Take home message from Thursday What is an ideology?

A belief system that Specifies the nature of the “good society” and How to achieve it

Confucianism Ideal of social harmony through knowing one’s place

Superiors Moral exemplars Benevolent to inferiors Benevolent rulers enjoy legitimacy (mandate of heaven)

Inferiors Owe deference to superiors

Discredited in context of Qing Dynasty’s failure to respond to Internal challenges—economic development External challenges—imperialism

Revived in reform era to help legitimate contemporary CCP

From last class—Introduction of new ideologies in 20th C

Searching for a new concept of Good society How to achieve it

Marxism-Leninism Maoism Nationalism Liberalism

3

Marxism

Economy (material foundation) “It is not the consciousness of men

that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social (material) existence determines their consciousness.”

“Scientific” theory of the development of history

Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Communism

Class Based on relationship to means of

production In the case of capitalism

Owners of capital Suppliers of labor

(proletariat) Class conflict

Drives politics Logic of capitalist competition

necessitates increasing exploitation of workers

Mass of workers would eventually overthrow the few capitalists

Note that socialism follows developed capitalism

4

Leninism

New kind of political party

Bolshevik Party Conspiratorial,

vanguard party Leads nascent

working class Activists organize “in

the workers’ interest” Democratic centralism

party discipline Contributed analysis of

imperialism as highest stage of capitalism

Leninist Parties

KMT and CCP both Leninist parties Organized with assistance from

Comintern (Communist International)

6

Maoism

Voluntarism Where there’s a will

there’s a way Mass mobilization

Egalitarianism

Self-reliance

“Red” vs. “Expert”

Revolutionary potential of the peasantry

7

Confucianism and Maoism

Mao rejected Confucianism, but notice:

Cultivation of moral/political exemplars

“Redness” not “expertise”

Will/Voluntarism Idea that “the key to

effective action lies in first transforming the hearts of men” comes from the Confucian tradition.

Un-Marxist

Nationalism

Defined A doctrine that holds that the nation

should command the first loyalty of its people

A movement to achieve a strong and independent nation

A sense of common identity and common fate shared by members of the nation—often in opposition to some “other” outside reference group

9

Bianco Reading

What is Bianco’s argument in “Nationalism and Revolution”?

What leads to the rise of nationalism in China?

Examples? What is the political response

to the rise of nationalism?

10

Bianco Reading

Imperialism nationalism revolution

Nationalism

Rise of nationalism in early 20th C Popular movement Important to platform of emerging

political parties

KMT and the CCP

Compete to create the new political orderto take up the mantle of nationalism

12

13

Nationalist Party (founded 1912) KMT kuo-min-tang 国民党 guomindang

Sun Yat-sen Nationalist

ideology “Three People’s

Principles” Nationalism Democracy People’s livelihood

14

Chinese Communist Party (founded 1921) CCP 共产党 gongchandang

Marxism-Leninism Radical, egalitarian Emphasis on

Social transformation

National self-determination

importance of nationalism in CCP platform/agenda

CCP co-founder Chen Duxiu

15

New socio-economic context facilitates rise of nationalism

Mass participation Urbanization

especially Shanghai

Literacy use of vernacular (白话 baihua)

Media newspapers,

magazines Fostered national

awareness, identityNew Youth

16

Chinese nationalism

Following upon a “century of humiliation” How to make China

Wealthy Strong Free from foreign

domination?

17

Nationalist movement develops

May 4, 1919 May 4th Movement

Student protestsMerchant

boycottsLabor strikes

May 30, 1925 General strike in

Shanghai

Fate of liberalism

Chinese disillusionment with “the West” Example

US Pres. Wilson WWI rhetoric “self-determination of peoples” Discredited by Treaty of Versailles

19

Bianco Reading

Which political party has the most successful nationalist appeal, according to Bianco? Why?

20

Bianco Reading

Which political party has the most successful nationalist appeal, according to Bianco? Why?

National resistance to Japan

Mobilization of peasantry

Segue to peasant movement

Mao Revolutionary

potential of peasantry

Contrast to orthodox Marxist theory

Mao’s home in Hunan

Mao Zedong, Report on Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, 1927

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PEASANT PROBLEM During my recent visit to Hunan, I made a first-hand investigation

of conditions in five counties… Many of the hows and whys of the peasant movement were the

exact opposite of what the gentry in Hankow and Changsha are saying.

All talk directed against the peasant movement must be speedily set right. All the wrong measures taken by the revolutionary authorities concerning the peasant movement must be speedily changed. Only thus can the future of the revolution be benefited.

For the present upsurge of the peasant movement is a colossal event. In a very short time, in China's central, southern and northern provinces, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm, like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent that no power, however great, will be able to hold it back. They will smash all the trammels that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation. They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves.

Every revolutionary party and every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide. There are three alternatives. To march at their head and lead them? To trail behind them, gesticulating and criticizing? Or to stand in their way and oppose them? Every Chinese is free to choose, but events will force you to make the choice quickly.

Video clip

Video clip (4, 23:53-28:00)

China: A Century of Revolution Part I: China in Revolution, 1911-1949

produced in 1989

24

Small Group ExercisePerry, Challenging the Mandate of Heaven“Predators and Protectors”

• Perry analyzes the rebellious tradition of the Chinese peasantry. • Peasants seek strategies of survival in a harsh natural and political environment.

QUESTION: What types of peasants are most likely to adopt predatory strategies? protective strategies? Provide examples of each strategy. What are the sources that Perry draws on?

QUESTION: Are these peasant strategies targeted at overthrowing the state?

25

Small Group ExercisePerry, Challenging the Mandate of Heaven“Predators and Protectors”

“The poor peasant who joined up with a marauding bandit army was the least tied to this survival strategy. His allegiance was short-lived and purely pragmatic.” (p. 20)

“…all a far cry from an attack upon either the personnel or the structure of state authority.” (p. 21)

26

CCP strategically tapped the rebellious tradition of the peasantry

Tapped tradition of peasant rebellion CCP peasant organizing

initial rural policies—very extreme; appeal to poorest

Later rural policies—more moderate; appeal to multiple strata of peasantry

CCP redirected rebellion toward revolutionary goals through ideology and organization

27

Recall our earlier discussion of Bianco Reading

Which political party has the most successful nationalist appeal, according to Bianco? Why?

National resistance to Japan

Mobilization of peasantry

28

Phases of Chinese Communist Movement in Countryside

Peasant movement (1920s) “Soviet” base areas (1927 ff)

Radical land reform Confiscate land from landlords,

Executions of landlords Redistribute land

War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45) Moderate land reform

Reduce land rents Shift tax burden to landlords away from peasants Mutual aid—share tools, draft animals

Civil War (1945-49) CCP used base of peasant support to defeat KMT

29

“Soviet” base era and Anti-Japanese resistance era separated by “Long March”

Long March (1934-35)

CCP arrived in Yan’an (new base)

30

Liu Shaoqi Organizing Anti-Japanese Resistance

31

Anti-Japanese Resistance

32

Critique of Bianco: makes CCP sound like the Knights of the Round Table

Repression in CCP mobilization Organizational techniques

Developed propaganda apparatus grassroots mobilizing

Developed repressive measures 1942 “Rectification Campaign”

Darker side of Yan’an Criticism of party restricted Thought reform Struggle sessions (Criticism & Self criticism)

Wrap-up

Today Develop theme of nationalism

Bianco: “Nationalism and Revolution” Also, what happened to Liberalism?

Introduce theme of revolutionary change Perry on the Chinese peasantry

Rebellious tradition of peasantry Predatory vs. protective strategies of peasant survival

Primary source Mao, “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant

Movement in Hunan” In lecture: how did the CCP mobilize peasant

support?

34