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06/06/2017 1 Multilingualism without borders? Friederike Lüpke Crossroads Project SOAS, University of London Perspectives on language and development from a crossborder region Outline of this talk A zoom on smallscale multilingualism in the Casamance area in the Upper Guinea Coast of Africa: Sociolinguistic setting of Senegal Multilingual repertoires in the Casamance Language ideologies vs. language use Fluid and bounded writing Frame: reification vs. fluidity Many thanks to – merci – diina jogehëfi – danke All research participants in Agnack, Djibonker, Brin & Essil Alexander Cobbinah Samantha Goodchild Rachel Watson AlainChristian Bassène Chelsea Krajcik Miriam Weidl AnneLaure Vieillé Abbie Hantgan The Crossroads transcribers Aime Cesaire Biagui, Alpha Mane, Laurent Manga, Jeremie Sagna, Lina Sagna & David Sagna Alexander Cobbinah Zoom on Senegal

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Page 1: Talk Reading 2017 - WordPress.com...Official and standardised In the Latin alphabet in francisised spelling in text messages and social media Pepel Mandinka Pulaar Joola Fogny Creole

06/06/2017

1

Multilingualism without borders?

Friederike LüpkeCrossroads ProjectSOAS, University 

of London

Perspectives on language and development from a cross‐border region

Outline of this talk

•A zoom on small‐scale multilingualism in the Casamance area in the Upper Guinea Coast of Africa:

– Sociolinguistic setting of Senegal

– Multilingual repertoires in the Casamance

– Language ideologies vs. language use

– Fluid and bounded writing

Frame: reification vs. fluidity

Many thanks to – merci – diina jogehëfi – danke

All research participants in Agnack, Djibonker,  Brin & Essil

Alexander Cobbinah

Samantha Goodchild

Rachel Watson

Alain‐Christian  Bassène

Chelsea Krajcik

Miriam Weidl

Anne‐Laure Vieillé

Abbie Hantgan

The Crossroads transcribers Aime Cesaire Biagui, Alpha Mane, Laurent Manga, Jeremie Sagna, Lina Sagna & David Sagna

Alexander Cobbinah

Zoom on Senegal

Page 2: Talk Reading 2017 - WordPress.com...Official and standardised In the Latin alphabet in francisised spelling in text messages and social media Pepel Mandinka Pulaar Joola Fogny Creole

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Spoken multilingualism

French

Official contexts, including schools; Some urban settings; Contexts where formally educated speakers don’t share another lingua franca

Pepel

Mandinka

PulaarCreole

Joola Fogny

Homes;Schools;Translocal contexts

Lébou

Seereer

Bassari

MënikBayot

Manjak Mancagne Maninka

Soninké

Wolof

Gujaher

Gubëeher Niominka

Gumaks

Homes;Local contexts

A typ

ical polyglo

ssicnatio

n?

Official written multilingualism

• The official language of Senegal is French.

• French and Arabic are the only languages that are the official media of instruction in schools.

• All languages spoken in Senegal can attain the status of national language through their codification.

• Ca. 19 languages have attained codified status so far.

Text in three Baïnounk languages illustrating the codification of “Baïnounk” in the official alphabet for Senegalese languages

Actual written multilingualismUnofficial but conventionalised

Official and standardised

In the Latin alphabet in francisised spelling in text messages and social media

Pepel

Mandinka

Pulaar

CreoleJoola Fogny

In the Arabic script for religious, ritual and personal use and poetry. In francisised Latin spelling in social media etc.

Lébou

Seereer

Bassari

Mënik

Bayot

ManjakMancagne

Maninka

Soninké

Wolof

Gujaher

GubëeherNiominka

Gumaks

Language

FrenchIn the Latin alphabet and standard spelling

ArabicIn the Arabic script for religious and ritual purposes

The lead writing cultures exemplified

French orthography is used for writing in Latin script. The Warsh tradition is used for writing in the Arabic script.

Sopp sëriñ Falu– Revere Seriñ Falu!

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A glimpse at small scale multilingualism in Casamance

A multilingual area

• No large centralised polities or state formations

• Some small polities (grouping around 10 villages)

• Refuge zone at the fringes of states (marshlands, climatic conditions, geographical isolation through rivers…)

• High linguistic diversity

• At the epicentre of globalisation since the 15th century and the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade

• High extent of micro‐migration, but great ethnolinguistic stability since the 15th century

A prototypical Frontier society (Kopytoff 1987)

(Some) named languages of Casamance

Wolof

Creole

Mandinka

Joola Fogny

French

Nominal languages of particular locationsRegional linguae francae

Pulaar

National linguae francae

Multilingual and mobile individuals

• Speak between 3 and 10 named languages

• Languages closely or remotely related or unrelated genetically

• Repertoires dynamic because of:– Fostering– Marrying in/out– Economic, religious and 

ritual mobility

The Christian « Bainounk » Hélène Coly turned into the

Muslim « Mandinka » Teye Sukoas part of the gubos ritual.

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Zoom in on repertoiresNominal languages of particular locations

Regional linguae francae

National linguae francae

Baïnounk Gujaher

Joola Susaana

Mandinka

Joola Fogny

Joola KasaCreole

WolofFrenchBenjamin Mané

Zoom in on repertoiresNominal languages of particular locations

Regional linguae francae

National linguae francae

Baïnounk Gujaher

Mandinka

Pepel

Creole

WolofMeta Diandy

Baïnounk (?) Gugëcer

Zoom in on repertoires

Nominal languages of particular locations

Regional linguae francae

National linguae francae

Baïnounk Gujaher

MandinkaPepel

Wolof

Emily Sadio (Yombe)

Pepel?

French

Only few settings where language choice is constrained

• Ritual contexts– Ceremonies associated 

with land, ancestors and spirits use patrimonial language of the place

• Religious contexts– Catholic services use 

languages into which the bible was translated by missionaries

• Prescriptive contexts– Linguists asking for 

particular language choice in elicitation and staged communicative events

– Some diglossic contexts 

Libations for the ancestors are accompanied by benedictions and injuntions in patrimonial languages

in Casamance.

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Shared cultural practices

• Initiation rites 

• Masked dances

• Fertility rituals(kanyalen/gubos)

• Exogyny

• Wet rice cultivation

• Religion (« path of the forebears », Christiantiy and Islam)

• Many rituals are timedacross the area and involve several groups, although they have ethnic labels

17Sacred

grove&

masked

dance in Niam

one.

Places as ideological home bases for languages

DjibonkerJi‐bëeher

A placeIts language

Baïnounk

Its affiliation with an (ethnic) group and/or a 

code

Gu‐bëeherBaïnounk‐Jóola

U‐/Ñan‐bëeher

Territorialising a language (Blommaert 2010)

Ancestral language (Woodbury 2005)

Patrimonial language (Lüpke forthcoming)

Ideological home base

Language of the ancestors of present‐day inhabitants

Language of the (remembered) founding clan

Patrimonial identity and language in the Lower Casamance

Landlords

Strangers

Landlords: descendants of the 

(remembered) founding clan

Landlords have land rights and 

can receive strangers

Patrimonial language associated with landlords of a place;  strangers don’t claim this language, even if they speak it. Over time, strangers can become landlords of their new dwellings. Brooks 1993; Lüpke 2016

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Territorialised languages based on selective ideologies

Many inhabitants of a place are ideologically erased from representing it; others are iconized (Irvine & Gal 2000, Gal 2016, Irvine 2016)

(Male) descendants of founders

In‐married women

Strangers (historically including 

slaves/captives)

Fostered children

Contested spaces and indexical misunderstandings

Categorical vs. relational indexicality

Good & Di Carlo forthcoming; Lüpke 2013, 2016, 2017, forthcoming c

RelationalCategorical

Ubos/anyalen

Muslim

ChristianBaïnounk

Ujaher

Mandinka

Jóola

24

Baïnounk as autochthones. Mixture signals decline.

Map: Sauvageot (1987), based on fieldwork in the 1960s. Classification: de Lespinay (1987). Research on Djifanghor: Quint (forthcoming)

NW

SW E

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Baïnounk

Jóola

Creole

Mandinka

Settlement history of Agnack

• Agnack Petit:– Is composed of an older Baïnounk settlement called Guriñol and 

a newer street village

– Street village attracts a cosmopolitan population

• Agnack Grand:

– Founded by the great‐grandfather of the current village chief

– Founder moved from Sangaj, a now abandoned villag ca. 20km south‐west of Agnack

Lüpke 2016

Settled strangers founding a new village

27Map: Sauvageot (1987), based on fieldwork in the 1960s. Research on Casamance Creole: Quint et al (forthcoming)

Places where Casamance Creole is “traditionally” spoken, although by few true monolinguals”.

Marriage exchange between Gujaher and Gugëcer communities

Map: Alpha ManeGujaher villages Gugëcer villages

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Fluid and bounded writing

Fluid writing in the conventions of a lead language

‘Guys of Brin, hi there.’

‘Hey, the monkeys, what are you saying?’

‘What have you been drinking that day?’

‘My guys, I like you.’

c

c

c

cc c

French?JóolaKujireray? Wolof English?

Gay can be analysed as Wolof  ‘lion’ (Mia Weidl), 

or as English guy(Friederike Lüpke). The speaker in question has been noted by Rachel Watson to use a lot of English in his speech.

The writing does not distinguish codes, using French orthography as a lead (Lüpke & Bao Diop 2014)

… also in precolonial writing regimes

Boundaries evoked by standard language culture

“No, mélanger ak olof barewul de. Mélanger ak français, moo bare, mo gëna bare. Mélanger ak olof? No no no no.“

’No, there is not a lot of mixture [of  Casamance languages] with Wolof. The mixture with French, it is a lot, it is more. A mixture with Wolof? No no no no.’

Data and photo:  Mia Weidl

Page 9: Talk Reading 2017 - WordPress.com...Official and standardised In the Latin alphabet in francisised spelling in text messages and social media Pepel Mandinka Pulaar Joola Fogny Creole

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Standard writing has great symbolic power…

33

Standard writing creates an ethnolinguistic group for the national polyglossic market place.

… but can’t reify the language itself

Extract from the statutes of the Baïnounk lobby organisation BOREPAB (1982)

Baïnounk Gubëeher

Baïnounk Gujaher

Baïnounk Guñaamolo

Baïnounk Gugëcer

Like the other languages that transcription has liberated forever from the anathema cast on them since always by the written languages, for the BOREPAB, the transcription of the Baïnounk language will be a necessary complement, allowing it to be codified, stabilised, to enrich itself in the contact with other languages or be enriched by them.

Leaflet and T‐shirt produced by the BOREPAB

Colonial borders in writing

Spellings of the family name /ɟamɛ/ in different postcolonial nation states of the area

<Diamé>

<Jammeh

<Jame>

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LILIEMA•Language‐independent literacy for inclusive education in multilingual areas

– “languaging” in the written domain

–Developed and piloted in multilingual areas with high (cross‐border) mobility in view of the SDGs for sustainable education

Coming soon

The BritishCouncilLanguage and 

Development Conference in Dakar (Senegal) in 

November