GREEN  INFRASTRUCTRE  GROWTH  PLANUpper  Tamaki  River  -­  Grange,  Papatoetoe

Scale  1:50,000@A3

Given   the   close  proximity   to   central  Auckland,   the  Tamaki  River   edge  provides   opportunities   to   test   future   urban  development  scenarios  for  the  region.  In  order  to  explore  and  propose  strategic   landscape  and  urban  design  interventions,   it   is  necessary  to  understand  environmental,   socio-­cultural   and  economic   implications.  Contemporary   landscape   theory   concerning  urban  growth  also  enhances  understanding,  providing  a  theoretical  framework  and  precedent  in  which  to  ground  design  proposals.  Stemming  from  speculative  outcomes  of  group  research  themes  (heritage  and  transport),  design  and  development  turns  the  focus  towards  the  Tamaki  River  as  an  entity.  Given   the  strategic   importance  and   long-­standing  human  use  of   the  area,   the  River  serves  as  a  cultural,  social,  transportation  and  environmental  heritage  feature.  There  are  many  issues  arising  from  the  past  and  potential  future  population  growth  of  Auckland  that  this  project  seeks  to  address  in  this  design  proposal.  

Piecemeal  expansion  of  the  city  in  the  past  has  lead  to  community  severance,  both  social  and  ecological,  in  the  process  disconnecting  people  from  the  environment.  Vital  infrastructure  networks  that  have  appeared  over  time  have  sliced  up  the  city,  creating  pockets  of  urban  isolation.  What  was  once  industrial  land  has  now  been  engulfed  by  suburbia,  leading  to  areas  of  fragmented  urban  fabric,  created  by  outdated  planning  zone  rules.  As  the  urban  environment  has  grown,  so  too  has  the  volume  of  storm  water  run-­off.  Vast  quantities  of  untreated  stormwater  and  litter  enter  the  Tamaki  River,  particularly  from  stormwater  drains,  giving  the  River  one  of  the  poorest  ecological  ratings  in  the  Auckland  area.  If  the  amount  of  impervious  surface  areas  increase  with  anticipated  development  in  the  catchment  (e.g.  AMETI,  housing),  the  volume  of  run-­off  directly  entering  the  River  will  be  set  increase.  In  conjunction  with  

are  engaged,  educated  and  made  more  aware  of  the  River  and  the  unique  social  and  ecological  values  that  it  has  to  offer.  Mangrove  ecosystems  are  taken  for  granted  and  at  times  much  maligned.  However,  they  play  a  key  role  in  stabilising  coastline  sediment  run-­

that  compliment  this  role,  while  improving  water  quality  and  taking  into  account  the  social  needs  of  the  current  and  future  population.

LAND7226  Studio  6Heather  Docherty

1345281

Tamaki  River  edge:  the  green  infrastructure  spine  of  sustainable  development  in  south-­east  Auckland

Regional  Context:  Auckland  Spatial  Plan How  do  we  accomodate  future  growth  of  Auckland  sustainably?  the  problem

draft  Auckland  spatial  plan

sustainable  urban  development  to  create  the  world’s  most  liveable  city

Sustainable   urban   development   is   not   only   about   using   environmental   resources  responsibility,   it  also   involves  enhancing  social  conditions   for  people,  now  and   for  future   generations.   As   the   population   of   Auckland   increases,   further   pressure   is  placed  on  already  overburdened  natural   systems.  The  vision  of  Auckland  Council  is   to   create   the  world’s  most   liveable   city.   In   a   planning   seminar   in  August   2011,  Mayor  Len  Brown  and  storm  water  experts  discussed  ways  to  ensure  that  planning  is  intelligent,  and  takes  into  account  the  need  to  manage  storm  water,  working  with  nature,  and  not  against  it.Water  is  integral  to  Auckland’s  identity,  and  will  become  more  so  as  the  work  of  the  city’s  storm  water  engineers  improve  its  quality  and  enables  Aucklanders  to  enjoy  it  even  more.  

Storm  water  management  is  high  on  the  priority  list  in  the  Auckland  Spatial  Plan,  with  $1.62   billion   allocated   to   improving   wastewater   services.   Auckland   Council   will   be  taking  a  more  strategic  approach  to  storm  water  management,  and  key  to  this  is  the  priority  given  to  water  sensitive  planning  in  development  and  redevelopment.  This  project  speculates  that  the  reaches  of  the  Upper  Tamaki  River  could  provide  the  backbone  of  a  green   infrastructure  network   for   the  southeast  of  Auckland.  By  doing  so,  issues  around  historically  poor  water  quality  and  generally  low  biodiversity  of  the  catchment  could  potentially  improve,  as  well  as    social  conditions  of  some  of  the  lowest  socioeconomic  areas  in  the  city.

Strategic  Direction  8  of  the  Auckland  Spatial  Plan    is  to  “create  a  stunning  city  centre,  with  well  connected  quality  towns,  villages  and  neighbourhoods.  “It  is    noted  that  :

subdivision  patterns,  has  degraded  some  parts  of  the  urban  environment  andprevented  opportunities  for  better  development  at  higher  densities.  Poor  quality  design  has  also  blighted  partsof  the  city  and,  with  the  legacy  of  low-­density  development,  these  have  shaped  much  of  Auckland’s  outer  suburbs.  Some  areas  of  Auckland  suffer  from  problems  such  as:

At  a  higher  government  level,  water  management  is  a  key  issue.  The  issue  is  important  for  landscape  architecture,  as  pollution  of  waterways  is  a  national  problem  that  could  be   addressed   by   landscape-­based   strategies   and   interventions.   The   importance   of  water  to  New  Zealand’s  economy  and  way  of  life  is  in  early  stages  of  being  recognised  through  the  government’s  Fresh  Start   for  Fresh  Water  2011  reforms  that   include  the  National  Policy  Statement  on  Fresh  Water,  amongst  other  initiatives.  Research  into  breaking  the  urban  contaminant  transport  chain  is  being  undertaken  in  a  pilot  study  by  NIWA.“Urban   stormwater   carries   elevated   loads   of   total   suspended   solids   (TSS,   i.e.,  sediments)   and   contaminants   such   as   metals   (mainly   zinc   and   copper)   and  hydrocarbons.  A  substantial  part  of  stormwater   is  conveyed  via  roadside  gutters  and  

catchpits  (i.e.,  drain  inlets)  to  the  reticulated  pipe  network  and  on  to  streams,  estuaries  and  harbours.  Roadside  gutters  and  catchpits  therefore  represent  an  obvious  point  at  which  to  intercept  and  remove  contaminants.  

The  way  urban  water   is  managed  can  have  an   impact  on  urban  receiving  waters  at  least  as  great  as  climate  change.    Urban  change  can  both  exacerbate  and  mitigate  the  potential  impacts  of  climate  change.    The  following  are  a  few  of  the  possible  impacts  of  both  urbanisation  and  increased  winter  storminess  (projected  for  Auckland  in  NIWA  climate  change  scenarios)  and  therefore  stormwater  reaching  streams  and  receiving  environments:

increased  stream  bank  erosion  and  sediment  transportincreased  deposition  of  sediments  in  estuaries  and  harbours

Taken  together,  climate  change  can  exacerbate  the  impacts  of  urbanisation  and  vice  versa.    However  the  trend  towards   low  impact  urban  design  and  development  could  

A  permanent  water  education  and  resource  centre  could  build  on  the  water  exhibition  currently  on  at  Auckland  Museum,  highlighting  the  importance  of  natural  water  resources  that  Aucklanders  often  neglect.    

We   only   need   to   look   at   the   recent   drinking   water   crisis   in   Tokelau   and   Tuvalu   to  realise  how  precious  water   is   to  us,  yet   it   is  something  so  utterly   taken   for  granted.  With  pressures  of   global   issues   such  as   climate   change,   population  expansion  and  increasing  urbanisation,  water  will  become  a  resource  of  even  greater  demand.  The  question  is    -­  how  do  we  balance  this?

census  data  analysisexisiting  conditions

Scale  1:200,000@A3

social  conditions

Social   indicators   were   extrapolated   from   the   2006   census   data   for   census  area  units   that  have   the  Tamaki  River  as  a  boundary.  Whilst   these  are  braod,  sweeping  assumptions  made  on  data  that  is  5  years  old,  the  method  was  used  as  

were  that  there  were  distinct  areas  with  multiple  signs  of  social  problems,  such  as  unemployment,  multiple  families  living  in  one  household  and  low  household  income,  and  that  these  areas  are  predominantly  to  the  west  and  south  of  the  river.  Data  was  cross-­referenced   to  extract   the  10  areas  with   the   ‘highest’   record  of  poor  social  indicators  for  each  statistic.  Whilst  the  set  of  conditions  was  broad,  it  indicated  isolated  pockets  of  low-­socio  economic  areas  that  provided  opportunity  for  further  analysis.

Indicative  GIS  maps  displayed  from  top  left  to  bottom  right:language  spokenethnic  groupnumber  of  people  per  householdnumber  of  bedrooms  per  householdpopulation  age  rangeemployment  statushousehold  structurehome  ownership  statustransport  method  to  work

How  can  we  responsibly  intensify  housing  density  when  there  are  existing  social  issues?

sites  with  potential  for  social  support  interventionssocial  conditions

Scale  1:50,000@A3

social  improvement  =  potential  growth

Scale  1:200,000@A3

Areas  shaded  green  indicate  low  income  areas,  whilst  shades  of  orange  represent  higher  income  areas.  The  map  on  the  far  left  shows  the  location  of  the  lowest  10  

spatial  distrbution  +  patternexisiting  conditions

Scale  1:200,000@A3

natural  +  cultural  land  patterns

How  can  local  people  be  reconnected  to  the  Tamaki  River  by  landscape  architecture,  whilst  providing  a  range  of  socially,  

drainage  patternsexisiting  conditions

Scale  1:200,000@A3

storm  water  management

possible   to   see   the   locations   where   storm   water   was   entering   directly   from  impervious  surfaces  and  entering  water  bodies  untreated.  Each  sub-­catchment  

directly  entered   the  estuarine  system,  and  how   large   the  catchments   for  each  of  those  devices  is,  in  order  to  select  sub-­catchments  with  the  greatest  need  for  storm  water   treatment.   In   the  process,   it  was  discovered   the  great  number  of  outfall  devices  discharge  directly  into  riparian  situations  from  surrounding  roads,  contributing  to  and  compounding  the  poor  water  quality  and  ecological  value  of  the  River.  Sub-­catchments  with  the  10  poorest  ratings,  according  to  this  process,  where  highlighted  as  potential  areas    for  further  investigation.

How  effective  is  the  existing  infrastructure  network  in  treating  stormwater  run-­off?

Areas  of  Intrest

Social  Issues  +  Stormwater  Treatment  Issues

Legend

Sub-­Catchment

AU_NAME

East  Tamaki

Otahuhu  West

Glen  Innes  East

Otahuhu  East

Otahuhu  North

Fairburn

Otara  East

Grange

Point  England

pilot  study  site  selectionrationale

Scale  1:50,000@A3

Grange,    Papatoetoe

Selected  Area  of  Intrest  -­  Grange

Social  Issues  +  Stormwater  Treatment  Issues

Legend

Sub-­Catchment

Otara  Creek

Upper  Tamaki  River

Suburb  (Census  AU)

Otahuhu  West

Otahuhu  East

Otahuhu  North

Fairburn

Otara  East

Grange

1:20,000

By  overlaying  the  top  10  sub-­catchment  results  with  the  top  10  social  indicator  results,   it   was   three   overlaps   were   recorded.   Each   of   these   overlaps   were  

cover  an  area  not  investigated  by  the  rest  of  the  class.  Grange  is  representative  of  many  suburbs  around  the  Tamaki  edge,  such  as  Point    England  and  Otara,  

isolated  by  the  shift  of  industry  elsewhere.  This  raw  methodology  could  also  be  relevant  to  areas  of  the  Upper  Waitemata  harbour,  in  order  to  locate  subsequent  pilot  study  areas.

How  do  these  layers  of  map  relate  to  site  selection?

contextpilot  study

In   terms   of   infrastructure,   the   area   around   Grange   was   highly   used   by   both  Maori  and  European  settlers.  One  of  the  earliest  European  stores,  Baird’s  Wharf,  was  located  within  the  site,  serviced  by  a  wharf  that  sizeable  ships  could  reach.  Mangrove   growth   has   increased   rapidly   over   the   past   50   years,   preventing  access  to  the  water.  The  main  barrier  to  accessing  the  river  is  the  development  of  major  grey  infrastructure,  including  State  HIghway  1,  the  main  potable  water  main  pipeline  from  the  Hunua  Ranges  to  supply  Auckland  and  the  national  power  grid,  serviced  by  the  nearlby  HIghbrook  Power  Station.

piecemeal  grey  infrastructure  =  community  severance

River  lost,  along  with  cultural,  social  and  environmental  heritage  ties  to  the  water

community  disconnection  -­  social  and  ecologicalthe  problem

issuesexisiting  conditions

environmental  +  social  issues

poor  ecological  health,  low  water  quality,  invasive  weed  species,  poor  socio-­economic    conditions,  no  access  to  open  space,  no  direct  connection  to  public  transport

existing  cultural  land  useexisiting  conditions

Scale  1:5,000@A3

100m

roads  and  cul-­de-­sacs,  bound  by  the  Tamaki  River  along  the  north-­west  edge.  From  the  south,  only  one  road  leads  into  the  suburb  from  Otahuhu  via  Great  South  Road   (GSR),  while  SH1  creates   the  eastern  perimeter,  adjacent   to  Highbrook  Power  Station.  At  roughly  500  metres  at  the  widest  point  to  850  at  the  longest,  the  

Primary  School,  a  dairy  and  a  liquor  store.  At  present,  it  is  a  2km  (25mins)  walk  to  Otara,  the  nearest  town  centre  and  a  2.5km  walk  (30mins)  to  Papatoetoe.

This  suburb  is  proposed  as  the  testing  ground  to  apply  the  theory  that  by  providing  opportunity  for  local  communities  to  (re)engage  with  the  Tamaki  River,  a  range  of  

Grange

positive  developmentcurrent  plans

Otara/  Paptoetoe  Local  Board  Draft  Plan

TAMAKI ESTUARYWE WANT TO WORK WITH PARTNERS AND OTHER LOCAL BOARDS TO ACHIEVE IMPROVEMENTS TO THE FORESHORE AND WATERWAYS WE SHARE.

MANUKAU HARBOUR FORESHORETHERE WILL BE A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT TO PROTECT, RESTORE AND REHABILITATE OUR COASTAL ENVIRONMENT AND PROVIDE FOR RECREATION BY DEVELOPING WALKWAYS.

This   proposal   ties   in   with   existing   local   board   budget   allocation   and   project  funding,   such   as   the   riparian   revegetation   project   currently   underway.   The  project  could  be  used  as  a  living  resource  centre  to  educate  people  about  how  the   catchment   works   e.g.   the   storm   water   system,   which   could   then   lead   to  local  action  by  community  groups/   individual  property  owners,  such  as  stream  restoration  on  private  land.  Connecting   with   local   business   landowners   provides   an   opportunity   to   form  private-­public  partnerships  to  fund  creation  of  green  infrastructure  network,  such  as  rain  gardens  and  wetlands,  while  creating  interface  with  public  space.  Added  

charters,  and  potential  for  brand  enhancement.  It  could  also  be  used  as  a  gesture  

creating  areas  for  workers  to  also  enjoy  whilst  on  breaks.  Proactive  sustainability  measures,    environmental  policy  and  sustainability  charters  are  becoming  more  commonplace  in  business,  and  in  some  cases  even  mandatory

environmental  groups)  with  riparian  and  estuarine  management  techniques  e.g.  stream  restoration

e.g.  NIWA,  Waicare

sea  grass

common  human  resource  of  water,  using  multilingual   interpretation  tailored  for  the  local  communities

centres

(esp.  Fairburn)

fundingExisting  positive  elements  in  Grange  that  could  be  enhanced  and  tied  in  with  this  proposal  include:

Habitat  for  Humanity

inaccessible  in  places)

water   to  connect   to  surroundings  without  having  to  experience  high  volume  of  

urban  green  infrastructure  strategies:  livable  cities

urban  green  infrastructure  plans  case  studies

London    

East  London  Green  Grid

 As  part  of  the  development  of  East  London  on  preparation  for  the  2012  Olympic  Games,  a  sub-­regional  green  infrastructure  structure  plan  has  been  developed  to   connect   the   River   Thames   to   its   tributaries,   creating   a   green   and   blue  infrastructure  network.  The  Lea  Valley  Regional  Park   is  one  such  project   that  sits  within  the  plan,  with  the  main  object  to  provide  pedestrian  connectivity  while  also  managing  storm  water  and  enhancing  biodiversity.  As  the  Lea  Valley  was  once  the  supply  source  for  London’s  power  and  water,  and  sewage  treatment,  the   remnants   of   these   infrastructures  will   be   integrated   into   new  areas  of   the  park   to   celebrate   the   local   industrial   heritage.   The   aim   is   to   “   overcome   the  

particularly  relevant  to  Grange,  given  the  string  sense  of  infrastructural  presence  

acknowledging  them  as  part  of  the  urban  realm,  we  could  connect  to  processes  that  largely  go  ignored.  

As  a  living  network  of  open  spaces,  river  and  other  corridors  connecting  urban  areas  to  the  river  Thames,  the  Green  Belt  and  beyond,  the  Green  Grid  will:

       provide  new  and  enhance  existing  public  open  spaces,  reducing  areas  of                

       provide  a  range  of  formal  and  informal  recreational  uses  and  landscapes,      

       provide  beautiful,  diverse  and  managed  green  infrastructure  to  the  highest         standards  for  people  and  wildlife.

Sources:http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group1/building4423/media/ELGG01.jpg

http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/auu/green-­grid.jsp

At  present,  green  infrastructure-­based  urban  renewal  plans  are  being  developed  in  major  cities  around  the  world.  If   the  aspirations  of  Auckland  to  contend  with  these  major  urban  players  as  the  ‘most  liveable’  city  in  the  world  are  to  be  realised,  it  is  vital  that  a  formal  green  infrastructure  plan  becomes  the  driving  document  in  the  city’s  growth.

Major   global   cities   are   realising  major   green   infrastructure   projects,   capturing  ecosystems  services,  achieving  a  range  of  environmental  and  social  goals  in  the  process.  Common  threads  that  ties  these  exemplar  projects  together  are:   Multifunctionality

  Low-­impact  design  used  to  integrate  storm  water  management  with  urban         development   Overlays  of  green  and  grey  infrastructure

References:Michael  Van  Valkenburgh  Associates  Lower  Don  Lands  Master  Plan

http://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/our_waterfront_vision/our_future_is_green/healthy_environment  http://imageshack.us/

Don  River  Waterfront  NYC  Green  Infrastructure    Plan

New  York Toronto    

urban  green  infrastructure  plans  case  studies

Refernces:http://media.ourhudson.org/task-­force-­themes/land-­use/moma-­designing-­climate-­change-­solutions/  NYCGreenInfrastructurePlan

http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/nyc_green_infrastructure_plan.shtml

In   the   past   year,   New   York   City   has   released   the   NYC   Green   Infrastructure  Plan,  an  ambitious  US$2.4-­billion  project   to   improve  water  quality  using  green  infrastructure  through  a  multiplicity  of  innovative  means,  such  as  reactivating  the  

tax-­payers  money:  by  using  green  infrastructure  the  aim  is  to  not  only  improve  water   and   air   quality,   but   lower   energy   consumption,   increase   green   space,  decrease  the  urban  heat  island  effect  and  enhance  property  value.  As  noted  in  Topos  September  2011,  “New  York  City  is  at  the  forefront  of  a  green  urban  age…[hoping  ]  to  establish  the  methods,  technologies,  and  projects  that  can  serve  as  

This  is  relevant  for  Auckland,  given  the  similar  disconnection  to  the  waterfront  as  what  was  once  in  New  York.  

This  Green   Infrastructure  Plan   presents   an   alternative   approach   to   improving  

roofs,  with   investments   to   optimize   the   existing   system  and   to   build   targeted,  

and  adaptive  approach  to  a  complicated  problem  that  will  provide  widespread,  

strategy  builds  upon  and  reinforces   the  strong  public  and  government  support  that  will   be   necessary   to  make   additional  water   quality   investments.  A   critical  goal   of   the   green   infrastructure   component   is   to  manage   runoff   from   10%   of  the  impervious  surfaces  in  combined  sewer  water-­  sheds  through  detention  and   Similarly,   Toronto   is   also   undertaking   a  massive   green   infrastructure   program  

number  of  public  spaces  have  been  created  to  enable  local  people  to  appreciate  the  Don  River.

Waterfront   Toronto’s   integrated   and   holistic   community   building   and   urban  planning  model  is  creating  smarter,  healthier  and  more  sustainable  communities.

A   key   consideration   for   every  Waterfront  Toronto   initiative   is   to   do   everything  possible   to  ensure  we  contribute   to  creating  a  healthy  environment.    We  also  believe   that   proximity   to   nature,   public   green   space,   and   pedestrian-­friendly  public   spaces   are   all   requirements   for   healthy   urban   living.   To   achieve   our  objectives,  our  approach  to  revitalization  incorporates  economic,  social,  cultural,  and  ecological  sustainability  criteria  into  all  decision  making.  It  will  all  add  up  to  a  lasting  environmental  legacy  now  and  a  revitalized  waterfront  that  is  the  envy  of  the  globe.

Waterfront   Toronto   is   assigning   a   central   role   to   parks,   open   spaces,   bike  paths,  trails,  trees  and  water.  It’s  dedicating  25  percent  of  the  revitalized  area  to  waterfront  parks  and  public  spaces,  and  planting  about  34,000  trees.In  addition  to  connecting  people  with  the  waterfront,  we  are  striving  to  ensure  that  revitalization  has  a  positive  impact  on  water  quality  and  conservation.

Laxon  Ave,  Grangepilot  project

1:5000@A3

Upper  Tamaki  River  Park  Structure  Plan

infrastructure  follows  infrastructure

Laxon  Ave

Wymondley  Road

SH1

Gt  South  Road

Bairds  Road

According  to  Peter  Latz  (2007),  successive  transformations  form  the  rich  layering  of   a   site   contributes   to   the   emergence   of   a   unique   community   identity.   Latz  suggests  that  contemporary  suburban  development  typically  ‘erases’  past  natural  and  human  systems,  leaving  communities  with  shallow  identities.  He  proposes  an  alternative  Adaptive  Design  Process   that  enables  communities   to   translate  change  and  transformation  over  time  into  a  coherent  process,  reinforcing  features  and  identity  of  a  site.  Infrastructure  is  a  key  attribute  of  communities  that  is  often  disregarded   in  contributing   to   the  evolving   identity  of  a  place.  As   the  research  group   noted   in   Part   1   of   this   studio,   Latz   points   out   that   city   growth   follows  infrastructure  -­  whether  it  be  road,  rail  or  river.  He  observes  that  “little  attention  

development  is  propose  in  keeping  with  this  notion,  whereby  infrastructure,  public  space  and  private  buildings  are  fused  in  innovative  combinations  to  minimise  the  

use  of  space.  Given  the  constraints  of  the  motorway  and  the  River,  in  conjunction  with  the  dominating  presence  of  the  Otahuhu  power  station  and  the  wastewater  pumping  station  and   the   rich  heritage  of  Otahuhu   to  draw   from,   the  suburb  of  Grange  has  a  lot  of  opportunity  to  integrate  these  assets  into  more  useable  and  richly  layered  public  space.

taking   into  account  ecological  principles.  This  text  highlights  concepts  such  as  increasing   urban/suburban   biodiversity   and   reinstating   or   enhancing   bio-­geo-­physical   processes,   such   as   storm   water   treatment,   in   order   to   bring   human  communities   back   to   life.   The   authors   take   a   strong   stance   that   community  education   of   these   processes,   through   landscape   design,   is   fundamental   to  ensure  true  sustainability,  engraining  a  cultural  appreciation  in  perpetuity.  They  suggest  that  by  exposing  people  to  processes  that  are  hidden  by  infrastructure,  

or  recreation  opportunities.  This  could  be  particularly  applicable  to  this  area  of  Otahuhu,  as  there  is  very  little  vegetation  and  a  predominance  of  infrastructure.  Very   little   residential   vegetation   exists,   possibly   due   to   the   high   proportion   of  Housing  NZ  rental  properties  in  the  suburb,  which  are  being  replaced  with  new  higher  density  stock.  Waterways  are  much  degraded,  populated  by  predominantly  exotic  species  and  copious  amounts  of  rubbish.  By  increasing  density  of  human  

ecosystem  for  a  range  of  purposes,  such  as  recreation  or  transport.  

Infrastructure  follows  infrastructure

By   utililsing   green   infrastructure   as   the   basis   for   an   urban   growth   plan,   it   is  

treat  very  poor  water  quality  in  upper  reaches  of  harbour  and  increase  access  to  open  space.    This  concept  is  applicable  not  just  to  Tamaki,  but  could  also  apply  to  other  inner  harbour  areas  e.g.  Waitemata,  Kaipara,  and  to  the  region  as  a  whole.

stage  one  location  -­  Laxon  Ave  bridge

Laxon  Ave  pedestrian  pipe  bridgedesign  development

infrastructure  follows  infrastructure

experimenting  with  design  of  bridge  line  to  avoid  foundation  interfering  with  water  mains  pipeline,  sensitive  ecological  areas,  whilst  maintaining  direct  pedestrian  connectivity  to  Great  South  Road  from  Laxon  Ave

model  exploration  of  potential  with  pipe  lines

concept  sketches  devloping  pipe  lines

Laxon  Ave  pedestrian  pipe  bridgestage  one  concept  plan

100mScale  1:5,000@A3

salt  swamp  -­  mangrove  management

salt  marsh    -­  revegetation

sustainable  hardwood  steps  to  jetty  down  to  salt  marsh

water  mains  pipe

bridge  viewing  platform

3m  wide  sustainable  hardwood  bridge  with  stainless  steel  detailing  over  pipes

permable  paving  3-­6m  wide  footpath

gathering  plaza

3m  wide  sustainable  hardwood  boardwalks  over  vegetation

storm  water  treatment  wetlands

coastal  clay  bank  revegetation

amenity  plantings  

open  space

Laxon  Ave

P1

ecological  restoration  +  enhancement

P2

storm  water  treatment  wetlands  +  riparian  revegetationperspectives

stormwater  management  +  treatment

P1P2

improved   pedestrain   connectivity   to   open   space,  community  services,  transport  centres  and  key  economic  growth  areas  of  Otahuhu  and  Papatoetoe

view  of  storm  water  treatment  wetlands  from  north  looking  south

view  of  bridge  looking  west  from  east  bank  towards  Tip  Top  bread  factory

east  bankwest  bank

water  pipe  bridge  +  storm  water  treatment  wetlandssections

re-­engagement  with  the  Tamaki:  stormwater  management  +  education  by  design

 integration  of  green  +  grey  infrastructure

P4

P3 water  pipe  bridgeperspectives

community  integration  +  connectivity

P4

P3

utilising  existing  infrastructure  to  integrate

view  of  bridge  looking  south  from  parallel  north  bank

view  of  bridge  looking  east  from  west  bank  towards  viewing  platform

 esturine  riparian  revegetation  +  storm  water  treatment  wetlandsplanting  plan

native  revegetationscale  1:200  @A1

exisiting  vegetation proposed  vegetation

Upper  Tamaki  Estuary  -­  revegetation  planting    ecotone  sequence

median  high  tide  spring  high  tidemedian  low  tide

storm  water  treatment  wetland

amenity  plantingsamenity  plantings coastal  clay  banksalt  marshsalt  swampsalt  marshcoastal  clay  bank

General  references

Latz,  P.    (2007)  In  Search  of  Identity  Over  Time.  Suburban  Transformations.  New  York:  Princeton  Architectural  Press.

Auckland  Councilwww.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environment/Land_water/Pages/2011stormwaterseminar.aspx

Ministry  for  the  Environment(http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/water/freshwater/fresh-­start-­for-­fresh-­water/index.html)

NIWA  http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-­science/freshwater/our-­services/urban_aquatics/current_projects

One  Drop  Exhibitionwww.onedrop.org/en/projects/projects-­overview/AquaNorthProject/Aqua/Experience.aspx

Tamaki  -­  Papatoetoe  Catchment  Management  Plan  www.manukau.govt.nz/tec/catchment/tamaki_papatoetoe/tamaki_papatoetoe_index.htm