tank T-90

8/3/2019 tank T-90

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tank-t-90 1/27

8/3/2019 tank T-90


OVERVIEW OF OPTOELECTRONICS FACTORY

O.L.F. is located in Dehradun valley approximately 8 kms, away from the

railway station. It is surrounded by Shivalik range with lush green forestry.

The factory is spread over an area of 18.21 hectares. It was set up with the

view of rapidly changing battle field scenarist, advancing war tactics and

increasing sophistication and side by side augmenting the existing capacity in

some areas in ordnance factory, Dehradun to meet the growing demands of

armed forces for better tanks and armored vehicles along with the

sophisticated OPTO electronic instrumentation for better viewing, aiming,

ranging and fire control, both in terms of number and sophistication for T-72

T-90 and BMP-II. O.L.F. was awarded ISO-9002 on 16th January 94 from

B.I.D., New Delhi. It is only one of its kind factories in INDIA, and has

OPTO Vacuum Coating Plant, which is single in Asia. It also manufactures

Night Vision Devices for various defense organizations.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

OPTO Electronics Factory, Dehradun was founded on 4th

April’1988. It is situated

at the foothills of Shivalik at about 8 kms from Dehradun Railway Station. The

main aim of this factory is to provide precise optical and electronic products to

defense. As many as eighteen types of instruments were to be established for the

production of AJAYA tank and SARATH vehicles at OLF.

Government sanction for establishing OPTO Electronics Factory, Dehradun was

obtained in June, 1984 and since then it has been working accurately and perfectlyto meet the requirements of defense.

INTRODUCTION

The T-90 main battle tank is armed with the high precision 125mm smooth-bore

gun stabilized in two planes, the 7.62mm coaxial machine gun (PKT or PKTM),

and the 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun (NSVT-12.7 or KORD). The T-90 has

8/3/2019 tank T-90


the automated Fire Control System with digital ballistic calculator and the thermal

vision day/night sight designator, the loading system (LS) which provide high

battle efficacy of the weapons use. The anti-aircraft machine gun system

(AAMGS) equipped with remote sighting and targeting facilities allows fire

against air and surface targets from the battle compartment of the tank. The

vehicle is equipped with the TShU-1 (Shtora-1) Electro-Optical Suppression

System (EOSS) which reduces probability of hitting by enemy anti-tank guided

missiles (ATGM) by means of jamming their guidance systems, and also by anti-

tank weapons with laser target designators and range-finders. There are the

following systems installed in the T-90 tank: the Common Protection System

(CPS) against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), the quick-operating Fire-

Prevention Equipment (FPE) on the basis of optical inflammation sensors, the

equipment for self-digging-in, the equipment for negotiating water obstacles on

the bottom (NWOB). The tank incorporated the design solutions reducing efficacy

of heat signature detecting and targeting systems and providing protection against

napalm-like fire mixtures. It is made a provision for installing the KM7-6M2 track

blade mine clearer, the KMT-7 roller mine plow or the KMT-8 blade mine clearer

with electromagnetic auxiliary unit.

DESIGN

The tank design has the classic structure. It is functionally divided into three

compartments: the driver compartment (DC) equipped with the tank driver seat –

in the nose part, the combat compartment (CC) – in the middle part, and the

engine-and-transmission compartment (ETC) – in the rear part. The CC is

designed to arrange the weaponry, the most part of the ammunition, and the

workplaces for the tank commander (on the right) and the gunner (on the left).

The distinctive feature of the vehicle, as of all the soviet tanks beginning from the

T-64 which have the armored volume of 11.0 m3 only, is the high composition

density as well as the smallest dimensions among main battle tanks, the height

first of all. The internal volume reduction and high composition density were

8/3/2019 tank T-90


achieved by the compact ETC system with transversal engine mounting, by the

charger expulsion from the crew, i.e. by means of applying automatic loading and

a number of other design measures.

T-90 has the welded hull which is identical to the hull of the T-72BM. The bottom

is pressed, the upper front panel (UFP) is multilayered (it consists of three layers:

the upper steel plate, the back steel plate and the reflecting sheets which are

located between them) with the built-in re-active armor. The slope of the UFP is

68 degrees. The rectangle steel shields with the elements of the built-in re-active

armor (BRA) are installed on the side rubber-fabric shields. The vehicle has three

shields of such type on each side.

The tank driver is accommodated in the front hull part and has the individual

hatch having the cover in the middle of the hull. The driver's seat is fastened to the

hull roof providing increased probability of survival to the driver in case of a mine

exploding under the bottom of the vehicle. He has one TNPO-168 prism viewer

with wide field of vision to observe road conditions. The TVN-5 active/passive

night vision device can be installed instead of the above mentioned system. It

differs from its predecessor with the micro-channel amplifying electro-optical

converter in the active/passive mode instead of two parallel circuits (the active one

separately and the passive one separately). Thereby the range of vision was

increased up to 180m in the passive mode.

The TVN-5 device is also equipped with the binocular loupe which significantly

facilitates the terrain observation and reduces fatigability of the tank driver's eyes

when the illumination changes

. The other two crew members are accommodated in the turret: the gunner's seat is

on the left and the tank commander's one is on the right.

The tank has cast steel turret with the combined armor on the course angles up to

35°. Its construction is identical to the turret of T-72BM, but it is designed to

install the 1A45T Fire Control System. The front and the top of the turret are

protected with the re-active armor elements.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


To increase anti-radiation protection of the vehicle crew the hull and turret are

enforced with the liner which is made of hydrogenous polymer with additions of

lithium, boron and lead in the zones of the workplaces. The place of the tank

driver is additionally protected with the liner made of the same material.

WEAPON SYSTEM

All the T-90 weapons are located in the turret. The weapon system consists of:

the armaments (primary, secondary, and ancillary), the ammunition, the automatic

loader system, the Fire Control System, additional devices for observing and

targeting as well as the guided weapon system.

PRIMARY ARMAMENT

The high precision 125m 2A46M-4 smooth-bore gun/launcher is the primary

armament of the T-90. Its cyclic rate of fire is up to 8 rounds per minute. Rounds

of the following types are applied for the gunnery: guided missile, anti-armor-

subcaliber, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive/antitank projectiles.

The high precision characteristics of the gun were achieved by optimal combining

the curvature, nonuniformity of the wall thickness and the barrel rigidity, by

symmetric arrangement of the buffers, by the use of the barrel thermo-protection

jacket. The embedded device for the gun aligning with both the primary and

thermal vision sights allows aligning without the crew escape from the tank as

well as reduces the duration of this operation to 1 minute increasing the aligning

accuracy at the same time. The gun design provides fast change of the barrel

(without dismounting the gun from the turret) in the field conditions.

SECONDARY ARMAMENT

8/3/2019 tank T-90


T-90 uses 7.62mm coaxial machine gun (PKT or PKTM) with the combat fire rate

of 150 shots per minute with belt feed as well as the anti-aircraft machine gun

system (AAMGS) with remute electromechanical control.

The AAMGS is intended to engage lightly armored ground targets, low altitude

air targets as well as to protect the tank against air attacks in highland terrain and

city battle conditions. The AAMGS uses the 12.7mm NSVT-12.7 or the 6P49

KORD large-caliber machine guns. The KORD machine gun supersedes its

predecessor NSVT-12.7 due to (at first) the plant, where they were manufactured

before the USSR collapse, remained in Kazakhstan. The initial decision was to

produce NSVT in Kovrov, but then the machine gun was modernized (the barrel

locking changed, endurance increased, some other modifications implemented), it

was named "KORD", and now it has been produced in Kovrov Weapons Factory

named after Degtyaryov. Both the machine guns have identical fastening units,

ammunition and belts, ballistic characteristics, so each of them can be used in the

T-90 as the AAMGS.

Detecting, monitoring ground and air targets as well as firing the AAMGS, which

is mounted onto the commander cupola, are carried out with the cupola hatch

closed. The AAMGS consists of the 6P49 KORD (or NSVT-12.7) machine gun

with the electric trigger, the cradle with the recoil absorber, the bracket, the

balancing unit, the reloading mechanism, the magazine, the belt collector, the

horizontal and vertical electromechanical targeting drives, the PZU-7.216.644

sight.

The drives of the AAMGS provide horizontal and vertical pointing as well as theanti-aircraft machine gun fire control.

The vertical electromechanical pointing drive is designed to point the anti-aircraft

machine gun along the vertical axis. The drive provides the following operation

modes: the "Automatic" mode – the AAMGS monitors stabilized position of the

TKN-4S device mirror within the angle range from -4°to +20°: the "Semi-

Automatic" mode – the AAMGS is controlled independently of the stabilized

8/3/2019 tank T-90


TKN-4S device mirror (i.e. fast drive): "the Manual" mode – the AAMGS is

targeted manually within the whole range of angles.

The horizontal electromechanical drive is designed to point the commander cupola

with the AAMGS in the horizontal plane within the arc 60° to the right and 60° to

the left from the conformal position with the primary armament.

The PZU-7 sight is designed to point the anti-aircraft machine gun when firing

against air targets moving at the velocities of 100-300 mps and ground targets

within the range up to 1600 m. It represents optical monocular periscope (1.2x

zoom factor).

The autonomous anti-aircraft machine gun of the closed type with the remote

electromechanical control allows commander, being protected with the armor, fire

effectively to engage air targets, lightly armored ground targets and troops of the

enemy.

ANCILLARY ARMAMENT

The ancillary armament of the tank includes one 5.45mm AKS-74 assault rifle, ten

hand grenades (F-1 or RGO) and the 26-mm signal pistol

AMMUNITION

The T-90's ammunition includes 43 separately loaded rounds of 4 types (with a

guided missile, anti-armor-subcaliber, high-explosive/antitank, high-explosivefragmentation projectiles) as well as 2000 cartridges for the 7.62 coaxial machine

gun, and 300 cartridges for the AAMGS. The vehicles ammunition also includes

450 5.45mm cartridges for the AKS-74, 12 signal rockets for the signal pistol, 10

hand grenades (F-1 or RGO), and 12 ZD17 grenades for the 902V electro-optical

jamming system. The ZD6M grenades are included into the vehicle version

without the TshU-1 "Shtora-1" system.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


22 rounds for the tank gun (including GMs) are arranged in the carousel

transporter of the automatic loader and are ready for the combat use. The other

gun rounds (projectiles and cartridges) are placed into the special packing cases in

the vehicle hull and in the turret. The rounds, which are in the carousel

transporter, can be loaded in any combination. Any type of the rounds can be

manually loaded into the gun without placing them into the automatic loader.

Gas contamination of the combat compartment during the gun firing is

significantly reduced thanks to the use of the semi-combustible cartridges as well

as the empty case removal mechanizm of the automatic loader.

DESIGNATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME 125MM

ROUNDS WHICH ARE USED IN THE T-90.

125-mm ZVBM13 rounds (with the ZBM32 "Vant" subcaliber anti-armor

projectile with a fission core), ZVBM17 (with the ZBM42 "Mango"

subcaliber anti-armor projectile with a tungsten alloy core), and ZVBM19

(with the ZBM42M "Svinets" subcaliber anti-armor projectile with a

tungsten alloy core) are designed to engage modern tanks equipped with

the combined armor by the gun fire;

125-mm ZVBK16 (with the ZBK18M piercing projectiles) and ZVBK25

(with the ZBK29M piercing projectiles) rounds are designed to engage

armored targets, blockhouses, field entrenchments, brick and reinforced-

concrete buildings, and troops by the gun fire;

125-mm ZVFO36 round (with the ZOF26 high-explosive fragmentation

projectile) is designed to engage armored and other small-size targets as

well as enemy low-flying helicopters by the gun fire;

125-mm ZUBK14 (with the 9M119 guided missile of the "Reflex" system)

and ZUBK20 (with the 9M119M guided missile of the "Reflex-M"

system) rounds are designed to engage armored and other small-size

targets as well as enemy low-flying helicopters by the gun fire.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


Despite the above mentioned rounds, the T-90 ammunition includes the round

with defragmentation-shrapnel projectile equipped with the electronic remote-

contact actuator. This projectile allows increase engagement effectiveness when

firing against exposed troops as well as against combat helicopters of the enemy.

It has significantly increased equalized area of saturation effect in comparison

with common high-explosive fragmentation projectiles. The distance is set

automatically according to the laser ranger measurement data at the moment of the

loading cycle. If the actuator is set in the contact detonation mode, the projectile

acts as a common high-explosive defragmentation one.

Firing the 7.62 PKT (PKTM) coaxial machine gun is carried out with the

7.62x54R cartridges equipped with the bullets of the following types: light steel

(LPS), tracer (T-46), armor-piercing incendiary (B-32) and high-penetrating. They

are fitted up into 8 belts of 250 cartridges, the belts are placed into magazine-

boxes which are located in the combat compartment of the tank.

To fire the 12.7mm NSVT-12,7 or KORD machine guns 12.7x108 cartridges with

armor-piercing incendiary (BZT) and incendiary immediate action (MDZ) bullets.

They are fitted up into 2 belts placed into magazine-boxes which are located in the

AAMGS (the first one) and on the right side of the turret (the second one). The

weight of the loaded magazine amounts approximately 25 kg.

The assault rifle cartridges are fitted out into magazines 30 pieces each and are in

the cartridge-pouches in the tank combat compartment.

The hand grenades (F-1 or RGO) are placed into the pouches located in the

vehicle combat compartment.

The signal rockets for the signal pistol are located in the pouches as well as in the

tank combat compartment.

The ZD17 aerosol screen grenades are loaded into mortars of the 902V system by

6 pieces on the both left and right sides of the turret. After loading the mortars are

8/3/2019 tank T-90


closed with special rubber caps which are not removed at firing. The spare caps

are located in the container with the ZD17 grenades.

AUTOMATIC LOADER SYSTEM

The automatic loading the rounds is provided by the electromechanical automatic

loader (AL) which is identical to that installed in T-72 tanks. The AL is designed

to store the rounds and the inventory information by types, to load the gun

automatically, to collect sabots extracted after the gun shots and to remove them

from the tank. It is the electromechanical type AL with the constant angle of

loading, the carousel transporter capacity is 22 rounds. The rounds are ramed into

the firing chamber separately: the projectile firstly and then the shell. The T-90

obtained the possibility of loading process control in the automatic mode from the

commander workplace (the "Double" mode).Fire

FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM

The presence of the automatic Fire Control System (FCS), which is destined to

carry out long-range aimed firing, distinguishes the T-90 tank from its

predecessors. T-90 is equipped with the 1A45 "Irtysh" FCS which allows the

gunner to carry out effective aimed firing the gun and the coaxial machine gun,

and firing the guided missiles together with the tank guided weapon devices, in

day/night conditions from a static position and in motion. The FCS also provides

the commander, in day/night conditions from a static position and in motion, with:

designation for the gunner; searching, finding and identifying targets; aimed firing

the gun and the coaxial machine gun against ground targets in the mode of dubbedcontrol in any tank service conditions as well as engaging ground targets by the

AAMGS firing.

THE 1A45T FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE T-90 TANK

INCLUDES:

1A42 automatic Fire Control System;

8/3/2019 tank T-90


night sight system (TO1-KO1 or TO1-PO2T);

PNK-4SCommander’s sight-observation system

Rear View TV system.

The automatic Fire Control System is designed for effective aimed firing the tank

gun with each type of the rounds in day/night conditions from static position and

in motion considering the range to the target, the projectile type, relative

movement, the velocity and the roll of the tank, weather and ballistic data. The

system together with the automatic block of the guided weapon system is used to

control the guided projectile.

THE FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM PROVIDES THE

COMMANDER WITH:

searching, finding and identifying targets in the battle field;

target designation to the gunner;

aimed firing the tank gun and the coaxial machine gun in the mode of

dubbed control in day/night conditions from static position and in motion.

The particular feature of T-90’s FCS is considering sight angles and side lead

when firing the coaxial machine gun in the automatic mode. The feature was

absent in the FCSs’ of T-64B and T-80B tanks.

THE 1A42 FCS CONSISTS OF:

1A43 Information-Computer Day Sight system (ICDSS);

2E42-4 “Zhasmin” Weapon Stabilizer;

PT-800 Current Transformer with the RChN-3/3 Frequency and Voltage

Regulator

The 1A43 information-computer day sight system comprises: the 1G46

Sight/Range-finder and Targeting Device (SDMTD), the 1V528-1 Tank Ballistic

Computer (TBC), the 1V216 Switch Block, and the sensor set for shooting

conditions (roll of the gun stud axle, wind (DVE-BS capacitance sensor), the tank

8/3/2019 tank T-90


velocity and the direction angle in relation of the target). The ICDSS allows take

account of the corrections during firing: the distance variation to the target, the

angle of sight and the side leads, the side component of the wind velocity, the roll

angle of the gun stud axle, ambient barometric pressure, the barrel wear, and the

projectile type. All the necessary information is input into the TBC from the laser

range-finder and the sensors automatically as well as manually by means of

potentiometers located at its front panel.

The 1G46 (SDMTD) is the main device for the tank fire control which is used by

the gunner during firing the gun, the coaxial machine gun as well as in targeting

and launching the guided missile. It represents periscope day sight/range-finder of

the gunner with two-axis independently stabilized field of view and continuous

zoom factor adjustment within the range of 2.7-12.7. Its design incorporates the

optical sight, the pulse laser range-finder, the stabilizer block, and the information

block for the guided missile targeting system.

The 1G46 SDMTD ensures targeting and two-axis stabilizing the information

laser beam field of view independently of the gun; measuring and displaying the

distance to the target and producing an electric signal corresponding to the

measured or manually input distance; measuring the displacement angles in

horizontal and vertical planes between the sighting line and the gun bore axis and

producing control angle-proportional signals to control the drives of the gun and

the turret.

The Sight/Range-finder has an internal unit for the gun-sight system aligning

control. The unit allows the crew to fulfill the operation staying in the tank. This

unit also increases the aligning accuracy and reduces the operation time to 1

minute. There is also possible in the "Control" mode to check the range-finder

function, to check and adjust the correspondence of the central sight mark with the

range-finder beam.

The 1V528-1 Tank Ballistic Computer (TBC) automatically calculates sight

angles and side lead values and produces angle-proportional electric signals taking

8/3/2019 tank T-90


into account the measured target distance and current conditions of firing. It

represents a compact computer which is operated by the strict program and is

constructed on the basis of digital electronics: the central processing unit, the

random access memory, the read-only memory, the search and data registers, the

primary and secondary counters, commutators, the blocks of analog

memorization, the analog-digital and digital-analog converters.

When firing the guided missile the TBC produces electric commands to move the

gun and the sight field of vision on the angles of initial elevation and side lead

considering the mode of the guided missile firing and the moving target tracking

speeds. The TBC also calculates the delay time for the exceeding command

cancellation taking into account the measured target distance, its changing and

current weather conditions of firing.

In contrast to the Fire Control Systems of the tanks previously produced in the

USSR, the T-90's TBC also operates as a shooting permission block, in other

words, it allows to close the shooting circuits only if horizontal and vertical

deviation of the gun bore axis are within the prescribed limits relative to the

established direction.

It is stipulated in the 1V528-1 TBC to conduct automatic self-control of the

corrections, if the firing conditions deviate from the normal ones, and to display

the control results. There are four LEDs located on its control panel and the

CONTROL button of the intermal control system for this purpose. The button is

designed to start the control program, and the LEDs indicate if any correspondent

parameter is deviated.

The 1V216 Switch Block is designed to correct voltages, which are produced by

the TBC, taking into account the ballistic characteristics change for the new

projectile modifications. It has three switches of the projectile modifications for

the anti-armor, piercing and high explosive fragmentation projectiles. So the 1A42

8/3/2019 tank T-90


FCS allows to consider corrections with the use of various projectile types of both

modern and earlier versions.

The 2E42-4 "Zhasmin" weapon stabilizer is designed for stabilizing and stabilized

targeting the gun and the coaxial machine gun, which are installed in the tank, in

two planes, for ensuring aimed fire from a static position and in motion with any

projectile type in real operation conditions of the tank. The stabilizer is biplanar ,

with an electric machine drive in the horizontal plane and an electro-hydraulic one

in the vertical plane. The mean stabilization accuracy in the main mode amounts

to 0,4 thousandths vertically and 0,6 thousandths horizontally.

The PT-800 transformer with the RChN-3/3 Frequency and Voltage Regulator is

designed to produce alternating 3-phase 36 V 400Hz voltage to supply electric

power to the circuits and devices of the tank weapon control system. It represents

a device which transforms direct current to alternating one. Stabilization of the

output voltage and frequency is provided by the frequency and voltage regulator

block.

The TO-KO1 Night Sighting System is designed to observe the battle field, to find

and identify targets, to deliver aimed fire from the tank gun with any projectile

type at the distance up to 1500 m and from the machine gun at the distance up to

800 m in night conditions. The sighting system operates in the conditions of

natural night illumination in the passive mode, with the target illumination by the

infrared spotlight of the TshU-1 "Shtora-1" system in the active mode. The TO-

KO1 Sighting System includes: the TPN4-49 sight; the correction input device;

the commutating block, the spare parts set.

The TPN4-49"Buran" sight represents a monocular periscope electro-optical

device. Its principal of operation is based on partial reflection of natural or

artificial illumination from the target and its collecting by the device. At natural

illumination of approximately 0.005 lx and more the sight operates in the passive

mode, i.e. with the infrared spot light switched off. In this case some part of the

moonlight and starlight, which is reflected from the target and is collected by the

8/3/2019 tank T-90


sight, is significantly amplified in the device by means of the electro-optical

converter (EOC), so the visible target image against the background is created.

The operation in the active observation mode (when natural illumination is less

than 0.005lx) is based on the target illumination by the spotlight infrared rays with

subsequent amplifying and converting the invisible image into the visible one. The

OTShU-1-7 IR emitters of the "Shtora-1" Electro-Optical Suppression System are

used as the infrared lighter.

The latter T-90 tanks and, according to the customer's requirement, the T-90S

tanks are equipped with the Thermal Imaging System of the TO-1-PO2T "Agava-

2" model instead of the TO1-KO1 Night Sighting System.

The TO-1-PO2T "Agava-2" Thermal Imaging System provides the terrain

observation and the weapon control with the use of the thermal imaging camera

(TIC). The system stabilizes the camera field of view both in horizontal and

vertical planes, that insures:

fast preparation to the first and subsequent shots with high probability of

impact;

effective gun firing at distances up to 3000m in any shooting conditions,

weather distance meter, day/night conditions from a static position and in

motion;

dubbing all the gunner's weapon control functions by the commander

when controlling the weapon in the "Double" mode;

precision horizontal and vertical correction calculations when firing with

the thermal imaging sight and the day sight;

fast check of the aligning line on the index of the gun bore edge;

indication of the FCS operation mode on the TV displays.

The TO-1-PO2T "Agava-2" tank Thermal Imaging System in common conditions

allows find targets at the distance of 6400m, classify at 4600m, and identify at

2500m.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


The TO-1-PO2T system includes: Thermal Imaging Sight (TIS), two TV displays

for the commander and for the gunner, and the control block.

The TIS provides automatic tracking of the TIC sightline in the horizontal and

vertical planes following the 1G46 sightline in the "Primary" and "Double" modes

and the TKN-4S sightline in the "Double" mode on the signals of the angle

sensors.

THE TIS HAS THREE OPERATION MODES:

"Primary": the FCS is controlled by the gunner;

"Double": the FCS is controlled by the commander;

"Aligning": in this mode the mirror is rotated on 4° to the side of the gun

bore edge; at that it is possible to align the sightline axis of the TIS

relatively to the index on the gun bore edge by means of the control panel

buttons.

The TIS operation is visually controlled according to the information displayed on

the top and bottom areas of the TV displays. The following information isdisplayed: the operation mode, the value of the measured distance to the target,

the indication of the permission to measure the distance and the indication of the

permission to shot (There are evaluated readiness of the FCS main systems and

the following error value between the gun and the sightline).

The TVC is controlled from the control panel located at the gunner workplace.

The main mirror stabilization system has synchronous connection with the gun

position sensor, the sensor of the horizontal following error between the 1G46

sightline, and the TKN-4S sight sensor. The system provides the field of view

stabilization and tracking the sightline of the 1G46 Day Sight/Range-finder.

The commander TV display is installed to expand his possibilities for on-line

control. It allows him to observe both the terrain and the gunner operations and

switch the turret control on his control panel if necessary. The commander also

8/3/2019 tank T-90


can both carry out target designation to the gunner and fire independently.

The TIS readiness time is not more than three minutes.

OPERATIONAL CONDITION FOR TIS

at the ambient temperature from -50°C to +50°C;

after short-term (4 hours) being at 60°C;

at the air humidity of 98% and the temperature of 35°C;

at the effect of atmospheric (rain, snow) and condensed (dew, hoar-frost)

precipitates, salt (sea) spray.

Since 2004, the serial T-90A are equipped with the "Essa" thermal imager of the

"Peleng" company (Belarus). The device uses French thermal imagine matrix and

has two zooming modes and the field of view fully synchronized with the 1G46.

Since the advent of the new thermal imager, the possibilities of day and night

channels had become equal: thanks to its integration with the primary sight it is

possible to measure the distance with high precision by the use of the full set of

the ballistic computer features in night conditions, as well as the GMs aiming.

The PNK-4S commander observation/sighting system provides: the terrain

observing by the vehicle commander: target searching/finding; target designation

and fire adjustment; effective aimed firing the gun and the coaxial machine gun in

the "Double" mode from a static position and in motion in day/night conditions;

firing the AAMGS against aerial and ground targets.

The PNK-4S consists of:

the TKN-4S "Agat-S" device with the field of view vertical stabilizer, the

electrical block and the gyrostabilizer;

the gun position sensor;

the ZPU 1ETs29 control system.

The TKN-4S commander device has the single-channel and multichannel (day and

night)optical circuits.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


The lighters of the OTShU-1-7 "Shtora" Electro-Optical Suppression System

(EOSS) are used in the night dubbed control mode with the TKN-4S in the active

mode.

The TKN-4S "Agat-S" allows find and identify targets at the distance up to 0.7km

in the passive mode and up to 0.8 km in the active mode.

The ZPU 1ETs29 control system provides the anti-aircraft machine gun pointing

in the automatic and semi-automatic modes from the tank commander workplace.

The T-90 tanks of the latest batches are equipped with the rear view TV system.

The system is installed in domestic tanks for the first time. It is designed to

observe rear hemisphere of the tank in order both to prevent the tank from fire of

light anti-tank weapons and to provide the possibility of rear moving without the

crew escaping the vehicle.

The 1A45T "Irtysh" Fire Control System combined with the automatic loader

provides the T-90 tank crew with the combat fire rate up to 8 shots per minute.

TANK PROTECTABILITY

The protection system installed in the T-90 protects it against most of anti-tank

weapons providing the vehicle with high ability to survive in the battle field.

THE FACILITIES INCLUDE:

The combined armor and the built-in re-active armor protecting the tank

against anti-armor subcaliber and armor-piercing projectiles, guided anti-

tank missiles, rocket-propelled grenades of anti-tank grenade launchers,

self-guided and homing submunitions of cluster airborn and artillery

rounds;

"Shtora-1" electro-optical suppression system;

8/3/2019 tank T-90


Special design measures which reduce the injury risk for the crew in case

of a mine exploding of the tank;

Automatic quick-operating fire-prevention equipment with sensors

installed in all the tank compartments to quickly neutralize arising fire

seats;

Dazzle painting, a system of other construction and technology measures

which reduce the probability of the tank detection;

The sealed hull and the filter fan prevent the tank from penetration of

toxic, bacteriological and radioactive substances;

Anti-radioactive material reducing effect of nuclear radiation on the crew.

The T-90's turret armor is regarded as the semi-re-active type. The front part of

the turret has two cavities located at the angle of 55° to the longitudinal axis of the

gun in which the special armor packs of "semi-re-active" type are placed. The

structure of the armor with the reflecting plates represents an obstacle consisting

of three layers: a slab, an insertion and a thin plate. The use effect of the

"reflecting" plate can reach 40% compared with the monolithic armor of the same

weight.

The modified T-90s are equipped with the welded turrets of enhanced

produceability instead of the cast ones. The armored volume was increased by 100

liters.

Increased armoring level of the new welded T-90 turret is provided by means of

synchronous applying different methods and ways of the armor strengthening. The

main ones among them are: increasing of dynamic strength of used armormaterials, development of new materials and improvement of existing

constructions of armor elements and protective fillers used, the use of additional

protective re-active elements, optimization of the whole protection system

considering the abilities of anti-tank weapons with the established weight and size

limitations.

As applied to tank turrets, one of the most significant reserves for anti-projectile

8/3/2019 tank T-90


armor strengthening is increasing resistance of steel armor used in tank turrets.

Currently the turret base is made of cast armor of middle hardness which is

significantly inferior (by 10-15%) to the rolled armor of middle hardness.

Advantages of the turret made of rolled armor can only be put into practice when

its anti-projectile resistance and ability to survive in the joint points of the rolled

armor elements meet the requirements on the anti-projectile resistance and the

ability to survive for the whole turret, so the turret elements of the T-90 tank are

made by the method ensuring that the main metal of the mating parts overlaps

fully or partially the element joints and weld seams. Moreover, any armor wall is

supported by the bottom or by the top directly or through intermediate elements.

EVALUATION OF THE T-90 ARMOR:

AGAINST KINETIC-ENERGY WEAPONS:

turret: 800-830 mm;

hull (top frontal element) 830 mm.

Against armor-piercing weapons:

turret: 1150-1350 mm;

hull (top frontal element) 1350 mm.

TSHU-1 «SHTORA-1»ELECTRO-OPTICAL SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

The Shtora-1 EOSS: designed to protect the tank against hit of ATGMs and to jam

systems equipped with laser range-finders/weapon guidance systems.

The system consists of the electro-optical suppression station (EOSSt), the

screening system (SS) and the control system.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


The EOSSt protects the tank against ATGMs with semi-automatic guidance

system of "TOW", "HOT", "Milan", "Dragon" types. If ATGM's tracer and the

EOSSt lighter are in the ATGM coordinator's field of view simultaneously, the

coordinator generates control commands which do not correspond to the real

deviation of the missile from the sighting line that results in its miss.

The EOSSt consists of two OTShU-1-7 lighters, two modulators, and the control

panel.

The Screening System is designed to jam ATGMs with laser semi-active homing

head which operates on the basis of the laser beam reflected from the target (i.e.

Maverick, Hellfire), ATGMs and artillery shells using laser target designators and

range-finders as well as to mask the tank by aerosol screens.

The SS provides: light indication of direction and sound alarm when the tank is

illuminated by lasers; automatic launching the aerosol grenade in the direction of

the illumination, which produces an aerosol cloud that masks the tank from the

enemy, reduces and partially reflects the laser beam, so the operation of the

homing warheads is disturbed, and artillery gunners work is embarrassed;

launching the grenades from loaded launchers in the manual mode (at emergency

situations); built-in control of the system.

The SS includes: laser detector consisting of two high precision direction

determination heads and two rough direction determination heads; the control

system consisting of the control block and the control panel; the aerosol grenade

launcher consisting of the control panel and 12 aerosole grenade launchers.

The SS has two operation modes: automatic and semi-automatic (when the

comandeer makes the decision to lay a smoke screen). Distance of the aerosol

screen laid by the ZD17 grenade is 50-80 m, the sizes of the smoke screen laid by

one grenade in 3 seconds after launching are 15m in height and 10 m in width.

The Electro-Optical Suppression Station provides jamming by the modulated IR

8/3/2019 tank T-90


emission within the wave length range of 0.7-2.5µm within the arc of ±20 degrees

relative to the barrel bore axis in the horizontal plane and 4.5 degrees in vertical.

The aerosol screen laying system responses to laser emission within 360 degrees

in azimuth and within -5…+25 degrees in vertical. The system weight is 400kg.

The TShU-1 "Shtora-1" EOSS has built-in control and self-control systems.

Equipping the T-90 tank with the Electro-Optical Suppression System provides a

benefit in duels against enemy tanks as well as significantly reduces effectiveness

of enemy anti-tank weapons.

ANTI-MINE CAPABILITY

The special design reduces the risk of crew injury in case the tank is undermined.

The measures include increased rigidity of the tank bottom, equipping the control

compartment with pillars, fastening the tank driver's seat to the hull top.

To cross and to breach minefields the tank can be equipped with the attached

track-width mine plow of KMT-6M2 or KMT-8 type as well as the KMT-7 roller

plow. The plows can be mounted together with the electromagnetic protection

system causing neutralization (untimely exploding) of mines equipped with radio

and magnetometric actuators.

MOBILITY

ENGINE AND SUPPORTING SYSTEMS

The T-90 tank is equipped with the V-84MS multi-fuel 4-stroke 12-cylinder V-

type high-speed diesel with liquid cooling, direct injection, pressure charging with

the driven centrifugal compressor.

The maximal engine power (at crankshaft speed of 2000rpm) in a diesel fuel

operation is 840 hp. The diesel is constructed on the basis of the V-46 engine with

8/3/2019 tank T-90


adopting new design solutions. The same engine was also used in the latest

modifications of T-72 tanks.

The feed system is equipped with the multi-section fuel pump connected with

injectors by the high-pressure manifolds. The fuel capacity of the system is 1600 l

including two external drums, the capacity of internal fuel tanks is 705 l.

The fuel feed system of earlier T-90s repeated the T-72 one. In the T-90A there

were measures implemented to reduce its fire risk: the fuel tanks has cellular

structure and is protected.

The air supply system uses combined two-stage air cleaner. The first stage clearsthe incoming air by inertial method by means of counter-flow cyclons with

tangential air entering. The second clearing stage is taking place in oil contact

wire cartridges – 3 cartridges with wire filling, two of them are saturated with oil.

The dust that is collected during clearing is removed from the dust collector by the

ejector method. The air purification effectiveness is 0.98.

The engine has the combined oiling system of pressure type with "dry case". The

filling volume of the system is 76 l, the filling capacity of oil tanks is 27 l (main),

38 l (supplementary), and 35 l (external spare tank). The system uses the M-

16IHPZ multi-grade oil.

The liguid cooling system of the engine ensures its normal thermal operation

mode in any climate conditions. It is a closed type system with forced circulation

of coolant fluid. Air is purged through heat exchangers by the centrifugal blower.

The filling volume of the cooling system is 90 l.

To facilitate the engine start in winter conditions the tank has the preheating

system providing the oil and coolant preheating in the cooling and oiling systems.

At that the heated fluid circulates over the system and provides the engine heating,

so the normal conditions are created for easy start. The preheating system is

equipped with the spray-type heater and the coolant fluid forced circulation pump.

The heater maximal fuel consumption is 7.5 l/h.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


The engine is started by the starting system. The main start is carried out by

compressed air supplied from two air balloons of 5 l capacity. Moreover, the

engine can be started by the SG-18-1S starter-generator and by combined method

using air and the starter-generator.

Charging the starting system air balloons as well as ensuring operation of some

other systems (e.g. hydro-pneumatic clearing system for viewing devices) is

carried out by the air system. It includes the AK-150SV driven piston 3-stage 2-

cylinder air-cooled compressor, the moisture/oil separator, the filter, the valve of

air bleeding, and high pressure manifolds. The operation pressure of the system is

120…160 kg/cm2.

To prevent emergency situations there are stipulated the emergency alarm system,

the low oil pressure/low oil temperature engine start blocking system, the heater

start block/shoot off system (if the coolant liquid is absent or its level is too low

and if the temperature is too high).

TRANSMISSION

The high mobility of the tank is provided by the mechanical transmission with the

input reducer, two on-board gear boxes and coaxial on-board reducers.

The input reducer provides the engine torque is transferred to the on-board gear

boxes. It is an increasing gear reducer driving the compressor and the cooling

system fan.

The hydro-controlled planetary gearboxes have 7 forward gears and one reverse

gear. Rotary motion of the vehicle is carried out by kickdown switching of the

decelerating gearbox. The gearboxes are controlled by the hydraulic control drive

with the mechanical drive of the control valves. The gearbox drive is carried out

by the hydraulic control and oiling system. The total volume of the system is 57 l,

the filling volume of the oil tank is 42 l. The brake drive is mechanical.

8/3/2019 tank T-90


NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

THE TNA-4-3 TANK NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT PROVIDES:

automatic positioning of the tank;

automatic determination of the tank direction angle;

displaying of the tank position on a topographic map;

automatic determination of the coordinate difference between the current

tank position and the designation point.

The PAB-2 aiming circle included into the vehicle equipment set is used to

determine the direction angle in low visibility conditions and at absence of visible

reference points.

It is planned to equip all the tanks with the TNA-M "Gamma" new georeferencing

and navigation system constructed on the basis of the fiber-optical gyroscope. The

equipment is combined with the receiving/displaying equipment of the global

space positioning system (GLONASS and/or NAVSTAR). The system comprises

the course indication autopositioning system which allows determine current

spatial angle coordinates, the tank speed sensor, the sputnik positioning system,

the mapboard, the coordinator with character indicator and the course indicator.

Depending on the designation level of the commander vehicle, it can be equipped

with the "Gamma-1" or "Gamma-2" equipment which differ with their

composition and data output.

SUPPORTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

The T-90 has the direct current electrical equipment which is single-wired

excluding the alarm circuits. The tank electrical system voltage is 22-29 V. The

start circuit voltage is 48 V under the starter operation. The accumulator batteries

and the starter-generator are the power sources of the tank electrical system.

The lead-acid starter batteries are used in the T-90 tank. It is possible to install 4

8/3/2019 tank T-90


accumulators of the 12ST-85R, 6ST-140M or 6ST-140R with total capacity of

340, 280 and 280 Ah correspondingly.

The starter-generator is the SG-18-1S direct current starter-generator, protected,

with mixed excitation. It has 18 kW output at the generator mode with the voltage

of 26.5 – 28.5 V, and 21.3 kW output with 48V voltage in the starting mode.

The commander tanks are completed with the AB-1-P/28.5-V-U additional power

supply unit which represents an auxiliary generator driven from the carburettor

engine. The electrical equipment is designed to supply consumers of 1kW total

capacity (the communication equipment, the fire-prevention system) to recharge

the accumulators, etc. during a stop when the main engine does not operate.

The Tank Fording Equipment (TFE) provides hermetic sealing of the hull and the

turret at installing the removable equipment, 1st speed driving on the bottom of

water obstacles up to 1000m width and up to 5m depth using the directional

gyroscope and radio communication. Pumping equipment ensures water removing

capacity up to 100 l/min at backpressure of 0.4 kg/cm2. The removable equipment

can be mounted/dismounted within not more than 15 minutes. It is not required

any time to prepare for firing after fording.

CONDITIONING SYSTEM

For the first time in domestic tanks the SKS-3 conditioning system is provided to

ensure effective work of the crew in the hot climate conditions and to maintain the

temperature-humidity conditions in the combat compartment of the T-90. It is

designed to cool air and to supply it to the crew workplaces. The system ensures

cooling, ventilation and partial drying of the air with its supplying to the crew

compartment. Units and elements of the system are located in the engine-

transmission compartment and in the crew compartment.

The conditioning system comprises the compressor, the condenser, the receiver,

the air processing block, the moisture separator. All the units are interconnected

8/3/2019 tank T-90


into closed cooling circuit by manifolds. The system also includes air ducts, the

control block, the switching block and electric cables.

The cooling capacity of the system amounts not less than 2900W at the ambient

air temperature 50°C and the relative humidity of 45%.

Documents

tank T-90