /

sq. ft.

• Efficiency reduction potential = 73,169 MMBtu

o 20% reduction in office buildings

Sample Results from MCBH-Kaneohe Bay

8

Energy Efficiency Measure Savings (% of fuel type) MMBtu

Equivalent

Savings

% Total Site

Savings

Specific Base Facilities

Commissary (32% reduction) MWh 1,401 2.4% 4,780 2.1%

Barracks (40% reduction) MWh 7,497 12.8% 25,587 11.4%

Offices (43% reduction) MWh 3,215 5.5% 10,972 4.9%

Gym (52% reduction) MWh 467 0.8% 1,593 0.7%

Mess Hall (40% reduction) MWh 1,310 2.2% 4,470 2.0%

Base Wide ECMs

Retro-commissioning MWh 2,023 3.5% 6,904 3.1%

Lighting Occupancy Sensors MWh 935 1.6% 3,190 1.4%

Computer Energy Mgmt MWh 1,387 2.4% 4,732 2.1%

Water Heater Boilers MMBtu 1,251 4.8% 1,251 0.6%

Total

Electricity MWh 18,233 17.03% 62,211 15.9%

Propane MMBtu 1,251 6.62% 1,251 0.6%

Total MMBtu 63,462 16.5%

Total electrical reduction = 18,233 megawatt-hours (MWh) or 62,221 MMBtu (17.03% electrical load reduction) Total propane reduction = 1,251 MMBtu (6.62% propane load reduction)

Total reduction = 63,462 MMBtu (16.5% total reduction)

9

Renewable Energy

• Tools used in RE assessment o GIS resource screening tools, Renewable Energy

Optimization (REO), PV Watts, HOMER.

• Daylighting o Assessment restricted to warehouses

o MCBH Kaneohe has installed some skylights

• Solar Projects o Solar resource is good

o MCBH Kaneohe has task orders scheduled for 10 MW of PV (rooftop, carport & ground mount)

• Wind turbines o Wind resource is excellent. NREL completed a

wind resource study

o Wind turbines most economical form of renewable energy

o Small 2.4 kW wind turbine being installed now

• Solar Hot water (Thermal load ) o NREL team evaluated the feasibility of installing

solar water heating systems on 28 of the buildings and swimming pool

64 kW Rooftop PV at K-Bay

Potential wind turbine sites at K-Bay

10

Renewable Energy

Project Name Size Savings Source Btu Savings

MMBtu

% of Total

MMBtu

Electrical Reduction

PV 10 MW 15,432,643 kWh 206,412 14%

Wind Turbines 28.5 MW 92,879,232 kWh 1,242,263 86%

Daylighting 99,140 ft2 2,092,540 kWh 27,988 2%

Thermal Reduction

Solar Hot Water

257,509 ft2

112,389 therms

12,925

59%

After conservation and energy efficiency improvements are accounted for, the balance of energy consumption is met with renewable energy to reach NZEI electric & thermal (Note: solar hot water & daylighting are considered renewable energy)

Total electrical reduction = 110,403 MWh or 1,476,663 MMBtu (102% electrical load reduction) Total Thermal reduction = 12, 925 MMBtu (59 % propane load reduction- not fully net zero) In the future it may be possible to replace the remaining propane thermal load with hydrogen produced on site from renewables

11

Economic Analysis

MCAS Kaneohe Bay

Airport Runway

Kaneohe 50 m

Met Tower

100 m hill on

MCAS base

Pali Crater -

~1-200 m high

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Pow

er (k

W)

Monthly Average Electric ProductionPVWindGrid

Production kWh/yr %

PV array 15,432,643 13

Wind turbines 78,213,952 65

Grid purchases 26,186,056 22

Total 119,832,648 100

System Components size and

Levelized Cost of Energy

PV array 10.0 MW

Wind Turbines 16 (1.5 MW each) 24.0 MW

Utility Cost (Baseline) $0.20/kWh

Levelized Cost of Energy of

Wind/PV/Grid Hybrid System

$0.09/kWh

PV, Wind Hybrid System Optimal Solution

Potential site for Wind turbines near Pali Crater/Met tower

12

Transportation Analysis • Baseline Fleet

o Obtained MCBH Kaneohe Bay’s fleet fuel consumption

o Obtained a fleet list and estimated driving usage

o Commuting patterns of staff were not available

o Kaneohe Bay recently installed E85 & B20 refueling pumps

o A portion of fleet is being converted to hydrogen vehicles by 2015.

• Tactical

o No analysis conducted by NREL

o Potential exists for future studies

Results From MCBH-Kaneohe Bay

1.89% 0.98%

97.13%

Gasoline

Diesel

JP-8

Baseline Annual Fuel Usage Information

2009

Total Gasoline (gallons) 181,802

Total Diesel (gallons) 93,967

Total JP-8 (gallons) 9,335,777

13

Transportation Analysis

Hydrogen fuel station – Hickam Air Force base, HI (powered by 120 kW solar array)

Similar station to be installed at Kaneohe Bay

• Switch to alternative fuel vehicles:

o MCBH Kaneohe Bay recently installed E85 & B20 refueling pumps.

• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs):

o HEVs are also being introduced into the MCBH Kaneohe Bay fleet to reduce their fuel use

• Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles:

o MCBH- Kaneohe Bay is converting some of fleet to new hydrogen fueled vehicles.

o Installing electrolysis equipment to produce hydrogen on site

o The hydrogen vehicle fleet is presently 3 sedans and electrolysis can handle additional 13 sedans

14

Electrical Systems Analysis

• High Penetration of Renewables

o Interconnecting 20-30 MW of wind is challenging on island grid

o Infrastructure would need to be upgraded to handle large variable power

• Analysis Required

o Power flow analysis

o Feasibility study

• Additional Considerations

o Utility interconnection may require storage to prevent from exporting power

o The electrolyzer may act as energy storage

o Using an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen on base could assist in smoothing the output power from the wind farm

o Potential for hydrogen fuel cell to be installed for complete microgrid (loss of utility) scenario

C

O O O

CC

C

O

C C

C

C

XFMR

#1

XFMR

#2

XFMR

#3

B5033

HECO XFMR’s 1,2 & 3 are 10 (12.5)

MVA capacity each (FA/FO)

HECO 46 KV

Koolau-Aikahi

Circuit

HECO 46 KV

Koolau-Kailua

Circuit

C

C

CC =Normally Closed

O =Normally Open

=Energized feeder

=De-energized feeder

=Alternate feeder

## =Critical Asset

12/8/08

O

MCBH ELECTRICAL ONE-LINE

A BUS B BUS C BUS

Legend

C

150 250

350

510 A200 A

1B

100 200 300

1B 3B 1A 2B

B5092

A BUS B BUS C BUS150 250 350

100 200 300

3-4B 3-3B 3-2B 3-1B3-1A 3-2A 3-2A 3-4A 12-1 12-2A 12-3 12-4 12-2 101 106 104 107 105 103 102

3A T3-2 3B T3-1 2A 2B T2-3 T2-1 T1-2 1A 1B T1-3

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Sub

#1

Sub

#2

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Main

Sub

B1125B820

1

1211

10987

654

3

2

20

191817

161514

13

282726

252423

21 22

15

Implementation

Financial Estimates NZEI assessments include potential methods for Implementation (PPA, ESPC, UESC & EUL)

Resource Commitment Provide implementation support after the assessment as part of the upfront project planning and budgeting

Mahalo- Thank you

Documents

Targeting Net Zero Energy for Military Installationsases.conference-services.net/resources/252/2859/pres/SOLAR2012... · • Goal of analysis is to lead to project implementation