Tania sahito iba sukkur

04/13/2023 02:52 PMSamreen And Tania Sahito 1

In The Name Of Allah,

The Most Benefeicent,

The Most Merciful.


Ratio And Percentage


Contents Ratio & Rate Proportion & Its Types Percentage And Its forms into other

fractions Profit And Loss Discount Commission Interest & Its Types Hire Purchase Taxation Exchange Rates


Ratio

Ratio is the comparasion of two similar quantaties having same unirs by dividing one by an other.

ratio are written with colon “:” symbol. The ratio of two numbers A and B is written as

A:B example : ratio of ages of two people,

comparasion of marks of two students etc.


Ratio In Our Daily Life

Simple tools are referred as 5/8,3/6 wrench

Artistic types use ratio to mix sec. And ter. Colours to make primary colours.

Great chefs work with recipes in ratios such as teaspoon/cup of an other.

In banks and accounting ratio is used asDebt/assertPrice/earning


Rate

Rate is the ratio between two measurements with different units.

Rate is not unit less while ratio has no unit.

In rates, “per” is used to separate two measurements.


Rate in daily life

Speed Bit Rate Exchange rate Tax Rate Birth Rate Litracy Rate Flux

etcetra


Proportion

Proportion says that two ratios (or fractions) are equal.

So 1-out-of-3 is equal to 2-out-of-6 The ratios are the same, so they are in

proportion.

http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/ratio.html

04/13/2023 02:52 PMSamreen And Tania Sahito

9Proportion

types

Direct Proportion

Inverse Proportion

One quantity increases when other increases.

One quantity decreases while other increaeses.


Percentage%When we say "Percent" we are really saying "per 100”.

And 25% means 25 per 100(25% of this box is green)

So 50% means 50 per 100(50% of this box is green)


Conversion of percentage into other forms of fraction Percentage to common fraction

let we have 56% ,than in will be written as 56/100 or we may further simplify it.

Percentage to decimal fractionLet we have 45%, then it will be written

in decimal as 0.45.Both types of fractions are changed into

fraction by merely multiplying the given number by 100.


Few examples for practice:

Change into common fraction:a. 23.6%=23.6/100=236/100b. 45/3%=45/3x100=45/300=15/100c. 444%=444/100=111/25 Change into decimal fractiona. 34%=34/100=0.34b. 511%=511/100=5.11


Finding the percentage of increase or decrease

A change in a value can be shown as an increase or decrease from the original value

% increase = increase in value x 100% original value

% decrease = decrease in value x 100 % original value

Decrease in value = original value – new value


Profit & Loss Profit:

Profit is simply the positive gain from a business operation or an investment after subtracting all expenses.

Profit=Selling Price – Cost priceProfit % =profit/c.p x100%

Loss:A negative difference between retail price and cost of production.loss =cost price – selling priceloss % =loss /c.p x 100%


Examples for clear understanding:1.A shopkeeper buys scientific calculators in bulk for $15 each. He

sells them for $40 each.Calculate the profit on each calculator in dollars, and as a

percentage of the cost price. Given: cost price = $15, selling price = $40 profit = selling price - cost price = $40 - $15 = $25

2.The cost price of a pen is Rs.120 and shopkeeper sells it in Rs.79 .Find the loss occurred.

Given : c.p=Rs 120 , S.P=Rs79 Loss= c.p – S.P

=120 – 79 = Rs.39


Discount

Discount is reduction on the original selling price of an item

Percentage discount is the percentage taken off the price

Discount = original selling prices – new selling prices

% discount = discount x 100% original selling prices

Discount = % discount x original prices


Discount In Daily Life

Advantages:› You make sell when others make no sell› Through this, strong relationship is build

between client and traders. Disadvantages:

› Profit Margin is cut i.e,no profit is made› Costumers may compare prices.


How to find out discount

Example:A bookseller sells a book in Rs.139 and gives discount of Rs.30 .Find market /list price of the book.

Sol. S.p=Rs.135 Discount=Rs.30 List price=? Discount=L.P – S.P L.P=S.P+Discount

L.P=139+30=Rs.169


Commission

A fee paid for services, usually a percentage of the total cost.

Example: Jack's Gallery sold Amanda's painting for $500, so Amanda paid them 10% commission ($50).

The rate of commission is the percentage earned by the seller of the total amount of goods or services sold

Commission = rate of commission x total sales

Rate of commission = commission x 100% total sales


ExampleA shopkeeper receives Rs.13 commission

for selling a dozen eggs at Rs.50 each dozen .find the commission rate.

Sol . S.P=RS.50 ,commission=Rs.13 , Commission rate=?

Commission rate=commission /S.Px100=13/50x100=Rs.26


Interest Interest is the fee or cost of using others

money.› Money barrower pays interest. › Money lender earns interest.

interest

Simple interest Compound interest


Simple interest

Simple interest is interest paid on the original principal onlyFormula:I = p× r × twhereI= Interest , P=Principal, R=interest rate , T=Time

Interest rate = simple interest x 100% principal x time

,


Example:

A sum of $ 315 was barrowed for 3 years at 3% per annum .What is simple interest and the new amount after 3 years.

Sol . P= $315 ,R=3 % T=3 I=? , New Amount =?

I=PRT I=315x3x3/100 I= $ 28.35 AnsNew amount=P+I N.A=315+28.35 N.W= $ 343.35 Ans


24Compound interest

Compound interest is the interest earned not only on the original principal, but also on all interests earned previously.

* it is calculated per year on sum of principal and interest of previous year.

Formula: I=PRTNew amount=P(1+r)n


25Hire Purchase(H.P)

Hentry Moore ,the piano maker first uesed this system in 1846.Hire purchase is the purchase of a product with a portion of the cost put down at time of purchase and the rest paid over time.

H.P= Deposit + instalment payments

Purpose of Hire Purchase

Hire purchase is important because it gives a consumer with less

financial ability, the privilege of owning goods with less money


27Tax

Tax is a payment made to the government of a country with out “ quid pro quo” i.e. nothing in return. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_tax

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_tax


Government Takes To Carry Out Functions Like :

Expenditures on war The enforcement of law and public order Protection of property To fund welfare and public services To support education systems, health

care systems

04/13/2023 02:52 PM

29

Samreen And Tania Sahito

Exchange Rate

The price of a nation’s currency in terms of another currency.It has two components.Domestic currencyForeign currency


Currency Symbol Buying Selling U.S. Dollar USD 105.65 105.90

Euro EUR 143.75 144.00 British Pound GBP 175.50 175.75 UAE Dirham AED 28.60 28.85 Saudi Riyal SAR 28.05 28.30

Kuwaiti Dinar KWD 374.25 374.50 Canadian Dollar CAD 95.50 95.75 Australian Dollar AUD 94.75 95.00

Omani Riyal OMR 272.75 273.00 Japanese Yen JPY 1.04 1.04

Malaysian Ringgit MYR 31.50 31.75 Qatari Riyal QAR 28.55 28.80

Bahrain Dinar BHD 279.50 279.75 Thai Bhat THB 3.12 3.22

Chinese Yuan CNY 17.05 17.30 Hong Kong Dollar HKD 13.25 13.50

Danish Krone DKK 19.05 19.30 New Zealand Dollar NZD 87.60 87.85

Singapore Dollar SGD 83.25 83.50 Norwegians Krone NOK 17.00 17.25

Swedish Krona SEK 16.00 16.25 Swiss Franc CHF 117.25 117.50

Indian Rupee INR 1.60 1.65


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Tania sahito iba sukkur