Preparation, physico chemical analysis of samanya and vishesha shodhana of Tamra and Toxic study of tamra Bhasma - Dr. S.V. Teggi, Department of rasashastra, Post graduate studies and research center, Shri D. G. Melmalagi Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag
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1. PHYSICOCHEMICALANALYSISOFSAMANYA&VISHESHASHODITA
TAMRAANDTOXICOLOGICALSTUDYOFTAMRABHASMA By DR. SHAMBHULING. V.
TEGGI DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF
HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI M.D. In RASASHASTRA UNDER THE
GUIDANCE UNDER THE CO-GUIDANCE DR.DILIPKUMAR.B. DR.
GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR M.D.(R.S) M.D(R.S) Asst.Professor Lecturer.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE. GADAG 582103 2006 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
2. DECLARATIONI here by declare that this dissertation entitled
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OFSAMANYA AND VISHESHA SHODHITA TAMRA AND
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDYOF TAMRA BHASMA is a bonafide and genuine
research work carried out by meunder the guidance of
Dr.Dilipkumar.B. Asst.Professor. Department of Rasashatra,Post
Graduate cum Research Center, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical College,
Gadag 582103Date: Dr.Shambhuling.V.Teggiplace: Gadag.
3. ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL/HEAD OF THEDepartment of
Post Graduate INSTITUTATION Post Graduate cum Research
Center,Studies in RASASHASTRA D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag
582103 J.S.V.V. SAMITES ENDORSEMENT I here by declare that this
dissertation entitled PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA AND
VISHESHA SHODHITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA is
a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Shambhuling.V.Teggi
under the guidance of Dr.Dilipkumar.B. Asst.Professor. Department
of Rasashastra Post Graduate Studies &
Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post
Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.
Dr.M.C.PATIL.M.D. (AYU) Dr.G.B.PATIL. Professor. & HOD.
PRINCIPAL Post Graduate Department of RASASHASTRA
4. Department of Post graduate Post Graduate cum Research
Center, Studies in RASASHASTRA D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College
Gadag 582103 J.S.V.V. SAMITES CERTIFICATE I here by declare that
this dissertation entitled PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA AND
VISHESHA SHODHITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA is
a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Shambhuling.V.Teggi
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in RASASHASTRA of Rajiv Gandhi University
of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka. Guide Date:
Dr.Dilipkumar.B. Place: Gadag. M.D.(R.S). Asst.Professor.
Department Rasashatra Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M.A.M.C
Gadag 582103
5. Department of Post graduate D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College
&Studies in RASASHASTRA Post Graduate cum Research Center Gadag
582103 Dist: Gadag J.S.V.V. SAMITES CERTIFICATEI here by declare
that this dissertation entitled PHYSICO-CHEMICALANALYSIS OF SAMANYA
AND VISHESHA SHODHITA TAMRA ANDTOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
is a bonafide and genuineresearch work done by
Dr.Shambhuling.V.Teggi in partial fulfillment of therequirement for
the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra ofRajeev
Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Co-GuideDate: Dr.Girish.N.DanappagoudarPlace: Gadag. M.D.(R,S.)
Lecturer. Department Rasashatra Post Graduate cum Research Center
D.G.M.A.M.C Gadag 582103
6. COPYRIGHT Declaration by the candidate I here by declare
that the Rajeev Gandhi University of Health Sciences,Karnataka
shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this
dissertation inprint or electronic format for academic / research
purpose.Date: Dr.Shambhuling.V.Teggi.Place: Gadag Rajiv Gandhi
University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am extremely grateful to my respected and
honorable principalDr. G.B.Patil.for providing all the facilities
and encouragement to make this studysuccess. It is great pleasure
for me to express my gratitude with profound respect to myrevered
Guide Dr. Dilpkumar B.M.D. (Ayu) Assit. Professor. and Dr. M.C.
Patil. M.D.(Ayu) H.O.D, Department of P.G. Studies in Rasashastra.
for his indefatigable andindefeasible guidance, his constant
inspiration and encouragement gave meconsiderable impetus and
co-operation through out my study. I am grateful to my co-guide Dr.
Girish. Danappagoudar. MD (Ayu) Lecturer,Dept. of Rasashastra. for
his continuous Guidelines and valuable suggestionsthroughout the
studies. I am highly grateful to Dr. Jagadish Matti. MD (Ayu) Dept.
of Rasashastra.For his moral encouragement valuable suggestions and
help. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. V. Varadacharyulu M.D
(Ayu), Dr.Mulgund M.D (Ayu), Dr. K. S. R. Prasad M.D (Ayu), Dr.
Kuber Sankh M.D(Ayu), Dr.Gacchinamath and other PG staff for their
constant encouragement. I sincerely thanks to Dr. Jaggal.
Dr.S.S.Gangoor. Dr.V.M.Sabarada Dr.A.I.Akkifor his valuable advises
throughout my dissertation work. I express heartful thanks to my
wife Dr.Tanuja and daughter Anusha and MasterAkshaya for her
inspiration and encouragement. i
8. I wish to express thanks to my colleagues Dr, Lingareddi Dr.
Ananda, Dr.Sharanu Dr. Suvarna Dr.Anitha Dr. V.S.H.iremata
Dr.Koteshwar Dr. PradeepAgnihotri, Dr.Basavaraj. Ganti,
Dr.M.V.Sobagin.,Dr. Saswihalli, Dr Rudrakshi Dr.Kavitha Dr. Katti
and other scholars of my college I am sincerely thanks to Dr. H. R.
Chitme, M.Pharm., Ph.D. -Assoc. ProfessorH. S. K. College of
Pharmacy Bagalkot Project Director, Mr. G. S. Hiremath,
M.PharmPharmacologist, Mr. D. Nandeesh, M.Pharm. Toxicologist. Mrs.
Praveena ChillaleM. Sc.- Research Officer, Statistician and H. S.
K. College of Pharmacy Bagalkotother staff for their valuable
co-operation and suggestions in Toxicological studies. I express my
gratitude to Dr. S..A.Kori PROF Dept of Mechanical engineering
andRaju Kurahatti ASST PROF. Basaveshwar engineering college
Bagalkot and staff for hisvaluable advises in Physical and Chemical
study I sincerely thankful to Sri. Nandakumar Statistician for his
kind help and co-operation in statistical data analysis. I am ever
grateful to those who have helped me directly and indirectly
tocomplete this dissertation. Dr.Shambhuling.V.Teggi. ii
9. ABBREVIATIONS1. A.K -Anandakanda2. A.P -Ayurveda Prakasha3.
AS -Astanga sangraha4. B.P. Bhavaprakasha5. B.R -Bhaishaja
Ratnavali6. C.S -Charaka Samhita7. Dh.NI. -Dhanwantri nighantu8.
R.J.N -Rasajalanidhi9. R.K.D. -Rasakamadenu10. R.T. Rasa
tarangini11. R.C - Rasendra Chudamani12. R.K. Rasa Ratnakara13.
R.S.S - Rasendra sara sangra14. R.H.T. Rasa Hridaya Tantra15. R.Mr.
- Rasamrutha.16. R.P.S. -Rasaprakasha sudhakar17. R.R.S. Rasa
rathna samuchaya18. R.M. - Rasa manjiri19. S.B.M. Sidda bhaisajya
manu20. S.S. -Susrutha sahimtha21. Sa.Ni -Saideva Nigantu22. V.R.
Vasarajiyam23. Y.R. -Yoga ratnakar iii
10. ABSTRACTBackground & objective: If Tamra Bhasma is not
prepared with a proper shodhana & marana Navishamvishamuchyate
tamra vishamuchyate is the classical verdict. This interested us to
knowthe exact changes that occur in tamra so that it changes from
visha to a celebratedtherapeutic tool.Methods Tamra was subjected
to samanya shodhana as described in RRS. After thesamanya shodhana
it was subjected to vishesha shodhana. It these two processes
whichare attributed to have anti-toxicological activity on tamra.
Samanya & vishesha shuddhatamra was taken up for evaluation of
physico- chemical analysis.Tamra bhasma was doneas per RRS &
was evaluated with siddhi lakshanas described in RRS. The
lakshanasevaluated were apunarbhava, waritara, nishchandra, avami,
niruttha, rekhapoornata, andnirdhooma & amladravya pareeksha.
In addition the bhasma was taken up for a toxicitystudy.Results The
tamra when subjected for samanya shodhana was becoming brittler
& harderwith each nirvapa. The malleability & ductility of
the metal was decreasingprogressively. Tamra had lost its metallic
lusture at the end of the process & had ablackish
discoloration.The toxicity studies on swiss albino mice showed no
toxicity at 3.0mg/kg dosage, whichtranslates in 57.26 - 286.53 mg
for an adult dosage. The Tamra Bhasma dosage being 1/4to1 ratti
i.e. (30mg-120 mg). iv
11. Interpretation & conclusion: The shodhana (Samanya
& vishesha) makes the tamra hard & brittle so that
thebhasma process becomes easier.The tamra bhasma thus prepared is
safe even at 5 timesthe highest therapeutic dosage. Improperly
prepared tamra bhasma produces all the classical visha
lakshanasdescribed under tamra visha lakshanasKey words:
Tamrabhasma, Samanya shodhana, visesha shodhana, marana. v
12. CONTENTS Chapter Page No.1. Introduction 1-052. Objectives
63. Review of Literature 7-704. Materials and Methods 71-1375.
Results 138-1486. Discussion 149-1567. Conclusion 1578. Summary
158-1599. References i-xv10. Appendix vi
13. LIST OF TABLES Sl Tables Page N0 No 01 Synonyms of tamra 28
02 Rasa of tamra 32 03 Guna of tamra 33 04 Virya of tamra 33 05
Vipaka of tamra 33 06 Karma of tamra 34 07 Asudda tamra dosha 36 08
Tamra shodhana 39 09 Various drugs used in Tamra shodhana 41 10
Classification of Hingula according to ancient period 52 11 Rasa of
Hingula 54 12 Synonyms of Parada 57 13 Vernacular names of Parada
58 14 Synonyms of Gandhaka 61 15 Gandhaka shodhana 62 16
Dalana,Bhavana, and Swedana of Gandhaka 62 17 Properties of shudda
Gandhaka 63 18 Hingula shodhana 75 19 Gandhaka shodhana 80 20 Toxic
study of schedule 112 21 Dosage schedule 124 22 Body weight changes
and Pre-terminal deaths 125 23 Organ to body weight ratio(g) at
300mg/kg PO 126 24 Histopathological Observations 126 25 Toxic
sign, Pre-terminal deaths 130 26 After discontinuing treatment ( 30
days expt ) 131LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS: Sl. No Photographs Page No 1
Toxic study of tamra bhasma 129 2 Toxic study of tamra bhasma 129
vii
14. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Science is not a sudden
invention. It is a gradual evolution. Science is theintellectual
process for using all of the mental and physical resources
available inorder to better understand. Ayurveda as a science is
not an exception for it. It is not justa curative medicine, but
also it teaches the way to live long healthy and happy life.
Ayurveda is one of the systems of medicine in the world. Among so
manysystems of medicine it has its own identities. Because, it
deals with health as well asdisease. The aims of Ayurveda are
preserving and promoting health as well as preventingand curing
diseases. Ayurveda defines swastha as one whose physical,
spiritual, socialand environmental aspects are in a good harmony.
Ayurveda has taken maximum care to consider even routine events of
the dailylife in view of their vital role in promoting health and
preventing disease. Almost everysource of life and matter
surrounding human being has been in use for treating thedisease.
The scientific approach to understand anything involves
observation,measurement of entities that can be quantitated the
accumulation of data, andanalysis of the findings distinguished
from an intuitive approach. Also science isthe light an intuitive
approach. Also science is the light thrown an silent factswhich are
hidden in the word-womb. The imperishable fundamentals of Ayurveda,
which were laid down by thegreat sages of the olden days are still
applicable because of their scientific eternalbackground. Such
fundamentals must be subjected to scientific research not onlyto
prove its certainly but also to add something new to the existing
knowledge. 1PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA
SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
15. INTRODUCTION Rasa Shastras deals with various
pharmaceutical process of Shodhana, Maranaand other different
formulatory methods viz Parpati, Potali, Kupipakva rasayana. Out
ofthese Bhasmas are more commonly used in practised for treatment
purpose. Bhasmas areunique preparations, which are prepared by Puta
system, which is categorically, indicatedifferent kinds of putas
(incineration processes) for different kinds of metals and
mineralsaccording to their physical and chemical characters. By the
process of Marana by usingputa paka metals and minerals get
converted into the form of Bhasma (organometalliccompounds) becomes
micro fine form. A careful survey of the original texts on
Rasasastra shows that the subjectcovers the entire field of
inorganic pharmaceutical preparations like metallic, non-metallic
compound of Ayurvedic materia medica.On internal administration
ofmetals and minerals i.e. Rasausadhis, in unprocessed or
misprocessed form, theyare very toxic but when scientifically
Shodhana and Marana of these substancesare done with some special
processes, they became non-toxic or least toxic withlow untoward
effects and can be used therapeutically with high gratitude
ofefficacy,.Alpasyapi Maharthatwam Prabhutasyalpa Karmatam Kuryat
SamyogaVishlesha Kalasamskar Yukti Bhihi1 This means that by
administering a little quantity of medicine should showmore
results. This property of the medicine will be achieved when it
goes throughparticular samskaras. Rasa Shastra which developed as a
fragrance of Ayurveda in peak at the medieval 2PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
16. INTRODUCTION period highlights Tamra in duel forms i.e.
Dhatu Vada and Deha Vada even, later duringthe budding of Chikista
Vada itself Tamra was signified and to make it a homologous tothe
body the various methods were attributed by various Acharyas and
almost all of themhave praised the processing of Tamra with Parada
for the desired action in the humanbody Healthy or Diseased.
Information available on Tamra from coinage period to 20thcentury
self indicate its importance through-out, past, present and future.
Our present dilemma is that a large quantity of continuously
expanding andchanging informations, gradual over powering of our
clinical hands and works by theimplant manufacturing houses and
highly technical and costly equipments are smartlyavailable, yet
more and faster information services have not been significantly
translatedinto better care of patients. Even with appropriate
information an experienced clinicianwill be reluctant to change his
mind, management protocols & treatment behavior, untilthe new
principles and techniques have established their credentials
harmlessly with wideacceptance. Research is a scientific and
unbiased study, investigation or experimentation inorder to
establish facts and analyse their significance. Research is done
for establishingnew facts, reconfirming old facts or correcting and
modifying them. Research is to findout truth through new light on
old facts, concepts and practices. There is sample proofthat
appropriate research was done even at the time, when original
Ayurvediccompendias were written, rightly highlighted by Charaka as
- Parikshya Kareno hiKushala Bhavanti.Classics pinpoint the
importance attached to Research in Ayurveda.Rasashasta is a very
prominent example of research in Ayurveda. Research work is theonly
means for the development of any branch of science. Rasashastra is
not an 3PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA
TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
17. INTRODUCTION exemption to it. Moreover, Rasashastra having
an antique background has lost itscontinuity at several places due
to several reasons. The discontinuity leads tomisconception
regarding earlier procedures and principles. Later, scholars
andcommentators tried to fulfill the lacunae to some extent; still
the present generation is indilemma regarding the precious concepts
explained in Rasashastra due to over shadow ofmodern science.
Research work is only away to procure the necessary knowledge to
re-link thisdiscontinuity. Bhasmas are the most potent
pharmaceutical preparation of Rasashastra.All the metals and
minerals are usually used after MARANA. The classical texts
ofRasashastra have given several methods of incineration of the
substances like Mercury,Orpiment etc. These substances which are
unstable in the lowest heat have createddifferent opinions among
the some, about getting their Bhasmas but there are plenty
ofevidences for preparation of their Bhasmas. Some what similar
explanation is seen in Charaka Vimana 8th chapterwhere a hypothesis
laid out by a Scholar is explained as Siddhanta the analysis of
thesame in experimental, clinical like various angles as Bahuvidha
Pariksha then prove thehypothesis with valid reasons as Hetubhihi
Sadayitwa by which we can establish theconclusion as Sthapayitwa
Nirnaya. In a nut shell Hypothesis examined by properlyplanned
experiments and critically discussed data and arrived at reasonable
conclusiononly as command the attention of the seekers of truth. By
this way only, we can re-establish our faith in old truths
mentioned in our Shastras and also expand the area of ourknowledge,
develop and add to our present fund of knowledge and advance in
newintruded directions. 4PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA &
VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
18. INTRODUCTION With this view of signifying Tamra, and there
analytical and toxical study viewTamra Bhasma was selected for the
study and as a part of Bio-standardization of the testdrug,
5PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA
AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
19. OBJECTIVES Aims and Objectives of the Study 1. Samanya
Shodhana of Tamra. 2. Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra. 3. Preparation of
Tamra Bhasma 4. Physicochemical analysis of Ashodhita Tamra. 5.
Physicochemical analysis of Samanya Shodhana of Tamra. 6.
Physicochemical analysis of Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra. 7.
Toxicological study of Tamra Bhasma 6PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
20. REWIEWOFLITERATURE REWIEW OF LITERATURE - DRUG RIVIEW 1.
Histological review 2. Synonyms 3. Name in different language
chemical symbol 4. Types 5. Grahya tamra laxana 6. Availability 7.
Agrahya tamra laxana 8. Pharmacodynamics i. Guna ii. Rasa iii.
Virya iv. Vipaka v. Karma 9. Uses 10. Vishalaxana of Ashodhita
tamra bhasma 11. Samanya & vishesha shodhana method 12. Marana
13. Amrutikarana 7PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA &
VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
21. REWIEWOFLITERATUREHistological review: History makes a
young man to be old without either wrinkles or gray
hairs;privileging him with the experience of age without either the
infirmities orinconveniences these of. - Fuller. The above
statement apply defines the need for a through historical review
priorto dealing with the subject matter. For convenience, the
historical review is done undervarious headings. Tamra is an age
old metal of coinage are or also named as copper ageand its
presence in all the ages signifies the importance of Tamra.Rigveda:
* Tamra is discussed in 5/58/2 where Karkana Dharana is seen. *
Also Tamra used as ornaments 5/53/4. * Tarma used as utensils,
weapons etc. even.Yajurveda: * Tamra is quite evident in Yajurveda
even * Few of commentators on Yajurveda opine Loha as Tamra and
Shyama as Ayas because while explaining Rajata, Swarna etc. Loha
colour minics as Tamra Varna i.e. Aruna or Babru Varna which are
found in Tamra and not in Ayas.Shukla Yajurveda:Few of the
commentators like Mahidhara Acharya opine that Sesa of Shukla
Yajurvedaas Tamra.Atharvaveda:Here clearly Tamra is explained as
one among the 3lakhs i.e. Tamra, Kamsya & Pittalawhich were
used for ornaments & also Tamra Suci is mentioned. 1/34/6,
1/34/7, 20/8/31 8PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA &
VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
22. REWIEWOFLITERATUREBrahmana Grantha: Tamra Mudra was used
because Tamra was Mridu and can be mould to any shapeif
necessary.Shatapatha and Gopatha Brahmana: * Raktayas i.e. Red
coloured metal is explained as Tamra. * Tamra Patra is
mentioned.Grihya Sutra: * Tamra as Suryaloha * Tamra for Yantra
Nirmana was in practice.Dharma Sutra: * Tamra is considered as
Pavitra. * Gautamadi Rishis made a rule for Yajna that the vessels
should be of Tamra this is most sacred.Puranas: * In Varahs Purana
Tamra Utpatti is explained. * In Devi Bhagavata Common man used
Tamra.Smriti Yuga: * In Manu Smriti for measurements like Karsha,
Para etc. use of only copper vessels are explained. * Also Tamra
Patra cleansing is told by the use of Kshara 5/114Charaka Samhita:
* Bahya & Abhyantara Prayoga of Tamra is explained. * For Visha
Chikitsa 9PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA
SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
23. REWIEWOFLITERATURE * For Hrd Shuddhi after Vamana also
various references is explained scattered In Charaka Samhita few of
them are Charaka Sutra 1/70, 1/131, 1/132, 5/74.Charaka Sharira
3/16, Charaka Indriya 1/18, Charaka Chikista 1/3/47, 49;1/3/58;
1/4/22; 7/117,118; 17/125; 21/131; 23/267,269; 26/246; 26/254,255.
Charaka Siddhi 3/7.Sushruta Samhita: * Rasa, Guna, Virya etc. are
explained in Su. Su 46/327, * As Rasanjana to increase Dristi Bala
etc. Sh. Su 18/85 also other references of Tamra in Sushruta
Samhita are found scattered through out three text of them are:
Sushruta Samhita Sushruta Sutra: 38/30; 45/11; 46/361Sushruta
Chikista: 12/9; 18/19; 19/20.Sushruta Uttara: 11/5; 12/3; 12/6;
13/7; 12/8; 12/10; 12/11; 12/12; 12/14; 15/11; 17/38; 17/43; 18/7;
18/30, 3; 42/25.Ashtanga Sangraha: * In Sutra 22 Tamra Guna, Virya
is explained. * Also scattered information is seen throughout the
book.Harita Samhita: * In the form of Shikhi Pichcha and Kamsya
even is explained. * Also reference of Tamra is Prathama Sthana
5/38 & 5/41, 42 and in Tritiya Sthana 7/42.Also similarly
references in Kashyapa Samhita and Bhava Prakasha also are quite
evident.Maurya and Nanda dynasty:Tamra Mudra as Raja Mudra but not
in general market, it was only for official use. 10PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
24. REWIEWOFLITERATUREKautilya Arthashastra: * Seven Dhatus are
mentioned among that Tamra is one. * Akiradhyaksha (Treasurer) was
suppose to protect Tamra along with gold & silver.Jaina Period:
* Mining of Tamra is mentioned. * Melting of Tamra was known. *
Seraka and Savaraka worked for progress of metals including
Tamra.Aryakala: * There were experts in India & people around
the world came to India to learn the techniques of mining. Attained
metal was examined for purity or else the impure was
discarded.Shukranitisara: * Dhatu avshadi methods
developed.Bhartrihari Niti Shataka; * Reference of Tamra is
seen.Rudra Yamnala TantraIn Sloka 14, 63 and 73. * Dhatu Khanija
Marana Prakara * Shulba Jirna Prayoga * Shulbabhra Vidhana etc.
explained. But in detail about the types, Shodhana Marana etc. is
mentioned in almost all the 11PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA
& VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA
BHASMA
25. REWIEWOFLITERATURE Rasagranthas.Books like Rasarnava, Rasa
Hridaya Tantra etc. which areconsidered as the oldest classic in
these texts Tamra is used in Dhatu Vidya but oraladministration of
Tamra is not very clear, but they have mentioned about the Bhasma
inthe text suggests they knew the techniques of Bhasmikarana. Later
during 12th century as in Rasendra Chudamani Tamra Bhedha,
ShrostaTamra Sakshana, Shodhana Marana is explained. Somanathiya
Tamra Bhasma a specialmethod of preparing Tamra Bhasma with parade
etc. is explained possibily for the firsttime. Later more details,
the use of Tamra is various pharmaceutics etc. is also explainedin
later Granthas of 13th on Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara and Rasa Ratna
Samuchchaya. InRasendra Chintamani of 14th on of Dundukanatha Tamra
Bhasma Guna equating toSwarna is explained also Rajata Tamra
Parpati Vidhana and by Tamra Yoga Virya PusthiDipana Deha Dridata,
Divya Drishti, Dhirgayu etc. are explained also used in -
Shoola,Amlapitta, Swayathu, Yakshma & Kushta Roga with Tamra as
medicine is explained thisexplains about the oral administration as
advanced in later text is evident. InRasapaddhathi of 16th Century.
With devigana Gandhaka and preparing SomanathiyaTamra Bhasma in
Bhanda Yatra is explained. In 17th Century. In Ayurveda Prakasha
theParadena Marita Tamra Bhasma as Sachandrika Yukta is explained.
Also in Rasa KarmaDhanu, Rasa Chudamani and Yoga Ratnakara detailed
Tamra Shodhana, Marana etc.mentioned. Yoga Ratnakara Bhasma as
Kupipakeva Rasayana in a Kupi over ValukaYantra. Rasa Tarangini,
Rasa Yoga Sagara and Bharata Bheshaja Ratnakara of the 20thcentury
Tamra in a separate chapter etc. is been explained.By this method
of study itsquite evident that initially Tamra was used as Dhatu
Vidya then later entered by 12PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA
& VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA
BHASMA
26. REWIEWOFLITERATURERasacharyas is Chikista Kshetra in
various compound preparations and as many ofpharmaceutical
preparations. Sindhu Pradesha Harappa, Punjab etc. copper items
were excavated. Harappa Mohenjodaro as per the available reference
it was demolished &reconstruct 3 times hence forth layer by
layer foundation is excavated and copper wasfound in the oldest
foundation zone itself suggests the availability of copper in
earliercivilizations itself. 400yrs before this in Babylonion
civilization also in Irau copper instrumentswere found. A China
scholar 3081 yr before, Jha a person from Turkistan basically &
establishedin West China at this time copper & Kashya were
given as gifts. Mishra Pyranids as per written on papyrus in this
book its written that kdg of copperon 5000yr ago. Afghanistan,
China, Lydia, India Mudra of copper found. Cypriyarm was name of
copper. During Rome Kanayasam. Late Rome Cupriyam Later into
Cuppram English - Copper During Roman civilization as gold was
costly copper was famous. Cupriyam cu = earth, priyam found Copper
was found (Priyam) of Bhoomi (Cu). 13PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
27. REWIEWOFLITERATUREHistoric review of copper As medicine in
modern view2: The first recorded medical use of copper is found in
the Smith Papyrus, one of theoldest books known. The papyrus is an
Egyptian medical text, written between 2600 and2200 B.C. which
records the use of copper to sterilize chest wounds and to
sterilizedrinking water. Other early reports of coppers medicinal
use are found in the EbresPapyrus, written around 1500 B.C. The
Ebers Papyrus documents medicine practiced inancient Egypt and in
other cultures that flourished many centuries earlier.
Coppercompounds were recommended for headaches, trembling of the
limbs (perhapsreferring to epilepsy or St. Vitus dance) burn
wounds, itching and certain growths in theneck, some of which were
probably boils. Forms of copper used for the treatment ofdisease
ranged from metallic copper carbonate. It could also have been
chrysocolla, acopper silicate or even copper chloride, which forms
on copper exposed to seawater. Inthe first century A.D.,
Dioscorides, in his book De Materia Medica described a method of
making another green pigment knownas verdigris by exposing metallic
copper to the vapors of boiling vinegar. In this process,blue-green
copper acetate forms on the copper surface. Verdigris and blue
vitriol (coppersulfate) were used, among other things, in remedies
for eye ailments such as bloodshoteyes, inflamed or bleary eyes,
fat in the eyes (trachoma?). In the Hippocratic Collection (named
for, although not entirely written by, theGreek physician
Hippocrates, 460 to 380 B.C.), copper is recommended for the
treatmentof leg ulcers associated with varicose veins. To prevent
infection of fresh wounds, theGreeks sprinkled a dry powder
composed of copper oxide and copper sulfate on thewound. Another
antiseptic wound treatment at the time was a boiled mixture of
honey 14PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA
TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
28. REWIEWOFLITERATUREand red copper oxide. The Greeks has easy
access to copper since the metal was readilyavailable on the island
of Kypros (Cyprus) from which the Latin name for copper,cuprum, is
derived. By the time the Roman physician Aulus Corelius Celsus
began practicingmedicine, during the reign of Tiberius (14 to 37
A.D.), copper and its derivatives hadbeen firmly established as an
important drug in the medical practitioners pharmacopoeia.In Celsus
series, De Medicina, books one through and the form of copper most
effectivefor each ailment. For the treatment of venereal disease,
for example, Celsus prescribed aremedy consisting of pepper, myrrh,
saffron, cooked antimony sulfide and copper oxide.These were first
pounded together in dry wine and when dry, once again
poundedtogether in raisin wine and heated until dry. For a
non-healing chronic ulcer treatmentconsisted of copper oxide and
other ingredients including enough rose oil to give a
softconsistency. Pliny (23 to 79 A.D.) described a number of
remedies involving copper. Blackcopper oxide was given with honey
to remove intestinal worms. Diluted and injected asdrops into
nostrils, it cleared the head and when taken with honey or honey
water, itpurged the stomach. It was given for eye roughness eye
pain and mistiness, andulceration of the mouth. It was blown into
the ears to relieve ear problems. In the New World the Aztecs also
copper for medical purpose. Don Francisco deMendoza commissioned
two learned Aztec Indian Physicians to record thepharmacological
treatments known by the Aztecs at the time of the Conquest. For
thetreatment of Faucium Calor (literally, heat of the throat, or
sore throat) they prescribedgargling with a mixture of ingredients
containing copper. Copper was also employed in 15PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
29. REWIEWOFLITERATUREancient India and Persia to treat lung
diseases. The tenth century book, LiberFundamentorum Pharmacologie
describes the use of copper compounds for medicinalpurposes in
ancient Persia. Powered malachite was sprinkled on boils, copper
acetate aswell as and copper oxide were used for diseases of the
eye and for the elimination ofyellow bile Nomadic Mongolian tribes
treated and healed ulcers of venereal origin withorigin with orally
administered copper sulfate. It was reported that, during the
choleraepidemics in Paris of 1832, 1849 and 1852 copper workers
were immune to the disease. Turning to more modern times, the first
observation of coppers role in theimmune system was published in
1867 when it was reported that, during the choleraepidemics in
Paris of 1832, 1849 and 1852 copper workers were immune to the
disease.More recently coppers role in the immune system has been
supported by observationsthat individuals suffering from Menkes
disease (an inherited disease in which there isdefective copper
absorption and metabolism) generally die of immune
system-relatedphenomena and other infections. Further, animals
deficient in copper have been shown tohave increased susceptibility
to bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Listeria.Evidence
such as this has led researchers to suggest strongly that copper
compounds notonly cure disease but also aid in the prevention of
disease. In 1895, Kobert published his review of the
pharmacological actions of coppercompounds. Copper arsenate had
been used to treat acute and chronic diarrhea as well asdysentery
and cholera. A variety of inorganic copper preparations were found
to beeffective in treating chronic adenitis eczema, impetigo,
scorphulosis, tubercularinfections, lupus syphilis, anemias, chorea
and facial neuralgia. An organic complex ofcopper developed by
Bayer was shown to have curative powers in the treatment of
16PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA
AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
30. REWIEWOFLITERATUREtuberculosis. Copper treatment for
tuberculosis continued until the 1940s, and variousphysicians
reported on their success in using copper preparations in
intravenousinjections. Finnish copper miners were unaffected by
arthritis as long as they worked inthe mining industry. In 1939,
the German physician, Werner Hangarter, notice thatFinnish copper
miners were unaffected by arthritis as long as they worked in the
miningindustry. This was particularly striking since rheumatism was
a widespread disease inFinland, and workers in other industries and
other towns had more rheumatic diseasesthan did the copper miners.
This observation led Finish medical researches plus theGermans,
Hangarter and Lubke, to begin their now classic clinical trials
using an aqueousmixture of copper chloride and sodium salicylate.
They successfully treated patientssuffering from rheumatic fever,
rheumatoid arthritis, neck and back problems as well assciatica.
Until recently just as in Plinys time, the medical profession used
copper sulfateas a means to clinically induce vomiting. This is
based on the fact that one of the bodysnatural physiological
responses to prevent copper intoxication is vomiting. A manual
ofPharmacology and its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology,
published by W.B.Saunders Company in 1957 recommends the use of
0.5gm of copper sulfate dissolved ina glass of water, in a single
dose, or three doses, of three doses of 0.25gm fifteen minutesapart
for this purpose. Since, 1934, it has been known that individuals
suffering fromsuch diseases as scarlet fever, diphtheria,
tuberculosis, arthritis, malignant tumors andlymphogranulomas
exhibit an elevation of copper in their blood plasma. Since then,
thelist of maladies bringing about such elevation has been extended
to fever, wounds, ulcers,pain, seizures, cancers, carcinogenesis,
diabetes, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular 17PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
31. REWIEWOFLITERATUREdiseases and irradiation and tissue
stresses, including restricted blood flow. This suggeststhat this
redistribution of copper in the body has a general role in
responding tophysiological disease or injury stress. On the other
hand, the elevation of copper in theaffected organ has led some to
postulate that it was this excess of copper that caused thedisease.
Nonetheless, this elevation of copper in diseased states is
suggested to accountfor the natural synthesis of copper-dependent
regulatory proteins and enzymes in thebody required for biochemical
responses to stress. It may be that these natural coppercomplexes
expedite the relief of stress and the repair of tissues. Thus, it
appears that inaddition to the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal
activity of inorganic copper compounds asrecognized by the ancients
metallo-organic complexes of copper have medicinalcapabilities that
are fundamental to the healing process itself.Literary reviewModern
research abstracts on Tamra Few of research papers published in
internet or elsewhere were done at thefollowing centres as
highlighted. 1. Copper is necessary for formation of one of the
apparent super power antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD)*Its
also critical for the creation of collagen, a core protein found in
bones, connective tissues and skin.*Copper plays a role in blood
pressure control, cholesterol and glucose metabolism and enzyme3.
2. Without copper scientists claim that cells cant produce energy,
metabolize iron or detoxify free radicals. Without copper, we cant
grow blood vessels, synthesize neuropeptides that control muscle
contractions, or make the collagen that gives our skin its
elasticity4. 18PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA
SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
32. REWIEWOFLITERATURE 3. Scientist has reviewed a wide variety
of copper complexes that have potent anti inflammatory activity
when administered to humans or animals5. 4. When copper supplements
are given to animals or humans, the additional dietary copper has
been found to lower carcinogenesis and tumor growth, inhibit the
development of cardiovascular problems and revers many inflammatory
effects6. 5. Copper and its complexes stimulate a protein control
and scientists say that human embryos lacking control are aborted
spontaneously7. 6. The first modern research on the subject of
copper medicinal substances was by Prof. John R. J. Sorenson of the
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
W. H. O., in 1966, demonstrated that copper complexes have
therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases
using doses that are non toxic. *Copper alone have shown to prevent
or even cure the ulceration of the stomach and intestines*Copper
plays an important role in iron absorption and transport.*Copper is
a component of or a co factor for approximately so different
enzymes. These enzymes need copper to function properly8. 7. Copper
is a necessity of for: --"cleaning" of the organism from the
excesses of free radicals, biogenic amines and cholesterol --the
proper synthesis of hemoglobin, elastin, collagen and probably
thyroid hormones.*Copper provides the energy formed in the
respiratory chain and needed for biochemical syntheses and proper
physical activity9. 8. New biochemical and crystallographic
evidence define copper as being necessary for structural and
catalytic properties of cuproenzymes. *Mechanisms responsible
19PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA
AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
33. REWIEWOFLITERATURE for the control of cuproprotein gene
expression are not known in mammals; however, studies using yeast
as a eukaryote model support.The existence of a copper-dependent
gene regulatory element. Diets in Western Countries provide copper
below or in the low range of the estimated safe and adequate daily
dietary intake. *Copper deficiency is usually the consequence of
decreased copper stores at birth, inadequate dietary copper intake,
poor absorption; elevated requirements induced by rapid growth, or
increased copper losses. *The most frequent clinical manifestations
of copper deficiency are anemia, neutropenia, and bone
abnormalities. Recommendations for dietary copper intake and total
copper exposure, including that from potable water, should consider
that copper is an essential nutrient with potential toxicity if the
load exceeds tolerances range of safe intakes should be defined for
the general population, including lower safe intake and an upper
safe intake, to prevent deficiency as well as toxicity for most of
the population10. 9. Coppers role in connective tissue is linked to
the enzyme lysyl oxidase. From a biochemical perspective, copper is
a cofactor for the enzyme and a determinant of its activity in
connective tissues. *Lysyl oxidase catalyses a post-translational
oxidation of certain lysine and hydroxylysine residues. The
peptidyl aldehydes so formed become active centre for the formation
of cross-links in collagen and elastin. Less well understood is how
copper controls the steady-state activity of lysyl oxidase; the
enzyme fails in copper deficiency. *Giving copper to a deprived
animal increases lysyl oxidase activity in aortic tissue. Such
activation in vivo appears to require caeruloplasmin. Suspending
aortic tissue in a copper-enriched 20PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
34. REWIEWOFLITERATURE growth medium also activates lysyl
oxidase provided that tissue structure is kept intact. Activation
in vitro occurs with the binding of copper to a large-molecular-
weight component, presumably the enzyme. Binding will not occur if
protein synthesis is blocked.*these studies clearly show that the
synthesis of mature elastin and collagen can be controlled by the
availability of copper. They further suggest that transport of
copper to aortic tissue and its engagement to lysyl oxidase are
linked to the synthesis or lysyl oxidase, an extracellular carrier,
or both11. 10. Copper ions can adopt distinct redox states oxidized
Cu(II) or reduced (I), allowing the metal to play a pivotal role in
cell physiology as a catalytic cofactor in the redox chemistry of
enzymes, mitochondrial respiration, iron absorption, free radical
scavenging and elastin cross-linking. *If present in excess, free
copper ions can cause damage to cellular components and a delicate
balance between the uptake and efflux of copper ions determines the
amount of cellular copper.*In biological systems, copper
homeostasis has been characterized at the molecular.It is
coordinated by several proteins such as glutathione,
metallothionein, Cu-transporting P-type ATPases, Menkes and Wilson
proteins and by cytoplasmic transport proteins called copper
chaperones to ensure that it is delivered to specific subcellular
compartments and thereby to copper-requiring proteins12. 11. Copper
is required for infant growth, host defense mechanisms, bone
strength, red and white cell maturation, iron transport,
cholesterol and glucose metabolism myocardial contractility, and
brain development. *Copper deficiency can result in
21PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA
AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
35. REWIEWOFLITERATURE the expression of an inherited defect
such as Menkes syndrome or in an acquired condition. Acquired
deficiency is mainly pathology of infants; however, it has been
diagnosed also in children and adults.*Lost cases of copper
deficiency have been described in malnourished children. The most
constant clinical manifestations of acquired copper deficiency are
anemia, neutropenia, and bone abnormalities.Other, less frequent
manifestations are hypopigmentation of the hair, hypotonia,
impaired growth, increased incidence of infections, and alterations
of phagocytic capacity of the neutrophils, abnormalities of
cholesterol and glucose metabolism, and cardiovascular alterations.
*Measurements of serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations are
currently used to evaluate copper status. These indexes are
diminished in severe to moderate copper deficiency; however, they
are less sensitive to marginal copper deficiency. Erythrocyte
superoxide dismutase and platelet cytochrome c activities may be
more promising indexes for evaluating marginal copper deficiency13.
12. The recognition of disordered copper metabolism simulating a
deficiency state--as occurs in Menkes KHS and in variant
Elhers-Danlos syndrome--has important implications.*The full
description of the relationship that thionein and other
intracellular proteins might have in the etiology of these
alterations has yet to be written.*The elegance of the interplay of
biochemical defects, physiological dysfunction, and clinical
manifestations in copper metabolism is virtually unmatched in
nutritional biology; yet, our present abilities to determine human
copper status are limited.*Now that it is clear that intracellular
redistribution as well as total-body depletion can effect the
disruption of copper-dependent 22PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
36. REWIEWOFLITERATURE functions, a concerted effort to improve
status assessment through the use of functional indices should
become a high priority.Finally, the pursuit of the bases of coppers
involvement in host defenses, antiotoxidant protection and
carbohydrate metabolism--functions in which clear links to
established mammalian cuproenzyme are at present elusive--should
provide exciting substrate for investigators for years to come14.
13. Metabolic balance studies have demonstrated that daily copper
losses are approximately 1.3 mg/day. *In order to remain in copper
balance, the average adult male must consume a diet which contains
at least 2 mg copper/day. *It has been assumed that most diets
satisfy this requirement because of the ubiquitous presence of
copper in most foodstuffs. Recent studies, however, have shown that
dietary copper may often fall below the estimated daily needs.
*Nevertheless, clinically evident copper deficiency has been
documented in only a few situations.of these disorders. Menkes
syndrome has been most intensively studied. This x-linked
abnormality is associated with copper deficiency due to impaired
gastrointestinal copper absorption. *However, the clinical disorder
cannot be corrected readily with copper replacement, thus
suggesting that Menkes syndrome may reflect more than simple copper
deficiency. *Nutritional copper deficiency appears to be well
documented in two situations: *The newborn, usually premature,
undergoing rapid growth on a diet poor in copper, and the patient
maintained on total parenteral nutrition for long periods of time
without copper supplementation. *In both of these situations,
anemia and neutropenia are the most striking hematologic
abnormalities associated with 23PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
37. REWIEWOFLITERATURE copper deficiency. Sideroblastic changes
as well as nuclear maturation defects observed in erythroid
precursors. However, suggest that there is an effect of copper
deficiency on the hematopoietic system which cannot be explained
solely by defective plasma iron transport15. 14. Anaemia,
osteoporosis and scurvy-like bone changes are recognized in the
deficiency, and they respond to copper. Copper intake is falling in
western countries as a result of prepackaging of foods, and
low-grade chronic deficiency may become a problem. *The features
seen in Menkes syndrome suggest that human beings may be rather
susceptible to the vascular and neurological effects of copper
deficiency; *These effects may be encountered as a consequence of
prolonged mild copper deficiency. Measurement of the serum
concentrations of caeruloplasmin before and after moderate copper
repletion is suggested as a method of detecting mild copper
deficiency16. 15. Studies of two copper proteins, ceruloplasmin and
its recently discovered homologue hephaestin, have provided two
molecular links connecting the pathways of copper and iron
metabolism. The recent identification of other proteins of iron and
copper metabolism, for example, copper ATPases and the membrane
iron transporters DCT1/DMT1/Nramp2 and IREG1/MTP1/ ferroportinl,
are likely to fill crucial pathway gaps. *The ongoing discovery of
genes and gene mutations involved in the metabolism of copper and
iron provides an important key to a deeper understanding of the
connections between the pathways, and their physiological and
pathological consequences17. 24PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA
& VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA
BHASMA
38. REWIEWOFLITERATURE 16. Copper is one of the essential trace
elements. It is part of a number of enzymes. Deficiency of the
element is manifested by impaired haematopoesis, bone metabolism,
disorders of the digestive, cardiovascular and nervous system.
Deficiency occurs in particular in patients suffering from
malnutrition, Malabsorption, great copper losses during
administration of penicillamine. S Sporadically copper
intoxications are described (suicidal intentions or saccidental
ingestion of beverages with a high copper content). *Acute exposure
to copper containing dust is manifested by metal fume fever.
*Copper salts can produce local inflammations. Wilsons disease is
associated with inborn impaired copper metabolism.*In dialyzed
patients possible contaminations of the dialyzate with copper must
be foreseen as well as the possible release of copper from some
dialyzation Membranes.With the increasing amount of copper in the
environment it is essential to monitor the contamination of the
environment18. 17. Although the nutritional essentiality of copper
was established in 1928, a preoccupation with hematology delayed
the discovery of cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency for
more than a decade. *Anatomical studies of several species of
deficient animals revealed, interalia, aortic fissures and rupture,
arterial foam cells and smooth muscle migration, cardiac
enlargement and rupture, coronary artery thrombosis and myocardial
Infarction. *Abnormal biochemistry in deficiency probably
contributes to these lesions, e.g., Decreased activities of lysyl
oxidase and superoxide dismutase which result in failure of
collagen and elastin crosslinking and impaired defense against free
radicals. *Copper deficiency also decreases copper in hearts and
other organs and cells and 25PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA
& VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA
BHASMA
39. REWIEWOFLITERATURE increases cholesterol in plasma.
*Abnormal physiology from deficiency includes abnormal
electrocardiograms, glucose intolerance and hypertension. *People
with ischemic heart disease have decreased cardiac and leucocyte
copper and decreased activities of some copper-dependent
enzymes.*Copper depletion experiments with men and women have
revealed abnormalities of lipid metabolism, blood pressure control,
and electrocardiograms plus impaired glucose tolerance.*The Western
diet often is as low in copper as that proved insufficient for
these people. Knowledge of nutritional history can be useful in
addressing contemporary nutritional problems19. 18. Copper
deficiency during embryonic and fetal development can result in
numerous gross structural and biochemical abnormalities. *Such a
deficiency can arise through a variety of mechanisms, including low
maternal dietary copper intake, disease-induced or drug-induced
changes in maternal and conceptus copper metabolism, or both.
*Current data suggest that changes in free radical defense
mechanisms, connective tissue metabolism, and energy production can
all contribute to the dysmorphogenesis associated with
developmental copper deficiency20. 19. The identification by Danks
that Menkes syndrome, a genetically determined defect in copper
absorption and utilization, is responsible for the observed
clinical manifestations provided further insight into the
physiopathologic effects of copper deficiency21. 26PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
40. REWIEWOFLITERATUREDRUG REVIEW:Tamrotpatti: *According to
most of Rasa texts Tamra is considered as Shukra of Kartikeya
whichfell on ground and thus the Utpatti of Tamra. *According to
Jothishya Shastra and Parada Samhita, the Surya Kiranas TejoBhaga
turned into Tamra. *According to Varaha Purana: 7000 yrs back to
the date of Varaha Purana Tamratook its birth and the mythology
says that - A Rakshasa by name Gudakesha who was bound with a
handsome body like Tamrameditated on Lord Varaha for 14,000 yrs for
which Lord Varaha was pleased and askedfor the Varan for which
Gudakesha requested that he would wish to die by theSudarshana
chakra of Lord Varaha and his body after death should turn in to
Tamra AdiDhatu and this metals should be for any Mangalya kara,
Pavitrata and serve the Lord inall means. After this request Lord
Varaha killed Gudakesha with his Chakra on Vaishakamasa, Shukla
Paksha, Dwadashi in Abhijit Lagna and the Gudakeshas body fell down
onearth and his Mamsa turned into Tamra, Rakta into Swarna, Asthi
into Roupya andsimilarly many Dhatus took their birth also by the
Mala the metals like Sesa, Kamsya,Ranga, Riti etc. took their birth
on earth. Thus on this back ground of Varaha PurnaTamrotpathi can
be confirmed in regard to its Utpathi on earth on Vaishaka Masa,
ShuklaPaksha Dwadashi in the Abhijit Lagna. 27PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
41. REWIEWOFLITERATURETable No-1.SYNONYMS of Tamra22-30:Sl.No
Name R.K. R. R. R.T B.R. R.J. A.P. Dh R B. D S. Ni N N. mr P. S.1
Anuvindam +2 Ambakam + + +3 Aravindam + +4 Arkam + + +5 Arkestam +6
Arakta7 Udumbara + + + +8 Udambaram + +9 Udubaram + + + +10
Unduvaram +11 Ushmam12 Ushmakaram13 Audumbaram + +14 Audumbaram +15
Aunduvaram + +16 Kaniyasam +17 Koniyasam +18 Kamalahvayam +19
Karendudha20 Kamodam21 Kalamardonan22 Konyasm +23 Krukashom24
Charavindam +25 Tapanestam + +26 Tamram + + + + + + +27 Tamrakam
+28 Twastram + +29 Trilocanam30 Tryambakam + + + +31
Tryambakadistam32 Twistam + +33 Dwyastam +34 Nagasyamardanam35
Nilavatam36 Nypaliyam +37 Nepalakam + +38 Pavitram +39 Pavitrakam +
28PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA
AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
43. REWIEWOFLITERATUREName in different language31.32: 1.
Arabic Nuhas, Nahas, Nohas, Nohassa, Naahas 2. Italian Rame 3.
English Copper 4. Kannada Tamra, Tambra 5. Kineeya Venas 6. Konkani
Tambe 7. Gujarati Trambu, Tambu, Trambo 8. Chini Chintung, Tung,
Chaikin 9. Germany Capher, Cuper 10. Tamil Tampram, Chembu, Sembu,
Senabu 11. Telugu Ragi, Tamramu, Samba 12. Dinemar Cobar 13.
Palendi Miyej 14. Spanish Camber 15. Punjabi Neeltuseya 16.
Pharasees Cuiber, Cuibre 17. Farsi Meesa, Mees 18. Barmi Keyeni,
Keyani, Kyani 19. Bangla Tama, Tam, Tamba 20. Bhutani Jang,
Jamgata, Neeltokar 21. Marathi Tambe, Tamra 30PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
44. REWIEWOFLITERATURE 22. Malayalam Chempu, Tamram 23. Rusi
Crensayajedjed 24. Latin Cuppram 25. Sindhi Tamb 26. Swedish Copper
27. Dutch Copper 28. Ilibru Nehoset 29. Hindi Tamba, Tama,
TammaPrapthi Sthana33: As per the classics only two places Nepala
and Mleccha is available. Nativecopper occurs in nature only
sparadically, the golden yellow sulphide of copper beingmore
commonly available. These have a coating of green malachite and
blue azurite(carbonates) which are green carbonates formed by
alteration of the sulphide. Bothmalachite and azurite thus often
indicate the presence of enriched sulphide below thesurface. The
chief producing areas have been districts of Singhbhum (Bihar),
Jhanjhunu,Alwar and Udaipur (Rajasthan); and Balaghat (Madhya
Pradesh). The domesticproduction of copper metal continued to
remain much short of requirement in thecountry. The HCL projects,
namely Khetri Copper Complex (KCC) in Rajasthan andIndian Copper
Complex (ICC) in Bihar and a copper mining cum concentrator
projectof Malanjkhand in Madhya Pradesh. Copper, according to
Indian Bureau of Mines, wasmainly consumed in cable winding wires
and semis and alloys end use sectors, whichtogether accounted for
82% of the total consumption in 1986. Other important end use
31PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA
AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
45. REWIEWOFLITERATUREsectors were auto ancillary, electricals,
coinage, defence, chemicals, railways, chemical die casting etc.
and these together consumed 18%.Around the World34: Best crystals
are found in the Keweenawar Peninsula, Lake Superior (USA)where
huge masses occur; other include Monte Catini (Italy), Bisbee,
Arizone, Franklin,New Jersey (USA) and Langbar (Sweden) and in
Chile, Germany, USSR and Zambia.Chemical symbol35 - CuTypes and
Character36.37 1. NepalCharacter -- Susnigdha, Mrudula, Rakta
varna, Ghanaghatakshama, Guru,Nirvikar, Amla, Swacha Lohangudi
rahita, Rasakarma poojita, Guna sresta. 2. MlechaCharacter Ruksha,
Katina, Sitha, Krishana, Aruna Yama, Athivamaka,Ghanaghataakshama,
Kshalitha cha punaha Krishna.PharmocodynamicsTable No-2 RASA of
Tamra38-47:Sl.No. References Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta
Kashaya1 Rasa jala nidhi + + + +2 Rasa ratna + + + + samucchaya.3
Rasamritam + + + +4 Rasendrasara sangraha + + + +5 Rasa ratnakara +
+6 Rasa kama dhenu + + +7 Ayurveda prakasha + + + +8 Bhava prakasha
+ + + +9 Siddhabheshaja + + + + manimala 32PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
46. REWIEWOFLITERATURE10 Rasa tarangini + + + +11 Siddha yoga
sangraha + + + +12 Dhanwantari nighantu + + +13 Raja nighantu + +
+Table No-3 GUNA of Tamra48-53:Sl Guna Referenceno1
Laghu,Sara,Snigdha. Ayurveda prakasha,Bhava rakasha, Rasa
tarangini, ,Siddha bheshaja manimala Rasa Jala nidhiTable No-4
VIRYA of Tamra54-63: Sl no Shita virya Ushna virya 1 Rasajala nidhi
Rasendra chudamani 2 Yoga rathnakar Ananda kanda 3 Rasa ratnakara
Rasa kamadhenu 4 Ayurveda prakasha Rasa ratnakara 5 Nighantu
shiromani Rasa tarangini 6 Louha Sarvasavam Siddha yoga sangraha 7
Bhava prakasha Rasamritam 8 Dhanvantari nighantu Rasa ratna
samucchaya 9 Raja nighantu Rasendra sara sangrahaTable No-5 VIPAKA
of Tamra64-71:Sl.No Vipaka Reference01 Madhura Rasendra chudamani,
Anada kanda, Rasa ratna samucchaya, Rasa tarangini, Siddha yoga
sangraha.02 Amla Sidda bhisaja manila03 Katu Raja nighantu,
Ayurveda prakasha, Dhanvantari nighantu, Bhava prakasha, Sidda
bhisaja manila. Rasa jala nidhi 33PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
47. REWIEWOFLITERATURETable No-6. KARMA of Tamra72-80 KARMANI C
S.S. R.C R. R.K. RJ. R. R A B. S.B. B Y. . SS D. N. R. T P P M R R
S . S Arogyam Ayushyam + Alpa + + + brimhanam Urdhwadhah + + + +
parishodhana Kshut karam + + + Jara mrityu shamanam Netryam + + + +
+ Deepanam Rasayana + +, Ruchya + + + Ropanam + + + + + + Lekhanam
+ + + + + + + + + + + + Saram + + Sarakam + + +Tamra grahya
laxana81 Susnigda mrudula shona ghanaghathaksma guru nirvikar guna
sresta tamraThese properties are belongs to Nepal variety It is
consider good quality Tamra a. Ghanaghatasaha i. e., by hitting the
metal by a hard object it turns into a sheet like and never breaks
which suggests the malleability and ductility of copper high
percentage in the best sample. b. Suchikkanam suggests by touch it
is slimy suggests the moulded metals turn into a uniform smooth
surface after cooling to room temperatures again suggests the
concentration of copper with high percentage. 34PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
48. REWIEWOFLITERATURE c. Appears as Japakusuma Varna which
suggests the colour of a extracted copper or a mother native
copper. d. Mridu suggests that the metal soft and can be moulded to
any shape due to its malleable nature and does not break suggesting
the high percentage of copper which has ductile nature. e. Best
used in Chiktsa is said to be best Tamra, suggestive of high
concentrated copper when taken for clinical trials with a nontoxic
dose is best as medicinal use. f. The Tikakara of Rasa Tarangini
mentions that it should be Mala Rahita or Lohanagadi Rahita
suggesting the pure copper with no other alloys or adulterants
should be taken for the study.Tamra agrahya laxana82 Shitha
Krishnavarnachaya, athivami katorakama kshalitha cha puna
krishna.Shita gunayukta: Coldness, Katoraka: Hardness.Krishnatva:
In generally the colour of copper is black colourAthivami: After
proper marana of this Tamra leads to severe vomitingKshalitha cha
punaha krishntha: After washing of copper again regain black
colourThese properties consider as Mlecha tamra this is unsuitable
Medicinal purposeUses: Kapha pitta nashaka, Udara roga, Kusta,
Meha, Amadhosha, Yakrut pleharoga, Shoola, parinam shoola, Arsha,
Kshaya, Amla pitta, Pandu, Swasa kasa Jwara,Sthoulya, Grahani,
Shotha, Pinasa, Netra roga, Vata roga.Toxic effect of
tamra:83.84.85 Na Visham Vishamithyastamra cha Visha Muchyate Eko
dosho vishwasto doshasta Tamra Prakashite. 35PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
49. REWIEWOFLITERATURE Bramo Murcha Vidhata cha uthakiede
Shosha Vanthya Aruchi santapa ethe dosha vishopama Ayugnaha kanti
viryabalanashaka Vamana murcha brama utkleda kusta shoola The
objects aimed at Sodhana are: - It separates physical and chemical
impurities. - It converts heterogeneous state to homogenous state.
- Detoxification of toxic qualities of the drug. - It enhances the
potency of drug. - Hard substances are converted into soft. -
Adulteration of the drug is removed.Sodhana is of two kinds: (1)
Samanya Sodhana; 2) Vishesha Sodhana Before going for Marana, a
prime important processing known as TamraShodhana is a must as the
available Tamra may have few of adulterants, alloys, foreignbodies
etc. in it which might cause ill effect. So that considering which
most of theAcharyas have mentioned various Lakshanas which appear.
In few of them are enlistedherewith.Table No-7.Ashuddha Tamra
Doshas86-91Sl. Doshas A. R. Y.R. Ra. R. B.P. R. R. Dh. B.R.No P T.
Chu K. R. J. N D S N1 Arati +2 Aruchi + + + + +3 Ayurnaktuam + + +4
Utkleda + + + + +5 Utklesha + + +6 Udreka 36PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
50. REWIEWOFLITERATURE7 Kandu x8 Kantignatva + + + +9 Kamala10
Kushtam + + +11 Klama +12 Kledanam + +13 Gadotkleda +14 Gatratapa
+15 Chittatapa + +16 Chittasantapa + + +17 Jivakshaya +18 Tapa +19
Daha + + + + + + + +20 Dehanasha +21 Dhatushasha +22 Dhatukshaya
+23 Nana Ruja24 Nanagadanam Sahayakartrutwa25 Balapahatvam + +26
Medaha + + +27 Bhrama + + + + + + + + +28 Bhranti29 Murccha + + + +
+ + + +30 Moha + + + +31 Rekaha +32 Vami + + + + + + + +33
Vatasram34 Virekah + +35 Vividharoga36 Vishamaruja +37 Viryapahatwa
+ +38 Shotha + +39 Shosha + + + +40 Aamajashasha + +41 Sweda + +
+42 Samastasoshaha +Also in few contexts of the various texts Tamra
is explained as Visha or even more than aVisha like in Rasendra
Sara Samgraha also in Rasansutam the Doshas are mentioned
andhenceforth Shodhana is absolutely necessary. 37PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
51. REWIEWOFLITERATUREBecause by Shodhana 1. Visible and
invisible Doshas get away i. e. the Bhaotika Ashuddhis get rid by
Shodhana. 2. As Tamra is a metal we cant directly process it into
Marana for which Tamra turns into brittle form thus helpful of
Marana. 3. By Shodhana Samskara Guna Vardhana occurs. 4. Any of
other metals or alloys in Tamra gets rid by Shodhana. Also in the
classics its even mentioned that Shuddha Tamra in Amrutatulya
whereas Ashuddha Tamra is Vishatulya.Samanya Shodhana of Tamra92.
isiauqUlVq Msije| qwcrmi SuSu i xmiS|| xuhSsWmh zUw mzxri||1.
According to Rasa Ratna Sammuchchaya: All Dhatus are heated and
quenched for 7 times successively in Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala
and Kulattha Kwatha. Similarly is the opinion of Rasa Ratnakara,
Ra. Chi and R. S. S. 2. According to Riddhi Khanda of Rasa
Ratnakara: All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times
successively in Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Konji and Ravidugda. 3.
According to Rasa Paddhati Parada/ 49: All Dhatus are heated and
quenched for 7 times in the following order as Takra, Kanji,
Gomutra, Tilataila and Kulattha Kwatha. 38PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF
TAMRA BHASMA
52. REWIEWOFLITERATURE 4. According to Rasa Kamadhenu 2/1/10:
All Dhatus heated and quenched for 7 times in Kadalimoda Swarasa.
5. According to Rasa Manjari 1/53: All Dhatus by Bhavana in Jambiri
Swarasa and Karkotishringijala becomes Shuddha. 6. According to
Rasa Hridayatantra Prathamavabhoda: Bhavana of Dhatus with Kshara
then Sneha and lastly with Amla Dravyas make them Shuddha.Vishesha
Shodhana of Tamra93. As per the opinion of Ayurveda Prakasha 3/117
and other authors even afterSamanya Shodhana it should be processed
with Vishesha Shodhana for enhancing itsproperties. By Samanya
Shodhana certainly there are changes in metallic nature but
fortherapeutic processing it should be always processed with
Vishesha Shodhana by whichif at all any of residual Doshas get rid.
By processing with specific media or drugsspecific Dosha Nirharana
is been explained as mentioned herewith.Vishesha shodhana94.i
Saindava nimba lepita tamra patra---Tapta--- Nishechana in
niregundiii. Saindava nimba lepita tamra patra---------- Nishechana
in kanjiiii.iii.Tamra churna gomutra ---- Madyamagni paka jala
prakshalanaiv. Arkadugda saindava lavana lepita tamra patra---
Tapta ---Nishechana in niregundi95.Table No-8. Tamra Shodhana
Reference Drugs ProcedureRasarnava 7/106 Snuhi Ksheer, Arka Ksheer,
Agni Pratapta and Lavana, Kshara, Amla Lepa Nirgundiras
NimajjanaRasa Hridaya Tantra 9/14 - Agni Pratapta and Nirgundiras
NimajjanaRasa Ratna Samuchchaya Ksharamla Agni Pratapta and
Dalana5/49 into Mahishi Takra for 7 times 39PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF SAMANYA & VISHESHA SHODITA TAMRA AND TOXICOLOGICAL
STUDY OF TAMRA BHASMA
53. REWIEWOFLITERATURERasa Ratna Samuchchaya Saindhava lavana
and Agni Pratapta and5/51 lemon juice Nirgundiras NimajjanaRasendra
Sara Sangraha Gomutra Boil for 3 hours1/271Rasendra Sara Sangraha
Saindhava lavana, Arka Agni Pratapta and1/272 Dugdha lepa
Nirgundiras NimajjanaRasa Ratnakara 8/47-49 Lavana, Snuhi Ksheera,
Agni Pratapta and Arka ksheera & Khatika, Nirgundiras Nimajjana
for Saindhava, Takra, Aranala 12 times Agni Pratapta and Nimajjana
in Kanjiyukta NirgundirasRasendra Chudamani 14/46 Kanji