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TAMARIX: “Salt Cedar”
TAMARIX: Angiosperm!
TAMARIX: Origins in North America
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
• Originated from Southern Europe and Mediterranean
• Sold by Bartram’s Nursery in Philadelphia (1823)
TAMARIX: For Sale in Western Nurseries (1858)
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
• Ornamentals
• Shade
• Windbreaks
• Stream Stabilization
T. aphylla
T. chinensis
T. ramosissima
T. gallica
TAMARIX: Six Species grown in USDA Arboretum (1868)
T. parvifloraDi Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
TAMARIX: Escapes from Cultivation
Occasional (1870s) Extensive (1920s)Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
TAMARIX: Extent Across United States
4,000 ha (1920s)
362,000 ha (1960s)
540,000 ha (1970s)
600,000 ha (1980s)
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
(1900 through 1960s)TAMARIX: Impacts on Southwestern Riparian Habitats
• Land Clearing (Agriculture)• Livestock Grazing• Trapping of Beaver• Tree Cutting• Groundwater Depletion• Stream Diversion for Irrigation• Building of Reservoirs• Stream Channelization• Recreational Impacts
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
TAMARIX: Biology and EcologyCopious Wind and Water Dispersed Tufted Seeds
TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology
•Seed Viability Low (3-4 Weeks in the Wild)
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
• Seed Germination almost immediate upon contact with Moist Soil
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology
• Extensive Vegetative Growth from stem and root suckers
• Can respond to sedimentation by layering of adventitious roots
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
Facultative HalophyteLeaves Secrete Salt
TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
Cold Tolerance
TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology
Facultative Phreatophyte
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
Flood and Drought Tolerance
TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology
Fire Tolerance (Long-lived Resprouts after Fire)
Busch, D.E. 1995. Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure. Southwestern Naturalist 40:259-267
(Superior to Salix gooddingii, Populus fremontii)
TAMARIX: Biology and EcologyCompetitive Advantage over Salix and Populus
• Greater tolerance to water stress and salinity
• Facultative Phreatophyte: Ability to tolerate drawdowns and drought
• Superior Regrowth after Fire
Smith, S.D. et al. 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from desert regions.Wetlands 18:687-696
TAMARIX: Water UseWater Table Use: Case Study in New Mexico (1957, 1961)
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
•Tamarix would consumes 180-1310 mm of precipitation,
•Excess of available precipitation inputs to water budgets in most NM areas
TAMARIX: Water Table Use
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
Dependent on Site Elevation and Water-Table Depth
TAMARIX: Water Use“High Evapotranspiration Rates can Lower the Water Table..”
Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336
(**Controversial)
TAMARIX: Wildlife Use
Shafroth et al. 2005. Control of Tamarix in the western United States: implications for water salvage, wildlife use, and riparian restoration. Environmental Management 35:231-246
Herpetofauna abundance, Diversity depressed in southwest
Avian Overall Use High, but(Some Breeding Species don’toccur in Salt Cedar)
Hunter et al. 1988. Use of exoticsalt cedar (Tamarix chinensis) by birds in arid riparian systems.The Condor 90:113-123
TAMARIX: Control
TAMARIX: Control
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
(Mechanical)
• Shredding (Brush Mowing)• Roller Chopping (Weighted Drum fitted with Blades)• Chaining• Grubbing/Plowing
Effective if Repeated and Accompanied by Vegetation Replacement
TAMARIX: Control
(Chemical)2, 4 – D• Can produce Mortality• Poor translocation to regrowth tissues
Glyphosate• Unpublished results indicate effective• Marketed towards agricultural industry; tests discontinued
Imazapyr• 80-90% Immediate Mortality (NMSU study)• Long-range effects need to be determined
Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants
TAMARIX: Control
(Biocontrol)
Beetle: Diorhabda elongata
Lewis, P.A. et al. 2003. Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States. Biological Control 27:101-116
Target Species: Tamarix
Non-Target Species: Frankenia