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NEX
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2TacticalURBANISMShort-Term Action | | Long-Term Changetacticaladj: \ t a k - t i - k l \
1. of or relating to small-scale actions serving a larger purpose2. adroit in planning or maneuvering to accomplish a purpose
MIKE LYDON, Project Editor/AuthorDAN BARTMAN, Layout/Copy EditorTONY GARCIA, ContributorRUSS PRESTON, ContributorRONALD WOUDSTRA, Contributor
Tacticians
TacticalURBANISM
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The lack of resources is no longer an excuse not to act. The idea that action should only be taken after all the answers and the resources have been found is a sure
recipe for paralysis. The planning of a city is a process that allows for corrections; it is supremely arrogant to
believe that planning can be done only after every possible variable has been controlled.
- Jaime LernerArchitect, urbanist, former mayor of Curitiba, Brazil
TacticalURBANISM
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A NOTE ON VOLUME 2! During the fall of 2010 I traveled toNewOrleanstotakepartinaretreatwithmyfriendsandcolleagueswhosometimes self-identify as the Next Generation of NewUrbanists.While staying there in theMarigny, I sharedmynotesonanumberofseeminglyunrelated,butsimilarsmall-scale initiatives happening in the streets ofNewYork, SanFrancisco,Portland,andDallas.Perusual,theychallengedmetobetterarticulatemyideasandofferedtohelp. Tactical Urbanism: Short-term Action, Long-term Change, Volume 1wasthenassembledduringthespringof2011anduploadedfrom38,000feetwhileflyingtoBangkokasinspirationalacityasanyforthetacticalurbanist.Theintentof thepublicationwas toplace anumbrellaover a growingnumber of short-term, often self-funded efforts that weredemonstrablyleadingtolong-termchange. The term tactical urbanism is inspired by a June2010 faslanycblogpost thatdiscusses thepedestrianizationofTimes Square. In the introduction the author describesthe DOTs efforts as tactical interventions, and hacks.Itwasmy first exposure to such terms applied to the builtenvironmentanditseemedtoperfectlydescribenotjusttheGreenlightforBroadwayproject,butagroundswellofotherlow-cost,un-semi-andfully-sanctionedinterventions. Volume 1 was uploaded to my companys websiteandtothePatternCitiesblog.Inlessthantwomonthsthedocument was downloaded more than 10,000 times, themaximumnumberallowedwithour freeSCRIBDaccount.Weknew that thepublication struck a chordwith awholenewgenerationofcitymakers. Sensing aneed to furtherdiscuss and share tacticalinitiatives from across the country, we partnered withnumerousorganizationsinthefallof2011toproducethefirstTactical Urbanism Salon. Approximately 150 people fromaround the country (and Canada) discussed their projects,listenedtoothers,anddrankfreebeer.PriortotheSalonwepromisedattendeesthatwedreleaseVolumeII.However,withseveralotherprojects in theworks, thatpromise turnedouttobeabittooambitious.Nonetheless,fromWeedBombingandDepave,toAd-BustingandCamps,TacticalUrbanismVolume 2 presents updated information, new insights, newphotos,and12additionalshort-termactionsinspiringlong-termchange.Ihopeyoufindtheinitiativespresentedhereinasinspirationalastheyarepractical.
MIKE LYDONEditor / Author
The Street Plans CollaborativeMarch 2, 2012
TacticalURBANISM
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THE CHALLENGE Citiesareinaconstantstateofflux,whichmayexplainweplannersareoftenpreoccupiedwithcontrol.Large-scale transformations, such as stadiums, muse-ums,largewaterfrontparks,andconventioncentersareall big-ticket items with measurable curb appeal (forsome). Yet, such projects require a substantial invest-mentoftime,aswellasadeepreserveofpolitical,social,andfiscalcapital.Moreover,thelong-termeconomicorsocialbenefitcannotbeguaranteed. Inthepursuitofequitableprogress,citizensaretypicallyinvitedtoengageinaprocessthatisfundamen-tally broken: rather than being asked to contribute toincrementalchangeattheneighborhoodorblocklevel,residentsareaskedtoreacttoproposalstheyoftendontunderstand,andatascaleforwhichtheyhavelittlecon-trol.Forbetterorworse,thisoftenresultsinNIMBYismoftheworstkind.Surmountingthechallengesinherentto these public processes continues to prove difficult.Fortunately,citieswerenotalwaysmadethisway.Wedohavealternatives.
TACTICAL URBANISM Improvingthe livabilityofour townsandcitiescommonly starts at the street, block, or building scale.Whilelargerscaleeffortsdohavetheirplace,incremen-tal,small-scaleimprovementsareincreasinglyseenasawaytostagemoresubstantialinvestments.Thisapproachallowsahostoflocalactorstotestnewconceptsbeforemakingsubstantialpoliticalandfinancialcommitments.Sometimessanctioned,sometimesnot,theseactionsarecommonly referred to as guerilla urbanism, pop-upurbanism,cityrepair,orD.I.Y.urbanism. Whileexhibiting severaloverlappingcharacter-stics,tacticalurbanism,isadeliberateapproachtocity-makingthatfeaturesthefollowingfivecharacteristics:
Adeliberate,phasedapproachtoinstigatingchange; An offering of local ideas for local planning chal-
lenges; Short-termcommitmentandrealisticexpectations; Low-risks,withapossiblyahighreward;and Thedevelopmentof social capitalbetweencitizens,
andthebuildingoforganizationalcapacitybetween
PARK(ing) Day participants temporarily reclaim an on-street parking space for a more productive use. Credit: Parking Day flickr pool
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public/private institutions, non-profit/NGOs, andtheirconstituents.
EXPERIMENTATION INFORMS DESIGN Case studies fromacrossNorthAmerica revealthebenefitoftakinganincrementalapproachtothepro-cessofcitybuildinglong-termchangeoftenstartswithtrying something small. Upon implementation, resultsmaybeobservedandmeasuredinrealtime.Inthisway,tacticalurbanismprojectsintentionallycreatealaborato-ryforexperimentation.Or,toparaphraseprofessorNa-beelHamdi,theyallowforthemakingofplanswithoutthepreponderanceofplanning. Whensuchexperimentsaredoneinexpensively,and with flexibility, adjustments may be made beforemovingforwardwithlargecapitalexpenditures.Indeed,thereisrealmeritinamunicipalityordeveloperspending$30,000ontemporaryplazabeforeinvesting$3,000,000inchangesthatarepermanent.Iftheprojectdoesntworkasplanned,theentirebudgetisnotexhaustedandfuturedesignsmaybecalibratedtoabsorbthelessonslearnedfromwhatissurelyaparticularanddynamiccontext.Ifdonewell, such small-scale changesmay be conceivedas thefirststep inrealizing lastingchange.Thus, tacti-calurbanismismosteffectivewhenusedinconjunctionwithlong-termplanningeffortsthatmarrytheurgencyofnowwiththewisdomofpatientcapital. Ifincludedaspartofapublicplanningprocess,tacticalurbanismmaymorequicklybuildtrustamongstdisparateinterestgroupsandcommunityleaders.Indeed,ifthepublicisabletophysicallyparticipateintheim-provement of the city, nomatterhow small the effort,thereisanincreasedlikelihoodofgainingincreasedpub-licsupport formorepermanentchange later.Involvingthepublicinthephysicaltestingofideasmayalsoyielduniqueinsightsintotheexpectationsoffutureusersandthetypesofdesignfeaturesforwhichtheyyearn;trulyparticipatoryplanningmustgobeyonddrawingonflipchartsandmaps. Finally,usingtacticalurbanismtoactivatethoseplans already sittingon the shelfmay recover themo-mentumgainedduringtheactualplanningprocessandmovesomeofthemostrealisticorexcitingideasclosertofruition. Tactical urbanism can be used to simply buildpublicawareness, to identifyasmallbutpressingissue.Recently inBaltimore,Maryland aguerilla crosswalkwaspaintedacrossabusystreetwithinexpensivewhitepaint and rollers. Although the city typically removesunauthorizedsignsandpavementmarkingsinshortor-
der,thetemporaryimprovementdirectlycommunicatedtheneed,andarealdesirefromthepublicforbetterpe-destrianinfrastructure.Thecrosswalkhassincebecomepermanent. Similarly,theToronto-basedUrbanRepairSquadmaintainsawebsitethatgathersimagesofD.I.Y.urbanrepairsinthecityspublicspaces.Theyrecentlyfeaturedimagesofbicyclesymbolspaintedonstreetsindicatingtheneedforfutureextensionsofthecitysbicyclenet-work. Inanincreasingnumberofinstances,municipali-tiesfollowtheleadoftheircitizensbymorepermanentlyimplementingtheshort-term,low-budgetlivabilityim-provementsinitiatedbycitizen-activists.Inothercases,thoseworkingwithincityhallaretakingthelead.WHY NOW? While many of the tactics profiled herein arenew,thecity-andplace-makingprocesswenowcalltac-ticalurbanismisnot(seepgs.4-5).Indeed,thedevelop-mentofhumansettlementshasalways included, ifnotrequiredincrementalandself-directedactionaimedto-wardsincreasingsocialcapital,commercialopportunity,andurbanlivability.Inmanydevelopingcitiesandcoun-tries,thisremainstheonlywayforward. Itisonlyrecentlythatthetriumvirateofcheapoil,easyfinancing,andgovernmentregulations,likeEuclid-eanzoning,hasdulledthespiritoftheNorthAmericantacticalurbanist.Weattribute thenewwaveof tacticalprojects,whichrunalongacontinuumofunsanctionedto sanctioned efforts (see pgs. 7), to three recent andoverlappingtrends:
1.TheGreatRecession2.Shiftingdemographics
Temporary experiments can test physical improvements prior to implementation. Credit: Edward Erfurt IV
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3.TheInternetasatoolforbuildingtheciviceconomy
First,abenefitoftherecessionisthatitslowedthe North American growth machine.This effectivelyforcedcitizens,citydepartments,anddeveloperstotakematters into theirownhands,get creativewithprojectfunding, and concentrateon smaller,more incrementalefforts. Thishasoccurredwhilemoreandmorepeopleespeciallytheyoungandwelleducatedhavecontinuedtomoveintoonceforlornwalkableneighborhoods.Thiscohort includes retirees, who are also interested in re-makingtheirchosenneighborhoods.Interestingly,someoftheseyoungpeoplearealsomovingintogovernmentleadershippositionsasthebabyboomersretire. Finally, thecultureofsharingtacticsonlinehasgrowntremendouslyandisbecomingmoresophisticat-ed.Thankstoweb-basedtools,abloggercansharesome-thingtacticalinDallasandhaveitre-blogged,tweeted,facebookedetc. indozensofcitieswithinminutes.Themostindustrioustacticalurbanists,suchasTeamBetterBlock,Rebar,andDepave,areusingthewebasaplat-formforsharingfreehow-tomanualsaimedathelpingyoubringtheirtacticstoyourtown.SuchatrendisanexampleofwhatBritainsNationalEndowmentforSci-ence,TechnologyandtheArts(NESTA)callstheciviceconomy the spirit of entrepreneurship combinedwiththeaspirationofcivicrenewal.
WHY HERE AND NOT THERE? Theoretically,tacticalurbanismcanbeappliedtothe arterials, parking lots, and cul-de-sacs ofAmerica.Yet,thebestexamplesareconsistentlyfoundincompacttownsandcitiesfeaturinganundervalued/underutilizedsupplyofwalkableurbanfabric.Webelievethiscallsat-tentiontothelimitedsocial,economic,andphysicalre-
The Great Recession
Shifting Demographics
The Internet as a Tool for
Building the Civic Economy
TacticalURBANISM
siliency found in sprawling,auto-centricenvironments.Itseemsthathuman-scaledplaces,wheresocialcapitaland creativity aremost easily catalyzed, are a pre-req-uisite for tactical urbanism.The largermoves and de-signtechniques,suchasthosehighlightedintheSprawl Repair ManualandRetrofitting SuburbiamightprovidemoreappropriatefirstmovesindealingwithAmericasunwalkablesuburbs.
The rise in tactical urbanism may be attributed to three recent and overlapping trends.
Can this be chairbombed? How does a parklet add value if there is no on-street parking or sidewalks? Can you build a better block if there is no coherent block structure? Credit: Unknown
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PatternCITIES
Ahandfulof cities continually establishurbandevelopment paradigms that others readily follow.Thesecities,whichwecallPatternCities,arentalwaysthe progenitors of innovation, nor are they necessarilyGlobalCities.Rather, they are the first to adapt ideas
1914 NYClaunchesthePlayStreetsprogram1950 PlayStreetsspreadtoLondon,England1965 SeattlestartsfirstOpenStreetsinitiative1970 SanFranciscoartistBonnieOraSherkintroduces PortableArchitectureproject,aforeunnerof Park(ing)Day1973 GuerillaGardeningeffortsstartinNYC1997 CityRepairadoptintersectionsinPortland2001 FirstPop-UpRetaileventheldinLondon2005 Park(ing)DaydevelopsinSanFrancisco2006 Programmed,Bogot-styledOpenStreets initativesspreadtoNorthAmerica2006 PavementtoPlazasprogramstartsinNYC2007 DepaveprogramlaunchedinPortland,OR2007 SitePre-VitalizationusedforHerculesMarketin Hercules,CA
Tactical TIMELINESelect Patterns of Influence
2007 SaoPaulo,Brazilbansbillboards,inspiresAd- Bustersaroundtheworld2009 PavementtoParksbeginsinSanFrancisco2010 BuildaBetterBlockstartedinDallas2010 DoTankChairBombstheStreetsofBrooklyn2010 NYCrebrandsSanFransPavementtoParksas Pop-UpCafes2011 CityPointdevelopersuseSitePre- VitalizationatBrooklynsDekalbMarket2011 GuggenheimMuseumopensitstravelingT TownHall,theGuggenheimLab2011 SanFranciscolaunchestheParkmobile2011 ActivistsbeginWeedBombingMiamistreets2012 GrandCentralPark,BiscayneParkwaybring insta-parkstodowntownMiami
atameaningfulscaleand/ortimeinhistory.Intheageof the Internet, new patterns spread faster than everbefore.Tacticalurbanismisbutonepatternanditsbeingadopted in cities across theUnitedStates andbeyond.Learnmoreathttp://patterncities.com
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TacticalURBANISM
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1500s TravelingBookSellersbeginsettingupinfor- malpop-upshopsalongtheSeine1649 BooksellersbannedatPontNeufe,laterrein- stated1789 BouquinisteappearsinFrenchdictionary1859 CitypermitsBouquinistesatfixedpointsalong theSeine,regulatesamountofspaceallowed, chargesregistrationfee1930s Boxdimensionsarefixed,regulatedbyCity1993 JacqueChiracsignslawstandardizingnewbox size2007 DeclaredUNESCOWorldHeritagesite2012 300,000books,900boxes,240sellers,along 3kmofprimeSeinerealestate
Tactical TIMELINELes Bouquinistes
LesBouquinistesinParis,France,demonstratethattacticalurbanismisnothingnew.Beginninginthe16thcentury,unsanctionedbooksellersbegancongregat-ingalongthebanksoftheSeinetohawkthelatestbest-sellers. However, much like brick and mortar restau-rants denounce todays food trucks, physical bookshopownerscomplainedloudlyenoughtohavethebooksell-ersbannedin1649.Nottobedeterred,lesbouquinistesprovedsopopularthatthecityhadtoeventuallyallow,their presence.However, regulations confined them tospecific locations and stipulated that each shopmustcollapseintoaboxatdaysend. In2007 theareaoccupiedbyLesBouquinisteswas designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site,whichmakes this tactic one of the slowest, if not themostlauded,examplesoftacticalurbanism.
Les Bouquinistes. Credit: Charles Simond, La vie parisienne travers le XIXe sicle, Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit et cie, 1900, p. 458.
What began as an unsanctioned use of public space in the 16th century has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Credit: EventSeekr.com
TacticalURBANISM
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The boxes of Les Bouquinistes. Credit: Acscosta via Wikipedia
TacticalURBANISM
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Unsanctioned
TacticalUrbanism
Sanctioned
Park( ing) Day
Pop-Up Shops
Food Car ts /Trucks
Mobi le Vendors
S i te Pre-Vi ta l izat ion
Temporary Reta i l
Pop-Up Civ ic Forum
In tersect ion Repai r
B ike Park ing
Bui ld a Bet ter B lock
Guer i l la Gardening
Chai rbombing
Ad Bust ing
Local Act iv is ts -Comuni ty Groups -
Ar t is ts -
Open Streets
Pavement to Plazas
P lay Streets
St reet Fai rs
Pop-Up Cafes
Ci ty Agencies -Mayor s Of f ice -
BIDs -
Hybrid
Non-prof i ts - Entrepreuners -
Developers -
Tact ics
tact
icia
ns
THE TACTICAL URBANISM SPECTRUM Tactical urbanism projects can be placed alongaspectrumofunsanctionedtosanctionedefforts.Manyexamplesinthisguidebeganasunsanctionedgrassrootsinterventions that proved so successful that they soonbecamesanctionedorpermanent.TheDepaveprogram,forexample,beganwithneighborhoodactivistsbuthastransformed into a non-profit funded by the City ofPortland and the EPA.This is how short-term actioncreateslong-termchange.Thisistacticalurbanism.
VOLUME 2 Twodozentacticsareincludedinthis,thesecondsurveyoftacticalurbanismprojects.Whilenotcompre-hensive,andmostlylimitedtotheNorthAmericancon-text, theworkdescribedhereinpresentsnumerousop-portunitiestotransformourtownsandcitiesintobetterplacestooccupytogether.Ifyouhaveadditionaltacticstoadd,[email protected]
Brainstorming the tactical spectrum at the Project Lodge.Credit: Payton Chung
The Project Lodge at CNU 19 in Madison, WI.Credit: Aurash Khawarzad
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Because there should be one... Credit: Team Better Block
TacticsOPEN STREETS
PLAY STREETS
BUILD A BETTER BLOCK
PARK(ING) DAY
GUERILLA GARDENING
POP-UP RETAIL
PAVEMENT TO PLAZAS
PAVEMENT TO PARKS
POP-UP CAFES
DEPAVE
CHAIR BOMBING
FOOD CARTS/TRUCKS
SITE PRE-VITALIZATION
POP-UP TOWN HALL
INFORMAL BIKE PARKING
INTERSECTION REPAIR
AD-BUSTING
RECLAIMED SETBACKS
PARK MOBILE
WEED BOMBING
MOBILE VENDORS
MICRO-MIXING
PARK-MAKING
CAMPS
Ten
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Twenty
Twenty One
Twenty Two
Twenty Four
Twenty Six
Twenty Seven
Twenty Eight
Thirty
Thirty One
Thirty Two
Thirty Four
Thirty Five
Thirty Six
Thirty Eight
Thirty Nine
Forty
Forty Two
DoTa
nk
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Savannah, GA
Winnipeg, MB
Cleveland, OH
Seattle, WA
OPEN STREETS SUMMARY MAP - 2005
OPEN STREETS SUMMARY MAP - 2011
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open STREETSPURPOSE: Totemporarilyprovidesafespacesfor walking,bicycling,skatingandsocial activities;promotelocaleconomic development;andraiseawareness aboutthedetrimentaleffectsofthe automobileonurbanliving.LEADERS: Citydepartments Politicians Advocates Non-ProfitsSCALE: City||District||CorridorFACT: 50ofthe70knownNorthAmerican openstreetsinitiativesbeganwithin thelastthreeyears.
OpenStreetsinitiativesareincreasinglycommonincitiesseekinginnovativewaystomeetenvironmental,social, economic, andpublichealthgoals.Open streetsareoftenreferredtoasciclova,whichinSpanishtrans-latesliterallyasbikepath.Theoriginislargelythoughtto be Bogot, Colombia, a city known worldwide forbeing a leader of the ciclova/open streets movement.However,beforetherewasCiclovainBogot,therewasSeattleBicycleSundays,whichfirstlaunchedin1965,predatingBogotsciclovabynearlyadecade. WhilethebenefitsofOpenStreetsinitiativesarewidelyrecognized,perhapsthemosttangiblebenefitisthesocialinteractionandactivitythatdevelopsthou-sands of people of all ages, incomes, occupations, reli-gions,andraceshavetheopportunitytomeetinthepub-licrealmwhilesharinginphysicalorsocialactivities.Indoingso,participantsdevelopawiderunderstandingoftheircity,eachother,andthepotentialformakingstreetsfriendlierforpeople. The resulting vibrancy therefore enables peopletoexperiencetheircityspublicrealminadifferentway,whichhelpsbuildbroaderpoliticalsupportforundertak-ingmorepermanentpedestrian, bicycle, andother liv-abilityimprovements.Inthisway,openstreetsareatoolforbuildingsocialandpoliticalcapital,whilehavingveryrealeconomicimpactsforbusinesses,vendors,andorga-nizationsalongthechosenroute. PerhapsWaterloo,ONCityCouncilor,MelissaDurrell,saiditbestwhendescribinghercitysCarFreeSundayinitiative:Thisisaboutbringingpeopleintothecore.
Madison, Wisconsins Ride The Drive initiativeconsistently draws 20,000 - 25,000 participants. Credit: Mike Lydon
The Open Streets Project Guide. Credit: Street Plans and Alliance for Biking & Walking
Atlantas Streets Alive! initiative brings people together.Credit: Mike Lydon
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Play STREETSPURPOSE: Tocreatesafespacesforpeopleofall agestobesocialandactive.LEADERS: Neighborhood/BlockAssociations Advocates CitydepartmentsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Manycityneighborhoodslack adequateparkandopenspace.Play Streetsfillthisneedbyprovidinga safespaceforrecreationand communityinteraction.
Play streets, popular in New York City andLondon, re-purpose the public right-of-way for recre-ationalactivities.Inessence,playstreetscreateapublicplaygroundwithinaspaceformerlyusedforthemove-ment and storage of private automobiles.They oftenoccur seasonally and are typically located adjacent toschoolsorinneighborhoodswhereopenspaceisscarce.Whenimplementedinlow-incomeneighborhoods,theymay be paired with farmers markets or underutilizedschoolplaygrounds,whichcanhaveamultipliereffect. InNewYorkCity,aplaystreetismadepossiblewhen51%oftheresidentslivingonaone-wayresiden-tialblocksignapetitionandofferittotheirlocalpoliceandtransportationofficials,whothensendittothelo-calCommunityBoardforreview.Ifapproved,theCityprovidesyouthworkerstooverseetheprogram.Approxi-mately75%oftheseinitiativesareorganizedbytheNewYorkCityPoliceAthleticLeague,whichbeganorganiz-ingplaystreetsin1914. NewYorksJacksonHeightsneighborhooddem-onstrateshowanincrementalapproachmaybringforthpermanentchange.In2008and2009asingleblockof78th street (located next to a school, betweenNorth-ern Boulevard and 34th street) was closed to motor-ists on Sundays-only during the spring, summer, andfall months. Instantly loved by community members,theblockwasthenclosedinJulyandAugusttomotorvehicletrafficeverydayduringthefollowingyear.Suc-ceedingonceagain,theplaystreetexpandedtoincludethemonthofSeptember in2011sothatpublichealthofficialscouldstudyhowthestreetclosureworkswhenschoolisinsession.IfdeemedsuccessfulbytheCity,thestreetwillbecomepermanentlyclosedtomotorvehicles,whileremainingfullyopentopeople.
A London play street.Credit: streetplaylondon.blogspot.com
In Jackson Heights, car-free space creates carefree play space.Credit: Clarence Eckerson
Play streets create playgrounds where they dont currently exist Credit: New York Times
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PURPOSE: Topromotelivablestreetsand neighborhoodvitality.LEADERS: LocalAdvocates LocalBusinessesSCALE: Street||Block||BuildingFACT: FortWorthsBetterBlockProjectwas builtusingonly$500worthof materials.Today,someofthechanges proposedarebeingmadepermanent bytheCityofForthWorth.
Local communityactivists in theDallasneigh-borhoodofOakClifflaunchedtheBuildaBetterBlockproject.SpearheadedbyGoOakCliff,theorganizationrelied upon cheap or donatedmaterials, and theworkofmanyvolunteers to transforma singleunderutilizedurbanblock. In short,Build aBetterBlock encourages localactivists and property owners to temporarily activatevacant storefronts andpublic space. InDallas, thefirsteffort utilized food vendors and sidewalk cafe tablesas places to congregate. New York style cycle trackspainted along the curb pushed cars outward to reducethenumberoftravellanes,whicheffectivelyslowedtraf-fic.Finally,nativelandscapingandstreetfurniturehelpedimprovetheblockssenseofplace. Todate,theBuildaBetterBlockefforthashadasubstantialspin-offeffect:themomentumgainedfromtheprojectledtothepermanentuseofformerlyunder-utilizedretailspace.Additionally,theprocesshelpedad-vocatesinDallasandForthWorthgarneracommitmentfromtheir leaderstopermanently implementcompletestreet improvements. Ithasalsospurredanewconsul-tancyfirm,calledTeamBetterBlock.Theyarenowad-visingotherorganizationsandcitiestousethelow-cost,low-riskprocesstotoincitechange. Asatouchstoneofthetacticalurbanismmove-ment, the Better Block approach continues to capturetheattentionofurbanistsandadvocates.SimilareffortshavenowtakenplaceinForthWorth,OklahomaCity,Philadelphia,Memphis,andbeyond. InOysterBay,NY, a similar strategy deployedbyDoTankandStreetPlansutilizedpop-upshopsandafarmersmarket,whichhavesincebecomepermanent.ThisincludesBillyJoels20thCenturyCycles,amotor-cycle showroom that has become a regional draw. Joelparticipated in the initial event andwas struck by thepotentialofthespacehenowrents.
build a blockBETTER
The Fort Worth, TX Build a Better Block effort led to permanent change. Credit: fortworthology.com
Before and after: Dallas Build a Better BlockCredit: Go Oak Cliff
In Oyster Bay, Billy Joel rehabbed a vacant storefront for his motorcycle collection, which is now a regional draw. Credit: Mike Lydon
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A street temporarily transformed. Credit: Art Monaco Portland via my.parkingday.org
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PARK ING DAY( )PURPOSE: Toreclaimspacedevotedto automobiles,andtoincreasethe vitalityofstreetlifeLEADERS: Advocates Non-Profits CommunityGroupsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: In2011,975on-streetparkingspaces weretemporarilyreclaimedin165 cities,35countries,andacrosssix continents. PARK(ing)Day is an annual event where on-streetparkingspacesareconvertedintopark-likepublicspaces.Theinitiativeisintendedtodrawattentiontothesheeramountofspacedevotedtothestorageofprivateautomobiles. While its provenance is sometimes debatedamong advocates inNewYork and San Francisco, re-searchrevealsthatBonnieOraSherk,aSanFrancisco-based artist, first began converting pavement to parkswithher1970projectentitledPortableArchitecture. Nonetheless, theoutwardmarketingof the ini-tiativefirstoccurredin2005whentheinterdisciplinarydesign group Rebar converted a single San Franciscoparking space into amini-park.The group simply laiddown sod, added a bench and tree, and fed themeterwith quarters. Instantly garnering national attention,PARK(ing)Dayhasspreadrapidlyamongstlivablecityadvocates and is thought to be the pre-cursor toNewYorkandSanFranciscosparkletandpavementtoparksprograms. Atitscore,PARK(ing)Dayencouragescollabo-ration amongst local citizens to create thoughtful, buttemporaryadditionstothepublicrealm.Oncereclaimed,parkingspacesareprogrammedinanynumberofways;manyfocusonlocal,national,orinternationaladvocacyissues, while others adopt specific themes or activities.Thepossibilities anddesigns are as endless as they arefun. Whileparticipatingindividualsandorganizationsoperateindependently,theydofollowasetofestablishedguidelines.NewcomerscanpickupthePARK(ing)DayManifesto,whichcoversthebasicprinciplesandincludesahow-toimplementationguide.
A PARK(ing) Day installation. Credit: flickr user iomarch
In 2010 a group of non-profit and neighborhood organizations hosted a pot-luck park(ing) day after party below the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway.
Credit: flickr user Brodowski
Bonnie Ora Sherks 1970 Portable Architecture project.Credit: Bonnie Ora Sherk
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Guerilla GARDENINGPURPOSE: Tointroducemoregreeneryand gardeningintotheurbanenvironmentLEADERS: NeighborhoodAdvocatesSCALE: Block||LotFACT: GuerillaGardeningfirstbeganin1973 whenNewYorkCityactiviststhrew condomswithlocalseeds,water,and fertilizerintovacantlots FirstcoinedbyLizChristyandherGreenGuer-rillagroupin1973,guerillagardeningisnowaninter-nationalmovement.Althoughtherearemanypermuta-tions,guerrillagardeningistheactofgardeningonpublicorprivatelandwithoutpermission.Typically,thechosensitesarevacantorunderutilizedpropertiesinurbanareas.Thedirectre-purposingofthelandisoftenintendedtoraiseawarenessforamyriadofsocialandenvironmentalissues,includingsustainablefoodsystems,urbanstorm-watermanagement,improvingneighborhoodaesthetics,andthepowerofshort-term,collaborativelocalaction. When applying the tactic to contested land,guerillagardenersoften takeactionunder the coverofnight,wherevegetablesmaybesowed,orflowergardensplantedandcaredforwithoutrunningtheriskofbeingcaught. Guerillagardeningisanexcellenttacticforno-ticeablyimprovinganurbanneighborhood.Oftentimes,gardens are cared for years after they are first created,illegally.Indeed,thefirstgardenstartedinavacantNewYorkCity lotby theGreenGuerillasbecame so lovedthat volunteers and theNewYorkCityParksDepart-ment now maintain it.This exemplifies how unsanc-tionedshort-termactioncreatessanctioned,long-termchange.
SanFranciscosSundayStreetsCredit:???
Guerilla Gardening offers an outlet for creative energy. Credit: Loralee Edwards, Lethbridge Guerilla Gardening
Green Guerillas at work. Credit: Guerilla Gardening Development Blog
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POP UP RETAILPURPOSE: Topromotethetemporaryuseof vacantretailspaceorlots.LEADERS: Developers LocalEntrepreneurs Artists CorporationsSCALE: Street||BuildingFACT: Pop-upretail,wascoined inlate2003bytrendwatching.com. Theconceptofpop-upurban improvementinitiativeshassincebeen appliedtodozensofothersimilar temporaryinterventions.
Apparel companies looking to generate brandawarenessfirstutilizedthepop-upretailtactic.Atfirst,sucheffortsmadetemporaryuseofvacantretailspacesbycreatinganevent-likeatmosphereforalimitedtimesometimes even justoneday.For retailers, the focus isgenerallyonmarketingorproof-of-concept,ratherthanproducingsales. Companieslargeandsmall,propertyowners,art-istsandcommunityorganizationsquicklyadoptedandcalibratedtheconceptforawiderangeofpurposes.Tobe sure, pop-up retail is moving beyond the commonseasonal holiday store and the trendy one-off designerbrandsaleseventtobecomingasanctionedcommunityrevitalizationtechnique.Mainstreetswithvacantstorefronts, oversizedparking lots, andunderutilizedpublicspacesareincreasinglybeingusedaslocalincubatorsforaseeminglyendlessnumberoftemporarytopermanentcommercialandcommunityuses. Forexample, inOakland,CAanurbanplannerandrestaurantownerarecollaboratinginproducingPop-uphood,athree-blockstretchofshort-termleasepop-upstoresintendedtorevitalizethedowntownthroughnewbusiness incubation. In thisway, the pop-up trend re-flects theneweconomywherealigningthe interestsofpropertyownersandlocalentrepreneursishappeninginamorenimbleandcreativeway. Finally, the interest and public exposure pop-upsgeneratebywayoftheirtemporarynatureprovideapowerfultoolforsparkinglong-termchange.Successfulpop-upstoresoftenearntherighttostay,creatingawin-winforthepropertyowner,occupant,andneighborhood.
Manifesto Bicycles is one of six stores in Oaklands Popuphood.Credit: Oakland North
Melbournes Rebecca Walk features pop-up retail under a rail Viaduct.Credit: Mike Lydon
The solar powered KiosKiosk is a pop-up store that can be setup almost anywhere.
Credit: KiosKiosk
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The iconic, but temporary changes in Times Square will be soon be upgraded and made permanent.Credit: New York City Department of Transportation
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PURPOSE: Toreclaimunderutilizedasphaltas publicspacewithoutlargecapital expenditureLEADERS: CityDepartments BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Followingtheimplementationof theNewTimesSquarepedestrian plaza,injuriestomotoristsandtheir passengersdeclinedby63%.Similarly, pedestrianinjuriesdecreased35%,even whilepedestrianvolumesincreased
Pavement to Plaza programs, popularizedrecentlyinNewYorkCity,butechoedincitieslikeSanFrancisco,seeminglydefinesanctionedtacticalurbanism.These interventions typically start by using temporary,inexpensive materials to re-assign excessive motorvehiclespacefortheuseofpedestriansand/orbicyclists.Because these efforts do not require a large outlay ofcapital,publicspacesareabletoappearalmostovernight.While the city funds the design and the construction,partnersfromthelocalbusinessoradvocacycommunityareusuallyaskedtooperate,maintain,andmanagethenewplazas. Following the immediate closure of TimesSquare,thecenterpieceofNewYorkshighlysuccessfulGreenlightforMidtownstreetimprovementproject,TimTompkins of theTimes SquareAlliance realizedthatpeoplemightwanttositsomewhere.So,hebought376 folding chairs for $10.74 each and instantly millionsofpeoplehaveanewwayofenjoyingthecity. By taking this experimental pilot projectapproach using temporary materials, the City andpublic-at-largeareabletotesttheperformanceofeachnewplazawithoutwastingscarcepublicresources.Whensuccessful, theplazastransitionintoamorepermanentdesign and construction phase, which is happeningcurrentlyinmanyofNewYorkCitysfirstgenerationofpilotplazasandsustainablestreetprojects.
pavement plazas TO
Broadway at Columbus Circle: Before and after.Credit: New York City Department of Transportation
Putnam Triangle
Putnam Triangle: Before and after.Credit: New York City Department of Transportation
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PURPOSE: Toreclaimunderutilizedasphaltas publicspacewithoutlargecapital expenditureLEADERS: LocalRestaurants Municipalities TransportationDepartments BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: StartupcostsforaparkletinSan franciscoincludea$1,000application fee,anda$650feefortheremovalof parkingmeters.A$221feeisthen chargedannually.ParallelPark,a parkletinVancouver,BCcost $18,000todesignandconstruct.
The similar Pavement to Plaza projects carriedoutinNewYorkCityinspiredSanFranciscosPavementtoParksprogram.Usingmanyofthesametechniquesmoveabletablesandchairs,paintingasphalt,andthein-stallationofinexpensiveplantersandre-purposedstonebocks,municipalofficialswereabletoquicklyestablisha formal program that increased the balance of publicspace. ThePavement toParksprogram is a collabora-tiveeffortbetweentheSanFranciscoMayorsOffice,theDepartmentofPublicWorks,thePlanningDepartment,and the Municipal Transportation Agency. The low-costparkletsarenowfoundinmorethan20locationsthroughoutthecity. AsinNewYork,theCityviewseachparkletasa laboratoryfortestingthepotentialofamoreperma-nentlydesignedpublicspace.Thematerialsaremeanttobetemporaryandthedesignmalleableshouldchangesbedesiredduringthetrialperiod. Atypicalparkletconsistsofaplatformthatsitsflushwith the sidewalk.Eachone isbuilt in theplaceof twoor threeparkingspaces. Inmostcases, they in-cludeseatingandvariousamountsofgreeneryandocca-sionallyincludebicycleparkingand/ortablestoserveasoutdoordiningareasfornearbyrestaurantsorcafes.Thecostofconstructingaparkletistypicallycoveredbyanindividualbusinessor severalbusinesses that recognizethe ability to attract customers. Privately sponsored ornot,parkletsarepartofthepublicrealmandcompletelyopentothepublicatlarge.
pavement parksTO
Some parklets feature bicycle parking.Credit: flickr user Jeremy Shaw
Vancouver, BCs Parallel Park.Credit: Facebook user Parallel Park
One of San Franciscos many parklets.Credit: flickr user Jeremy Shaw
(PARKLETS)
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POP UP- CAFESPURPOSE: Topromoteoutdoorpublicseatingin theparkinglane(duringthewarm months)andtopromotelocal businessesLEADERS: CityDepartments LocalRestaurants BusinessImprovementDistricts LocalDesignersSCALE: Block||StreetFACT:: ParkingspacesusedforPop-UpCafes inNYCareleasedfromthe DepartmentofTransportation
Inspired byNewYorkCitysPavement toPla-zaprogram,SanFranciscobegan itsownPavement toParkseffort,whichincludesparklets(page19).ThatriffontheconceptwastheimportedbacktoNewYorkanre-namedpop-upcafs,whichhavebecomespecializedtacticusedwherepublicoutdoorseatingissorelyneeded. Similar to how things are set up in San Fran-cisco,NewYorkCitysprogramrequires that thebusi-nesssponsoringthecafemustagreetocoverthedesign,constructionandmaintenancecosts. If suchagreementisreached,theCitysDepartmentofTransportationpro-videstechnicalassistanceandmayevenmakestreetim-provements,suchasapplyingtrafficmarkingsorplacingsafetybollardsaroundthecafe. Incitieswithashortsupplyofpublicspaceandaneedformorepubliclyaccessibleseating,pop-upcafsarefastbecomingavaluedadditiontothepublicrealm.When successful, they act as placeholders for a timewhencitysidewalkscanbepermanentlyexpanded.Out-sideofNewYorkCityandSanFrancisco,parkletsandpop-upcafsmaybefoundinLongBeach,LosAngeles,andVancouver.
A narrow sidewalk limits the possibility of outdoor seating.Credit: DNAinfo.com
Trading parking space for outdoor seating improves the public realm.Credit: DNAInfo.com
Pop-up cafes are sponsored by private businesses, but are public spaces open to anyone
Credit: DNAinfo.com
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Depavers assess their work. Credit: Brent Wojahn/The Oregonian
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DEPAVEPURPOSE: Toreducestormwaterpollutionand increasetheamountoflandavailable forhabitatrestoration,urbanfarming, treeplanting,nativevegetation,and socialgatheringLEADERS: NeighborhoodActivists Non-ProfitsSCALE: Lot||BlockFACT: Since2007,over700volunteer havereplacedmorethan94,100 squarefeetofunnecessaryasphalt withpermeablegardensand communitygreenspace.Asaresult, 2,221,115gallonsofstormwateris divertedannually.
Whileimpervioussurfacesareafactofurbanlife,thepavingofmillionsofacrescontributestonumerousenvironmental problems, namely the polluting of ourwaterwaysthroughstormwaterrunoff. Portlands all-volunteer Depave organizationseeks to incrementally reduce stormwater pollution bysurgically removing unnecessary pavement. To do so,Depave transforms impervious driveways and parkingintocommunitygreenspacesandgardensthatnaturallymitigatestormwaterrunoffpollution. Depavebeganasanunsanctioned,self-organizedneighborhood effort in 2007, but has blossomed intoan influentialnon-profitorganizationthathasreceivedgrants from theU.S.Environmental ProtectionAgen-cy, theOregonDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality,Patagonia, and theMultnomah Soil andWater Con-servationDistricts. It is also supported bymany otherbusinesses,organizations,governmentdepartmentsandschools.Depave therefore provides a great example ofhow short-term unsanctioned initiatives can becomesanctioned,long-termeffortswithinaveryshortamountoftime. OverthepastfouryearsDepavehasturnednear-ly100,000thousandsquarefeetofparkinglotsintoex-panded school yards, community gardens, food forests,andpocketparks.Whilethisworkhasreducedmillionsofgallonsofstormwaterrunoff, ithasalsobuiltstrongtiesbetweenneighborsandthecityinwhichtheylive. Ifyouwantlearnmore,Depavewrittenahelpfulhow-toguidedescribingtheirprocess.
Clear instructions.Credit: Picasa user DepavePDX
Depaving in action.Credit: Picasa user DepavePDX
The Fargo Forest Garden replaced 3,000 square feet of asphalt.Credit: Picasa user DepavePDX
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Chairbombing. Credit: Aurash Khawarzad
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Chair BOMBINGPURPOSE: Toimprovethesocialwell-beingof neighborhoodsbysalvagingwaste materialsandactivatingthepublic realm.LEADERS: CommunityActivists LocalPropertyOwners SmallBusinessesSCALE: Street||BuildingFACT: Bytakingdiscardedshippingpallets andconvertingthemintoqualitypublic seating,theurbanwastestreamcanbe reduced,andstreetsmademore welcoming.
Whethertorest,socialize,ortosimplywatchtheworldgoby, increasingthesupplyofpublicseatingal-mostalwaysmakesastreet,andbyextension,aneigh-borhood,morelivable. Chairbombing is the act of removing salvage-ablematerialfromthelocalwastestream,andusingittobuildpublicseating.Theentireprocessofbuildingandplacing the chairs requires attention to thedesign andconstruction,butalsoathoughtfulapproachastowheretheyareneededmost,andwheretheywouldbeabletosupportexistingsocialactivity,orserveasacatalystforcommunitygathering. Ingeneral,chairbombingcallsattentionto thegeneral lack of public seating in the urban environ-ment. Italso indicates locationswhere furtherphysicalimprovementsmaybemadebyamunicipality,propertyowner,retailtenant,and/orotherchangeagents. Chair placement begins by retrieving discardedmaterialssuchasshippingpalletsfromdumpsters,con-struction sites, or other locations where solid waste isfound.The pallets can be disassembled and then reas-sembledforseating. DoTank, a Brooklyn-based interdisciplinarycollective,hasplacedchairs insix locationsthroughoutnorthernBrooklyn.Whilethebombingsareoftendoneinconjunctionwithoutdoorevents, thefirst efforthasresulted inpermanentseatingatBlueBottleCoffee inBrooklynsWilliamsburgneighborhood.
Collecting discarded shipping pallets.Credit: Ted Ulrich Design
Chairs placed adjacent to Brooklyns Blue Bottle Coffee. Credit: Aurash Khawarzad
Permanent seating added by Blue Bottle Coffee.Credit: Aurash Khawarzad
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food CARTS / TRUCKSPURPOSE: Toprovidelowcostfood,incubatesmall businesses,andactivateundertutilized sites. LEADERS: Entrepreneurs MunicipalitiesSCALE: Block||LotFACT: Portlandsfoodcartsareregulatedas normalrestaurants,includingsemi- annualinspections.Theyalsopayrentfor theoff-streetparkingspotstheyoccupy. From construction sites to industrial parks,hospitalstolocalneighborhoodcenters,citieslargeandsmallcontinuetowitnessasurgeinstreetfoodvendingactivity. Long before the Twitter-induced food truckcraze,notedurbanistWilliamH.Whyteacknowledgedthatstreetfoodisamagnetforhumanactivity.Foodcartsand trucks not only stimulate entrepreneurial activity,theyserveacritical role in theactivationof thepublicrealm. Indeed, few people knowwhere people tend tocongregateaswellasagoodfoodvendor,ashisorhersuccess reliesuponhighpedestrianvolumes. In turn, agoodfoodvendor,orgroupsofvendorsquicklybecomeanadditionaldestinationwithinalreadysuccessfulplacesofcongregation. InPortland,Oregon,foodcartstakeonauniquecharacter.Typicallyhousedinstationarytrailers,RVs,orself-madeshacks,theCityencouragesvendorstoclustertheir fare.With each new arrival, each food vendorsprosperity often increases. And because they masksurfaceparkinglots,theyactivateotherwiseharshstreetedgesthatrepelhumanactivity.Inmanycases,porches,barstoolsandgardenseatingareadded,resultinginanevenmore inviting streetscape. Interestingly,Portlandsfoodcartsareregulatedasnormalrestaurants,includingsemi-annualinspections.Theyalsopayrentfortheoff-streetparkingspots theyoccupy.Today, thecitysmostsuccessfulfoodcartentrepreneursareabletomoveintomorepermanentlocations,whichallowsopportunityforthenextoperator to take theirplace ina successionofsmallbusinessdevelopment. From Los Angeles toMiami, smart cities notonly lower the barrier to entry, but also nurture suchbusinesses because they reflect and contribute to thestrength of the local economy, and enhance the cityssenseofplace.
Food carts mask surface parking lots in downtown Portland.Credit: Better Cities & Towns (New Urban Network)
Food carts line the central square in Seaside, FL. Credit: Mike Lydon
Vendors activate a park edge in Brunswick, MECredit: Mike Lydon
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Site PRE-VITALIZATIONPURPOSE: Totemporarilyactivatea(re)develop- mentsite.LEADERS: Municipalities Developers CitizenActivists BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Block||Lot||BuildingFACT: RedBarn,thedeveloperbehindthe temporaryHerculesMarketHall,sees theprojectasmarketresearchonwhat peoplelookfor,whattheywanttoeat, thegoodstheywant,andhowlong theywillstayforamorepermanent projecttheycallMarketTown.
SitePre-vitalization is the temporary re-activa-tionofapreviouslyinactive,underutilizedparcelofland.This tactic brings a variety of art, food, and retail usesto a single location.Typically, this is done to generateneededrevenue for the landowner/developer, raise thecommunitys awareness about the sites long-term po-tential,andtobuildcommunitywhilesupporting localentrepreneurs. Site pre-vitalization uses often include publicmarkets,artexhibitionsandstudios,communityfestivals,beer gardens, micro-retail opportunities, flea markets,andothertemporaryprogramscapableofpre-vitalizingasitebeforemorepermanentbuildingispossible.Byac-tivatingasiteduringtheplanning,approvals,andfinanc-ing stages, avacant site can thereforeprovide low-costcommunitybuildingandeconomicopportunitieswhileamoreformaltransitionoccurs,frominactiveparceloflandtoafullyredevelopedandprogrammedadditiontothetownorcity. Site Pre-vitalization is a relatively new tacticandonethatthatislargelyaprivatesectorresponsetothe restrictive commercial lending standards now im-posedbybanks.Thus,thetradeoffbetweenthetempo-raryusesmarkets,beergardens,ping-pong tables, artshows,vegetablegrowingetc.andtherealizationofthefinallong-termprivatedevelopmenthasnotyetbeenad-dressed. Wellbewatchingthis tacticcloselyasProxy,DekalbMarketandotherslikeitmovefromtemporaryinstallationstopermanentdevelopment.
The Dekalb Market entrance in downtown BrooklynCredit: Mike Lydon
Proxy is a temporary placeholder for a long-term development plan.Credit: Inside Scoop SF
Hercules Market.Credit: Dan Gregory
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The BMW Guggenheim Lab, New York City. Credit: Bob Arihood
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pop up TOWN HALL-PURPOSE: Toprovideatemporaryforumfor discussionsofcivicimportanceLEADERS: Philanthropic Organizations CommunityCoalitions ActivistsSCALE: Block||BuildingFACT: TheGuggenheimLabwilltravelto ninemajorworldcitiesinsixyears.
Apop-uptownhallprovidesaninformal,non-governmentsponsoredvenueforseriouscivicdiscourseandtheexchangeofideas.Whilepop-uptownhallsoftenmake use of underutilized city spaces, such as vacantlotsorstorefronts,theycanalsobeheldinamyriadofother venues. Pop-up town halls should capitalize onlocations where a healthy dose of civic discussion isalreadyoccurring;forinstance,somepop-uptownhallsare organized in tandemwith conferences, exhibitions,festivalsandotherevents. TheBMWGuggenheimLabcapturesthespiritofthistactic.TheLab,whichisdesignedtotemporarilyre-imagineanoverlookedcityspaceasacivicforum,isamigratorytownhallthatistravelingbetweenninedifferentcities.Thecarbonfiberstructureistobedisassembledandreassembledineachoftheninecitiesitissometimesreferredtoasatravelingtoolbox. The objective is to provide a space that bringspeopleofmanydisciplinestogetherbringsinadiscussiononthefutureoftheircity.TheorganizersoftheBMWGuggenheimLabcalltheirinventionparturbanthinkthank,partcommunitycenter,andpartpublicgatheringspacewhicharethebasiccharacteristicsofanypop-uptownhall.
The BMW Guggenheim Lab site before construction began, Credit: wallpaper.com
Over 100 free events were hosted at the Lab.Credit: Mike Lydon
A temporary cafe was built adjacent to the Lab.Credit: flickr user archidose
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informal BIKE PARKING
PURPOSE: Toincreasethesupplyofbicycle parkingwhereneeded.LEADERS: CommunityActivists LocalBusinesses PropertyOwnersSCALE: Street||Block||BuildingFACT: Everyparkedbicyclebelongstoa potentialcustomer.
At the intersection of tactical urbanismand transportation infrastructure is the creation andinstallationof informalbike racks.The lackofparkingoptions in many cities is inspiring activists, includingprogressivebusinessesandenlightenedpropertyown-ers,totakeituponthemselvestoinstallvarioustypesoftemporaryandsemi-permanentsolutions. Groups likeDoTank have built bike racks andtested them on lamp posts inWilliamsburg, with theintent of providing bike parking while also making astatementaboutthecityslackofbicycleparking.Busi-nessessuchasPorQueNo?taqueriainPortland,havealsotakenituponthemselvestoinstallbikeparkinginfrontoftheirstoreasatacticforattractingandservic-ingcustomers from the citysgrowingbicycle commu-nity. Finally, property owners, such asGreenDesks inBrooklynsDUMBOneighborhood, have affixed bikerailsdirectlyadjacenttotheentranceofthebuildingtomeetgrowingdemand. While not all informal bike racks designs arepractical or secure for long-term use, they do indicatedemand.Smartcitieswillleavethewell-designedracksalone,whilereplacingthemorepoorlyconceivedtempo-rarysolutionswithhigherperformingcityracks.
To meet demand, this property owner installed a long bike rail.Credit: Ronald Woudstra
Small bike rails provide bicycle parking at a popular beer garden. Credit: Mike Lydon
Valet event parking by The Street Plans Collaborative. Credit:Mike Lydon
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intersection REPAIR
PURPOSE: Torepurposeneighborhoodstreet intersectionsascommunityspace.LEADERS: Neighbors Activists CommunityOrganizations HomeOwnersAssociationsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: CityRepairandlocalresidentsrefer tointersectionrepairasanexercise inVillageBuilding.
Intersectionrepairreclaimsneighborhoodstreetsas public gathering places.The initiative first began inPortland, OR and continues to be stewarded by CityRepair,alocalplacemakinggroup. While the brightly painted intersectionscommunicatetodriversthattheyareenteringaplaceofneighborhoodimportance,itstheprocessofmakingandmaintainingtherepairedintersectionsthatmattersmost.Indeed, once the initial reclamation occurs, neighborsoften take itupon themselves to further enhance theirnew public gathering place with benches, communitybulletinboards,gardensandartpositionedprominentlyat the corners. In somecases, less temporarypainthasgivenwaytobricksandcobblestones. While the design elements are important,repaired intersectionsencourageneighbors to interactmore frequently and give them a nearby place to careaboutoutsidetheirhomes. Intersection repair provides another greatexampleofhowtacticalurbanisminitiativesmovealongthe continuum, from unsanctioned activity to a fullysanctioned program. Unsurprisingly, Portlands Bureauof Transportation did not initially allow intersectionrepair.Regardless,communitiescontinuedtotransformimplement them anyway. As is the case with manyunsanctioned tactics, theCity no longer stands in theway.Infact,theBureauofTransportationhasanofficialCity Repair liaison.This liaison helps coordinate thepermitting, street closures, and oversees some of thedesignstoaidinthesuccessofeachproject. IntersectionrepairprojectsmaynowbefoundincommunitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.
Intersection repair is a placemaking and community building tactic.Credit: Flickr user Sara Dent
This is what an intersection repair master plan looks like. Credit: Sara Dent
An intersection repair project in Los Angeles, CA.Credit: Los Angeles Eco-Village Blog
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A billboard turned swingset. Credit: Broken City Lab
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ad - BUSTINGPURPOSE: Toreducevisualpollutionwithinthe publicrealm.LEADERS: Activists MunicipalLeadersSCALE: Corridor||Block||BuildingFACT: CitizensofSoPaulowereamazed atthearchitectureoftheircityonce billboardsblockingbuildingfacades wereremoved.
In2007,oneofBrazils largest cities adoptedaradical ban on outdoor advertising. So Paulos LeiCidadeLimpaorCleanCityLawwasaprojectledbymayorGilbertoKassabandgavetheworldanexampleofwhatamajorcitycouldlooklikewithoutbeingoverrunbyadvertising. IntheUnitedStates,marketingandadvertisinghaspervadedthepublicrealmtosuchadegreethatac-tivistsandcivilservantshavebeguntodevelopandim-plementcreativetacticscombatingthedailyonslaughtofconsumerism.Whilethegoalofad-bustingistoimprovethe aesthetic quality of public spaces, it also sends themessage that thepublic realm shouldnot be usedun-abashedlyforthesellingandconsumptionofcommer-cialproducts. Groups such as the Public Ad Campaign andDoTank have developed physical methods of alteringexisting ads to reflect a different messageone thathighlightslocalartand/orcommunityeventsandassets.DoTanks digital community billboard project, calledWeSee.Us, allowed passersby to anonymously submitlivephotosfromtheirsmartphones.Thesubmittedpho-tosweredisplayed in real-timeon an emptybillboard,whichallowedindividualstosharetheirownvisualswiththecommunityatlarge. The advertising content generated during theWeSee.Us installationquicklybecame communityori-ented,focusingonthepeopleandeventstakingplaceintheneighborhoodratherthanontheproductscorpora-tionsurgeustobuy.
The WeSee.Us installation. Credit: Aurash Khawarzad
Ad-busting.Credit:Credit: This is Not an Ad
What if...Credit: This is Not an Ad
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reclaimed SETBACKSPURPOSE: Tocreateamoreengagingstreetscape byactivatingthespacebetweenthe structureandthesidewalk.LEADERS: PropertyOwners Activists SCALE: LotFACT: Mostmunicipalzoningcodesrequire setbacksbetweenthestreetandthe primarystructure,whichoftencreates awkwardandunderutilizedsemi- publicspaces.
Setback reclamations intentionally activate theunderutilized,semi-publicspacefoundbetweenthepub-licright-of-way(typicallythesidewalk)andapropertyownersprincipalstructure.Thedistancesareuniformlymandatedinmunicipalzoningcodesandhomeowneras-sociationsoftenlimittheirusebeyondornament.Awk-wardsetbackdistancesof20feetormoreareespeciallycommoninsingle-familyneighborhoodsbuiltafterthe1920s.Increasedsetbackdistancesbrokethetraditionalrelationshipbetweenstreet,building,andbuildingowner.Asaresult,mostsocialactivityisfoundinthebackyard,notthefront. Setback reclamations range from illegal struc-tureextensionstotemporaryprogrammingtocommu-nitygardening.Suchtacticshelpdiminishtherealandperceiveddistancesfoundbetweenthestructureandthesidewalk.Ifdonewell,reclamationscaneffectivelycre-atesamoreengagingandsocialneighborhoodstreeten-vironment.
Free poems make for an engaging experience in this Streamboat, CO neighborhood.
Credit: Mike Lydon
Front setbacks provide a perfect opportunity to grow food. Credit: flickr user Shira Golding
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park MOBILEPURPOSE: Toaddmoreneighborhoodgreen spaceandtofurtheractivatestreets withpublicseating.LEADERS: CityDepartments BusinessOwners BusinessImprovementDistricts NeighborhoodOrganizationsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Eachparkmobilecostsapproximately $6,000.
One of the most appropriate uses of tacti-cal urbanism is to jumpstart the implementation oflong-termvisionplans.Parkmobiles,designedbySanFranciso-based CMG Landscape Architecture, wereinstalledinthesummerof2011.Theyareadirectre-sponse to the neighborhoods desire for more greenspace,asvoicedinSanFranciscosYerbaBuenaStreetLifestrategicplan.Fashionedfromcustomdumpsters,eachparkmobilefitswithinasinglevehicularparkingspace and contributes to a vision and roadmap foranextgenerationofpublicspaceintheYerbaBuenaDistrict.Otherinitiativesfeaturedintheplanincludewidenedsidewalks,mid-blockcrossings,andthetacti-calconversionofalleysintoplazasorsharedstreets. At present there are six parkmobiles beingmoved periodically around the neighborhood. Eachunitcontainsadifferenttypeofvegetation,includingTasmanianTreeFerns,StrawberryTrees,Yuccas,andshrubs that attract birds and butterflies. In doing so,theyhighlighttheimportanceofanagreeablepedes-trian experience and recognize the importance thatvegetation and seating play in creating an attractiveenvironmentforpedestrians. Overall, the initiative pays homage to SanFranciscos longstanding tactical traditionof improv-ingthelargerurbanlandscapeinsmallandfluidways.
Parkmobiles are, well, mobile. Credit: Dwell via Miyoko Ohtake
A parkmobile located outside of SPURs urban center.Credit: Dwell via Miyoko Ohtake
A parkmobile working as intended.Credit: Mark Boster/Los Angeles Times.
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tactic NAMEFAST FACT: blahblahblah
LEADERS: blah,blah,blahSCALE: City||District||Corridor|| Street||Block||BuildingPURPOSE: blah,blah,blah
blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah...
Weed bombing on an overgrown corner in downtown Miami (Not photoshopped). Credit: Grant Stern
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weedPURPOSE: Todrawattentiontoblighted neighborhoodsandtoinciteactionin cleaningthemup.LEADERS: NeighborhoodAssociations Artists ActivistsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: WeedbombingbeganinMiami,FL underthecoverofdarkness,butsheds lightonpublicandprivateproperty negligence. Weedbombingistheactofconvertingovergrownweedsintoworksofstreetart.Inspiredbyotherformsof tactical bombings, downtownMiami resident andbusinessowner,BradKnoeflerenlistedotherneigborhoodactivistsandartiststospraypaintweedsinbrightcolors.Knoefler,whoisalsothefounderoftheOmniParkwestRedevelopmentAssociation(OPRA),isavocalcriticofthevariouslarge-scaleredevelopmentplansslatedforhisOmniParkwest,andthelackofmaintenanceefforts.Heis also known to take action intohis ownhands. Weusedtocut theweedsourselves, sayKnoefler,but itsmuchmorebeneficialtobeautifythemandconvertthemintostreetart.Unliketraditionalgraffiti,weedbombingdoesnt damage private or public property and hasimmediatebenefitstoourqualityoflife. WhileKnoeflerundertooktheeffortincreativeprotest, hes found little resistance from the city anddowntowndevelopmentauthority.Still,accordingtoonenewspaperarticle,Knoeflerplans tokeepbombingtheweeds until amore concerted, sanctioned city effort ismade.
BOMBING
Weed bombing can make overgrowth look more like flowers.Credit: Kerry McLaney
A weed bomb just north of downtown Miami.Credit: Kerry McLaney
Weed bombs highlight disparities in where public and private maintenance dollars are spent.
Credit: Kerry McLaney
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Mobile VENDORSPURPOSE: Toofferneededcommercialservices, activatepublicspaces,andhelpcitizens earnincome.LEADERS: Micro-EntrepreneursSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: StreetVendorsselllavarietyofgoods besidesfood,includingart, photographs,clothingandvarious othermerchandise.Vendingisoftena secondsourceofincomeforurban households.
There is nothing more tactical than helpingsmall-scaleentrepreneursgetafootinginthelocalecon-omy.Aswithfoodcarts,small-scalestreetvendorsat-tractpeople,fill small commercial voids, andhelpgivelifetopublicspaces.Overseas,andincreasinglyinNorthAmericancities,inventivestreetvendorsareusingavari-etyoflow-costmobilemeanstotransportandselltheirwares.Bicyclesinparticularhavebecomequitepopularinsomecities.HiroyukiShinohara,aJapanesearchitecthasconductedastudyofthevariousrolesbicycle-basedvendingplaysinthestreetsofChinesecities.Hefoundthatbicycleswerebeingusedasmobilebookshops, icecream vending stations,mobile garbage collectors, andevenasmobilewatertanks. Becausevendorsplayakeyroleinanimatingthevarious spacesof a city,municipalgovernments shouldmake regulations simple, clear, and readily available inmultiple languages.The Center for Urban PedagogysVending Power! A Guide to Vending in New York Citydoesa fantastic job explaining the citys confusing mobilevending regulations to awide audience of current andfuturevendors.
The vendor stores his newstand in the basement entrance of a nearby apartment building
Credit: Mike Lydon
Vending Power! A Guide to Street Vending in New York CityCredit: Candy Chang/Center for Urban Pedagogy
This Brooklyn newspaper vendor sets up a mobile stand every morning by the Clinton-Washington subway entrance on Fulton Street.
Credit: Mike Lydon
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Micro- MIXINGPURPOSE: Tooincubatenewbusinessesand sustainexistingonesthroughthe co-locationofmutuallysupportive uses. LEADERS: Entrepreneurs PropertyOwners BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Block||BuildingFACT: Thesimplestformofretailmicro- mixingisthecoffeeshopinsidethe bookstore,somethingcorporations figuredoutlongago.
Bymixingmultiplebusinesses in a single retailspace, micro-mixing provides entrepreneurial shopowners an opportunity to mitigate the high overheadcostsassociatedwithopeninganewventure.Thistacticalretailing technique combines complimentary uses andactivitiesthatcanbeusedbyexistingretailersaswellascooperativeandstartupincubatorspaces.Thebestuseofthemicro-mixingtechniquecancreatesomeofthemostexcitingandmemorableshoppingexperiences. The success of large format bookstores in the1990s and 2000s illustrated the mutually beneficialrelationship that exists between a coffee shop and abookstore.These two uses together, a latte and a newbook,seemtofittogethernaturally. Today,more unconventional and perhapsmoreexciting mixes are emerging. In Denver, SalvagettiBicycleWorkshop has included an espresso bar on itssalesfloor.InNewYork,Barbershopsaresellingclothing,andjewelrystoresaresellingVietnamesesandwiches.InProvidence,acraftco-opstoreisrunningagalleryoutofthebackofhousespaceandacoffeeshopissellingpottedplantsandgardeningsupplies.Alloftheseoperatorsarecreativelymaximizing the return on their spaces floorareabyworkingtogetherwithcomplimentaryretailers. At its core, micro-mixing is a buddy systemeconomicdevelopmentstrategythathelpssmallbusinessesgrowincrementally.Byusingclevermerchandisingandefficientspaceplanning,existingretailspacescanquicklybeadaptedtohandlemultipleusersorbusinesses.Thus,micro-mixingprovidesaneasyopportunitytotestnewideas. If successful, micro-mixing tenants can one daystrikeoutontheirown.
Salvagetti Bicycle WorkshopCredit: Panoramio user chachafish
Happy Coffee Espresso WindowCredit: Jonathan Shikes
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The construction of Grand Central Park took one month.Credit: Grand Central Park
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Park- MAKINGPURPOSE: Toincreasethesupplyofpark space byquicklyreclaiming undertutilizedparcelsofvacantland andparkinglots. LEADERS: Activists Artists CityDepartments BusinessImprovementDistricts NeighborhoodOrganizationsSCALE: Lot||BlockFACT: MiamisGrandCentralParkisa five-acreparkthatwasbuiltin 30days.
WhileitsexcitingthatthetacticofPARK(ing)Dayhasledtothedevelopmentofparkletsandpavementtoplazasprograms,largerpublicspacesarestillneededinmanyurbanneighborhoods.Anewresponse to thischallengeisthetacticofpark-making,whichutilizesthetechniques of PARK(ing)Day and deploys them at alargerscale.InMiami,FL,localactivistsarepartneringwithprivatesectorcompaniesandgovernmententitiestotransformsomeofthecitysmostoverlookedopportunitysitesintosizeableparks. The5-acreGrandCentralPark,picturedatleft,is the brainchild of theMiamismostnotoriousWeedBomber, BradKnoefler (see pgs 36-37).Knoefler, andhis colleagues at the Omni Parkwest RedevelopmentAssociation (OPRA) took it upon themselves totransform the former Miami Arena site into a muchneededparkspace.Aftersecuringalocalgrant,OPRAprocuredprobonolandscapedesignservicesandsignedamulti-yearleasewiththepropertyowner.Feesgeneratedfrom programmed events, concerts, and food vendorswill sustain the maintenance of the park and pay theleaseobligation.Builtinearly2012,andinjust30days,theparkhasalreadybeenahugesuccess. Building on this model is Bayfront Parkway,a one-week installation led by Street Plans and theengineering firm C3TS. While several a downtownplanshavecalledfortransformingBiscayneBoulevardsmedianparkinglotsintoagreendoorstepfordowntownMiami,actionhasneverbeentaken...untilnow.Atthetime of publication, the one-block park interventionis currently underway and generating support fromstakeholderstofollowthroughwiththelong-termparkplan.
In Miami, Biscyane Boulevards medians are dedicated parking lots.Credit: Ana Bikic
Biscayne Parkways exercise equipment is a popular attraction.Credit: Ana Bikic
Biscayne Parkway transformed one parking lot into a park. Credit: Ana Bikic
CAMPSPURPOSE: Tocreateortakepartinthetemporary occupationofspace,oftenwithaneye towardcreatingpermanentchange.LEADERS: Activists Protesters Refugees Government NGOsSCALE: Lot||Building||Block||District
FAST FACT: InhisbookCamps: A Guide to 21st Century Space,authorCharlieHailey organizes103typesofcampsintothree broadcategories:Autonomy,Control, andNeccessity. Whether for protest,military action, recreation,or necessary shelter, camps provide a ubiquitous cross-culturalreference,andnotjustoneofoutdooroccupation.Whilepervasivetheculturalunderstandingofcampshiftsonanalmostdailybasis.ThemuchdebatedmeaningoftheOccupymovementisoneofourmostrecentexamples. AccordingtoHailey,theprocessofurbanizationoftenbeginswith informalcamps thateventuallymovealongacontinuum,fromtemporarytopermanent,frombeingunsanctionedtosanctionedplacesofhabitation.Bytheirnature, campscapablyadapt tovarious conditionsand therefore serve well in the transitonal phases ofdevelopment.Inthisway,theconnectionsbetweencampandcityisnothingnew.Indeed,manyoftheworldsgreatcitiesbeganasRomanmilitarycampoutposts,includingVienna,Barcelona, andPrague. A less sexy example isthatofthetrailerparkwherethepossibilityofmobilityisoftenamisnomermobilehomesdontusuallymove,theyevolveovertimeandverymuchstayrootedinplace. Campsofall types,demonstratehowtheshort-termactionof temporarilyoccupyingspace,often leadstoincremental,permanentchange.
A park in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti before the earthquake.Credit:New York Times.
Same park in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti as post-earth quake relief camp.Credit: New York Times
Occupy Camp.Credit:Chuck Wolfe
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SHARE YOUR TACTICS!Thistacticalurbanismsurveyincludesseveralstrategiesemployedbyindividuals,localcommunitygroups,andmunicipalities.However,itsbynomeansexhaustive.TheTacticalUrbanismProjectisonlygoingtogetbetterthroughreadercontributions. IfyouorsomeoneyouknowhasanadditiontomakeorwouldliketoorganizeaTacticalUrbanismSalon,pleaseEMAIL [email protected] orshareitontheTacticalUrbansimFacebookpage.
The Tatical Urbanists decision tree. Credit: Fast Company
...in order to do something big, to think globally and act globally, one starts with something small and one
starts where it counts. Practice, then, is about making the ordinary special and the special more widely accessible expanding the boundaries of understanding and possibility with vision and common sense. It is about building densely
interconnected networks, crafting linkages between unlikely partners and organizations, and making plans
without the usual preponderance of planning. It is about getting it right for now and at the same time being tactical
and strategic about later. This is not about forecasting, nor about making decisions about the future. But it is
about the long range, about making sure that one plus one equals two or three, about being politically connected and grounded, and about disturbing the order of things in the
interests of change.
- Nabeel HamdiAuthor, Small Change: About the Art of Practice and the Limits of Planning in Cities
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TACTICAL URBANISMTheStreetPlansCollaborativePatternCitiesTacticalUrbanismSalonTheInterventionistsToolkitTacticalUrbanismFacebookpageGristTheNewYorkTimesTheAtlanticCitiesMoreGristOPEN STREETSTheOpenStreetsProjectPLAY STREETSNYCPlayStreetsPlayStreetBecomesaSanctuaryReclaiming The Residential StreetAsPlaySpacePARK(ING) DAYParkingday.orgBUILD A BETTER BLOCKBuildaBetterBlockFortWorthBetterBlockProjectANewFaceforanOldBroadGUERRILLA GARDENINGGuerillaGardening.orgWikipediaPAVEMENT TO PLAZASNYCPlazaProgramPAVEMENT TO PARKSPavementtoParksProgramPOP-UP CAFESNYCDOTPop-UPCafesCHAIR BOMBINGDoTankPOP-UP RETAILTrendwatchingDEPAVEDepaveStreetfilms:DepavingDay!
FOOD CARTSPortlandFoodCartsThe Architectural Maturation ofPortlandFoodCarts
SITE PRE-VITALIZATIONDekalbMarketProxyHercules Market: What ComesNext?BoxParkShoreditch
POP-UP TOWN HALLBMWGuggenheimLabINTERSECTION REPAIRCityRepairStreetfilmAD-BUSTINGPublicAdCampaignPARK MOBILENew Forms of Public Space:ParkmobileWEED BOMBINGWeedBombingMOBILE VENDORSTheStreetVendorProjectCustomBikeUrbanismMICRO-MIXING
PARK-MAKINGBayfrontParkwayCAMPSCamps: A Guide to 21st CenturySpace
Sources
TacticalURBANISM
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Your Guide to
How to
1 Planning Site PlanCall Before You Digneighbors and PermitsReuse and DisposalPossible Soil Contamination
2 Tool SeleCTion Safety FirstHand ToolsPower Tools
3 BReaking! Conventional Techniquesnatural Techniques
4 Soil ReHaBiliTaTion/ReSToRaTion Raised BedsRemoving and Replacing SoilUtilizing Plants to Break up SoilPhytoremediation
5 PoRTlanD ReSoURCeS
THE PARK(ing) DAYMANUALA Primer on User-Generated Urbanism and Temporary Tactics for Improving the Public Realm
Introduction: The Ideas Behind PARK(ing) Day
In urban centers around the world, inexpensive curbside parking results in increased traffi c, wasted fuel and more pollution. The strategies and values that generate these conditions are no longer sustainable, nor do they promote a healthy, vibrant urban human habitat.1 Its time to rethink the way streets are used and to re-imagine the possibilities of the urban landscape!
A metered parking spot is an inexpensive short-term lease for a plot of precious urban real estate. What is the range of possibilities for creativity in a space usually dedicated to the storage of a private vehicle?
Motivated by the desire to activate the metered parking space as a site for creative experimentation, political and cultural expression, and unscripted social interaction, Rebar offers PARK(ing) Day as a prototype for open-source urban design, accessible to all. In response, thousands of people around the globeworking independently of Rebar but guided by common core principleshave created hundreds of PARK installations and formed an annual international event.
Urban inhabitants worldwide recognize the need for new approaches to making the urban landscape, and realize that converting small segments of the automobile infrastructureeven temporarilycan alter the character of the city. From public parks to free health clinics, from art galleries to demonstration gardens, PARK(ing) Day participants have claimed the metered parking space as a rich new territory for creative experimentation and activism.
The event continues to expand virally, over the Internet and by word of mouth. Since its inception in 2005, PARK(ing) Day has blossomed into a global experiment in remixing, reclaiming and reprogramming vehicular space for social exchange, recreation and artistic expression. The project
1 See Donald Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking, (Amer. Planning Assn., 2011)
The vast majority of outdoor urban space is dedicated to the private vehicle, while only a fraction of that land is allocated to open space for people.
TacticalLIBRARY
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NEX
T GENERATIO
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OF N
E W U R B AN
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NEXTGEN
Tactical Urbanism Vol. 2 Release
Onsite Public Space Intervention
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Next Generation of New UrbanistsProject for Public SpacesTeam Better Block
PRESENTED BY
A SALON on OCTOBER 15TH 2011During the CONGRESS OF COLLECTIVESIn LONG ISLAND CITY, NYC Flux Factory39-31 29th St., Queens NY
Short Term Action // Long Term Change
DESIGN BY SUPPORTED BY
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Pattern Cities TreeKIT
Transportation Alternatives
CNU New York