Introduction Function: Function: Transport materials around
body Components: Components: Heart Blood Vessels
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The Heart Layers in Cross Section: Layers in Cross Section:
Pericardium- outermost sac enclosing heart Pericardial Fluid- fluid
between pericardium and epicardium Epicardium- tight fitting layer
surrounding heart; also called visceral pericardium Myocardium-
cardiac muscle layer Endocardium- smooth inner layer of heart
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Heart Structure Four chambers: Four chambers: Four chambers
Four chambers Right and left atria- receive blood into heart Right
and left ventricle- pump blood back out of the heart Two sides are
separated by septum Two sides are separated by septum
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Valves Four Valves in Heart: Four Valves in Heart: 1.Tricuspid
- between right atrium and right ventricle 2.Pulmonary Semilunar -
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk 3.Mitral (Bicuspid) -
between left atrium and left ventricle 4.Aortic semilunar - between
left ventricle and aorta Aortic semilunar Aortic semilunar
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Two CirculationsTwo Circulations of Blood Two Circulations
Pulmonary: Pulmonary: Back and forth to lungs Systemic: Systemic:
Back and forth to body
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Path of Blood Through Heart
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Exit Slip 1) What chamber is this? 1) What chamber is this? 2)
Which valve is between right atrium and right ventricle? 2) Which
valve is between right atrium and right ventricle? 3) Which circuit
(pulmonary or systemic) brings blood back and forth to lungs? 3)
Which circuit (pulmonary or systemic) brings blood back and forth
to lungs? 1) Right atrium 1) Right atrium 2) Tricuspid 2) Tricuspid
3) Pulmonary 3) Pulmonary
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Internal Heart Identification
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Vessels Supplying the Heart Coronary arteries Coronary arteries
First two branches off of the aorta Supply blood to heart Cardiac
veins Cardiac veins Return blood from heart tissues Drain into
coronary sinus Coronary sinus Coronary sinus Returns blood back to
right atrium
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Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Cycle Sequence of events that occur
during every regular heartbeat Sequence of events that occur during
every regular heartbeat Systole - contraction Systole - contraction
Diastole - relaxation Diastole - relaxation Refer to timeline Refer
to timeline
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THE FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
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Heart Sounds Heart Sounds Lubb - sound of atrioventricular (AV)
valves closing Lubb - sound of atrioventricular (AV) valves closing
Dupp - sound of semilunar valves closing Dupp - sound of semilunar
valves closing
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Lubb, Dubb, . Lubb, Dubb. made by the closing of the heart
valves. made by the closing of the heart valves. "lub" made by the
contraction of the ventricles and the closing of the
atrioventricular valves. "lub" made by the contraction of the
ventricles and the closing of the atrioventricular valves. dupp"
made by the semilunar valves closing. dupp" made by the semilunar
valves closing.
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Reminder about Cardiac Tissue Complex network of
interconnecting cells Complex network of interconnecting cells
Connected by intercalated discs Allows them to transfer impulse
rapidly and work together (functional syncytium) Two sets in heart:
Two sets in heart: One in atria, one in ventricles Kept separate
from each other Kept separate from each other
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Cardiac Conduction Intro Electrical impulses cause heart
structures to contract Electrical impulses cause heart structures
to contract Travel down a system of specialized fibers Travel down
a system of specialized fibers
34 THE CONDUCTINGY SYSTEM SA Node SA Node Inter-nodal pathway
Inter-nodal pathway AV Node AV Node Bundle of HIS Bundle of HIS
Bundle Branches Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers Purkinje
Fibers
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35 RELATIONSHIP
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Why do we do an ECG? Measures: Measures: Any damage to the
heart How fast your heart is beating and whether it is beating
normally The effects of drugs or devices used to control the heart
(such as a pacemaker) The size and position of your heart chambers
Ordered if: Ordered if: You have chest pain or palpitations
(pounding/racing heart) chest painpalpitationschest
painpalpitations You are scheduled for surgery You have had heart
problems in the past You have a strong history of heart disease in
the family
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Pathway for Conduction Pathway for Conduction Sinoatrial node
(SA node) Sinoatrial node (SA node) Pacemaker Causes atria to
contract Junctional Fibers Junctional Fibers Delay impulse reaching
ventricle by their small diameter Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node) Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers
Cause ventricles to contract
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Electrocardiogram Also know as ECG Also know as ECG Electrical
recording of myocardium during cardiac cycle Electrical recording
of myocardium during cardiac cycle Electrical recording of
myocardium during cardiac cycle Electrical recording of myocardium
during cardiac cycle P wave P wave Atrial depolarization QRS
complex QRS complex Ventricle depolarization and atrial
repolarization T wave T wave Ventricle repolarization
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Electrocardiogram (cont)
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Each electrical signal begins in a group of cells called the
sinus node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the
right atrium (AY-tree-um), which is the upper right chamber of the
heart. (Your heart has two upper chambers and two lower chambers.)
Each electrical signal begins in a group of cells called the sinus
node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right
atrium (AY-tree-um), which is the upper right chamber of the heart.
(Your heart has two upper chambers and two lower chambers.) In a
healthy adult heart at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal
to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute. In a healthy
adult heart at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to
begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute. From the SA node,
the signal travels through the right and left atria. This causes
the atria to contract, which helps move blood into the heart's
lower chambers, the ventricles (VEN-trih-kuls). The electrical
signal moving through the atria is recorded as the P wave on the
EKG. From the SA node, the signal travels through the right and
left atria. This causes the atria to contract, which helps move
blood into the heart's lower chambers, the ventricles
(VEN-trih-kuls). The electrical signal moving through the atria is
recorded as the P wave on the EKG. The electrical signal passes
between the atria and ventricles through a group of cells called
the atrioventricular (AV) node. The signal slows down as it passes
through the AV node. This slowing allows the ventricles enough time
to finish filling with blood. On the EKG, this part of the process
is the flat line between the end of the P wave and the beginning of
the Q wave. The electrical signal passes between the atria and
ventricles through a group of cells called the atrioventricular
(AV) node. The signal slows down as it passes through the AV node.
This slowing allows the ventricles enough time to finish filling
with blood. On the EKG, this part of the process is the flat line
between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the Q wave. The
electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a
pathway called the bundle of His. From there, the signal travels
into the right and left bundle branches. The signal spreads quickly
across your heart's ventricles, causing them to contract and pump
blood to your lungs and the rest of your body. This process is
recorded as the QRS waves on the EKG. The electrical signal then
leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of
His. From there, the signal travels into the right and left bundle
branches. The signal spreads quickly across your heart's
ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood to your lungs
and the rest of your body. This process is recorded as the QRS
waves on the EKG. The ventricles then recover their normal
electrical state (shown as the T wave on the EKG). The muscle stops
contracting to allow the heart to refill with blood. This entire
process continues over and over with each new heartbeat. The
ventricles then recover their normal electrical state (shown as the
T wave on the EKG). The muscle stops contracting to allow the heart
to refill with blood. This entire process continues over and over
with each new heartbeat.
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Control of Heart Rate Cardiac Center of Medulla Oblongata
Cardiac Center of Medulla Oblongata Parasympathetic Constant
braking action; acetylcholine Sympathetic Increases heart rate;
norepinephrine Blood Pressure Receptors Blood Pressure Receptors
Decreases heart rate Impulses from Cerebrum and Hypothalamus
Impulses from Cerebrum and Hypothalamus Decrease heart rate Changes
in K and Ca concentrations Changes in K and Ca concentrations
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Thumbs Up, Down Coronary arteries supply blood to heart.
Coronary arteries supply blood to heart. UP! The lubb of your heart
is the sound of the AV closing/opening. The lubb of your heart is
the sound of the AV closing/opening. UP! An ECG measures your blood
pressure. An ECG measures your blood pressure. DOWN! It measures
your cardiac cycle.
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Blood Vessels System of closed tubes filled with blood System
of closed tubes filled with blood Arteries Arteries Carry blood
away from heart Arterioles Arterioles Smaller branches of arteries
Capillaries Capillaries Thin-walled vessels where nutrients, fluid,
gases, and wastes are exchanged Venules Venules Small veins Veins
Veins Large vessels returning blood to heart
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Layers of Blood Vessel Walls Tunica externa Tunica externa
Outermost layer composed of connective tissue with some elastic and
collagenous fibers Tunica media Tunica media Middle layer composed
of smooth muscle and elastic fibers Tunica interna (endothelium)
Tunica interna (endothelium) Single layer of squamous
epithelium
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Control of Vessel Diameter Control of Vessel Diameter
Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction Sympathetic nervous system
impulses cause vessels to constrict Vasodialation Vasodialation
Inhibition of impulse causes dialation
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Arteries Carry blood away from heart under high pressure Carry
blood away from heart under high pressure Has the thickest tunica
media and tunica externa of all blood vessels Has the thickest
tunica media and tunica externa of all blood vessels
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Arterioles Smaller branches of arteries Smaller branches of
arteries Walls thin as the vessels get smaller Walls thin as the
vessels get smaller Eventually lose tunic externa Eventually lose
tunic externa
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Capillaries Site of exchange Site of exchange Only tunica
interna remains Only tunica interna remains Has small openings
between endothelial cells where materials can leak out Has small
openings between endothelial cells where materials can leak out
Pre-capillary sphincters Pre-capillary sphincters Smooth muscle at
start of capillary that can close the capillary bed and divert
blood flow
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Exchange of Materials Exchange of Materials 1. Oxygen and
nutrients diffuse out of the capillary 2. Carbon dioxide and wastes
diffuse back into capillary 3. Plasma Proteins dont leave the blood
4. Fluid is forced out of the capillary at the arteriole side due
to blood pressure 5. Fluid is brought back into the capillary due
to osmotic pressure at the venule side 6. Fluid not recollected is
brought back to the blood through the lymphatic system
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Venules and Veins Venules Venules Smaller veins Veins Veins
Large lumen Thinner tunica media Thinner tunica externa Return
blood to heart Low pressure Blood reservoir Contains valves Protect
against backflow
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Pumps your blood SONG! Pumps your blood SONG!
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Heart Disorders Heart Disorders Myocardial infarction (MI)
Myocardial infarction (MI) Otherwise known as heart attack heart
attackheart attack Def: Blood clot obstructs a coronary atery or
one of its branches killing part of the heart Causes: Diet (high in
fat and/or salt) Causes build-up in plague (causes blood clot)
Stress (usually from another illness) Symptoms: Pain in right arm,
shortness of breath, increased heart rate
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Heart Disorders Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Def: arterial
disease, hardening of arteries Very common Causes: Plague build-up
(caused by diet high in fat) Forms clots, blood has issues flowing
through Aging (older you get, more they harden) Heavy alcohol use
Not exercising (EVER!) Obesity Can lead to heart attack or
stroke
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Heart Disorders Hypertension Hypertension Def: High blood
pressure Ex: 140/90 (normal 120/80) Causes: Diet (high in fat
and/or salt) Genetics (heart disease, diabetes) Stroke or heart
attack Pregnancy/labor Kidney disease Race (African-Americans on
average have high BP) Gender
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Heart Disorders Varicose veins Varicose veins Def: ruptured
veins Causes: Abnormal dilations Caused by increased blood pressure
due to gravity Standing for abnormally long periods of time
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Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on blood
vessel walls Force blood exerts on blood vessel walls Highest in
arteries; lowest in veins Highest in arteries; lowest in veins Max
point: Max point: During ventricular systole; called systolic
pressure Min point: Min point: Before next ventricular contraction;
called diastolic pressure Normal arteriole blood pressure: 120/80
Normal arteriole blood pressure: 120/80
Heart Action Stroke Volume Stroke Volume Volume of blood
discharged from the left ventricle during each contraction Cardiac
output Cardiac output Volume of blood discharged from the left
ventricle/ minute Cardiac Output=Stroke volume x Heart rate (bpm)
Cardiac output has proportional relationship to blood pressure
Cardiac output has proportional relationship to blood pressure
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Peripheral Resistance Blood moving against vessel walls creates
friction that impedes flow Blood moving against vessel walls
creates friction that impedes flow If vessels are constricted,
blood pressure raises If vessels are constricted, blood pressure
raises If vessels are dilated, blood pressure lowers If vessels are
dilated, blood pressure lowers
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Blood Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Ease that a fluid flows
Increases when there are more formed elements or plasma proteins As
viscosity increases so does blood pressure
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Controlling Blood Pressure Cardiac Output Cardiac Output
Strength of ventricle contraction is controlled by amount of
Baroreceptors- send messages to medulla oblongata about how to
influence SA node Peripheral resistance Peripheral resistance
Changes in blood pressure cause changes in medulla oblongatas Vein
reservoir Vein reservoir During exercise or venoconstriction more
blood