Tanzania: A review of trade in CITES-listed species...The export from Malaysia of 781,712 live reptiles between 1977 and 2007 comprised species from thirteen families, including Emydidae

Malaysia: A review of trade in

CITES-listed species

(Version edited for public release)

A report to the European Commission

Directorate General E - Environment

ENV.E.2. – Environmental Agreements and Trade

by the

United Nations Environment Programme

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

February, 2009

2

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org

ABOUT UNEP-WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK, is the specialist biodiversity information and assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), run cooperatively with WCMC 2000, a UK charity. The Centre's mission is to evaluate and highlight the many values of biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre of decision-making. Through the analysis and synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides authoritative, strategic and timely information for conventions, countries and organisations to use in the development and implementation of their policies and decisions.

The UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically rigorous procedures and services. These include ecosystem assessments, support for the implementation of environmental agreements, global and regional biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and the development of future scenarios.

CITATION

UNEP-WCMC. 2009. Malaysia: a review of trade in CITES-listed species. A Report to the European Commission. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

PREPARED FOR

The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

© Copyright: 2009, European Commission

http://www.unep-wcmc.org/

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 4

2. CITES in Malaysia .......................................................................................................................... 5

3. Scientific Review Group opinions ............................................................................................... 5

4. Trade in CITES-listed species from Malaysia ............................................................................. 6

5. Review of selected species .......................................................................................................... 12

SPECIES: Cynogale bennettii.................................................................................................. 12

SPECIES: Macaca arctoides .................................................................................................... 15

SPECIES: Polyplectron schleiermacheri ................................................................................ 18

SPECIES: Pitta nympha ........................................................................................................... 20

SPECIES: Pycnonotus zeylanicus .......................................................................................... 23

SPECIES: Python reticulatus .................................................................................................. 27

SPECIES: Indotestudo elongata ............................................................................................. 36

6. Species reported as direct exports to EU-27 since 1998 but not known from Malaysia or occurrence unconfirmed ................................................................................................................ 42

7. Globally threatened native species reported as direct exports to EU-27 from Malaysia since 1998 .......................................................................................................................................... 46

Annex I. Trade in CITES-listed species from Malaysia to EU-27, 1977-2007, as reported by both trading partners (all sources included). ............................................................................... 62

Annex II. Purpose and Source codes. ............................................................................................ 62

4

1. OVERVIEW

Malaysia is a major exporter of CITES-listed species, many of which are exported to the European Union (EU). For this reason, Malaysia was identified as a country where a review of trade in species listed in EC Regulation 318/2008 would be useful to highlight any trade of concern.

An analysis of trade levels from Malaysia to the EU-27 over the period 1977-2007 (with emphasis on 2000-2007) was undertaken in order to identify species that may warrant review. The analysis considered trade both to the EU and to other countries. Emphasis was on trade in wild and ranched specimens, but trade from other sources was also considered. In addition, species with long-standing export suspensions from Malaysia were also considered.

This initial analysis found that:

EU-imports of mammal species from Malaysia were low, the only notable exception being exports of live Macaca fascicularis, all of which took place before 1984.

EU bird imports were reported until 2004, with the highest levels of trade being reported between 1997 and 2001. Between 2000 and 2004, only three species (Leiothrix lutea, Loriculus galgulus and Gracula religiosa) showed annual imports into the EU in excess of 300 individuals. These species were not considered to be globally threatened. EU-imports of birds are currently suspended for veterinary reasons.

EU-imports of reptiles were significant, with five species –three pythons, together with Varanus salvator and Indotestudo elongata (EN)- imported into the EU in excess of 1,000 wild-sourced live individuals, skins, or both, between 2000 and 2007.

The EU has never reported imports of CITES-listed amphibians and imports of fish have been low-volume, consisting primarily of captive-bred Scleropages formosus.

EU-imports in invertebrates have been dominated by corals (mostly live) and birdwing butterflies (live and bodies). Between 2000 and 2007, 1,463 live corals and 2,219 live and bodies of birdwing butterflies were imported.

The majority of plant species imported belonged to the Cycadaceae and Orchidaceae families and were primarily artificially propagated plants. The most notable exceptions were timber and timber products of Gonystylus spp., which have been imported in hundreds of m3 in recent years.

Further details are provided in section 4.

Following this initial analysis and discussion with the European Commission, seven species were selected for in-depth review (see Table 1.1.). Of those species, Python reticulatus was selected for review on the basis of high levels of trade; Indotestudo elongata was selected on the basis of its globally threatened status and relatively high trade levels; and the other five species on the basis of long-standing import suspensions.

An overview of trade from Malaysia since CITES reporting began is provided in section 4, with a summary of all trade from Malaysia by taxon provided in Annex I. For the purpose of this report, imports into the EU are taken as imports into all 27 EU Member States throughout the entire study period, regardless of which year they acceded to the EU.

5

2. CITES IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia acceded to CITES on the 20th of October 1977 and the Convention entered into force in that country on the 18th of January 1978. Malaysia has submitted annual reports every year.

On 18th May 1984, a ban on the export of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) from Malaysia was put in place by the Management Authority of Peninsular Malaysia (CITES Notification No. 294). This ban was initially specified to last for a period of five years. On 21st December 1992, the Management Authority of Peninsular Malaysia informed the CITES Secretariat that the export of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina would remain banned for an indefinite period (CITES Notification No. 710). These bans are no longer valid.

On 28th November 1986 a ban on the export of Scleractinia spp. from Sabah, Malaysia, was put in place by the Management Authority of Sabah (CITES Notification No. 416). This ban is no longer valid.

3. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW GROUP OPINIONS

A number of opinions (positive and negative) as well as import suspensions have been formed by the SRG for Malaysia. Current opinions and suspensions are summarised in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1. List of current opinions and import suspensions referring to Malaysia

Species Opinion Suspension First put in

place Last

confirmed Notes

Fauna

Callagur borneoensis . b 18/02/2005 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Chitra chitra . b 03/09/2008 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Cuora amboinensis . b 01/03/2003 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Cynogale bennettii . b 22/12/1997 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Gracula religiosa (+)

26/03/2001 29/10/2001

Gracula religiosa (+)

05/09/2002 05/09/2002 Peninsular Malaysia

Gyps bengalensis . b 18/02/2005 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Gyps indicus . b 18/02/2005 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Indotestudo elongata (+)

14/04/1998 14/04/1998

Macaca arctoides . b 22/12/1997 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Naja naja (+)

22/07/1997 22/07/1997

Pitta nympha . b 29/10/2001 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Polyplectron schleiermacheri . b 22/12/1997 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Pycnonotus zeylanicus . b 29/10/2001 03/09/2008 All wild specimens

Python brongersmai (-)

27/03/2007 14/09/2007

Python reticulatus . b 30/04/2004 03/09/2008 Peninsular Malaysia - All wild specimens

Troides andromache (+)

11/02/1998 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens

Varanus salvator (+) 05/09/2002 07/12/2007 All wild specimens

Flora

Gonystylus spp. (+)

14/09/2007 14/09/2007 Sarawak

Gonystylus spp. (+)

07/12/2007 07/12/2007 Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah

Habenaria rhodocheila (+) 15/12/1997 15/12/1997

6

4. TRADE IN CITES-LISTED SPECIES FROM MALAYSIA

The main global direct exports from Malaysia (as reported by Malaysia) over the period 1977-2007 (excluding re-exports) were live birds, reptiles (as skins, live and meat), live fish, timber (in various forms), live plants and plant derivatives (Table 4.1). EU-imports of CITES-listed species from Malaysia over the period 1977-2007, as reported by both trading partners, are summarised in Annex 1.

It should be noted that Malaysia may have reported on permits or certificates they have issued rather than on actual trade. If this were the case, it would not be uncommon for the quantity of specimens traded to be considerably less than the amount specified on the permits, or for permits not to be used at all. Thus, in some instances, trade data may overestimate the volume of trade that actually occurred.

Table 4.1. A summary of the main global exports from Malaysia (excluding re-exports), as reported by Malaysia, 1977-2007.

Group Term (unit) Total

Mammals live 14,345

scales (kg) 11,430

skins 23,647

specimens (flasks) 1,529

specimens 1,252

Birds feathers (sets) 2,797

feathers 4,319

live 140,456

Reptiles carapace (kg) 7,036

live 781,712

meat (kg) 345,217

meat 76,798

skin/leather items 4,567

skins (backskins) 3,500

skins (bellyskins) 3,700

skins 7,489,440

small leather products 1,970

teeth 30,000

unspecified 16,698

Fish live (kg) 1,141

live 235,391

Invertebrates bodies 61,322

live 19,715

unspecified 8,132

Plants (non-timber)

derivatives 197,216

flowers 1,470

7

Group Term (unit) Total

live (flasks) 64,064

live 11,725,576

Plants (timber) carvings (m3) 15,291

chips (kg) 3,687,564

furniture (m3) 1,734

live 2,378

powder (kg) 132,545

sawn wood (m3) 226,006

timber (m3) 5,834

timber pieces (m3) 16,744

MAMMALS

Global exports: Malaysia‟s global direct export of mammals 1977-2007, as reported by Malaysia, consisted primarily of skins, live animals and scales (Table 4.1). Ninety nine per cent of the 23,647 skins and all of the 11,430 kg scales reported by Malaysia 1977-2007 were of Manis javanica, all of which were wild-sourced and exported for the purpose of commercial trade. Of the 14,345 live animals reported as exported by Malaysia between 1977and 2007, 95% were from the family Cercopithecidae, primarily Macaca fascicularis. Nearly all (>99%) Cercopithecidae were exported between 1980 and 1984.

Imports to EU-27: Direct imports reported by the EU 1977-2007 consisted primarily of live mammals (6,463 live), with small quantities of specimens, ivory products and carvings, musk, derivatives and skin pieces. Almost all the live mammals (>99%) were from the Cercopithecidae family, primarily Macaca fascicularis (6,215 live). EU imports of Macaca fascicularis decreased from 1977 to 1984 and no trade in the species has been reported since 1984.

BIRDS

Global exports: Malaysia reported global direct exports of 140,456 live birds between 1977and 2007, primarily from the families Psittacidae (34 species including Loriculus galgulus, Psittacula longicauda and Psittinus cyanurus) and Sturnidae (all Gracula religiosa). Live birds were mainly wild-sourced (62%), or did not have a specified source, and were exported primarily for the purpose of commercial trade.

Malaysia also reported global direct exports of 4,319 feathers and 2,979 sets of feathers from the families Bucerotidae and Phasianidae over the period 1977-2007. Buceros rhinoceros accounted for 91% of the feathers and 94% of the sets of feathers. The majority of bird feathers were wild-sourced, exported for use in travelling exhibitions.

Imports to EU-27: The EU was a major importer of live birds from Malaysia 1977-2007, reporting the import of 58,841 birds, the main species being Gracula religiosa, Loriculus galgulus, Leiothrix lutea, Psittacula longicauda and Psittinus cyanurus. Imports showed an overall increasing trend 1977-2004, but no imports to the EU have been reported since 2004, following the moratorium on commercial trade in wild birds, introduced to the EU in 2005 for veterinary reasons.

The EU also reported the import of 59 specimens (from various species) and 18 Gracula religiosa bodies.

8

REPTILES

Global exports: Globally, most direct exports of reptiles from Malaysia involved skins, live animals and meat (Table 4.1), but a variety of other reptile products were also traded including teeth, carapaces, small leather products, eggs, bodies, etc.

The export of 7,489,440 skins, 3,700 bellyskins and 3,500 backskins reported by Malaysia between 1977and 2007 mainly involved Varanus salvator (49% of skins), Python reticulatus (33% of skins), Python curtus (9% of skins) and Ptyas mucosus (6% of skins), with Crocodylus porosus accounting for all bellyskins and backskins. The majority of skins (88%) were reported as wild-sourced, whilst all the Crocodylus porosus bellyskins and backskins were reported as „source D‟ (Appendix I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes).

The export from Malaysia of 781,712 live reptiles between 1977 and 2007 comprised species from thirteen families, including Emydidae (56%), Varanidae (19%) and Pythonidae (10%). The most highly traded species were Cuora amboinensis (378,264 live), Varanus salvator (145,297 live) and Naja naja (83,434 live). The export of 650 kg of live Naja naja was also reported between 1977and 2007. The majority of live reptiles were reported to be wild-sourced (87%) or the source was not given (11%), with 99% of animals reported in trade for commercial purposes.

Over 99% of Malaysia‟s direct exports of reptile meat 1977-2007 involved two species: Varanus salvator (176,184 kg and 42,633 „no units‟) and Python reticulatus (167,451 kg and 34,165 „no units‟). Almost all reptile meat was wild-sourced, with a small amount of trade (<1%) in captive-bred Crocodylus porosus.

Imports to EU-27: EU-reported imports of reptiles consisted mainly of skins, live animals and specimens, with smaller quantities of other reptile products also reported, including skin/leather items, small leather products and bones.

The EU reported the import of 1,048,098 skins between 1977and 2007, comprising Python reticulatus (53%), Varanus salvator (21%), Python brongersmai (18%) and Python curtus (8%). Of the 12,614 live reptiles imported by the EU during this time, the main species were Python reticulatus (24%), Indotestudo elongata (23%), Python molurus bivittatus (22%), Varanus salvator (17%) and Cuora amboinensis (5%). A further 1,714 specimens of Chelonia mydas and 730 Eretmochelys imbricata specimens were also imported.

AMPHIBIANS

Global exports: The only export of amphibians reported by Malaysia 1977-2007 was the export of 220 kg of live, wild-sourced Hoplobatrachus tigerinus in 1993, for the purpose of commercial trade.

Imports to EU-27: The EU reported no imports of amphibians from Malaysia 1977-2007.

FISH

Global exports: Global direct exports of fish reported by Malaysia 1977-2007 consisted primarily of live fish (235,391 fish and 1,141 kg of fish), with a small trade in bodies (184 bodies and 654 kg of bodies). The most highly traded live fish was Scleropages formosus (218,089 individuals), followed by Cheilinus undulatus (17,302 individuals). The 1,141 kg of live fish came from Hippocampus barbouri (630 kg), Hippocampus spp. (363 kg), H. comes (100 kg) and H. kuda (48 kg). Exports of live Cheilinus undulatus and the Hippocampus species were all wild-sourced, whereas all of the live Scleropages formosus exports were reported to be captive-bred. The trade in bodies consisted of wild-sourced Hippocampus barbouri, H. kelloggi, H. kuda and Hippocampus spp.

Imports to EU-27: The EU reported the direct import of 167 live fish 1977-2007, 90% of which were captive-bred Scleropages formosus.

9

INVERTEBRATES

Global exports: Malaysia reported the global direct export of invertebrates between 1977and 2007 using various terms but mostly bodies (61,322) and live specimens (19,715). The bodies were all butterflies of the family Papilionidae, predominantly Trogonoptera brookiana (76%) and Troides helena (9%). No source code was given for 54% of the bodies; the remainder were wild-sourced (37%) or captive-bred (9%). They were exported predominantly for the purpose of commercial trade. The live exports were predominantly Papilionidae (73%) and Tridacnidae (25%). The species most highly-traded as live specimens were Troides helena (13,545 live), Tridacna gigas (4,845 live) and Trogonoptera brookiana (773 live). All live Tridacna gigas and 92% of Troides helena were captive-bred, whereas Trogonoptera brookiana were mainly wild-sourced or the source code was not given. Live invertebrates were exported predominantly for the purpose of commercial trade.

Imports to EU-27: The main invertebrate imports reported by the EU 1977-2007 were 12,550 carvings, 6,937 live invertebrates, 3,058 bodies and 273 raw corals. The carvings were all imported in 1986 and the most highly-traded taxa were Acropora spp. (39%), Pocillopora damicornis (27%) and Fungia fungites (17%). No exports of carvings were reported by Malaysia 1977-2007. The most highly-traded live invertebrates were Tubipora spp. (29% of live), Acropora spp. (19% of live) and Pocillopora spp. (19% of live), whereas the most highly-traded bodies were Trogonoptera brookiana (50%), Ornithoptera spp. (25%) and Troides amphrysus (9%). The raw corals were all Scleractinia spp., the majority (94%) of which were imported in 1997.

PLANTS (non-timber)

Global exports: Global direct exports of non-timber plants reported by Malaysia 1977-2007 were mainly live plants and derivatives. The majority of the 11,725,576 live plants exported by Malaysia during that period belonged to the Orchidaceae (49%) and Cycadaceae (47%) families and mostly involved artificially-propagated specimens. The most commonly exported Orchidaceae belonged to the genera Dendrobium spp. (2,396,706), Oncidium spp. (557,178), Phalaenopsis spp. (350,206), Vanda spp. (192,691) and Cattleya spp. (176,055). In addition, 1,638,860 live Orchidaceae were hybrids. Cycadaceae exports were almost exclusively artificially-propagated live Cycas revoluta. Malaysia also reported the export in 2002 of 197,000 artificially-propagated Opuntia ficus-indica derivatives.

Reported exports of live plants from Malaysia have increased between 1998-2007, from 404 specimens in 1998 to 852,038 specimens in 2007 (Figure 4.1).

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

20

07

Glo

ba

l exp

ort

s

Figure 4.1. Global exporter-reported direct exports of live plants from Malaysia, 1977-2007

10

Imports to EU-27: The main EU-reported direct imports of plants from Malaysia between 1977and 2007 involved 3,431,225 live plants. These were mostly artificially propagated plants from the Cycadaceae, Orchidaceae and Zamiaceae families, with Cycas revoluta accounting for 90% of the trade. Reported imports of live plants from Malaysia increased from 72,896 plants in 2002 to 1,690,511 plants in 2007.

PLANTS (timber)

Global exports: Global direct exports of timber species reported by Malaysia 1977-2007 were almost entirely Gonystylus spp. and Aquilaria spp., traded using various terms including chips, sawn wood, powder, timber pieces, carvings, timber, live trees and furniture (Table 4.1).

All of the sawn wood (226,006 m3), timber and timber pieces reported in m3 (5,834 m3 and

16,744 m3 respectively), carvings (15,291 m3), and furniture (1,734 m3) came from Gonystylus spp. (mainly reported as either Gonystylus bancanus or Gonystylus spp., but also with 204 m3 of sawn wood from Gonystylus forbesii). All of the chips (3,687,564 kg) and powder (132,545 kg), and almost all of the live trees (2,355 trees, >99%) came from Aquilaria spp. (reported as either Aquilaria malaccensis or Aquilaria spp.). The majority of timber was wild-sourced, with 367,000 kg of Aquilaria spp. chips and 2,355 live Aquilaria malaccensis reported as artificially propagated.

The genus Gonystylus was listed in CITES Appendix III in 2001 and in Appendix II in 2005. Between 2001-2007, total trade in Gonystylus spp. decreased from a high of 68,964 m3 in 2003 to 16,844 m3 in 2007 (Figure 4.2). Aquilaria malaccensis was listed in the CITES Appendices in 1995, and the entire genus was listed in 2004. Over the period 1995-2007, Malaysia‟s global exports of Aquilaria spp. rose to a maximum of 887,600 kg in 2000, decreasing to 124,069 kg by 2007 (Figure 4.3).

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Glo

ba

l exp

ort

s (m

3)

Furniture

Timber

Carvings

Timber pieces

Sawn wood

Figure 4.2. Main direct exports of Gonystylus spp. reported by Malaysia, 2001-2007

11

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

Glo

ba

l exp

ort

s (kg

)

Timber pieces

Powder

Chips

Figure 4.3. Main direct exports of Aquilaria spp. reported by Malaysia, 1995-2007

Imports to EU-27: EU-reported direct imports of timber from Malaysia 1977-2007 comprised Gonystylus spp. and Aquilaria spp. traded under a variety of terms. The main imports of Gonystylus spp. were: 7,763,814 timber carvings; 2,021,721 timber pieces; 391,112 kg and 89,439 m3 sawn wood; 18,069 kg and 2,150 m3 timber; 13,226 carvings and 10,221 kg carvings (all reported as Gonystylus spp.); 3,066 m3 sawn wood and 1,618 kg sawn wood (both reported as Gonystylus bancanus). The main imports of Aquilaria spp. were 283,587 kg sawn wood and 102 m3 sawn wood.

All of the Gonystylus spp. timber carvings and 1,975,321 Gonystylus spp. timber pieces were recorded as confiscated or seized specimens, whereas the other imports were recorded as wild-sourced or source unspecified. See chapter 7 for more details.

Cynogale bennettii

12

5. REVIEW OF SELECTED SPECIES

REVIEW OF SELECTED SPECIES IN TRADE FROM MALAYSIA

MAMMALIA: CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Cynogale bennettii

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Odder-desmerkat (Danish), Ottercivetkat

(Dutch), Otter-civet (English), Sunda Otter-civet (English), Saukkobeletti (Finnish), Civette-loutre de Sumatra (French), Mampalon (German), Otterzivette (German), Civetta lontra (Italian), Mampalon (Italian), Civeta nutria (Spanish), Civeta de Sumatra (Spanish), Mampalo (Swedish), Utterpalmmård (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore

(ex), Thailand, Viet Nam

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Malaysia

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6 (b) suspensions for wild specimens

from Malaysia first applied on 22/12/1997 and most recently confirmed on 03/09/2008.

Also current Article 4.6 (b) suspensions for wild specimens from Brunei Darussalam, China, Indonesia, and Thailand first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 03/09/2008. Previous Article 4.6 (b) suspension for wild specimens from Singapore first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 10/05/2006. Previous Article 4.6 (b) suspension for wild specimens from Viet Nam first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 29/10/2001.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Cynogale benettii was selected for review due to the long-standing import suspension in place for this species. It has only been reported in trade three times 1977-2007 and never as an export reported by Malaysia. In 1985, Canada reported the export of one skin to Germany (no purpose, source code or origin given); in 2000, the Republic of Korea reported the import of

Cynogale bennettii

13

10 bodies from Indonesia (purpose E, source W) and in 2006, the United States reported exporting a scientific specimen, originating in Malaysia, to France (purpose S, source W).

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states

C. bennettii is a semi-aquatic carnivorous civet found in tall and secondary forests of Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo (Payne et al., 1985; Veron et al., 2006; Duckworth et al., 2008). Payne et al. (1985) reported this species‟ occurrence in north Viet Nam, but in a recent review of its distribution, Veron et al. (2006) reported that its presence in Viet Nam and southern China could not be confirmed.

In a 2008 assessment, C. bennettii was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Duckworth et al., 2008), with the following justification:

“This species is listed as Endangered because of a serious ongoing population decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the past 3 generations (estimated to be 15 years), inferred from direct habitat destruction, and indirect inferred declines due to pollutants. In so doing we also estimate that the species does not use severely degraded and converted areas to any significant degree. Although the species is poorly known, the forest habitats within its range have been reduced more than 50% in the last 3 generations (15 years) and are projected to deteriorate further in the next decade. Riverine habitats are increasingly polluted and disturbed. This species is found primarily in lowland forested habitats, with habitat specificity near streams, which are areas that have been increasingly converted to oil palm plantations. There remains uncertainty about the tolerance of the species to habitat loss, especially in areas where riverine forest remains in a mosaic of logged forest, and if viable populations are found to persist in such areas, then the red listing will need revision. There is a need to know more about life history and ecology of this species.”

Veron et al. (2006) reported that the conservation status of C. bennetti was unknown and difficult to establish (as it is rarely seen or captured in camera-trapping studies), but that it did not appear to be abundant. They reported that “Based on the scarcity of recent observations or carcasses, otter civet populations are probably in decline”, and suggested that human activities may be negatively impacting C. bennettii populations, particularly selective logging.

Duckworth et al. (2008) reported that very little was known about C. bennetti’s population trends and local abundance. They recorded the species‟ population trend as „unknown‟.

The main threats to C. bennettii were reported to be the reduction in primary forest habitat and habitat alteration (mainly due to clear-cutting and selective logging), along with conversion of peat swamp forests to oil palm plantations (Duckworth et al., 2008). Hunting was not thought to be a major threat, as there was little evidence that this species is targeted directly, although it may be exposed to snares and traps set for other ground-dwelling species (Duckworth et al., 2008). Schreiber et al. (1989) noted that C. bennettii was probably threatened by expanding human settlements and agriculture along rivers.

Veron et al. (2006) stated that “Conservation of the otter civet requires the protection of forest and riverine habitat, and policing against illegal harvesting. Future field surveys are needed to further assess otter civet distribution and monitor their populations.”

MALAYSIA: C. bennettii was reported to occur in both Peninsular Malaysia and the Malaysian

states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo (Payne et al., 1985; Veron et al., 2006). On Borneo, it was reported to have been recorded from “scattered localities throughout most of the area including Sepilok, the middle S. Kinabatangan, Tabin, Kalabakan and Sapulut in Sabah...[and] the Kelabit uplands, S. Baram, Upper S. Rajang and Mukah in Sarawak” (Payne et al., 1985). The species was recently recorded by camera-trapping surveys in and around Acacia plantations in central Sarawak (Giman et al., 2007) and in the Deramakot forest reserve (a commercial-logging reserve) in Sabah (Matsubayashi et al., 2007).

Cynogale bennettii

14

C. bennettii was reported to occur in many protected areas throughout its geographic range, including Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary and Bukit Sarang Conservation Area in Sarawak (Duckworth et al., 2008).

The absence of recent records in Peninsular Malaysia, despite numerous camera-trapping studies, was reported to be of concern (Veron et al., 2006), although this may be partly because traps were not set close to rivers (K. Kawanishi, pers. comm. in: Veron et al., 2006). The Malaysia Carnivore Project (Malaysia Carnivore Project, 2005) is currently conducting live trapping and camera trapping in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia, which is hoped may detect the presence of this species.

No information appears to be available on the population size in Malaysia, but several sources described the species as „rare‟ (Harrison, 1974; Heydon and Bulloh, 1996) or „little known‟ (Payne et al., 1985).

In Peninsular Malaysia, C. bennettii is on Schedule I (Totally Protected Wild Animals) of the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 No. 76; as a result, activities such as collection, possession or trade in the species are not permitted (DWNP, 1972). The species is protected in Sabah - Schedule 2 Part I („Protected animals – limited hunting and collection under licence‟) of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997- (SWD, 1997) and Sarawak -Schedule 1 Part II (Protected animals) of the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998- (SFC, 2006). Consequently, the collection, possession and trade of the species are regulated by a system of licences issued by the Sabah Wildlife Department and the Sarawak Forestry Commission respectively.

REFERENCES:

Duckworth, J. W., Sebastian, T., Jennings, A., and Veron, G. 2008. Cynogale bennettii. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 9-1-2009.

DWNP. 1972. Law of Malaysia Act 76 - Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, URL: http://www.wildlife.gov.my/webpagev4_en/akta/Akta_76.pdf Accessed: 12-1-2009.

Giman, B., Stuebing, R., Megum, N., McShea, W., & Stewart, C. M. 2007. A camera trapping inventory for mammals in a mixed use planted forest in Sarawak. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 55 (1): 209-215.

Harrison, J. 1974. An introduction to mammals of Singapore and Malaya. Malayan Nature Society, Singapore.

Heydon, M. J. & Bulloh, P. 1996. The impact of selective logging on sympatric civet species in Borneo. Oryx, 30 (1): 31-36.

Malaysia Carnivore Project. 2005. URL: http://www.carnivoreproject.org/index.htm Accessed: 14-1-2009.

Matsubayashi, H., Lagan, P., Majalap, N., Tangah, J., Sukor, J. R. A., & Kitayama, K. 2007. Importance of natural licks for the mammals in Bornean inland tropical rain forests. Ecological Research, 22 (5): 742-748.

Payne, J., Francis, C. M., & Phillipps, K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society with World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Schreiber, A., Wirth, R., & Van Rompaey, H. 1989. Weasels, civets, mongooses, and their relatives: an action plan for the conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. IUCN.

SFC. 2006. Protected species in Sarawak, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, URL: http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-pa.asp Accessed: 12-1-2009.

SWD. 1997. Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. Sabah Wildlife Department. URL: http://www.sabah.gov.my/jhl/Enactment.htm Accessed 12-1-2009.

Veron, G., Gaubert, P., Franklin, N., Jennings, A. P., & Grassman Jr, L. I. 2006. A reassessment of the distribution and taxonomy of the Endangered otter civet Cynogale bennettii (Carnivora: Viverridae) of South-east Asia. Oryx, 40 (01): 42-49.

Macaca arctoides

15


MAMMALIA: CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Macaca arctoides

SYNONYMS: Macaca speciosa

COMMON NAMES: Beermakaak (Dutch), Bear Macaque (English),

Stumptail Macaque (English), Stump-tailed Macaque (English), Macaque brun (French), Macaca ursin (Spanish), Björnmakak (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Lao People's

Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam


IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6 (b) suspensions for wild

specimens from Malaysia as well as from India and Thailand, first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 03/09/2008.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Macaca arctoides was selected for review due to the long-standing import suspension in place for this species. The only reported trade from Malaysia was 14 live specimens reported as an import by Germany in 1978 and 12 skulls reported as an import by the United States in 1995.

Direct exports from countries besides Malaysia (as reported by the exporters) 1977-2007 consisted primarily of 349 live animals (with China, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation and Viet Nam as major exporters); 60 cm2 skins and 100 cm of skin pieces (all of which were from China) and 2.7 litres of scientific specimens (the main exporters being China and the United States). The source codes for almost all of this trade were reported to be C or F.


M. arctoides occurs in monsoon, dry and evergreen forests “from Assam, India, eastward through southern China and south on the Malay and Indochinese peninsulas” (Wolfheim, 1983).

In a 2008 assessment it was listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List due to “reduction in the past and projected decline by at least 30% over the coming 30 years (three generations) due

Macaca arctoides

16

primarily to hunting and continued rates of habitat loss (mainly as a result of logging and timber extraction)” (Htun et al., 2008).

Roonwal and Mohnot (1977) considered that M. arctoides was “uncommon all over its range (Southwick and Siddiqi, 1970). ” Htun et al. (2008) reported that “populations in South Asia and in Myanmar are few and fragmented (Molur et al., 2003; S. Htun pers. comm.)” and that the overall population trend of the species was „decreasing‟.

Major threats to M. arctoides throughout its range were reported to be habitat disturbances (such as selective logging, timber and firewood collection for charcoal and infrastructure development), hunting for food, sport and traditional medicine, and accidental mortality due to trapping (Molur et al., 2003 in: Htun et al., 2008).

MALAYSIA: M. arctoides was reported to occur in northern Peninsular Malaysia (Roonwal and Mohnot, 1977; Tweedie, 1978; Wolfheim, 1983; Fooden, 1990; Wilson and Reeder, 2005; Htun et al., 2008), where it was first reported in 1959 (Metcalfe and Lim Boo Liat, cited by Medway, 1963 in: Fooden, 1990).

This species had previously been described as possibly extinct in Peninsular Malaysia, as there had been no confirmed sightings since the early 1970‟s (Bennett, 1991; in: Sharma et al., 1996), but a troop of at least eight individuals was observed in Mata Ayer Forest Reserve, northern Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia, in 1992, just 500 m from the Malaysia/Thailand border (Sharma, 1994; Sharma et al., 1996). Sharma et al. (1996) postulated that „populations may wander to and fro across the international border‟ and reported that in Thailand, M. arctoides was uncommon throughout its range, nearing extinction in Peninsular Thailand (Southwick and Siddiqi, 1970; Roonwal and Mohnot, 1977 in: Sharma et al., 1996). It was also reported that M. arctoides had been seen in the States of Kelantan (Charles, J.K. pers. comms. in: Sharma et al., 1996) and Kedah (En. Zulkifli Arshad, pers. comm. in: Kamarudin, 2000), both in northern Peninsular Malaysia.

No details of population size or trends appear to be available for M. arctoides in Malaysia. Wolfheim (1983) considered that sporadic sightings of the species indicated that it was rare.

No threats were listed specifically for Malaysia, although wildlife in Mata Ayer Forest Reserve (where M. arctoides has been sighted) was reported to be threatened by hunting and trapping, with forest on the valley floor cleared for agriculture (Sharma et al., 1996). Following his observation of the species in the extreme southern end of the Nakawan Range, Perlis, in 1999, Kamarudin (2000) called for greater protection of Bukit Bintang Forest Reserve and the proposed Kurong Batang Forest Reserve. He stated that “With their inclusion in the Perlis State park and with Thaleban National Park in Thailand, the whole of the Nakawan Range would be protected providing a larger contiguous forest on both sides of the border to support a viable population of M. arctoides and other large fauna.”

M. arctoides is protected in Peninsular Malaysia by the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 No. 76, which operates through a system of licences to regulate the collection, possession and trade of the species. Licences are issued by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP, 1972).

REFERENCES:

Bennett, E. L. 1991. Diurnal Primates. The State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 172 pp.


Fooden, J. 1990. The bear macaque, Macaca arctoides: a systematic review. Journal of Human Evolution, 19: 607-686.

Htun, A., Timmins, R. J., Boonratana, R., and Das, J. 2008. Macaca arctoides. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 9-1-2009.

Macaca arctoides

17

Kamarudin, H. 2000. A note on the sighting of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) in Perlis, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 54 (4): 373-374.

Medway, L. 1963. Review of "Malayan museum pamphlets, no. 9: the apes and monkeys of Malaya (including the slow loris), by J.L. Harrison...". Malayan Nature Journal, 17: 62-64.

Molur, S., Brandon-Jones, D., Dittus, W., Eudey, A., Kumar, A., Singh, M., Feeroz, M. M., Chalise, M., Priya, P., & Walker, S. 2003. The Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) Workshop Report, pp viii, 432. Coimbatore, Zoo Outreach Organisation/CBSG-South Asia.

Roonwal, M. L. & Mohnot, S. M. 1977. Primates of South Asia: ecology, sociobiology and behaviour. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Sharma, D., Kamarudin, H., Ibrahim, H., & Chooi, O. H. 1996. The fauna and flora of a semi-deciduous forest in Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia, in Edwards, D. S., Booth, W. E., & Choy, S. C., (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Sharma, D. S. K. 1994. First confirmed sighting of the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 47 (3): 319-320.

Southwick, C. H. & Siddiqi, M. F. 1970. Primate population trends in Asia, with specific reference to the rhesus monkeys of India. Papers and Proceedings of the 11th Technical Meeting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (New Delhi, Nov 1969), 1: 135-147.

Tweedie, M. W. F. 1978. Mammals of Malaysia. Multiprint Services, Singapore. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. 2005. Mammal species of the world - a taxonomic and geographic

reference. 3rd edn. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Wolfheim, J. H. 1983. Primates of the world: distribution, abundance and conservation. Routledge.

Polyplectron schleiermacheri

18


AVES PHASIANIDAE

SPECIES: Polyplectron schleiermacheri

SYNONYMS: Polyplectron malacense schleiermacheri

COMMON NAMES: Schleiermachers pauwfazant (Dutch), Bornean

Peacock-Pheasant (English), Sumatrantäpläfasaani (Finnish), Éperonnier de Bornéo (French), Espolonero de Borneo (Spanish), Faisán de espolones de Borneo (Spanish), vitbröstad påfågelfasan (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br), Malaysia (br)



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6 (b) suspensions in place for wild

specimens from Indonesia and Malaysia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 03/09/2008.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Polyplectron schleiermacheri was selected for review due to the long-standing import suspension in place for this species. Trade originating in Malaysia has not been reported, and no imports to the EU from any country have been reported. This species has only been reported in trade as captive-bred specimens for breeding purposes from Singapore to the United Arab Emirates in 2003 and 2007.


P. schleiermacheri is a lowland forest ground-dwelling bird, endemic to the island of Borneo, where it is known from Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia) (Smythies, 1999; BirdLife International, 2001; 2008b). In a 2008 assessment, it was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List with the following justification: “This elusive species‟ status is difficult to judge, but recent anecdotal evidence regarding its range and habitat indicates that it has a very small, fragmented and declining population, justifying its classification as Endangered”(BirdLife International, 2008a). The species was described by Delacour (1947) as “decidedly rare” and by Smythies (1999) as “extremely rare”. Its total population has been estimated as under 1,000 (McGowan and Garson, 1995) and between 1,000 and 2,499 (BirdLife International, 2008b), with a population trend of „Decreasing‟ (BirdLife International, 2008a).

Polyplectron schleiermacheri

19

BirdLife International (2008b) indicated that international trade may be a threat, reporting that “The species was recorded in trade by TRAFFIC in 1998 when six birds were taken out of Kalimantan to Singapore (Shepherd, 2000).” Priority conservation actions for P. schleiermacheri were reported to be surveys, habitat protection and regulation of hunting (Fuller and Garson, 2000; BirdLife International, 2008a; 2008b).

MALAYSIA: Single recent sightings of P. schleiermacheri were reported from Danum Valley, Ulu Tongod and Deramakot Forest Reserve (Sabah) and Gunung Mulu National Park (Sarawak), and local reports from Sukau (Sabah) (BirdLife International, 2008b).

Fuller & Garson (2000) recommended that highly targeted field surveys should be conducted to confirm the main habitats and centres of abundance of P. schleiermacheri, including the Paitan River region in Sabah (from which there have been several sightings). Amongst their conservation actions proposed for P. schleiermacheri, BirdLife International (2008b) suggested promoting the concept of „Forest Management Units‟ in Sabah, which are 99-year concessions of great size.

The species is protected in Sabah - Schedule 2 Part I („Protected animals – limited hunting and collection under licence‟) of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (SWD, 1997) and Sarawak -Schedule 1 Part I (Totally protected animals) of the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (SFC, 2006). Consequently, the collection, possession and trade of the species are regulated by a system of licences issued by the Sabah Wildlife Department and the Sarawak Forestry Commission respectively.

REFERENCES:

BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.

BirdLife International. 2008a. Polyplectron schleiermacheri. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 21-1-2009a.

BirdLife International. 2008b. Species factsheet: Polyplectron schleiermacheri URL: www.BirdLife.org Accessed: 21-1-2009b.

Delacour, J. 1947. Birds of Malaysia. Macmillan, New York. Fuller, R. A. & Garson, P. J. 2000. Pheasants. Status survey and conservation action plan 2000-

2004. WPA/BirdLife/SSC Pheasant Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland. Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and the World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK.

McGowan, P. J. K. & Garson, P. J. 1995. Pheasants: status survey and conservation action plan 1995-1999. IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.

SFC. 2006. Totally protected species in Sarawak, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, URL: http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-tpa.asp Accessed: 20-1-2009.

Shepherd, C. R. 2000. Some notes on the trade of rare pheasants in Indonesia. Report to TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.

Smythies, B. E. 1999. The birds of Borneo. Revised by G.W.H. Davison. 4th edn. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.


Pitta nympha

20


AVES: PITTIDAE

SPECIES: Pitta nympha

SYNONYMS: Pitta brachyura nympha

COMMON NAMES: Blåvinget pragtdrossel (Danish), Chinese pitta

(Dutch), Fairy Pitta (English), Keijupitta (Finnish), Brève du Japon (French), Brève migratrice (French), Japanische Neunfarbenpitta (German), Pitta bengalese del Giappone (Italian), Pita ninfa (Spanish), Blåvingad juveltrast (Swedish), Blåvingad pitta (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam (v), China (br), Democratic

People's Republic of Korea (br?), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (v), Indonesia, Japan (br), Malaysia, Republic of Korea (br), Taiwan, Province of China (br), Viet Nam



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6 (b) suspensions for wild

specimens from all range states except Viet Nam first applied on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 03/09/2008.

Previous Article 4.6 (b) suspension for wild specimens from all countries first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 29/10/2001 (replaced by suspensions for all range States except Viet Nam).

TRADE PATTERNS:

Pitta nympha was selected for review due to the long-standing import suspension in place for this species. It has never been recorded in trade from Malaysia. The only recorded trade from any country appears to have been in captive-bred specimens from Singapore and Taiwan, Province of China in 1986 and 1996.

Pitta nympha

21


BirdLife International (2008b) reported: “Pitta nympha breeds in north-east Asia in Japan, South Korea, mainland China and Taiwan (China), and winters mainly on the island of Borneo in east Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan in Indonesia. It has been recorded on passage in northern Taiwan (W. Hsu in litt., 2003), North Korea, Vietnam and Hong Kong (China). It appears to be localised in its breeding range, but occurs at relatively high densities at some localities.”

In a 2008 assessment, the species was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List “because its population is suspected to be rapidly declining owing to deforestation in its breeding range, principally for agriculture and timber, locally compounded by trapping for the cagebird trade” (BirdLife International, 2008a). BirdLife International (2001) estimated its total population to be no more than a few thousand or tens of thousands of individuals, and BirdLife International (2008a) cautiously placed it in the band 2,500-10,000 individuals, with a population trend of Decreasing.

Mountfort (1988) considered the species to be “widespread in South-East Asia and suffering from loss of its forest habitat especially in China.”

BirdLife International (2008b) reported that the main threat to the species was extensive lowland deforestation in its breeding range, but also noted that it was extensively trapped for the cage-bird trade in the past in Taiwan, Province of China and considered hunting to be a threat in China.

Amongst the conservation measures proposed for the species, BirdLife International (2008b) mentioned: “Ensure adequate protection of forest in existing protected areas holding this species and prevent hunting and trapping within them.”

MALAYSIA: P. nympha has been reported to winter in East Malaysia (Delacour, 1947; Smythies, 1957; BirdLife International, 2001; 2008b) and has been recorded from the following Important Bird Areas in the country: Danum Valley Conservation Area (Sabah), Dulit Range (Sarawak), Kelabit Highlands (Sarawak), Lambir Hills National Park (Sarawak), and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (Sarawak) (BirdLife International, 2008b).

In Sarawak, wintering birds were reported to be “not at all uncommon”‟ in mixed dipterocarp forest on hillsides up to 1,060 m (Fogden, 1970 in: Smythies, 1999).

BirdLife International (2001) listed habitat loss as the main threat to P. nympha in Malaysia. They reported that “The main wintering area of the Fairy Pitta appears to be in lowland and foothill forests. Deforestation in the Sundaic lowlands […] has proceeded at catastrophic speed in the past few decades, seriously compromising the future of this particular species, even inside key protected areas.”

P. nympha is protected in Sabah – listed in Schedule 2 Part I („Protected animals – limited hunting and collection under licence‟) of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (SWD, 1997). Consequently, the collection, possession and trade of the species are regulated by a system of licences issued by the Sabah Wildlife Department.

The species is totally protected in Sarawak- listed at the genus level in Schedule 1 Part I of the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (SFC, 2006a). In Sarawak, Totally Protected Species “may not be kept as pets, hunted, captured, killed, sold, imported or exported, or disturbed in any way, and nor may you possess any recognizable part of these animals. The penalties for any of these offences are severe” (SFC, 2006a). In the case of P. nympha, the penalties are a fine of RM 25,000 (€ 5,275) and 3 years imprisonment (SFC, 2006b).

REFERENCES:


BirdLife International. 2008a. Pitta nympha. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 21-1-2009a.

Pitta nympha

22

BirdLife International. 2008b. Species factsheet: Pitta nympha, BirdLife International, URL: www.BirdLife.org Accessed: 20-1-2009b.

Delacour, J. 1947. Birds of Malaysia. Macmillan, New York. Fogden, M. P. L. 1970, Some aspects of the ecology of bird populations in Sarawak, D.Phil. thesis.

University of Oxford. Mountfort, G. 1988. Rare Birds of the World: A Collins/ICBP Handbook. Collins, London. SFC. 2006a. Protected species in Sarawak, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, URL:

http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-pa.asp Accessed: 12-1-2009a. SFC. 2006b. Totally protected species in Sarawak, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, URL:

http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-tpa.asp Accessed: 20-1-2009b. Smythies, B. E. 1957. An annotated checklist of the birds of Borneo. The Sarawak Museum

Journal, 7 (9). Smythies, B. E. 1999. The birds of Borneo. Revised by G.W.H. Davison. 4th edn. Natural History

Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. SWD. 1997. Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. Sabah Wildlife Department. URL:

http://www.sabah.gov.my/jhl/Enactment.htm Accessed 12-1-2009.

Pycnonotus zeylanicus

23


AVES: PYCNONOTIDAE

SPECIES: Pycnonotus zeylanicus

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Geelkruinbuulbuul (Dutch), Straw-crowned Bulbul

(English), Straw-headed Bulbul (English), Tulipääbulbuli (Finnish), Bulbul à tête jaune (French), Gelbscheitelbülbül (German), Bulbul corona di paglia (Italian), Bulbul bigotudo (Spanish), Orangehuvad bulbyl (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam (br), Indonesia (br), Malaysia (br),

Myanmar (ex, br), Singapore (br), Thailand (ex, br)



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4(6) b suspension in place for wild

specimens from Malaysia first applied on 29/10/2001 until present (most recently applied on 03/09/2008). Previous negative opinion for Malaysia formed on 10/09/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Pycnonotus zeylanicus was selected for review due to the long-standing import suspension in place for this species. It was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1997. All reported trade between 1997 and 2000 was from Malaysia, and amounted to less than 600 birds. The main importers of P. zeylanicus from Malaysia were Indonesia and Singapore, with Malaysia reporting the export of 365 live wild-sourced birds to Indonesia 1997-2000 and 105 live wild-sourced birds to Singapore 1997-2000 (all purpose T).The EU reported no imports but Malaysia reported exporting 75 wild-sourced live specimens to the Netherlands in 1998 and 50 to the same destination in 1999. No trade has been reported from Malaysia since 2000.


P. zeylanicus is found in successional (secondary, disturbed) habitats along rivers, streams and marshes and other wet areas (BirdLife International, 2001; 2008b). It occurs “from southernmost Myanmar [Burma] and Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore onto Sumatra and Java (Indonesia) and Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei)” (BirdLife International, 2001).


24

In a 2008 assessment, it was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List with the following justification: “This species is declining rapidly across its range as a result of high levels of trapping for the cagebird trade, compounded by habitat loss within their rather specific habitat type. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable” (BirdLife International, 2008a).

BirdLife International (2008b) provided the following information on the species‟ population status:

“It was widespread, common, and even locally abundant across much of this range, until as recently as two decades ago. […] It may only remain in moderately healthy numbers in peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and remote Kalimantan.”

The total population of P. zeylanicus was estimated to be 10,000-19,999, with a population trend of „Decreasing‟ (BirdLife International, 2008b). Smythies (1999) described the species as “formerly abundant, now severely reduced by trapping in many areas.”

The main threats to P. zeylanicus are trade and habitat loss (BirdLife International, 2001; 2008b). BirdLife International (2001) noted that “This species‟ celebrated song...has resulted in excessive chronic trade pressure throughout its range”. BirdLife International (2008b) reported that “The quality of its songs makes it a very popular cage-bird, which has resulted in extensive trapping for both domestic and international trade. Its lack of shyness and habit of roosting and nesting in easily accessible locations has compounded its vulnerability to trapping. A single bird cost over US$ 20 in 1987, after which prices have increased exponentially, and individuals have recently been seen on sale in Medan (Sumatra) for US$1,300. Despite its tolerance of secondary habitats, clearance of lowland forest along rivers has probably contributed to its decline.”

MALAYSIA: P. zeylanicus occurs both in Peninsular Malaysia and in the Malaysian States of

Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo (Smythies, 1999; BirdLife International, 2001; 2008b).

In Peninsular Malaysia, reports indicate that the species was regarded as widespread and quite common from the 1920‟s to the early 1990‟s (Robinson, 1927; Chasen, 1939; Collar et al., 1994 in: BirdLife International, 2001). Delacour (1947) described the species as “a common Malaysian lowland bird” and Glenister (1971) recorded the species as being found in open lowlands, to have “been seen many times in partially cleared areas adjoining rubber estates, orchards, and other cultivation” and occasionally to visit gardens. However, BirdLife International (2001) reported that whilst P. zeylanicus still appeared to be common in some areas, it seems to have been reduced to small, isolated pockets in others. It was reported that these small populations may disappear naturally, if not wiped-out by trapping beforehand (BirdLife International, 2001).

In Sabah in the 1960s, P. zeylanicus was considered a common resident, particularly along rivers and streams (Gore, 1968; in: BirdLife International, 2001). In Sarawak, the species was described as very common along the Tutoh river in 1965 (Fogden, 1976 in: BirdLife International, 2001) and common at two sites 1981-1984 (Duckett, 1985 in: BirdLife International, 2001). However in 1986, it was not encountered in Similajau National Park, and only once elsewhere (Duckworth and Kelsh, 1988 in: BirdLife International, 2001).

The main threat to P. zeylanicus in Malaysia was reported to be trapping for the pet trade (BirdLife International, 2001). In a 1998 survey in Johor, Peninsular Malaysia, the species was notably rare in habitats where it should have been common, and local fisherman reportedly confirmed that it was once common and widespread but now hardly ever seen, blaming “foreigners...catching them and selling them in Singapore" (G. Noramly in litt. 2000 in: BirdLife International, 2001). BirdLife International (2001) reported that in Peninsular Malaysia “By around 1990, the virtual extirpation of the species in Indonesia required constant imports of illegally captured Malaysian birds re-exported via Singapore to meet demand (Nash, 1993), and the decline of the species in the Peninsula was described as „one of the tragedies of the past ten years‟ (Suara Enggang July-August 1998:13). [In] Sarawak „Major


25

trade in live birds [of this species] for export has caused dramatic declines and many local extirpations throughout Sarawak‟ (Bennett et al., 1997).”

P. zeylanicus may also be threatened by habitat loss, however BirdLife International (2001) commented that “Owing to the species‟s use of successional habitat it is not clear how serious the massive destruction of forest in the Sundaic region has affected it.”

P. zeylanicus occurs in several protected areas in Malaysia: Kenobi and Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserves, Kerau Wildlife Reserve and Taman Negara National Park (Peninsular Malaysia); Danum Valley Conservation Area (Sabah) and Bako and Batang Ai National Parks (Sarawak) (BirdLife International, 2001). BirdLife International (2001) recommended that “In Peninsular Malaysia, which must now be regarded as the species‟ stronghold, a systematic mapping and monitoring programme is now required, so as to determine current status and track the fate of existing populations, with a view to identifying key areas and the pressures they are under, and hence appropriate management responses.”

The species is protected in Peninsular Malaysia - Schedule 4 Part II (Other protected wild birds) of the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 (DWNP, 1972); in Sabah - Schedule 2 Part I („Protected animals – limited hunting and collection under licence‟) of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (SWD, 1997); and in Sarawak - Schedule 1 Part I (Totally protected animals) of the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (SFC, 2006). Consequently, the collection, possession and trade of the species are regulated by a system of licences issued by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Wildlife Department and the Sarawak Forestry Commission respectively.

REFERENCES:

Bennett, E. L., Gumal, M. T., Robinson, J. G., & Rabinowitz, A. 1997. A master plan for wildlife in Sarawak. Wildlife Conservation Society and Sarawak Forest Department.


BirdLife International. 2008a. Pycnonotus zeylanicus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 22-1-2009a.

BirdLife International. 2008b. Species factsheet: Pycnonotus zeylanicus URL: www.BirdLife.org Accessed: 22-1-2009b.

Chasen, F. N. 1939. The birds of the Malay Peninsula. 4 edn. H.F. & G. Witherby, London. Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J., & Stattersfield, A. J. 1994. Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened

birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Delacour, J. 1947. Birds of Malaysia. Macmillan, New York. Duckett, J. E. 1985. Some general bird notes from the Fourth Division of Sarawak. Sarawak

Museum Journal, 34: 145-159. Duckworth, W. & Kelsh, R. 1988. A bird inventory of Similajau National Park. International

Council for Bird Preservation (Study Report 31). Cambridge, UK. DWNP. 1972. Law of Malaysia Act 76 - Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, Department of

Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, URL: http://www.wildlife.gov.my/webpagev4_en/akta/Akta_76.pdf Accessed: 12-1-2009.

Fogden, M. P. L. 1976. A census of a bird community in tropical rain forest in Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal, 24: 251-267.

Glenister, A. G. 1971. The birds of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore and Penang. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.

Gore, M. E. J. 1968. A check-list of the birds of Sabah, Borneo. Ibis, 110: 165-196. Nash, S. V. 1993. Sold for a song: the trade in Southeast Asian non-CITES birds. TRAFFIC

International. Cambridge. Robinson, H. C. 1927. The birds of the Malay Peninsula. 1 edn. H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd, London. SFC. 2006. Totally protected species in Sarawak, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, URL:

http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-tpa.asp Accessed: 20-1-2009. Smythies, B. E. 1999. The birds of Borneo. Revised by G.W.H. Davison. 4th edn. Natural History

Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.


26


Python reticulatus

27


REPTILIA: PYTHONIDAE

SPECIES: Python reticulatus

SYNONYMS: Boa phrygia, Boa reticulata, Boa rhombeata, Coluber javanicus, Morelia reticulatus, Python schneideri

COMMON NAMES: Netpython (Dutch), Java Rock Python (English),

Regal Python (English), Reticulated Python (English), Python réticulé (French), Pitón reticulada (Spanish), Nätpyton (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, India,

Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam


IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6 (b) suspension in place for wild

specimens from Peninsular Malaysia, first applied on 30/04/2004, until the present (most recently applied on 03/09/2008). Previous negative opinion for Peninsular Malaysia formed on 05/09/2002.

Current Article 4.6 (b) suspension in place for wild specimens from India and Singapore, first applied on 22/12/1997, until the present (most recently applied on 03/09/2008).

Current positive opinion for Indonesia first formed on 07/11/2000 and last confirmed on 29/02/2008. Previous negative opinion for Indonesia formed on 22/02/2000.

Previous Article 4.6 (b) import suspensions for Bangladesh and Cambodia (applied initially on 22/12/1997) were removed on 24/09/2000.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Python reticulatus was selected for review on the basis of high levels of trade. It is most commonly traded as skins with the main countries of origin for imports to the EU being

Python reticulatus

28

Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam. Between 2002 and 2007, Malaysian-sourced skins accounted for about 12% of the Reticulated Python skins imported by the EU and of these, the majority came via Singapore to Germany, Italy and Spain (see Tables 5.1-5.3). Although there is an EU import suspension for Peninsular Malaysia, it was not always possible to determine the origin in Malaysia of these specimens and whether the suspension applied. All of the German records noted the original Malaysian export permit number and all were from 2002 and earlier years, i.e. before the restriction entered into force. This was also the case for the 2007 Spanish imports. The Italian records did not show this detail.

The main direct import into the EU from Malaysia since 2002 involved a shipment of 2,000 skins imported by France in 2005. The permit for this shipment was issued by Peninsular Malaysia (for which there is an EU import suspension) but it was not possible to determine whether the skins originated there or in Sabah or Sarawak.

Between 2002 and 2007, EU countries have reported importing 83,484 skins from Malaysia that originated in Thailand and Viet Nam.

In 2002 Peninsular Malaysia had an export quota of 280,000 skins and 1,000 live animals. Trade appears to have been well within these figures.

Table 5.1. Direct exports of Python reticulatus from Malaysia to EU-27, 2002-2007.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

Czech Republic live T C Importer 2 2

Exporter 2 2

Denmark live T W Importer 16 16

Exporter 26 26

France skins T W Importer 4082 2000 6082

Exporter 4000 2000 6000

small leather products T W Importer 28 28

Exporter

Germany skins T W Importer 10000 10000

Exporter 8500 8500

Hungary live T W Importer

Exporter 20 20

Italy skins T W Importer 14656 14656

Exporter 15573 15573

small leather products T W Importer 75 75

Exporter

Spain live T C Importer 48 24 72

Exporter 48 24 72

R Importer

Exporter 40 40

W Importer 50 50

Exporter 55 25 80

skins T W Importer 300 300

Exporter 300 300

Python reticulatus

29

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

United Kingdom live T W Importer 31 31

Exporter 71 71

small leather products - I Importer 3 3

Exporter

Subtotals

(all purposes)

live C Importer 50 24 74

Exporter 50 24 74

R Importer

Exporter 40 40

W Importer 66 31 97

Exporter 81 45 71 197

skins W Importer 29038 2000 31038

Exporter 28373 2000 30373

small leather products W Importer 28 75 103

Exporter

I Importer 3 3

Exporter

Table 5.2. Indirect exports of Python reticulatus from Malaysia to EU-27, 2002-2007 excluding manufactured items. All trade from wild source for commercial purposes.

Exporter Importer Term Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

China Italy skins Importer 2533 2533

Exporter

Hong Kong Italy skins Importer 46 66 112

Exporter 13 15 25 39 92

Japan Italy skins Importer 18 18

Exporter 3 16 18 37

Kuwait United Kingdom

skin pieces Importer

Exporter 2 2

Mexico France skins Importer

Exporter 82 82

Spain skins Importer

Exporter 100 100

Rep. of Korea Spain skins Importer 32 32

Exporter

Singapore Austria skins Importer 1 1

Exporter

Denmark skins Importer

Exporter 100 100

Germany skins Importer 33641 29533 20557 83731

Exporter 29894 5000 32203 39805 106902

Python reticulatus

30

Exporter Importer Term Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

Italy skins Importer 23326 896 332 1000 25554

Exporter 26213 896 332 1000 4082 52 32575

Netherlands skins Importer

Exporter 1 1

Spain skins Importer 20338 339 1827 1000 751 24255

Exporter 21694 339 1827 2500 1502 751 28613

United Kingdom skins Importer

Exporter 2900 2900

Switzerland France skins Importer 22 1 23

Exporter 22 22

Germany skins Importer 5 25 30

Exporter 5 5

Italy skins Importer 9 9

Exporter 9 9

Turkey France skins Importer 10 + 28m

10 + 28m

Exporter 28m 28m

United Arab Em.

United Kingdom skins Importer

Exporter 2 2

United States Germany skin pieces Importer

Exporter 2 2

Italy skin pieces Importer

Exporter 16 1 17

skins Importer 18 18

Exporter 16 16

Spain skins Importer 20 20

Exporter 20 20

United Kingdom


Exporter 11 11

Subtotals


Exporter 18 14 32

skins Importer 77360 1235 4724 31635 20615 + 28m 777 136346

Exporter 77899 1251 7174 35844 45476 + 28m 3805 171449

Python reticulatus

31

Table 5.3. Direct exports of Python reticulatus from Malaysia to countries other than EU-27, 2002-2007.

Term Units Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

gall kg T W Importer

Exporter 29.4 29.4

T W Importer

Exporter 57 60 117

gall bladders kg T W Importer 57 74 60 191

Exporter

T W Importer

Exporter 83.5 83.5

large leather products T I Importer 1 1

Exporter

W Importer 6 1303 1309

Exporter

live Q C Importer 3 3

Exporter

W Importer 1 2 2 5

Exporter 2 2

T W Importer 3 23 12 31 4 73

Exporter 8 22 30 46 36 19 161

Z W Importer 5 18 23

Exporter 20 10 30

meat kg T W Importer 4617 1378 3254 10538 20227 35001.5 75015.5

Exporter 6147 840 4154 1327 13549 26017

T W Importer

Exporter 10078 19501 29579

shoes T W Importer 16 48 64

Exporter

skin pieces P W Importer 1 1

Exporter

T W Importer 50 50

Exporter

skins P W Importer

Exporter 2000 1 2035 1 4037

Q C Importer 2 2

Exporter

T C Importer

Exporter 1500 1500 3000

W Importer 141491 87637 133123 172625 182411 148379 865666

Exporter 138254 71341 121270 141837 166507 113721 752930

Python reticulatus

32

Term Units Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

- W Importer

Exporter 1600 1600

small leather products P I Importer 4 4

Exporter

W Importer 2 2

Exporter 1 1 3 5

T W Importer 2 3 4 9

Exporter 660 4 664


P. reticulatus was reported to be “widespread in South East Asia from south-east Bangladesh east through Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea and Laos to Viet Nam and south through the Malay Peninsula to Singapore, thence east through much of the Indo-Australian Archipelago and the Philippines. Present in the Nicobar Islands (India)” (Luxmoore et al., 1988).

The species inhabits primarily humid forests (Cox, 1998; Auliya, 2006), but it has also been reported to occur in altered environments, including human settlements, where they may be attracted by a higher abundance of prey such as rats or fowl (Reitinger and Lee, 1978; Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991; Cox, 1998; Shine et al., 1999; Auliya, 2006).

Luxmoore et al. (1988) indicated that P. reticulatus was “generally regarded as common, or even very common, around the turn of the century. Little recent information is available but the species is still reportedly common in parts of the range (Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam); no information is at hand for most of the range, and no sound data on population status or trends for any part of it.”

Luxmoore et al. (1988) reported that the species is “widely used for food and medicinal purposes, particularly by tribal and Chinese-speaking communities. Heavily exploited by the live animal trade, and very heavily by the skin trade. […] The sustainability of the recent trade cannot be evaluated in the absence of significant population data; such data should be gathered as a matter of priority. It must be suspected that present trade is excessive and it is particularly worrying that it seems to be increasing.”

MALAYSIA: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak

(Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991; McDiarmid et al., 1999). In Peninsular Malaysia it apparently occurs in suitable habitat throughout the peninsula (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991; Cox, 1998) and in Sabah it is reportedly present in forested areas throughout (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991). The species has been recorded in Pulau Tioman (Lim and Lim, 1999; Grismer et al., 2004) and Pulau Langkawi (Grismer et al., 2006).

Groombridge & Luxmoore (1991) stated:

“Cantor (1847) reported that the species was “very numerous in the Malayan hills and valleys” in the mid-nineteenth century. At the end of the nineteenth century said to be one of the commonest snakes, pythons of up to 6 m (20 ft) then being „by no means uncommon‟ (Ridley, 1899). Reported very common in the late 1950s at Asahan, Malacca. […] Similarly, said to be still quite common despite exploitation, and still readily to be seen (B. H. Kiew in litt., 25 February 1986). Still abundant in Perlis, within the security area of northern Peninsular Malaysia (S. Ambu in litt., 17 February 1986), but disturbance, habitat loss, persecution and exploitation for food reportedly causes appreciable mortality in other parts of the peninsula, where, by implication, the species may often be less than abundant. […]

Python reticulatus

33

Reported common in Sarawak at one time (Shelford, 1916), and said to be still widespread and common (H. Watson in litt., 17 March 1986). However, during intensive herpetological fieldwork at three primary rainforest sites in Sarawak (Nanga Tekalit, 366 days; Labang, 128 days; Sengai Pesu, 160 days), the P. reticulatus seen numbered only 8, 10 and 4, respectively (R.F. Inger in litt., 5 March 1986).

Population levels are unknown in Sabah, although P. reticulatus is reportedly more common than P. curtus (Malaysia, Sabah CITES MA, 1985).”

Auliya (2009) conducted interviews with hunters and traders in the states of Perak, Pahan and Johor (Peninsular Malaysia) and reported that the general response was that local population declines had been observed.

During 2006 and 2007, a Non-Detriment Finding study was conducted for Python reticulatus, Varanus salvator and Naja naja in Peninsular Malaysia. The study aimed at outlining the distribution of the species in Peninsular Malaysia and their abundance in palm oil plantations, lowland forest, mangrove forest and paddy fields in the states of Johor, Selangor, Pahang, Perak, Kedah, Terengganu and Kelantan (DWNP, 2006; 2007). The results of the study, however, are not publicly available. When asked about the report, DWNP regretted not being able to send a copy of it, as they reportedly plan to conduct a second study towards the second half of 2009, at which time they will decide whether to make the report available.

Shine et al. (1999) noted that tropical snakes appear to have very different life history characteristics to temperate species and can thus withstand much higher levels of exploitation than would be expected for temperate species occupying similar niches. Their research in Sumatra, Indonesia, concluded that “the apparent ability of reticulated python populations to withstand high levels of offtake may reflect their demography (rapid growth rates, early maturation, high fecundity), their flexibility in diets and habitat use, and their ability to evade detection (because neither foraging nor thermoregulation require extensive movements)” (Shine et al., 1999).

Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak operate systems of licences. P. reticulatus is protected in Peninsular Malaysia – Schedule II („Protected Wild Animals‟) of the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 No. 76 (DWNP, 1972); Sabah - Schedule 2 Part I („Protected animals – limited hunting and collection under licence‟) of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (SWD, 1997); and Sarawak - Schedule 1 Part II of the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (SFC, 2006). Consequently, the collection, possession and trade of the species are regulated by a system of licences issued by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular Malaysia, the Sabah Wildlife Department and the Sarawak Forestry Commission respectively.

In Peninsular Malaysia, the season is open all year for python harvesting and licenses cost 50 RM (10 €) for 50 heads for three months (DWNP, 2009). Auliya (2009) reported that the licensing system does not represent a tool to control the trade and that there is apparently no harvest limit. He also noted that hunters with a hunting licence issued for Pahang also capture pythons from neighbouring states, including Johor, where hunting was banned in 2008 (Auliya, 2009).

P. reticulatus was reported by DWNP to be the most harvested species in Peninsular Malaysia in both 2006 and 2007, with 148,207 and 125,650 specimens recorded as harvested, respectively (DWNP, 2006; DWNP, 2007). This represents an increase compared to the 2005 harvest of 66,683 specimens. Details on the number of specimens harvested in each of Peninsular Malaysia‟s states in 2007 were provided by DWNP (2007) and are presented in table 5.4.

Table 5.4. Number of Python reticulatus harvested per state in Peninsular Malaysia in 2007 (DWNP, 2007)

State No. harvested

Python reticulatus

34

Perlis 450

Kedah 9,950

P. Pinang 3,250

Perak 28,250

Selangor 19,500

Kuala Lumpur 0

N. Sembilan 12,350

Melaka 2,900

Johor 22,050

Pahan 23,300

Terengganu 2,800

Kelantan 850

Total 125,650

P. reticulatus was discussed by the SRG in 2002 (SRG 24), when a negative opinion was formed for Peninsular Malaysia based on a review indicating that there were suggestions that populations were decreasing in some areas in Peninsular Malaysia and that the 2002 quota (280,000 skins) was considerably higher than the reported trade in previous years (UNEP-WCMC, 2002).

Auliya (2009) suggested that some well-established traders know how to bypass the EU ban, which has “no effect on the entire trade chain”, adding that the illegal trade in P. reticulatus skins is present and difficult to investigate.

Auliya (2009) reported that “The commercial trade in Python reticulatus in Peninsular Malaysia is complex, and it is evident that the EU ban of skins originating from Malaysia has triggered an increase of exports from range states and Viet Nam. International and national legislation in place cannot control the illegal trade. Different laws implemented in the different states of Peninsular Malaysia do not hinder previous trade relationships across provincial borders. It seems therefore evident that pythons skins exported from Malaysia also include skins of range states and those of Viet Nam and the Philippines and vice versa.

The amount of illegally exported pythons skins compared to those legally exported, is not known, however a former smuggler stated that approximately only 1% of illegal shipments are seized. The actual number of people involved in this trade is equally unknown, and thus also the number of stock-piled skins deposited in the country and in range states. The entire trade situation in Peninsular Malaysia is obscure, and it is the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia to hold accountable for these flaws.”

On East Malaysia, Auliya (2009) stated: “Raw skins from Sarawak and Sabah are smuggled to the state province Kedah and Kuala Lumpur in Peninsular Malaysia. Skins from the Philippines are smuggled into Sabah. Illegally harvested pythons from Sarawak go to Sabah, main centres there are Kota Kinabalu and Kofu […] Skins are smuggled from Sarawak and Sabah through rapid post, each box contains approx. 500 skins, the shipment is either by sea or aircraft. The trade in Sabah is controlled by a person from Penang Island […]. The skins leave to Singapore and China”.

REFERENCES:

Auliya, M. 2009. Trade impact and conservation status of Python reticulatus in Peninsular Malaysia (In prep.). TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

Auliya, M. A. 2006. Taxonomy, life history and conservation of giant reptiles in West Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Natur und Tier - Verlag GmbH, Münster, Germany.

Python reticulatus

35

Cantor, R. 1847. Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.

Cox, M. J. 1998. A photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland, London, UK. 144 pp.


DWNP. 2006. 2006 Annual Report. Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. URL: http://www.wildlife.gov.my/webpagev4_en/printed_material/lt/lt2006.pdf . Accessed: 12-1-2009.

DWNP. 2007. 2007 Annual Report. Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. URL: http://www.wildlife.gov.my/printed_material/lt/lt2007.pdf . Accessed: 12-1-2009.

DWNP. 2009. Types and fees of license of DWNP, Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, URL: http://www.wildlife.gov.my/webpagev4_en/bhg_ukkPenguatkuasaan_JenisLesen&Fi.html Accessed: 12-1-2009.

Grismer, J. L., Grismer, L. L., Das, I., Yaakob, N. S., Liat, L. B., Leong, T. M., Youmans, T. M., & Kaiser, H. 2004. Species diversity and checklist of the herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia with a preliminary overview of habitat utilization. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 10: 247-279.

Grismer, L. L., Youmans, T. M., Wood, P. L., Ponce, A., Wright, S. B., Jones, B. S., Johnson, R., Sanders, K. L., Gower, D. J., & Yaakob, N. S. 2006. Checklist of the herpetofauna of Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia, with comments on taxonomy. Hamadryad, 30 (1/2): 61-74.

Groombridge, B. & Luxmoore, R. 1991. Pythons in South-East Asia: A review of distribution, status and trade in three selected species. CITES Secretariat, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, L. J. 1999. The terrestrial herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 6: 131-155.

Luxmoore, R., Groombridge, B., & Broad, S. 1988. Significant trade in wildlife: A review of selected species in CITES Appendix II, Vol. 2. Reptiles and invertebrates. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 306 pp.

McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A., & T'Shaka, A. T. 1999. Snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Herpetologists' League, Washington, DC.

Reitinger, F. F. & Lee, J. K. S. 1978. Common snakes of South East Asia and Hong Kong. Heinemann, Hong Kong.

Ridley, H. N. 1899. The habits of Malay reptiles. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32: 185-210.

SFC. 2006. Protected species, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, URL: http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc-pa.asp

Shelford, R. W. C. 1916. A Naturalist in Borneo. T. Fisher Unwin, London. Shine, R., Ambariyanto, Harlow, P. S., & Mumpuni 1999. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra:

biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biological Conservation, 87 (3): 349-357. SWD. 1997. Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. Sabah Wildlife Department. URL:

http://www.sabah.gov.my/jhl/Enactment.htm Accessed 12-1-2009. UNEP-WCMC. 2002. UNEP-WCMC review of Annex B species. Part 3 - Reptiles. SRG 24.

Indotestudo elongata

36


REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE

SPECIES: Indotestudo elongata

SYNONYMS: Geochelone elongata, Testudo elongata, Testudo parallelus

COMMON NAMES: Geelkoplandschildpad (Dutch), Elongated Tortoise

(English), Pineapple Tortoise (English), Red-nosed Tortoise (English), Yellow Tortoise (English), Yellow-headed Tortoise (English), Tortue à tête jaune (French), Nordlig gulhuvad landsköldpadda (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Lao People's

Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6 (b) suspension in place for wild

specimens from Bangladesh and India, first applied on 22/12/1997, until the present (most recently applied on 03/09/2008).

Current Article 4.6 (b) suspension in place for wild specimens from China, first applied on 24/09/2000, until the present (most recently applied on 03/09/2008). Previous negative opinion for China formed on 27/01/1999.

Current positive opinion for Malaysia formed on 14/04/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indotestudo elongata was selected for review on the basis of its globally threatened status and relatively high trade levels. Trade in this species from Malaysia 2002-2007 was exclusively in live animals. Most were reported to be wild-caught, although the exporter reported small numbers of captive-bred animals. France and Italy were the main destinations within the EU with Japan and the United States being the main non-EU importers. Trade details are shown in Tables 5.5 and 5.6.


37

Peninsular Malaysia has had a quota for exports of live wild specimens of this species since 1998 (Table 5.7). According to the Malaysian annual reports the quota was exceeded in 2001, 2002 and 2003. However it appears that Malaysia‟s annual reports are based on permits issued rather than actual trade and a close examination of the permit numbers reported by both exporter and importer suggests that many were not used. Thus it would seem likely that exports have always been within quota.

Table 5.5. Direct exports of Indotestudo elongata from Malaysia to EU 27, 2002-2007. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

Czech Republic W Importer 20 20

Exporter 20 20 40

Denmark W Importer 10 10

Exporter 10 10

France W Importer 38 140 20 50 248

Exporter 38 240 20 50 348

Germany W Importer 20 20

Exporter 20 20

Italy W Importer 50 94 84 228

Exporter 50 95 90 235

Netherlands C Importer

Exporter 100 100

W Importer 100 100

Exporter 200 200

Spain W Importer 20 50 50 120

Exporter 70 50 120

Sweden C Importer

Exporter 80 80

United Kingdom W Importer

Exporter 5 5

Subtotals

C Importer

Exporter 100 80 180

W Importer 98 120 284 124 50 70 746

Exporter 298 70 355 135 50 70 978

The only indirect trade in Indotestudo elongata from Malaysia to EU 27 between 2002 and 2007 was 16 live specimens reported as an import by Italy from the United States in 2003 and one pet animal reported as an import by France from Hong Kong in 2007. Neither transaction was reported by the exporter.


38

Table 5.6. Direct exports of Indotestudo elongata originating in Malaysia to countries other than EU-27, 2002-2007. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

Australia W Importer

Exporter 1 1

Japan C Importer

Exporter 81 81

W Importer 50 90 20 160

Exporter 50 90 20 58 218

Taiwan, Prov. of China C Importer

Exporter 40 40

W Importer

Exporter 10 10

United States I Importer 1 1

Exporter

W Importer 42 80 59 28 209

Exporter 252 130 72 28 482

Subtotals (all sources) Importer 92 170 60 20 28 370

Exporter 302 220 40 73 20 177 832

Table 5.7. CITES Export quotas for Indotestudo elongata from Malaysia and associated global exports, reported by importer and exporter. All quotas refer to live wild specimens exported from Peninsular Malaysia.

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Quotas 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 500 500 450 450 450

Exports reported by importer

721 754 330 270 190 290 284 183 70 98 -

Exports reported by exporter

941 816 530 550 600 290 355 208 70 166 -


I. elongata is a land tortoise, found primarily in damp deciduous forests across southeast Asia (Moll, 1989a; Cox, 1998; Senneke, 2003; Taxon Management Group, 2005). It was described by Moll (1989a) as “the most widespread, and probably the most common of the Indo-Malayan tortoises.” Jenkins (1995) reported that it occurs in “Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR and northern Peninsular Malaysia. Extralimitally it is recorded from southern China, Bangladesh, India and Nepal; it could occur in Bhutan.”

I. elongata is used as a food item, for medicinal compounds and for the international pet trade (Jenkins, 1995). Moll (1989b) reported that Indotestudo spp. were “eaten and used in various folk medicines and remedies throughout the region. The shells are utilised as pots, bowls, scoops, decoration, and even as musical instruments.”

The main threats to this species were reported to be habitat destruction and exploitation for food, medicine and the international pet trade (Moll, 1989a; Senneke, 2003; Taxon Management Group, 2005). Bonin et al. (2006) reported that “The natural range of this species has dense human populations and is heavily exploited by them. Forests are being cut and burnt, and it is probable that the populations of tortoises are in fast decline.”


39

Senneke (2003) described I. elongata as being “under dire pressures in its entire range”, due to its exploitation for Asian food markets. The Turtle Conservation Fund (2002) reported that I. elongata still occurred in reasonable numbers in some southeast Asian forests, although it was harvested increasingly for international consumption, primarily in East Asia. Moll (1989a) reported that consumption was chiefly local, with demand for the international pet trade making exportation far more profitable than sales for food.

The IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (Stubbs, 1989) gave I. elongata a conservation priority rating of 1, denoting: “specific projects required for species known to be badly threatened or heavily exploited.”

MALAYSIA: I. elongata was reported to occur in northern Peninsular Malaysia (Moll, 1989a;

Iverson, 1992; Jenkins, 1995; Sharma and Tisen, 2000). Sharma and Tisen (2000) also reported that there were published accounts of this species in Negeri Sembilan in the south of Peninsular Malaysia. Grismer et al. (2006) recently confirmed the presence of I. elongata on Pulau Langkawi Island, located off the northwest coast of Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia, and Dionysius et al. (1996) recorded its presence in Mata Ayer Forest Reserve and the proposed Bukit Wang Mu Forest Reserve, Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia.

No population estimates were found, but Sharma and Tisen (2000) reported that based on recent surveys in the north of Peninsular Malaysia, it appeared that I. elongata “occurs in fair numbers in lowland forests of the Nakawan Range and also in rubber estates.” Moll (1989a) considered I. elongata to be scarce in Malaysia.

Known uses of I. elongata in Malaysia were reported to be the pet trade, as a meat source and zoo exhibits, with capture for the international pet trade and perhaps the food trade given as threats to the species (Sharma and Tisen, 2000). In a survey of animal dealers in north-western Malaysia in 1987, Moll (1989a) found that two dealers of five visited had I. elongata, and reported that “One of the largest exporters in the country reported that this is the most common tortoise collected and that he receives 25 to 30 per month”(Moll, 1989a). Another exporter in Malaysia reportedly described the supply of I. elongata as “regular in small quantities” (Jenkins, 1995). Jenkins (1995) reported that “No specimens of any of the native species were seen for sale in a 1994 survey of pet shops, mostly in the Kuala Lumpur region, although evidence of local consumption of Elongated Tortoises was found in Perlis in northern Peninsular Malaysia (Sharma, 1994).” Dionysius et al. (1996) found evidence that I. elongata had been collected for food, in their wildlife survey in the Mata Ayer Forest Reserve and the proposed Bukit Wang Mu Forest Reserve, and reported that wildlife there was threatened by hunting and trapping.

Sharma and Tisen (2000) stated that I. elongata populations were unlikely to be impacted severely by trade alone, although reduction in numbers was given as a potential impact of trade, outside protected areas. TRAFFIC and the IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programme (2004) cautioned that “Whilst the reported trade from Malaysia may not be detrimental, indications of a much larger unreported trade that is unlikely to be sustainable merits further attention.”

Sharma and Tisen (2000) reported that the best protected areas for the species in Malaysia, where it is also likely to be affected by habitat loss, were those in the north, such as Perlis State Park and several forest reserves.

The IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (Stubbs, 1989) recommended that field surveys of I. elongata status and ecology were required in the forested hills of northern Peninsular Malaysia.

I. elongata was selected for a CITES Review of Significant Trade in 1993. WCMC et al., (1993) recommended that surveys and research should be undertaken “to ascertain the effects of trade, identify source areas for animals entering trade and to provide recommendations for the conservation and sustainable use of the species in the principal source country, Malaysia” and that “Imposition of a scientifically based export quota in Malaysia might be considered pending the results of such studies.” Following the 9th Meeting of the Animals Committee, September 1993, the CITES Secretariat contacted Malaysia and “In December 1994, Malaysia


40

informed the Secretariat that an export quota of 4300 had been set, and in March 1995 that field studies were underway, to be completed later that year” (TRAFFIC and IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programme, 2004). No results of this survey were found.

At the 23rd Animals Committee in April 2008, the species was included in a preliminary selection of taxa to be included in the Significant Trade Review Process; it was not, however, retained in the process in subsequent discussions of the Working Group (CITES Secretariat, 2008).

The main piece of national wild animal legislation in Peninsular Malaysia (the Protection of Wildlife Act, 1972) does not cover turtles, potentially leaving them open to exploitation (Jenkins, 1995; Sharma and Tisen, 2000). Turtles are afforded some protection by the Fisheries Act 1985, but whereas fisheries resources are automatically afforded legal protection under this legislation, turtles are not protected by provisions of the Act until they are adopted by individual States (Sharma and Tisen, 2000). This was reported to have “led to either a lack of standardised legal protection for most turtle species inhabiting Peninsular Malaysia, or lack of protection whatsoever” (Sharma and Tisen, 2000). The Fisheries Act 1985 was reported to have been adopted by the following States: Johore, Kedah, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Penang and Perlis (Sharma, 1994 in: Jenkins, 1995). Legislation at the State level in Peninsular Malaysia was reported to cover marine turtles but not terrapins or tortoises (Gregory and Sharma, 1997 in: Sharma and Tisen, 2000).

REFERENCES:

Bonin, F., Devaux, B., & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. A&C Black, London. 416 pp. CITES Secretariat. 2008. Review of significant trade in specimens of Appendix-II species (agenda

items 8.4 and 8.5). Twenty-third meeting of the Animals Committee, Geneva (Switzerland), 19-24 April 2008. AC23 WG1 Doc 1. URL: http://www.cites.org/common/com/AC/23/EFS23WG01-01.pdf Accessed 5-2-2009.

Cox, M. J. 1998. A photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland, London, UK. 144 pp.

Dionysius, S., Kamarudin, H., Ibrahim, H., & Hean Chooi, O. 1996. The fauna and flora of a semi-deciduous forest in Perils, Peninsular Malaysia, in Edwards, D. S., Booth, W. E., & Choy, S. C., (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Gregory, R. & Sharma, D. S. K. 1997. Review of legislation affecting marine and freshwater turtle, terrapin and tortoise conservation and management in Malaysia: recommendations for change. WWF Malaysian Project Report MYS 343/96.

Grismer, L. L., Youmans, T. M., Wood, P. L., Ponce, A., Wright, S. B., Jones, B. S., Johnson, R., Sanders, K. L., Gower, D. J., & Yaakob, N. S. 2006. Checklist of the herpetofauna of Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia, with comments on taxonomy. Hamadryad, 30 (1/2): 61-74.

Iverson, J. B. 1992. A Revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. Privately Printed, Richmond, Indiana. 363 pp.

Jenkins, M. 1995. Tortoises and freshwater turtles: the trade in South East Asia. TRAFFIC International.

Moll, E. O. 1989a. Indotestudo elongata: Elongated tortoise, in Swingland, I. R. & Klemens, M. W., (eds.), The conservation biology of tortoises. IUCN, 116-117.

Moll, E. O. 1989b. South and southeast Asia - tortoises of tropical Asia: regional introduction, in Swingland, I. R. & Klemens, M. W., (eds.), The conservation biology of tortoises. IUCN, 111.

Senneke, D. 2003. Indotestudo elongata - The Elongated Tortoise URL: http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/PDFS/Indotestudo%20elongata.pdf Accessed: 7-1-2009.

Sharma, D. S. K. 1994. Tortoise and freshwater turtle trade and utilisation in Peninsular Malaysia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Field Report No 15.

Sharma, D. S. K. & Tisen, O. B. 2000. Freshwater turtle and tortoise utilization and conservation status in Malaysia. Chelonian Research Monographs (2): 120-128.

Stubbs, D. 1989. Tortoises and freshwater turtles. An action plan for their conservation. IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and the Durrell Institute of Conservation


41

and Ecology. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5. IUCN.

Taxon Management Group. 2005. Indotestudo elongata Taxon Management Group (TMG) proposal URL: https://turtlesurvival.org/I_elongata_Taxon_Management_Plan_up.pdf Accessed: 7-1-2009.

TRAFFIC & IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programme. 2004. Taxa identified as possible candidates for inclusion in the Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species. Prepared by TRAFFIC and the IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programme for the Twentieth Meeting of the CITES Animals Committee, Johannesburg (South Africa), 29 March-2 April 2004.

Turtle Conservation Fund. 2002. A global action plan for conservation of tortoises and freshwater turtles. Strategy and funding prospectus 2002-2007. Conservation International and Chelonian Research Foundation. Washington D.C. 2007. URL: http://www.turtlesurvival.org/TCF_Action_Plan_SF_Prospectus.pdf Accessed 13-1-2009.

WCMC, IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group, & TRAFFIC International. 1993. Significant trade in wildlife: a review of select animal species in CITES Appendix II. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee, June 1993. Cambridge, UK.

42

6. SPECIES REPORTED AS DIRECT EXPORTS TO EU-27 SINCE 1998 BUT

NOT KNOWN FROM MALAYSIA OR OCCURRENCE UNCONFIRMED 1

Twenty two species that are not known to occur in Malaysia were reported as imports into EU-27 from Malaysia between 1998 and 2007. The majority of this trade was reported by the EU Member States but not by Malaysia. The species included eight birds, five reptiles, one fish, one spider, three insects and four plants. Five of these species are considered to be globally threatened - Carduelis cucullata (EN), Cacatua alba (VU), Pangasianodon gigas (CR), Ornithoptera meridionalis (EN) and Gastrodia elata (VU).

AVES

Passeriformes

Fringillidae

Carduelis cucullata (Annex A, EN). Known to occur in Colombia (br), Guyana (br), Puerto Rico (int, br), Trinidad and Tobago (ex, int, br?) and Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (br). Italy reported the import of 120 live specimens (source and purpose unspecified) from Malaysia in 2003. Malaysia did not report this trade.

Muscicapidae

Leiothrix lutea (Annex B, LC). Known to occur in Bhutan (br), China (br), India (br), Myanmar (br), Nepal (br), Pakistan (v), Réunion (int, br), United States of America (br), Viet Nam (br). Spain reported the import of 130 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 1998. Malaysia did not report any of this trade.

Psittaciformes

Cacatuidae

Cacatua alba (Annex B, VU). Known to occur in Indonesia (br). Portugal reported the import of 10 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 2000. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Cacatua ducorpsii (Annex B, LC). Known to occur in Papua New Guinea (br) and the Solomon Islands (br). Greece reported the import of 10 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 1998. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Loriidae

Chalcopsitta atra (Annex B, LC). Known to occur in Indonesia (br). Greece reported the import of 10 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 1998. Malaysia did not report this trade.

Chalcopsitta cardinalis (Annex B, LC). Known to occur in Papua New Guinea (br) and the Solomon Islands. Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1. Direct exports of Chalcopsitta cardinalis from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All wild-sourced live specimens traded for commercial purposes.

Importer Reported by 1998 2002

Greece Importer 14

Exporter 10

Hungary Importer

Exporter

6

1 Excluding captive-bred and artificially-propagated specimens (sources C, D, A)

43


Italy Importer

39

Exporter

255

Netherlands Importer

Exporter

50

Portugal Importer

Exporter

20

Spain Importer

Exporter 25

Lorius chlorocercus (Annex B, LC). Known to occur in the Solomon Islands (br). Greece reported the import of 14 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 1998. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Psittacidae

Eclectus roratus (Annex B, LC). Known to occur in Australia (br), Indonesia (br), Palau (int, br), Papua New Guinea (br) and the Solomon Islands (br). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2. Direct exports of Eclectus roratus from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens traded for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1998 2001 2002

Greece C Importer

6

Exporter

6

W Importer 4

Exporter 15

Hungary W Importer

Exporter

8

Italy W Importer

30

Exporter

120

Netherlands W Importer

27

Exporter

100

Poland C Importer

20

Exporter

W Importer

Exporter

40

Spain W Importer

Exporter 15

United Kingdom W Importer

Exporter

50

REPTILIA

Serpentes

Boidae

Candoia aspera (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Denmark reported the import of 9 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 2002. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Candoia carinata (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in Indonesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Denmark reported the import of 3 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 2002. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

44

Colubridae

Ptyas mucosus (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Province of China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Viet Nam. Italy reported the import of 4,962 skins (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 2000. Malaysia did not report this trade.

Pythonidae

Leiopython albertisii (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Denmark reported the import of 4 live specimens (purpose T, source W) from Malaysia in 2002. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Python molurus bivittatus (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Viet Nam. Malaysia reported the export of one skin (purpose T, source I) to the United Kingdom in 2006. The United Kingdom did not report this transaction.

ACTINOPTERYGII

Siluriformes

Pangasiidae

Pangasianodon gigas (Annex A, CR). Known to occur in Cambodia, China, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. The United Kingdom reported the import of 17 live specimens (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2004. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

ARACHNIDA

Scorpiones

Scorpionidae

Pandinus imperator (Annex B, not listed). Known to occur in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire , Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Togo. Austria reported the import of one body (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2001. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

INSECTA

Lepidoptera

Papilionidae

Ornithoptera meridionalis (Annex B, EN). Known to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The Czech Republic reported the import of 10 bodies (purpose T, source R) from Malaysia in 2004. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Ornithoptera paradisea (Annex B, LR/lc). Known to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The Czech Republic reported the import of 10 bodies (purpose T, source R) from Malaysia in 2004. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Ornithoptera spp. (Annex A/B, NE). Known to occur in Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The United Kingdom reported the import of 733 bodies (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 1998. Malaysia did not report this trade.

45

FLORA

Apiales

Araliaceae

Panax quinquefolius (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in Canada, China and the United States. The United Kingdom reported the import of 4 derivatives (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2004. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Asterales

Compositae

Saussurea costus (Annex A, NE). Known to occur in India and Pakistan. The United Kingdom reported the import of 0.75 kg of derivatives and 3 derivatives (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2000. Malaysia did not report this trade.

Orchidales

Orchidaceae

Cattleya spp. (Annex B, NE). Known to occur in South and Central America. Slovenia reported the import of 3 live specimens (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2005. The United Kingdom reported the import of 5 live specimens (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2000. Malaysia did not report any of these transactions.

Gastrodia elata (Annex B, VU). Known to occur in Bhutan, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Nepal, Russian Federation and Taiwan, Province of China. The United Kingdom reported the import of 2 derivatives (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2002. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

46

7. GLOBALLY THREATENED NATIVE SPECIES REPORTED AS DIRECT EXPORTS

TO EU-27 FROM MALAYSIA SINCE 1998

Fourty globally threatened native taxa were reported as direct exports to EU-27 from Malaysia between 1998 and 2007. These included nine mammals, five birds, 12 reptiles, two fish and 15 plants. The highest levels of trade involved Indotestudo elongata (EN) –see species sheet-, Phalaenopsis spp. (CR/EN/NE) and Gonystylus spp. (VU/not listed) –see SRG 46/4/2/2-.

MAMMALIA

Carnivora

Felidae

Neofelis nebulosa (Annex A, VU). Germany reported the import of 20 skin pieces (purpose S, source W) from Malaysia in 2005. Malaysia also reported this trade (in 2006).

Panthera tigris (Annex A, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1. Direct exports of Panthera tigris from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007.

Importer Term Source Purpose Reported by 1992 1993 1994 1997 1998 2002 2003 2004

Germany live C Z Importer

3

Exporter

3

Italy live C Q Importer

2

Exporter

3 5

Netherlands live C Z Importer

Exporter

1

United Kingdom derivatives I - Importer

20

1

Exporter

live C B Importer

1

Exporter

Z Importer

Exporter 1 2

skins O Q Importer

Exporter

1

Prionailurus planiceps (Annex A, EN). The United Kingdom reported the import of one body (purpose S, source W) from Malaysia in 2001. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

Ursidae

Helarctos malayanus (Annex A, VU). France reported the import of one live specimen (purpose Z, source W) from Malaysia in 1998. Malaysia also reported this transaction.

Viverridae

Arctictis binturong (Annex C, VU). Malaysia reported the export of one live specimen (purpose Z, source W) to the Czech Republic in 1999. The Czech Republic did not report this transaction.

Perissodactyla

Rhinocerotidae

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Annex A, CR). Germany reported the import of one scientific specimen and 10 g and 30 ml of scientific specimens (purpose S, source W) from Malaysia between 2005 and 2007. During the same period, Malaysia reported the export of 10 scientific specimens and 10 flasks, 10 g and 50 ml of scientific specimens to Germany.

47

Tapiridae

Tapirus indicus (Annex A, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2. Direct exports of Tapirus indicus from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1998 2003 2004

France B C Importer

Exporter 2

Spain B W Importer 2

Exporter 2

Z C Importer

Exporter 2

W Importer

Exporter 2

Primates

Hominidae

Pongo pygmaeus (Annex A, EN). Malaysia reported the export of 250 hairs and 250 specimen flasks (purpose S, source W) to the United Kingdom in 2001. The United Kingdom did not report this trade. Malaysia reported the export of 250 specimen flasks (purpose S, source W) to Germany in 2006. Germany did not report this transaction.

Proboscidea

Elephantidae

Elephas maximus (Annex A, EN). Malaysia reported the export of two live specimens (purpose Z, source W) to Germany in 1998. Germany also reported this transaction. Malaysia reported the export of two ivory carvings (purpose unspecified, source O) to Ireland in 2005. Ireland did not report this transaction. Malaysia reported the export of one carving (purpose P, source U) and 660 specimen flasks (purpose S, source W) to the United Kingdom in 2001 and 2006, respectively. The United Kingdom did not report these transactions. The United Kingdom reported the import of two ivory carvings (purpose unspecified, source I) from Malaysia in 2002. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

AVES

Galliformes

Phasianidae

Lophura erythrophthalma (Annex B, VU). Malaysia reported the export of 13 scientific specimens (purpose S, source W) and 4 live specimens (purpose B, source C) to the United Kingdom in 2001 and 2003, respectively. The United Kingdom did not report this trade. The United Kingdom reported the import of two live specimens (purpose B, source C) from Malaysia in 2004. Malaysia did not report this trade.

Pavo muticus (Annex B, VU). The United Kingdom reported the import of 10 scientific specimens (purpose S, source C) from Malaysia. Malaysia did not report this transaction.

48

Polyplectron inopinatum (Annex C, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2. Direct exports of Polyplectron inopinatum from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All captive-bred live specimens.

Importer Purpose Reported by 1998 2002 2003 Total

France B Importer

Exporter 2 2

United Kingdom B Importer

Exporter 8 8

S Importer

Exporter 1 1

Polypectron malacense (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3. Direct exports of Polyplectron malacense from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total

United Kingdom live B C Importer 8 8

Exporter 16 16

S C Importer

Exporter 2 2

specimens S W Importer 10 10

Exporter

Passeriformes

Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Annex B, VU). Malaysia reported the export of 75 and 50 live specimens (purpose T, source W) to the Netherlands in 1998 and 1999, respectively. The Netherlands did not report this trade.

REPTILIA

Crocodylia

Crocodylidae

Crocodylus spp. (Annex A, CR/LR/lc/Not listed). The United Kingdom reported the import of 60 bones (purpose unspecified, source I) in 2000. This transaction was not reported by Malaysia.

Testudines

Cheloniidae

Chelonia mydas (Annex A, EN). The United Kingdom reported the import of one large leather product (purpose unspecified, source I) in 2001. This transaction was not reported by Malaysia. Malaysia reported the export of 1714 live specimens to the United Kingdom in 2003 (purpose S, source W). The United Kingdom reported the import of 1714 scientific specimens (purpose unspecified, source I) in 2004.

Eretmochelys imbricata (Annex A, CR). Malaysia reported the export of 730 live specimens (purpose S, source W) in 2003. The United Kingdom also reported this transaction (as purpose unspecified, source I) in 2004.

49

Geoemydidae

Callagur borneoensis (Annex B, CR). France reported the import of 15 live specimens (purpose T, source W) in 1999. This transaction was also reported by Malaysia. Malaysia reported the export of two live specimens (purpose T, source W) to Hungary in 2001. This transaction was not reported by Hungary.

Cuora amboinensis (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4. Direct exports of Cuora amboinensis from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens,

purpose T, source W.


Denmark Importer

Exporter 150

France Importer 100

Exporter 100

Italy Importer

Exporter 500

Netherlands Importer

Exporter 550

Spain Importer 500

Exporter 500

Malayemys subtrijuga (Annex B, VU). Malaysia reported the export of eight live Malayemys subtrijuga (purpose T, source C) to the United Kingdom in 2006. The United Kingdom also reported this transaction (as source W).

Orlitia borneensis (Annex B, EN). Malaysia reported the export of four live specimens (purpose T, source W) to Spain in 2003. Spain also reported this transaction.

Testudinidae

Indotestudo elongata (Annex B, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5. Direct exports of Indotestudo elongata from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. Purpose reported as T in all cases.

Importer Term Source Reported

by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Belgium live W Importer 25

Exporter 25

Czech Republic live W Importer 20

Exporter 20 20

Denmark live W Importer 10 10

Exporter 10 10

France live W Importer 290 235 20 38 140 20 50

Exporter 276 265 45 38 240 20 50

small leather

products W Importer 25

Exporter

Germany live Importer 76 30 20

Exporter 76 30 20

Hungary live W Importer

Exporter 10

50

Importer Term Source Reported

by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Italy live W Importer 70 50 94 84

Exporter 120 50 95 90

Netherlands live C Importer

Exporter 100

W Importer 50 100

Exporter 50 100 200

Portugal live W Importer 45

Exporter 45

Spain live W Importer 60 95 70 20 20 50 50

Exporter 30 75 70 20 70 50

Sweden live C Importer

Exporter 80

United Kingdom live W Importer

Exporter 5

Manouria emys (Annex B, EN). Malaysia reported the export of seven live specimens (purpose T, source W) to the Czech Republic in 2004. This transaction was not reported by the Czech Republic. Malaysia reported the export of 15 live specimens to Spain in 2005 and 10 live specimens to Spain in 2007 (all purpose T, source W). Only the 2007 import was reported by Spain.

Manouria impressa (Annex B, VU). Malaysia reported the export of 11 live specimens (purpose T, source C) to the Czech Republic in 2006. This transaction was also reported by the Czech Republic, but the source code was recorded as F. France reported the import of 20 live specimens (purpose T, source C) in 2007. This transaction was not reported by Malaysia.

Trionychidae

Chitra chitra (Annex B, CR). Malaysia reported the export of four live specimens (purpose T, source W) to the Czech Republic in 2004. This transaction was not reported by the Czech Republic. Malaysia reported the export of one live specimen (purpose T, source W) to Spain in 2003. This transaction was not reported by Spain.

Pelochelys cantorii (Annex B, EN). Malaysia reported the export of four live specimens (purpose T, source W) to Spain in 2005. This transaction was not reported by Spain.

ACTINOPTERYGII

Osteoglossiformes

Osteoglossidae

Scleropages formosus (Annex A, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.6. All specimens traded were bred in captivity.

Table 7.6. Direct exports of Scleropages formosus from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Germany P D Importer 5

Exporter

T D Importer 6 23 38

Exporter 18 63 62

Italy T C Importer 6

Exporter

D Importer

51

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Exporter 12

Spain T D Importer 7

Exporter

United Kingdom P C Importer 6

Exporter

D Importer 3

Exporter

T D Importer 13 1 3 28 6 5

Exporter 10 3 16 61 3 26

Perciformes

Labridae

Cheilinus undulatus (Annex B, EN). Malaysia reported the export of 100 live specimens (purpose T, source W) to France in 2007. This transaction was not reported by France.

FLORA (Non-timber)

Nepenthaceae

Nepenthes bicalcarata (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7. Direct exports of Nepenthes bicalcarata from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.

Importer Purpose Values 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Belgium T Importer

Exporter 2

Czech Republic G Importer 8

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 8

France B Importer 1 2

Exporter

G Importer 2

Exporter

P Importer 2 10

Exporter

T Importer 1 2

Exporter 2 1 4 22

Germany P Importer 25

Exporter

T Importer 25

Exporter 26 26

Italy T Importer

Exporter 1 3

Spain T Importer 3

Exporter 3

Sweden T Importer 2

52


Exporter 2

United Kingdom T Importer 10

Exporter 8 17 7 2

- Importer

Exporter 22

Nepenthes burbidgeae (Annex B, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8. Direct exports of Nepenthes burbidgeae from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


Czech Republic T Importer 15

Exporter 15 15

France B Importer 1

Exporter

G Importer 1

Exporter

T Importer 1

Exporter 2 1 4 1

Germany T Importer 15 10 21

Exporter 23

Reunion P Importer 1

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 1

Sweden T Importer

Exporter 2

United Kingdom T Importer 5

Exporter 9 6 8

Nepenthes fusca (Annex B, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.9.

Table 7.9. Direct exports of Nepenthes fusca from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.



Exporter 15 15

France G Importer 1

Exporter

T Importer 1 2

Exporter 1 1 1 4

Germany T Importer 5

Exporter 5 2 1

Italy T Importer

Exporter 1


Exporter

T Importer

53


Exporter 1 United Kingdom P Importer 1 1

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 5 1 10 2

Nepenthes gracillima (Annex B, EN). Malaysia reported the export of nine live specimens (purpose T, source A) to the United Kingdom in 2006 and five in 2007. These transactions were not reported by the United Kingdom.

Nepenthes lowii (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.10.

Table 7.10. Direct exports of Nepenthes lowii from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


Austria P Importer 2

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 2

Czech Republic G Importer 6

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 6

France B Importer 1

Exporter

G Importer 2

Exporter

P Importer 1

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 3 2

Germany T Importer 20

Exporter 1 66

Italy T Importer

Exporter 1

Portugal T Importer 1

Exporter 1


Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 2

Sweden P Importer 2

Exporter

T Importer 2

Exporter 2 2

United Kingdom P Importer 3 40

Exporter

54


T Importer

Exporter 12 7 40 120 10

Nepenthes macfarlanei (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.11.

Table 7.11. Direct exports of Nepenthes macfarlanei from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


Belgium T Importer

Exporter 1


Exporter 15 15

France G Importer 2

Exporter

P Importer 2

Exporter

T Importer 1

Exporter 1 2 5


Exporter

Italy T Importer

Exporter 1


Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 2

Sweden T Importer 2

Exporter 2

United Kingdom T Importer

Exporter 2 2 2

- Importer

Exporter 2

Nepenthes muluensis (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.12.

Table 7.12. Direct exports of Nepenthes muluensis from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


France B Importer 1 1

Exporter

G Importer 2

Exporter

T Importer 2

Exporter 3 3


Exporter

T Importer 26

55


Exporter 1 1 30

Italy T Importer

Exporter 1

Sweden P Importer 2

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 2


Exporter 6 1 9 3

- Importer

Exporter 3

Nepenthes northiana (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.13.

Table 7.13. Direct exports of Nepenthes northiana from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


France B Importer 1

Exporter

G Importer 1 1

Exporter

T Importer 1

Exporter 2 3 1


Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 1 2

Italy T Importer

Exporter 1

Portugal T Importer 1

Exporter 1


Exporter 6 4 2

Nepenthes pilosa (Annex B, EN). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.14.

Table 7.14. Direct exports of Nepenthes pilosa from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


France G Importer 3

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 3 2

Germany T Importer 5 12

Exporter 14 20

Reunion T Importer

Exporter 1

Sweden T Importer 2

Exporter 2

56


United Kingdom P Importer 1

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 1 6

- Importer

Exporter 20

Orchidaceae

Phalaenopsis micholitzii (Annex B, CR). Denmark reported importing one live specimen (purpose unspecified, source A) in 2006. This transaction was not reported by Malaysia. Malaysia reported exporting 20 live specimens (purpose T, source A) to Germany in 2006. Germany reported importing 17 live specimens in the same year. Malaysia reported exporting 30 live specimens in 2003 and 20 in 2004 (all purpose T, source A), whereas the United Kingdom reported only the import of 20 live specimens in 2004.

Phalaenopsis spp. (Annex B, CR/EN/NE). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.15.

Table 7.15. Direct exports of Phalaenopsis spp. from Malaysia to EC-27, 1998-2007. All live specimens, source A.


Belgium T Importer

Exporter 2


Exporter 8

Denmark T Importer 6

Exporter 8

France T Importer 3850 3000 6800 2930 60

Exporter 2 66

Germany T Importer 15 25 10 10 50 137 253

Exporter 3 10 3 5

Greece T Importer

Exporter 160

Italy P Importer 72

Exporter

T Importer 1400

Exporter 14 20

Malta T Importer 67

Exporter 65

Netherlands T Importer 15

Exporter 8 500

Poland T Importer

Exporter 16 10


Exporter

T Importer 1000

Exporter 520 3800 2000 3000 3700 2950 1095

Spain T Importer

Exporter 6 1

57


Sweden T Importer

Exporter 5 10 2 40 100

United Kingdom P Importer 1

Exporter

T Importer 20

Exporter 9 58 333 56 3 5

Vanda scandens (Annex B, EN). Malaysia reported the export of one live specimen (purpose T, source A) to Malta in 2007, whereas Malta reported the import of two live specimens in 2007.

FLORA (Timber)

Thymelaeaceae

Aquilaria malaccensis (Annex B, VU). Malaysia reported the export of one litre of oil to France in 2007, one kilogram of chips to Germany in 2007, two scientific specimens to the Netherlands in 2002 and 14.64 kg of chips to Spain in 2007 (all purpose T, source W). None of these transactions were reported by the importing countries.

Gonystylus bancanus (Annex B, VU). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.16.

Table 7.16. Direct exports of Gonystylus bancanus from Malaysia to EC-27, 2001-2007. All specimens purpose T, source W.

Importer Term Units Values 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Belgium carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 240

sawn wood kg Importer 1618

Exporter

m3 Importer 274 67 62.5

Exporter 11

timber pieces m3 Importer

Exporter 22.4

Denmark carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 304

sawn wood m3 Importer 165

Exporter

timber pieces m3 Importer 266

Exporter 185

Finland timber m3 Importer 19.1 19.1 40.3

Exporter

carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 19.1


Exporter 40.3

France carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 69.6

sawn wood m3 Importer

Exporter 90.5


Exporter 48.6

Germany carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 106

58

Importer Term Units Values 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

sawn wood m3 Importer 518 508

Exporter 996 492


Exporter 160

Ireland carvings m3 Importer 8.98

Exporter 8.99

timber pieces m3 Importer 14.3

Exporter

Italy carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 24.1

sawn wood m3 Importer 189 738

Exporter 719 480

Netherlands carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 96.3

sawn wood m3 Importer 68.1 305 12.6

Exporter 31.1


Exporter 77.5

Spain carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 145

sawn wood m3 Importer 88.4 16.1 22.2

Exporter 20.6


Exporter 64

Sweden sawn wood m3 Importer 16.1 17.2

Exporter


Exporter 17.2

United Kingdom timber m3 Importer 28.2 22.9

Exporter

carvings m3 Importer

Exporter 489

sawn wood m3 Importer

Exporter 22.9 23.2


Exporter 235

Gonystylus spp. (Annex B, VU/not listed). Direct exports to the EU-27 are summarised in Table 7.17.

Table 7.17. Direct exports of Gonystylus spp. from Malaysia to EC-27, 2001-2007.

Importer Term Units Purpose Source Values 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Austria timber m3 T W Importer 91 43

Exporter 148 36

carvings m3 T W Importer

Exporter 18

sawn wood m3 T W Importer 93 38

Exporter 107 92 62

Belgium carvings m3 T W Importer

59


Exporter 7 2

sawn wood kg T W Importer 69301 15779

Exporter

m3 T W Importer 49 142 44

Exporter 283 36 31 69

timber pieces m3 T W Importer

Exporter 102

Denmark timber kg T W Importer 18069

Exporter

m3 T W Importer 19

Exporter

sawn wood m3 T W Importer 128 102 121

Exporter 85 35

- W Importer 124

Exporter

timber pieces m3 T W Importer 191 80

Exporter 475

Finland timber m3 T W Importer 20

Exporter


Exporter 58

France carvings m3 T W Importer

Exporter 29 78

furniture m3 T W Importer

Exporter 26 6


Exporter 108 150 33 61


Exporter 67

unspecified bags - W Importer 24

Exporter

Germany timber m3 T W Importer 56

Exporter


Exporter 25

sawn wood kg T W Importer 265798 14735

Exporter

m3 T W Importer 34 927 2240 863 1543 1050 229

Exporter 1288 320 2006 407 1334 728 166


Exporter 284 100

- T W Importer 46400

Exporter

Greece carvings m3 T W Importer

Exporter 55 7

timber pieces m3 T W Importer 38

Exporter 38

Ireland timber pieces m3 T W Importer 12

60


Exporter 27

Italy timber m3 T W Importer 129 303

Exporter 928 862

- - Importer 322 202

Exporter


Exporter 826 612

furniture m3 T W Importer

Exporter 7

sawn wood kg - - Importer 25499

Exporter

m3 T W Importer 10974 2855 746

Exporter 8429 11608 20555 13816 7733 1373 639

- - Importer 3978 18034 26704 16443

Exporter


Exporter 87 1150

Netherlands timber m3 T W Importer 151

Exporter


Exporter 76 113


Exporter 646 532 1021 205 272


Exporter 83 1

Reunion carvings m3 T W Importer

Exporter 17

Spain timber m3 T W Importer 20

Exporter

carvings kg T W Importer 10221

Exporter

- T W Importer 13226

Exporter

sawn wood m3 T W Importer 36 29 121 13

Exporter 17 104 140 69

- T W Importer 339

Exporter


Exporter 56

Sweden timber m3 T W Importer

Exporter 10 22


Exporter 12

sawn wood m3 T W Importer 16

Exporter 41


Exporter 65

United Kingdom timber m3 T W Importer 594 188 11

61


Exporter

carvings m3 T W Importer 195 22

Exporter 1 1

sawn wood m3 T W Importer 19 26 17 20

Exporter 467 780 51

timber carvings - - I Importer 7763814

Exporter

timber pieces m3 T W Importer 23

Exporter 531

- - I Importer 1695076 280245

Exporter

62

ANNEX I. TRADE IN CITES-LISTED SPECIES FROM MALAYSIA TO EU-27,

1977-2007, AS REPORTED BY BOTH TRADING PARTNERS (ALL SOURCES

INCLUDED).

See seperate document.

ANNEX II. PURPOSE AND SOURCE CODES.

See seperate document.

Documents

Tanzania: A review of trade in CITES-listed species...The export from Malaysia of 781,712 live reptiles between 1977 and 2007 comprised species from thirteen families, including Emydidae