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2TacticalURBANISMShort-Term Action | | Long-Term Change

tac·ti·caladj: \ t a k - t i - k ə l \

1. of or relating to small-scale actions serving a larger purpose2. adroit in planning or maneuvering to accomplish a purpose

MIKE LYDON, Project Editor/AuthorDAN BARTMAN, Layout/Copy EditorTONY GARCIA, ContributorRUSS PRESTON, ContributorRONALD WOUDSTRA, Contributor

Tacticians

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“The lack of resources is no longer an excuse not to act. The idea that action should only be taken after all the answers and the resources have been found is a sure

recipe for paralysis. The planning of a city is a process that allows for corrections; it is supremely arrogant to

believe that planning can be done only after every possible variable has been controlled.”

- Jaime LernerArchitect, urbanist, former mayor of Curitiba, Brazil

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A NOTE ON VOLUME 2! During the fall of 2010 I traveled to New Orleanstotakepartinaretreatwithmyfriendsandcolleagueswhosometimes self-identify as the Next Generation of NewUrbanists.While staying there in theMarigny, I sharedmynotesonanumberofseeminglyunrelated,butsimilarsmall-scale initiatives happening in the streets of New York, SanFrancisco,Portland,andDallas.Perusual,theychallengedmetobetterarticulatemyideasandofferedtohelp. Tactical Urbanism: Short-term Action, Long-term Change, Volume 1wasthenassembledduringthespringof2011anduploadedfrom38,000feetwhileflyingtoBangkok—asinspirationalacityasanyforthetacticalurbanist.Theintentof thepublicationwas toplace anumbrellaover a growingnumber of short-term, often self-funded efforts that weredemonstrablyleadingtolong-termchange. The term “tactical urbanism” is inspired by a June2010 faslanycblogpost thatdiscusses thepedestrianizationofTimes Square. In the introduction the author describesthe DOT’s efforts as “tactical interventions,” and “hacks.”It was my first exposure to such terms applied to the builtenvironmentanditseemedtoperfectlydescribenotjusttheGreenlightforBroadwayproject,butagroundswellofotherlow-cost,un-semi-andfully-sanctionedinterventions. Volume 1 was uploaded to my company’s websiteandtothePatternCitiesblog.Inlessthantwomonthsthedocument was downloaded more than 10,000 times, themaximumnumberallowedwithour freeSCRIBDaccount.Weknew that thepublication struck a chordwith awholenewgenerationofcitymakers. Sensing aneed to furtherdiscuss and share tacticalinitiatives from across the country, we partnered withnumerousorganizationsinthefallof2011toproducethefirstTactical Urbanism Salon. Approximately 150 people fromaround the country (and Canada) discussed their projects,listenedtoothers,anddrankfreebeer.PriortotheSalonwepromisedattendeesthatwe’dreleaseVolumeII.However,withseveralotherprojects in theworks, thatpromise turnedouttobeabittooambitious.Nonetheless,fromWeedBombingandDepave,toAd-BustingandCamps,TacticalUrbanismVolume 2 presents updated information, new insights, newphotos,and12additionalshort-termactionsinspiringlong-termchange.Ihopeyoufindtheinitiativespresentedhereinasinspirationalastheyarepractical.

MIKE LYDONEditor / Author

The Street Plans CollaborativeMarch 2, 2012

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THE CHALLENGE Citiesareinaconstantstateofflux,whichmayexplainweplannersareoftenpreoccupiedwithcontrol.Large-scale transformations, such as stadiums, muse-ums,largewaterfrontparks,andconventioncentersareall big-ticket items with measurable curb appeal (forsome). Yet, such projects require a substantial invest-mentoftime,aswellasadeepreserveofpolitical,social,andfiscalcapital.Moreover,thelong-termeconomicorsocialbenefitcannotbeguaranteed. Inthepursuitofequitableprogress,citizensaretypicallyinvitedtoengageinaprocessthatisfundamen-tally broken: rather than being asked to contribute toincrementalchangeattheneighborhoodorblocklevel,residentsareaskedtoreacttoproposalstheyoftendon’tunderstand,andatascaleforwhichtheyhavelittlecon-trol.Forbetterorworse,thisoftenresultsinNIMBYismoftheworstkind.Surmountingthechallengesinherentto these “public” processes continues to prove difficult.Fortunately,citieswerenotalwaysmadethisway.Wedohavealternatives.

TACTICAL URBANISM Improvingthe livabilityofour townsandcitiescommonly starts at the street, block, or building scale.Whilelargerscaleeffortsdohavetheirplace,incremen-tal,small-scaleimprovementsareincreasinglyseenasawaytostagemoresubstantialinvestments.Thisapproachallowsahostoflocalactorstotestnewconceptsbeforemakingsubstantialpoliticalandfinancialcommitments.Sometimessanctioned,sometimesnot,theseactionsarecommonly referred to as “guerilla urbanism,” “pop-upurbanism,”“cityrepair,”or“D.I.Y.urbanism.” Whileexhibiting severaloverlappingcharacter-stics,“tacticalurbanism,”isadeliberateapproachtocity-makingthatfeaturesthefollowingfivecharacteristics:

• Adeliberate,phasedapproachtoinstigatingchange;• An offering of local ideas for local planning chal-

lenges;• Short-termcommitmentandrealisticexpectations;• Low-risks,withapossiblyahighreward;and• Thedevelopmentof social capitalbetweencitizens,

andthebuildingoforganizationalcapacitybetween

PARK(ing) Day participants temporarily reclaim an on-street parking space for a more productive use. Credit: Parking Day flickr pool

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public/private institutions, non-profit/NGOs, andtheirconstituents.

EXPERIMENTATION INFORMS DESIGN Case studies fromacrossNorthAmerica revealthebenefitoftakinganincrementalapproachtothepro-cessofcitybuilding—long-termchangeoftenstartswithtrying something small. Upon implementation, resultsmaybeobservedandmeasuredinrealtime.Inthisway,tacticalurbanismprojectsintentionallycreatealaborato-ryforexperimentation.Or,toparaphraseprofessorNa-beelHamdi,theyallowforthemakingofplanswithoutthepreponderanceofplanning. Whensuchexperimentsaredoneinexpensively,and with flexibility, adjustments may be made beforemovingforwardwithlargecapitalexpenditures.Indeed,thereisrealmeritinamunicipalityordeveloperspending$30,000ontemporaryplazabeforeinvesting$3,000,000inchangesthatarepermanent.Iftheprojectdoesn’tworkasplanned,theentirebudgetisnotexhaustedandfuturedesignsmaybecalibratedtoabsorbthelessonslearnedfromwhatissurelyaparticularanddynamiccontext.Ifdone well, such small-scale changes may be conceivedas thefirststep inrealizing lastingchange.Thus, tacti-calurbanismismosteffectivewhenusedinconjunctionwithlong-termplanningeffortsthatmarrytheurgencyofnowwiththewisdomofpatientcapital. Ifincludedaspartofapublicplanningprocess,tacticalurbanismmaymorequicklybuildtrustamongstdisparateinterestgroupsandcommunityleaders.Indeed,ifthepublicisabletophysicallyparticipateintheim-provement of the city, nomatterhow small the effort,thereisanincreasedlikelihoodofgainingincreasedpub-licsupport formorepermanentchange later.Involvingthepublicinthephysicaltestingofideasmayalsoyielduniqueinsightsintotheexpectationsoffutureusersandthetypesofdesignfeaturesforwhichtheyyearn;trulyparticipatoryplanningmustgobeyonddrawingonflipchartsandmaps. Finally,usingtacticalurbanismtoactivatethoseplans already sittingon the shelfmay recover themo-mentumgainedduringtheactualplanningprocessandmovesomeofthemostrealisticorexcitingideasclosertofruition. Tactical urbanism can be used to simply buildpublicawareness, to identifyasmallbutpressingissue.Recently inBaltimore,Maryland a“guerilla crosswalk”waspaintedacrossabusystreetwithinexpensivewhitepaint and rollers. Although the city typically removesunauthorizedsignsandpavementmarkingsinshortor-

der,thetemporaryimprovementdirectlycommunicatedtheneed,andarealdesirefromthepublicforbetterpe-destrianinfrastructure.Thecrosswalkhassincebecomepermanent. Similarly,theToronto-basedUrbanRepairSquadmaintainsawebsitethatgathersimagesofD.I.Y.urbanrepairsinthecity’spublicspaces.Theyrecentlyfeaturedimagesofbicyclesymbolspaintedonstreetsindicatingtheneedforfutureextensionsofthecity’sbicyclenet-work. Inanincreasingnumberofinstances,municipali-tiesfollowtheleadoftheircitizensbymorepermanentlyimplementingtheshort-term,low-budgetlivabilityim-provementsinitiatedbycitizen-activists.Inothercases,thoseworkingwithincityhallaretakingthelead.WHY NOW? While many of the tactics profiled herein arenew,thecity-andplace-makingprocesswenowcalltac-ticalurbanismisnot(seepgs.4-5).Indeed,thedevelop-mentofhumansettlementshasalways included, ifnotrequiredincrementalandself-directedactionaimedto-wardsincreasingsocialcapital,commercialopportunity,andurbanlivability.Inmanydevelopingcitiesandcoun-tries,thisremainstheonlywayforward. Itisonlyrecentlythatthetriumvirateofcheapoil,easyfinancing,andgovernmentregulations,likeEuclid-eanzoning,hasdulledthespiritoftheNorthAmericantacticalurbanist.Weattribute thenewwaveof tacticalprojects,whichrunalongacontinuumofunsanctionedto sanctioned efforts (see pgs. 7), to three recent andoverlappingtrends:

1.TheGreatRecession2.Shiftingdemographics

Temporary experiments can test physical improvements prior to implementation. Credit: Edward Erfurt IV

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3.TheInternetasatoolforbuildingtheciviceconomy

First,abenefitoftherecessionisthatitslowedthe North American growth machine. This effectivelyforcedcitizens,citydepartments,anddeveloperstotakematters into theirownhands,get creativewithprojectfunding, and concentrateon smaller,more incrementalefforts. Thishasoccurredwhilemoreandmorepeople—especiallytheyoungandwelleducated—havecontinuedtomoveintoonceforlornwalkableneighborhoods.Thiscohort includes retirees, who are also interested in re-makingtheirchosenneighborhoods.Interestingly,someoftheseyoungpeoplearealsomovingintogovernmentleadershippositionsasthebabyboomersretire. Finally, thecultureofsharingtacticsonlinehasgrowntremendouslyandisbecomingmoresophisticat-ed.Thankstoweb-basedtools,abloggercansharesome-thingtacticalinDallasandhaveitre-blogged,tweeted,facebookedetc. indozensofcitieswithinminutes.Themostindustrioustacticalurbanists,suchasTeamBetterBlock,Rebar,andDepave,areusingthewebasaplat-formforsharingfreehow-tomanualsaimedathelpingyoubringtheirtacticstoyourtown.SuchatrendisanexampleofwhatBritain’sNationalEndowmentforSci-ence,TechnologyandtheArts(NESTA)callsthe‘civiceconomy’ — the spirit of entrepreneurship combinedwiththeaspirationofcivicrenewal.

WHY HERE AND NOT THERE? Theoretically,tacticalurbanismcanbeappliedtothe arterials, parking lots, and cul-de-sacs of America.Yet,thebestexamplesareconsistentlyfoundincompacttownsandcitiesfeaturinganundervalued/underutilizedsupplyofwalkableurbanfabric.Webelievethiscallsat-tentiontothelimitedsocial,economic,andphysicalre-

The Great Recession

Shifting Demographics

The Internet as a Tool for

Building the Civic Economy

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siliency found in sprawling,auto-centricenvironments.Itseemsthathuman-scaledplaces,wheresocialcapitaland creativity are most easily catalyzed, are a pre-req-uisite for tactical urbanism.The larger moves and de-signtechniques,suchasthosehighlightedintheSprawl Repair ManualandRetrofitting SuburbiamightprovidemoreappropriatefirstmovesindealingwithAmerica’sunwalkablesuburbs.

The rise in tactical urbanism may be attributed to three recent and overlapping trends.

Can this be chairbombed? How does a parklet add value if there is no on-street parking or sidewalks? Can you build a better block if there is no coherent block structure? Credit: Unknown

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PatternCITIES

Ahandfulof cities continually establishurbandevelopment paradigms that others readily follow.Thesecities,whichwecallPatternCities,aren’talwaysthe progenitors of innovation, nor are they necessarilyGlobal Cities. Rather, they are the first to adapt ideas

1914 NYClaunchesthePlayStreetsprogram1950 PlayStreetsspreadtoLondon,England1965 SeattlestartsfirstOpenStreetsinitiative1970 SanFranciscoartistBonnieOraSherkintroduces PortableArchitectureproject,aforeunnerof Park(ing)Day1973 GuerillaGardeningeffortsstartinNYC1997 CityRepairadoptintersectionsinPortland2001 FirstPop-UpRetaileventheldinLondon2005 Park(ing)DaydevelopsinSanFrancisco2006 Programmed,Bogotá-styledOpenStreets initativesspreadtoNorthAmerica2006 PavementtoPlazasprogramstartsinNYC2007 DepaveprogramlaunchedinPortland,OR2007 SitePre-VitalizationusedforHerculesMarketin Hercules,CA

Tactical TIMELINESelect Patterns of Influence

2007 SaoPaulo,Brazilbansbillboards,inspiresAd- Bustersaroundtheworld2009 PavementtoParksbeginsinSanFrancisco2010 BuildaBetterBlockstartedinDallas2010 DoTankChairBombstheStreetsofBrooklyn2010 NYCrebrandsSanFran’sPavementtoParksas Pop-UpCafes2011 CityPointdevelopersuseSitePre- VitalizationatBrooklyn’sDekalbMarket2011 GuggenheimMuseumopensitstravelingT TownHall,theGuggenheimLab2011 SanFranciscolaunchestheParkmobile2011 ActivistsbeginWeedBombingMiamistreets2012 GrandCentralPark,BiscayneParkwaybring insta-parkstodowntownMiami

atameaningfulscaleand/ortimeinhistory.Intheageof the Internet, new patterns spread faster than everbefore.Tacticalurbanismisbutonepatternandit’sbeingadopted in cities across theUnitedStates andbeyond.Learnmoreathttp://patterncities.com

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1500s TravelingBookSellersbeginsettingupinfor- mal“pop-up”shopsalongtheSeine1649 BooksellersbannedatPontNeufe,laterrein- stated1789 “Bouquiniste”appearsinFrenchdictionary1859 CitypermitsBouquinistesatfixedpointsalong theSeine,regulatesamountofspaceallowed, chargesregistrationfee1930s Boxdimensionsarefixed,regulatedbyCity1993 JacqueChiracsignslawstandardizingnewbox size2007 DeclaredUNESCOWorldHeritagesite2012 300,000books,900boxes,240sellers,along 3kmofprimeSeinerealestate

Tactical TIMELINELes Bouquinistes

LesBouquinistesinParis,France,demonstratethattacticalurbanismisnothingnew.Beginninginthe16thcentury,unsanctionedbooksellersbegancongregat-ingalongthebanksoftheSeinetohawkthelatestbest-sellers. However, much like brick and mortar restau-rants denounce today’s food trucks, physical bookshopownerscomplainedloudlyenoughtohavethebooksell-ersbannedin1649.Nottobedeterred,lesbouquinistesprovedsopopularthatthecityhadtoeventuallyallow,their presence. However, regulations confined them tospecific locations and stipulated that each “shop” mustcollapseintoaboxatday’send. In2007 theareaoccupiedbyLesBouquinisteswas designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site,which makes this tactic one of the slowest, if not themostlauded,examplesoftacticalurbanism.

Les Bouquinistes. Credit: Charles Simond, La vie parisienne à travers le XIXe siècle, Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit et cie, 1900, p. 458.

What began as an unsanctioned use of public space in the 16th century has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Credit: EventSeekr.com

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The boxes of Les Bouquinistes. Credit: Acscosta via Wikipedia

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Unsanctioned

TacticalUrbanism

Sanctioned

Park( ing) Day

Pop-Up Shops

Food Car ts /Trucks

Mobi le Vendors

S i te Pre-Vi ta l izat ion

Temporary Reta i l

Pop-Up Civ ic Forum

In tersect ion Repai r

B ike Park ing

Bui ld a Bet ter B lock

Guer i l la Gardening

Chai rbombing

Ad Bust ing

Local Act iv is ts -Comuni ty Groups -

Ar t is ts -

Open Streets

Pavement to Plazas

P lay Streets

St reet Fai rs

Pop-Up Cafes

Ci ty Agencies -Mayor ’s Of f ice -

BIDs -

Hybrid

Non-prof i ts - Entrepreuners -

Developers -

Tact ics

tact

icia

ns

THE TACTICAL URBANISM SPECTRUM Tactical urbanism projects can be placed alongaspectrumofunsanctionedtosanctionedefforts.Manyexamplesinthisguidebeganasunsanctionedgrassrootsinterventions that proved so successful that they soonbecamesanctionedorpermanent.TheDepaveprogram,forexample,beganwithneighborhoodactivistsbuthastransformed into a non-profit funded by the City ofPortland and the EPA.This is how short-term actioncreateslong-termchange.Thisistacticalurbanism.

VOLUME 2 Twodozentacticsareincludedinthis,thesecondsurveyoftacticalurbanismprojects.Whilenotcompre-hensive,andmostlylimitedtotheNorthAmericancon-text, theworkdescribedhereinpresentsnumerousop-portunitiestotransformourtownsandcitiesintobetterplacestooccupytogether.Ifyouhaveadditionaltacticstoadd,pleasesendthemtoinfo@streetplans.org

Brainstorming the tactical spectrum at the Project Lodge.Credit: Payton Chung

The Project Lodge at CNU 19 in Madison, WI.Credit: Aurash Khawarzad

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Because there should be one... Credit: Team Better Block

TacticsOPEN STREETSPLAY STREETSBUILD A BETTER BLOCKPARK(ING) DAYGUERILLA GARDENINGPOP-UP RETAILPAVEMENT TO PLAZASPAVEMENT TO PARKSPOP-UP CAFESDEPAVECHAIR BOMBINGFOOD CARTS/TRUCKSSITE PRE-VITALIZATIONPOP-UP TOWN HALLINFORMAL BIKE PARKINGINTERSECTION REPAIRAD-BUSTINGRECLAIMED SETBACKSPARK MOBILEWEED BOMBINGMOBILE VENDORSMICRO-MIXINGPARK-MAKINGCAMPS

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Savannah, GA

Winnipeg, MB

Cleveland, OH

Seattle, WA

OPEN STREETS SUMMARY MAP - 2005

OPEN STREETS SUMMARY MAP - 2011

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open STREETSPURPOSE: Totemporarilyprovidesafespacesfor walking,bicycling,skatingandsocial activities;promotelocaleconomic development;andraiseawareness aboutthedetrimentaleffectsofthe automobileonurbanliving.LEADERS: Citydepartments Politicians Advocates Non-ProfitsSCALE: City||District||CorridorFACT: 50ofthe70knownNorthAmerican openstreetsinitiativesbeganwithin thelastthreeyears.

OpenStreetsinitiativesareincreasinglycommonincitiesseekinginnovativewaystomeetenvironmental,social, economic, andpublichealthgoals.Open streetsareoftenreferredtoas“ciclovía,”whichinSpanishtrans-latesliterallyas“bikepath.”Theoriginislargelythoughtto be Bogotá, Colombia, a city known worldwide forbeing a leader of the ciclovía/open streets movement.However,beforetherewasCiclovíainBogotá,therewas“SeattleBicycleSundays,”whichfirstlaunchedin1965,predatingBogotá’sciclovíabynearlyadecade. WhilethebenefitsofOpenStreetsinitiativesarewidelyrecognized,perhapsthemosttangiblebenefitisthesocialinteractionandactivitythatdevelops—thou-sands of people of all ages, incomes, occupations, reli-gions,andraceshavetheopportunitytomeetinthepub-licrealmwhilesharinginphysicalorsocialactivities.Indoingso,participantsdevelopawiderunderstandingoftheircity,eachother,andthepotentialformakingstreetsfriendlierforpeople. The resulting vibrancy therefore enables peopletoexperiencetheircity’spublicrealminadifferentway,whichhelpsbuildbroaderpoliticalsupportforundertak-ingmorepermanentpedestrian, bicycle, andother liv-abilityimprovements.Inthisway,openstreetsareatoolforbuildingsocialandpoliticalcapital,whilehavingveryrealeconomicimpactsforbusinesses,vendors,andorga-nizationsalongthechosenroute. PerhapsWaterloo,ONCityCouncilor,MelissaDurrell,saiditbestwhendescribinghercity’sCarFreeSundayinitiative:“Thisisaboutbringingpeopleintothecore.”

Madison, Wisconsin’s Ride The Drive initiativeconsistently draws 20,000 - 25,000 participants. Credit: Mike Lydon

The Open Streets Project Guide. Credit: Street Plans and Alliance for Biking & Walking

Atlanta’s Streets Alive! initiative brings people together.Credit: Mike Lydon

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Play STREETSPURPOSE: Tocreatesafespacesforpeopleofall agestobesocialandactive.LEADERS: Neighborhood/BlockAssociations Advocates CitydepartmentsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Manycityneighborhoodslack adequateparkandopenspace.Play Streetsfillthisneedbyprovidinga safespaceforrecreationand communityinteraction.

“Play streets,” popular in New York City andLondon, re-purpose the public right-of-way for recre-ationalactivities.Inessence,playstreetscreateapublicplaygroundwithinaspaceformerlyusedforthemove-ment and storage of private automobiles. They oftenoccur seasonally and are typically located adjacent toschoolsorinneighborhoodswhereopenspaceisscarce.Whenimplementedinlow-incomeneighborhoods,theymay be paired with farmers’ markets or underutilizedschoolplaygrounds,whichcanhaveamultipliereffect. InNewYorkCity,a‘playstreet’ismadepossiblewhen51%oftheresidentslivingonaone-wayresiden-tialblocksignapetitionandofferittotheirlocalpoliceandtransportationofficials,whothensendittothelo-calCommunityBoardforreview.Ifapproved,theCityprovidesyouthworkerstooverseetheprogram.Approxi-mately75%oftheseinitiativesareorganizedbytheNewYorkCityPoliceAthleticLeague,whichbeganorganiz-ingplaystreetsin1914. NewYork’sJacksonHeightsneighborhooddem-onstrateshowanincrementalapproachmaybringforthpermanentchange.In2008and2009asingleblockof78th street (located next to a school, between North-ern Boulevard and 34th street) was closed to motor-ists on Sundays-only during the spring, summer, andfall months. Instantly loved by community members,theblockwasthenclosedinJulyandAugusttomotorvehicletrafficeverydayduringthefollowingyear.Suc-ceedingonceagain,theplaystreetexpandedtoincludethemonthofSeptember in2011sothatpublichealthofficialscouldstudyhowthestreetclosureworkswhenschoolisinsession.IfdeemedsuccessfulbytheCity,thestreetwillbecomepermanentlyclosedtomotorvehicles,whileremainingfullyopentopeople.

A London play street.Credit: streetplaylondon.blogspot.com

In Jackson Heights, car-free space creates carefree play space.Credit: Clarence Eckerson

Play streets create playgrounds where they don’t currently exist Credit: New York Times

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PURPOSE: Topromotelivablestreetsand neighborhoodvitality.LEADERS: LocalAdvocates LocalBusinessesSCALE: Street||Block||BuildingFACT: FortWorth’sBetterBlockProjectwas “built”usingonly$500worthof materials.Today,someofthechanges proposedarebeingmadepermanent bytheCityofForthWorth.

Local communityactivists in theDallasneigh-borhoodofOakClifflaunchedtheBuildaBetterBlockproject.SpearheadedbyGoOakCliff,theorganizationrelied upon cheap or donated materials, and the workofmanyvolunteers to transforma singleunderutilizedurbanblock. In short,Build aBetterBlock encourages localactivists and property owners to temporarily activatevacant storefronts andpublic space. InDallas, thefirsteffort utilized food vendors and sidewalk cafe tablesas places to congregate. “New York style” cycle trackspainted along the curb pushed cars outward to reducethenumberoftravellanes,whicheffectivelyslowedtraf-fic.Finally,nativelandscapingandstreetfurniturehelpedimprovetheblock’ssenseofplace. Todate,theBuildaBetterBlockefforthashadasubstantialspin-offeffect:themomentumgainedfromtheprojectledtothepermanentuseofformerlyunder-utilizedretailspace.Additionally,theprocesshelpedad-vocatesinDallasandForthWorthgarneracommitmentfromtheir leaderstopermanently implementcompletestreet improvements. Ithasalsospurredanewconsul-tancyfirm,calledTeamBetterBlock.Theyarenowad-visingotherorganizationsandcitiestousethelow-cost,low-riskprocesstotoincitechange. Asatouchstoneofthetacticalurbanismmove-ment, the Better Block approach continues to capturetheattentionofurbanistsandadvocates.SimilareffortshavenowtakenplaceinForthWorth,OklahomaCity,Philadelphia,Memphis,andbeyond. In Oyster Bay, NY, a similar strategy deployedbyDoTankandStreetPlansutilized“pop-upshops”andafarmers’market,whichhavesincebecomepermanent.ThisincludesBillyJoel’s20thCenturyCycles,amotor-cycle showroom that has become a regional draw. Joelparticipated in the initial event and was struck by thepotentialofthespacehenowrents.

build a blockBETTER

The Fort Worth, TX Build a Better Block effort led to permanent change. Credit: fortworthology.com

Before and after: Dallas Build a Better BlockCredit: Go Oak Cliff

In Oyster Bay, Billy Joel rehabbed a vacant storefront for his motorcycle collection, which is now a regional draw. Credit: Mike Lydon

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A street temporarily transformed. Credit: Art Monaco Portland via my.parkingday.org

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PARK ING DAY( )PURPOSE: Toreclaimspacedevotedto automobiles,andtoincreasethe vitalityofstreetlifeLEADERS: Advocates Non-Profits CommunityGroupsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: In2011,975on-streetparkingspaces weretemporarilyreclaimedin165 cities,35countries,andacrosssix continents. PARK(ing) Day is an annual event where on-streetparkingspacesareconvertedintopark-likepublicspaces.Theinitiativeisintendedtodrawattentiontothesheeramountofspacedevotedtothestorageofprivateautomobiles. While its provenance is sometimes debatedamong advocates in New York and San Francisco, re-searchrevealsthatBonnieOraSherk,aSanFrancisco-based artist, first began converting pavement to parkswithher1970projectentitled“PortableArchitecture.” Nonetheless, theoutwardmarketingof the ini-tiativefirstoccurredin2005whentheinterdisciplinarydesign group Rebar converted a single San Franciscoparking space into a mini-park.The group simply laiddown sod, added a bench and tree, and fed the meterwith quarters. Instantly garnering national attention,PARK(ing)Dayhasspreadrapidlyamongstlivablecityadvocates and is thought to be the pre-cursor to NewYorkandSanFrancisco’sparkletandpavementtoparksprograms. Atitscore,PARK(ing)Dayencouragescollabo-ration amongst local citizens to create thoughtful, buttemporaryadditionstothepublicrealm.Oncereclaimed,parkingspacesareprogrammedinanynumberofways;manyfocusonlocal,national,orinternationaladvocacyissues, while others adopt specific themes or activities.Thepossibilities anddesigns are as endless as they arefun. Whileparticipatingindividualsandorganizationsoperateindependently,theydofollowasetofestablishedguidelines.NewcomerscanpickupthePARK(ing)DayManifesto,whichcoversthebasicprinciplesandincludesahow-toimplementationguide.

A PARK(ing) Day installation. Credit: flickr user iomarch

In 2010 a group of non-profit and neighborhood organizations hosted a pot-luck park(ing) day after party below the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway.

Credit: flickr user Brodowski

Bonnie Ora Sherk’s 1970 Portable Architecture project.Credit: Bonnie Ora Sherk

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Guerilla GARDENINGPURPOSE: Tointroducemoregreeneryand gardeningintotheurbanenvironmentLEADERS: NeighborhoodAdvocatesSCALE: Block||LotFACT: GuerillaGardeningfirstbeganin1973 whenNewYorkCityactiviststhrew condomswithlocalseeds,water,and fertilizerintovacantlots FirstcoinedbyLizChristyandherGreenGuer-rillagroupin1973,guerillagardeningisnowaninter-nationalmovement.Althoughtherearemanypermuta-tions,guerrillagardeningistheactofgardeningonpublicorprivatelandwithoutpermission.Typically,thechosensitesarevacantorunderutilizedpropertiesinurbanareas.Thedirectre-purposingofthelandisoftenintendedtoraiseawarenessforamyriadofsocialandenvironmentalissues,includingsustainablefoodsystems,urbanstorm-watermanagement,improvingneighborhoodaesthetics,andthepowerofshort-term,collaborativelocalaction. When applying the tactic to contested land,guerillagardenersoften takeactionunder the coverofnight,wherevegetablesmaybesowed,orflowergardensplantedandcaredforwithoutrunningtheriskofbeingcaught. Guerillagardeningisanexcellenttacticforno-ticeablyimprovinganurbanneighborhood.Oftentimes,gardens are cared for years after they are first created,illegally.Indeed,thefirstgardenstartedinavacantNewYorkCity lotby theGreenGuerillasbecame so lovedthat volunteers and theNewYork City Parks Depart-ment now maintain it. This exemplifies how unsanc-tionedshort-termactioncreatessanctioned,long-termchange.

SanFrancisco’sSundayStreetsCredit:???

Guerilla Gardening offers an outlet for creative energy. Credit: Loralee Edwards, Lethbridge Guerilla Gardening

Green Guerillas at work. Credit: Guerilla Gardening Development Blog

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POP UP RETAILPURPOSE: Topromotethetemporaryuseof vacantretailspaceorlots.LEADERS: Developers LocalEntrepreneurs Artists CorporationsSCALE: Street||BuildingFACT: ‘Pop-upretail,’wascoined inlate2003bytrendwatching.com. Theconceptofpop-upurban improvementinitiativeshassincebeen appliedtodozensofothersimilar temporaryinterventions.

Apparel companies looking to generate brandawarenessfirstutilizedthepop-upretailtactic.Atfirst,sucheffortsmadetemporaryuseofvacantretailspacesbycreatinganevent-likeatmosphereforalimitedtime—sometimes even justoneday.For retailers, the focus isgenerallyonmarketingorproof-of-concept,ratherthanproducingsales. Companieslargeandsmall,propertyowners,art-istsandcommunityorganizationsquicklyadoptedandcalibratedtheconceptforawiderangeofpurposes.Tobe sure, pop-up retail is moving beyond the commonseasonal holiday store and the trendy one-off designerbrandsaleseventtobecomingasanctionedcommunityrevitalizationtechnique.Mainstreetswithvacantstorefronts, oversized parking lots, and underutilized publicspacesareincreasinglybeingusedaslocalincubatorsforaseeminglyendlessnumberoftemporarytopermanentcommercialandcommunityuses. Forexample, inOakland,CAanurbanplannerandrestaurantownerarecollaboratinginproducingPop-uphood,athree-blockstretchofshort-termleasepop-upstoresintendedtorevitalizethedowntownthroughnewbusiness incubation. In this way, the pop-up trend re-flects theneweconomywherealigningthe interestsofpropertyownersandlocalentrepreneursishappeninginamorenimbleandcreativeway. Finally, the interest and public exposure pop-upsgeneratebywayoftheirtemporarynatureprovideapowerfultoolforsparkinglong-termchange.Successfulpop-upstoresoftenearntherighttostay,creatingawin-winforthepropertyowner,occupant,andneighborhood.

Manifesto Bicycles is one of six stores in Oakland’s Popuphood.Credit: Oakland North

Melbourne’s Rebecca Walk features pop-up retail under a rail Viaduct.Credit: Mike Lydon

The solar powered KiosKiosk is a pop-up store that can be setup almost anywhere.

Credit: KiosKiosk

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The iconic, but temporary changes in Times Square will be soon be upgraded and made permanent.Credit: New York City Department of Transportation

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PURPOSE: Toreclaimunderutilizedasphaltas publicspacewithoutlargecapital expenditureLEADERS: CityDepartments BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Followingtheimplementationof theNewTimesSquarepedestrian plaza,injuriestomotoristsandtheir passengersdeclinedby63%.Similarly, pedestrianinjuriesdecreased35%,even whilepedestrianvolumesincreased

Pavement to Plaza programs, popularizedrecentlyinNewYorkCity,butechoedincitieslikeSanFrancisco,seeminglydefinesanctionedtacticalurbanism.These interventions typically start by using temporary,inexpensive materials to re-assign excessive motorvehiclespacefortheuseofpedestriansand/orbicyclists.Because these efforts do not require a large outlay ofcapital,publicspacesareabletoappearalmostovernight.While the city funds the design and the construction,partnersfromthelocalbusinessoradvocacycommunityareusuallyaskedtooperate,maintain,andmanagethenewplazas. Following the immediate closure of TimesSquare,thecenterpieceofNewYork’shighlysuccessful“GreenlightforMidtown”streetimprovementproject,TimTompkins of theTimes Square Alliance realizedthatpeoplemightwanttositsomewhere.So,hebought376 folding chairs for $10.74 each and “instantly —millionsofpeoplehaveanewwayofenjoyingthecity.” By taking this experimental “pilot project”approach using temporary materials, the City andpublic-at-largeareabletotesttheperformanceofeachnewplazawithoutwastingscarcepublicresources.Whensuccessful, theplazastransitionintoamorepermanentdesign and construction phase, which is happeningcurrentlyinmanyofNewYorkCity’sfirstgenerationofpilotplazasandsustainablestreetprojects.

pavement plazas TO

Broadway at Columbus Circle: Before and after.Credit: New York City Department of Transportation

Putnam Triangle

Putnam Triangle: Before and after.Credit: New York City Department of Transportation

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PURPOSE: Toreclaimunderutilizedasphaltas publicspacewithoutlargecapital expenditureLEADERS: LocalRestaurants Municipalities TransportationDepartments BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Startupcostsfora“parklet”inSan franciscoincludea$1,000application fee,anda$650feefortheremovalof parkingmeters.A$221feeisthen chargedannually.ParallelPark,a parkletinVancouver,BCcost $18,000todesignandconstruct.

The similar Pavement to Plaza projects carriedoutinNewYorkCityinspiredSanFrancisco’sPavementtoParksprogram.Usingmanyofthesametechniques—moveabletablesandchairs,paintingasphalt,andthein-stallationofinexpensiveplantersandre-purposedstonebocks,municipalofficialswereabletoquicklyestablisha formal program that increased the balance of publicspace. ThePavement toParksprogram is a collabora-tiveeffortbetweentheSanFranciscoMayor’sOffice,theDepartmentofPublicWorks,thePlanningDepartment,and the Municipal Transportation Agency. The low-cost“parklets”arenowfoundinmorethan20locationsthroughoutthecity. AsinNewYork,theCityviewseachparkletasa laboratoryfortestingthepotentialofamoreperma-nentlydesignedpublicspace.Thematerialsaremeanttobetemporaryandthedesignmalleableshouldchangesbedesiredduringthetrialperiod. Atypicalparkletconsistsofaplatformthatsitsflushwith the sidewalk.Eachone isbuilt in theplaceof twoor threeparkingspaces. Inmostcases, they in-cludeseatingandvariousamountsofgreeneryandocca-sionallyincludebicycleparkingand/ortablestoserveasoutdoordiningareasfornearbyrestaurantsorcafes.Thecostofconstructingaparkletistypicallycoveredbyanindividualbusinessor severalbusinesses that recognizethe ability to attract customers. Privately sponsored ornot,parkletsarepartofthepublicrealmandcompletelyopentothepublicatlarge.

pavement parksTO

Some parklets feature bicycle parking.Credit: flickr user Jeremy Shaw

Vancouver, BC’s “Parallel Park.”Credit: Facebook user Parallel Park

One of San Francisco’s many parklets.Credit: flickr user Jeremy Shaw

(PARKLETS)

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POP UP- CAFESPURPOSE: Topromoteoutdoorpublicseatingin theparkinglane(duringthewarm months)andtopromotelocal businessesLEADERS: CityDepartments LocalRestaurants BusinessImprovementDistricts LocalDesignersSCALE: Block||StreetFACT:: ParkingspacesusedforPop-UpCafes inNYCareleasedfromthe DepartmentofTransportation

Inspired by NewYork City’s Pavement to Pla-zaprogram,SanFranciscobegan itsownPavement toParkseffort,whichincludesparklets(page19).ThatriffontheconceptwastheimportedbacktoNewYorkanre-namedpop-upcafés,whichhavebecomespecializedtacticusedwherepublicoutdoorseatingissorelyneeded. Similar to how things are set up in San Fran-cisco,NewYorkCity’sprogramrequires that thebusi-nesssponsoringthecafemustagreetocoverthedesign,constructionandmaintenancecosts. If suchagreementisreached,theCity’sDepartmentofTransportationpro-videstechnicalassistanceandmayevenmakestreetim-provements,suchasapplyingtrafficmarkingsorplacingsafetybollardsaroundthecafe. Incitieswithashortsupplyofpublicspaceandaneedformorepubliclyaccessibleseating,pop-upcafésarefastbecomingavaluedadditiontothepublicrealm.When successful, they act as placeholders for a timewhencitysidewalkscanbepermanentlyexpanded.Out-sideofNewYorkCityandSanFrancisco,parkletsandpop-upcafésmaybefoundinLongBeach,LosAngeles,andVancouver.

A narrow sidewalk limits the possibility of outdoor seating.Credit: DNAinfo.com

Trading parking space for outdoor seating improves the public realm.Credit: DNAInfo.com

Pop-up cafes are sponsored by private businesses, but are public spaces open to anyone

Credit: DNAinfo.com

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Depavers assess their work. Credit: Brent Wojahn/The Oregonian

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DEPAVEPURPOSE: Toreducestormwaterpollutionand increasetheamountoflandavailable forhabitatrestoration,urbanfarming, treeplanting,nativevegetation,and socialgatheringLEADERS: NeighborhoodActivists Non-ProfitsSCALE: Lot||BlockFACT: Since2007,over700volunteer havereplacedmorethan94,100 squarefeetofunnecessaryasphalt withpermeablegardensand communitygreenspace.Asaresult, 2,221,115gallonsofstormwateris divertedannually.

Whileimpervioussurfacesareafactofurbanlife,thepavingofmillionsofacrescontributestonumerousenvironmental problems, namely the polluting of ourwaterwaysthroughstormwaterrunoff. Portland’s all-volunteer Depave organizationseeks to incrementally reduce stormwater pollution bysurgically removing unnecessary pavement. To do so,Depave transforms impervious driveways and parkingintocommunitygreenspacesandgardensthatnaturallymitigatestormwaterrunoffpollution. Depavebeganasanunsanctioned,self-organizedneighborhood effort in 2007, but has blossomed intoan influentialnon-profitorganizationthathasreceivedgrants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-cy, theOregonDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality,Patagonia, and the Multnomah Soil and Water Con-servation Districts. It is also supported by many otherbusinesses,organizations,governmentdepartmentsandschools. Depave therefore provides a great example ofhow short-term unsanctioned initiatives can becomesanctioned,long-termeffortswithinaveryshortamountoftime. OverthepastfouryearsDepavehasturnednear-ly100,000thousandsquarefeetofparkinglotsintoex-panded school yards, community gardens, food forests,andpocketparks.Whilethisworkhasreducedmillionsofgallonsofstormwaterrunoff, ithasalsobuiltstrongtiesbetweenneighborsandthecityinwhichtheylive. Ifyouwantlearnmore,Depavewrittenahelpfulhow-toguidedescribingtheirprocess.

Clear instructions.Credit: Picasa user DepavePDX

Depaving in action.Credit: Picasa user DepavePDX

The Fargo Forest Garden replaced 3,000 square feet of asphalt.Credit: Picasa user DepavePDX

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Chairbombing. Credit: Aurash Khawarzad

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Chair BOMBINGPURPOSE: Toimprovethesocialwell-beingof neighborhoodsbysalvagingwaste materialsandactivatingthepublic realm.LEADERS: CommunityActivists LocalPropertyOwners SmallBusinessesSCALE: Street||BuildingFACT: Bytakingdiscardedshippingpallets andconvertingthemintoqualitypublic seating,theurbanwastestreamcanbe reduced,andstreetsmademore welcoming.

Whethertorest,socialize,ortosimplywatchtheworldgoby, increasingthesupplyofpublicseatingal-mostalwaysmakesastreet,andbyextension,aneigh-borhood,morelivable. Chairbombing is the act of removing salvage-ablematerialfromthelocalwastestream,andusingittobuildpublicseating.Theentireprocessofbuildingandplacing the chairs requires attention to thedesign andconstruction,butalsoathoughtfulapproachastowheretheyareneededmost,andwheretheywouldbeabletosupportexistingsocialactivity,orserveasacatalystforcommunitygathering. Ingeneral,chairbombingcallsattentionto thegeneral lack of public seating in the urban environ-ment. Italso indicates locationswhere furtherphysicalimprovementsmaybemadebyamunicipality,propertyowner,retailtenant,and/orotherchangeagents. Chair placement begins by retrieving discardedmaterialssuchasshippingpalletsfromdumpsters,con-struction sites, or other locations where solid waste isfound.The pallets can be disassembled and then reas-sembledforseating. DoTank, a Brooklyn-based interdisciplinarycollective,hasplacedchairs insix locationsthroughoutnorthernBrooklyn.Whilethebombingsareoftendoneinconjunctionwithoutdoorevents, thefirst efforthasresulted inpermanentseatingatBlueBottleCoffee inBrooklyn’sWilliamsburgneighborhood.

Collecting discarded shipping pallets.Credit: Ted Ulrich Design

Chairs placed adjacent to Brooklyn’s Blue Bottle Coffee. Credit: Aurash Khawarzad

Permanent seating added by Blue Bottle Coffee.Credit: Aurash Khawarzad

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food CARTS / TRUCKSPURPOSE: Toprovidelowcostfood,incubatesmall businesses,andactivateundertutilized sites. LEADERS: Entrepreneurs MunicipalitiesSCALE: Block||LotFACT: Portland’sfoodcartsareregulatedas normalrestaurants,includingsemi- annualinspections.Theyalsopayrentfor theoff-streetparkingspotstheyoccupy. From construction sites to industrial parks,hospitalstolocalneighborhoodcenters,citieslargeandsmallcontinuetowitnessasurgeinstreetfoodvendingactivity. Long before the Twitter-induced food truckcraze,notedurbanistWilliamH.Whyteacknowledgedthatstreetfoodisamagnetforhumanactivity.Foodcartsand trucks not only stimulate entrepreneurial activity,theyserveacritical role in theactivationof thepublicrealm. Indeed, few people know where people tend tocongregateaswellasagoodfoodvendor,ashisorhersuccess reliesuponhighpedestrianvolumes. In turn, agoodfoodvendor,orgroupsofvendorsquicklybecomeanadditionaldestinationwithinalreadysuccessfulplacesofcongregation. InPortland,Oregon,foodcartstakeonauniquecharacter.Typicallyhousedinstationarytrailers,RVs,orself-madeshacks,theCityencouragesvendorstoclustertheir fare. With each new arrival, each food vendor’sprosperity often increases. And because they masksurfaceparkinglots,theyactivateotherwiseharshstreetedgesthatrepelhumanactivity.Inmanycases,porches,barstoolsandgardenseatingareadded,resultinginanevenmore inviting streetscape. Interestingly,Portland’sfoodcartsareregulatedasnormalrestaurants,includingsemi-annualinspections.Theyalsopayrentfortheoff-streetparkingspots theyoccupy.Today, thecity’smostsuccessfulfoodcartentrepreneursareabletomoveintomorepermanentlocations,whichallowsopportunityforthenextoperator to take theirplace ina successionofsmallbusinessdevelopment. From Los Angeles to Miami, smart cities notonly lower the barrier to entry, but also nurture suchbusinesses because they reflect and contribute to thestrength of the local economy, and enhance the city’ssenseofplace.

Food carts mask surface parking lots in downtown Portland.Credit: Better Cities & Towns (New Urban Network)

Food carts line the central square in Seaside, FL. Credit: Mike Lydon

Vendors activate a park edge in Brunswick, MECredit: Mike Lydon

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Site PRE-VITALIZATIONPURPOSE: Totemporarilyactivatea(re)develop- mentsite.LEADERS: Municipalities Developers CitizenActivists BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Block||Lot||BuildingFACT: RedBarn,thedeveloperbehindthe temporaryHerculesMarketHall,sees theprojectasmarketresearchon“what peoplelookfor,whattheywanttoeat, thegoodstheywant,andhowlong theywillstay”foramorepermanent projecttheycallMarketTown.

SitePre-vitalization is the temporary re-activa-tionofapreviouslyinactive,underutilizedparcelofland.This tactic brings a variety of art, food, and retail usesto a single location.Typically, this is done to generateneededrevenue for the landowner/developer, raise thecommunity’s awareness about the site’s long-term po-tential,andtobuildcommunitywhilesupporting localentrepreneurs. Site pre-vitalization uses often include publicmarkets,artexhibitionsandstudios,communityfestivals,beer gardens, micro-retail opportunities, flea markets,andothertemporaryprogramscapableof“pre-vitalizing”asitebeforemorepermanentbuildingispossible.Byac-tivatingasiteduringtheplanning,approvals,andfinanc-ing stages, avacant site can thereforeprovide low-costcommunitybuildingandeconomicopportunitieswhileamoreformaltransitionoccurs,frominactiveparceloflandtoafullyredevelopedandprogrammedadditiontothetownorcity. Site Pre-vitalization is a relatively new tacticandonethatthatislargelyaprivatesectorresponsetothe restrictive commercial lending standards now im-posedbybanks.Thus,thetradeoffbetweenthetempo-raryuses—markets,beergardens,ping-pong tables, artshows,vegetablegrowingetc.—andtherealizationofthefinallong-termprivatedevelopmenthasnotyetbeenad-dressed. We’llbewatchingthis tacticcloselyasProxy,DekalbMarketandotherslikeitmovefromtemporaryinstallationstopermanentdevelopment.

The Dekalb Market entrance in downtown BrooklynCredit: Mike Lydon

Proxy is a temporary placeholder for a long-term development plan.Credit: Inside Scoop SF

Hercules Market.Credit: Dan Gregory

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The BMW Guggenheim Lab, New York City. Credit: Bob Arihood

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pop up TOWN HALL-PURPOSE: Toprovideatemporaryforumfor discussionsofcivicimportanceLEADERS: Philanthropic Organizations CommunityCoalitions ActivistsSCALE: Block||BuildingFACT: TheGuggenheimLabwilltravelto ninemajorworldcitiesinsixyears.

Apop-uptownhallprovidesaninformal,non-governmentsponsoredvenueforseriouscivicdiscourseandtheexchangeofideas.Whilepop-uptownhallsoftenmake use of underutilized city spaces, such as vacantlotsorstorefronts,theycanalsobeheldinamyriadofother venues. Pop-up town halls should capitalize onlocations where a healthy dose of civic discussion isalreadyoccurring;forinstance,somepop-uptownhallsare organized in tandem with conferences, exhibitions,festivalsandotherevents. TheBMWGuggenheimLabcapturesthespiritofthistactic.TheLab,whichisdesignedtotemporarilyre-imagineanoverlookedcityspaceasacivicforum,isamigratorytownhallthatistravelingbetweenninedifferentcities.Thecarbonfiberstructureistobedisassembledandreassembledineachoftheninecities—itissometimesreferredtoasa“travelingtoolbox.” The objective is to provide a space that bringspeopleofmanydisciplinestogetherbringsinadiscussiononthefutureoftheircity.TheorganizersoftheBMWGuggenheimLabcalltheirinvention“parturbanthinkthank,partcommunitycenter,andpartpublicgatheringspace”whicharethebasiccharacteristicsofanypop-uptownhall.

The BMW Guggenheim Lab site before construction began, Credit: wallpaper.com

Over 100 free events were hosted at the Lab.Credit: Mike Lydon

A temporary cafe was built adjacent to the Lab.Credit:© flickr user archidose

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informal BIKE PARKING

PURPOSE: Toincreasethesupplyofbicycle parkingwhereneeded.LEADERS: CommunityActivists LocalBusinesses PropertyOwnersSCALE: Street||Block||BuildingFACT: Everyparkedbicyclebelongstoa potentialcustomer.

At the intersection of tactical urbanismand transportation infrastructure is the creation andinstallationof informalbike racks.The lackofparkingoptions in many cities is inspiring activists, includingprogressivebusinessesand“enlightened”propertyown-ers,totakeituponthemselvestoinstallvarioustypesoftemporaryandsemi-permanentsolutions. Groups like DoTank have built bike racks andtested them on lamp posts in Williamsburg, with theintent of providing bike parking while also making astatementaboutthecity’slackofbicycleparking.Busi-nessessuchas¿PorQueNo?taqueriainPortland,havealsotakenituponthemselvestoinstallbikeparkinginfrontoftheirstoreasatacticforattractingandservic-ingcustomers from the city’sgrowingbicycle commu-nity. Finally, property owners, such as Green Desks inBrooklyn’s DUMBO neighborhood, have affixed “bikerails”directlyadjacenttotheentranceofthebuildingtomeetgrowingdemand. While not all informal bike racks designs arepractical or secure for long-term use, they do indicatedemand.Smartcitieswillleavethewell-designedracksalone,whilereplacingthemorepoorlyconceivedtempo-rarysolutionswithhigherperformingcityracks.

To meet demand, this property owner installed a long bike rail.Credit: Ronald Woudstra

Small bike rails provide bicycle parking at a popular beer garden. Credit: Mike Lydon

Valet event parking by The Street Plans Collaborative. Credit:Mike Lydon

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intersection REPAIR

PURPOSE: Torepurposeneighborhoodstreet intersectionsascommunityspace.LEADERS: Neighbors Activists CommunityOrganizations HomeOwnersAssociationsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: CityRepairandlocalresidentsrefer tointersectionrepairasanexercise in“VillageBuilding.”

Intersectionrepairreclaimsneighborhoodstreetsas public gathering places.The initiative first began inPortland, OR and continues to be stewarded by CityRepair,alocalplacemakinggroup. While the brightly painted intersectionscommunicatetodriversthattheyareenteringaplaceofneighborhoodimportance,it’stheprocessofmakingandmaintainingtherepairedintersectionsthatmattersmost.Indeed, once the initial reclamation occurs, neighborsoften take itupon themselves to further enhance theirnew public gathering place with benches, communitybulletinboards,gardensandartpositionedprominentlyat the corners. In somecases, less temporarypainthasgivenwaytobricksandcobblestones. While the design elements are important,“repaired intersections”encourageneighbors to interactmore frequently and give them a nearby place to careaboutoutsidetheirhomes. Intersection repair provides another greatexampleofhowtacticalurbanisminitiativesmovealongthe continuum, from unsanctioned activity to a fullysanctioned program. Unsurprisingly, Portland’s Bureauof Transportation did not initially allow intersectionrepair.Regardless,communitiescontinuedtotransformimplement them anyway. As is the case with manyunsanctioned tactics, the City no longer stands in theway.Infact,theBureauofTransportationhasanofficialCity Repair liaison. This liaison helps coordinate thepermitting, street closures, and oversees some of thedesignstoaidinthesuccessofeachproject. IntersectionrepairprojectsmaynowbefoundincommunitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.

Intersection repair is a placemaking and community building tactic.Credit: Flickr user Sara Dent

This is what an intersection repair master plan looks like. Credit: Sara Dent

An intersection repair project in Los Angeles, CA.Credit: Los Angeles Eco-Village Blog

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A billboard turned swingset. Credit: Broken City Lab

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ad - BUSTINGPURPOSE: Toreducevisualpollutionwithinthe publicrealm.LEADERS: Activists MunicipalLeadersSCALE: Corridor||Block||BuildingFACT: CitizensofSãoPaulowereamazed atthearchitectureoftheircityonce billboardsblockingbuildingfacades wereremoved.

In2007,oneofBrazil’s largest cities adoptedaradical ban on outdoor advertising. São Paulo’s “LeiCidadeLimpa”orCleanCityLawwasaprojectledbymayorGilbertoKassabandgavetheworldanexampleofwhatamajorcitycouldlooklikewithoutbeingoverrunbyadvertising. IntheUnitedStates,marketingandadvertisinghaspervadedthepublicrealmtosuchadegreethatac-tivistsandcivilservantshavebeguntodevelopandim-plementcreativetacticscombatingthedailyonslaughtofconsumerism.Whilethegoalofad-bustingistoimprovethe aesthetic quality of public spaces, it also sends themessage that thepublic realm shouldnot be usedun-abashedlyforthesellingandconsumptionofcommer-cialproducts. Groups such as the Public Ad Campaign andDoTank have developed physical methods of alteringexisting ads to reflect a different message—one thathighlightslocalartand/orcommunityeventsandassets.DoTank’s digital community billboard project, calledWeSee.Us, allowed passersby to anonymously submitlivephotosfromtheirsmartphones.Thesubmittedpho-tosweredisplayed in real-timeon an emptybillboard,whichallowedindividualstosharetheirownvisualswiththecommunityatlarge. The advertising content generated during theWeSee.Us installationquicklybecame communityori-ented,focusingonthepeopleandeventstakingplaceintheneighborhoodratherthanontheproductscorpora-tionsurgeustobuy.

The WeSee.Us installation. Credit: Aurash Khawarzad

Ad-busting.Credit:Credit: This is Not an Ad

What if...Credit: This is Not an Ad

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reclaimed SETBACKSPURPOSE: Tocreateamoreengagingstreetscape byactivatingthespacebetweenthe structureandthesidewalk.LEADERS: PropertyOwners Activists SCALE: LotFACT: Mostmunicipalzoningcodesrequire setbacksbetweenthestreetandthe primarystructure,whichoftencreates awkwardandunderutilizedsemi- publicspaces.

Setback reclamations intentionally activate theunderutilized,semi-publicspacefoundbetweenthepub-licright-of-way(typicallythesidewalk)andapropertyowner’sprincipalstructure.Thedistancesareuniformlymandatedinmunicipalzoningcodesandhomeowneras-sociationsoftenlimittheirusebeyondornament.Awk-wardsetbackdistancesof20feetormoreareespeciallycommoninsingle-familyneighborhoodsbuiltafterthe1920s.Increasedsetbackdistancesbrokethetraditionalrelationshipbetweenstreet,building,andbuildingowner.Asaresult,mostsocialactivityisfoundinthebackyard,notthefront. Setback reclamations range from illegal struc-tureextensionstotemporaryprogrammingtocommu-nitygardening.Suchtacticshelpdiminishtherealandperceiveddistancesfoundbetweenthestructureandthesidewalk.Ifdonewell,reclamationscaneffectivelycre-atesamoreengagingandsocialneighborhoodstreeten-vironment.

Free poems make for an engaging experience in this Streamboat, CO neighborhood.

Credit: Mike Lydon

Front setbacks provide a perfect opportunity to grow food. Credit: flickr user Shira Golding

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park MOBILEPURPOSE: Toaddmoreneighborhoodgreen spaceandtofurtheractivatestreets withpublicseating.LEADERS: CityDepartments BusinessOwners BusinessImprovementDistricts NeighborhoodOrganizationsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: Eachparkmobilecostsapproximately $6,000.

One of the most appropriate uses of tacti-cal urbanism is to jumpstart the implementation oflong-termvisionplans.Parkmobiles,designedbySanFranciso-based CMG Landscape Architecture, wereinstalledinthesummerof2011.Theyareadirectre-sponse to the neighborhood’s desire for more greenspace,asvoicedinSanFrancisco’sYerbaBuenaStreetLifestrategicplan.Fashionedfromcustomdumpsters,eachparkmobilefitswithinasinglevehicularparkingspace and contributes to “a vision and road map foranextgenerationofpublicspaceintheYerbaBuenaDistrict.”Otherinitiativesfeaturedintheplanincludewidenedsidewalks,mid-blockcrossings,andthetacti-calconversionofalleysintoplazasorsharedstreets. At present there are six parkmobiles beingmoved periodically around the neighborhood. Eachunitcontainsadifferenttypeofvegetation,includingTasmanianTreeFerns,StrawberryTrees,Yuccas,andshrubs that attract birds and butterflies. In doing so,theyhighlighttheimportanceofanagreeablepedes-trian experience and recognize the importance thatvegetation and seating play in creating an attractiveenvironmentforpedestrians. Overall, the initiative pays homage to SanFrancisco’s longstanding tactical traditionof improv-ingthelargerurbanlandscapeinsmallandfluidways.

Parkmobiles are, well, mobile. Credit: Dwell via Miyoko Ohtake

A parkmobile located outside of SPUR’s urban center.Credit: Dwell via Miyoko Ohtake

A parkmobile working as intended.Credit: Mark Boster/Los Angeles Times.

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tactic NAMEFAST FACT: blahblahblah

LEADERS: blah,blah,blahSCALE: City||District||Corridor|| Street||Block||BuildingPURPOSE: blah,blah,blah

blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah,blah...

Weed bombing on an overgrown corner in downtown Miami (Not photoshopped). Credit: Grant Stern

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weed

PURPOSE: Todrawattentiontoblighted neighborhoodsandtoinciteactionin cleaningthemup.LEADERS: NeighborhoodAssociations Artists ActivistsSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: WeedbombingbeganinMiami,FL underthecoverofdarkness,butsheds lightonpublicandprivateproperty negligence. Weedbombingistheactofconvertingovergrownweedsintoworksofstreetart.Inspiredbyotherformsof ‘tactical bombings,’ downtown Miami resident andbusinessowner,BradKnoeflerenlistedotherneigborhoodactivistsandartiststospraypaintweedsinbrightcolors.Knoefler,whoisalsothefounderoftheOmniParkwestRedevelopmentAssociation(OPRA),isavocalcriticofthevariouslarge-scaleredevelopmentplansslatedforhisOmniParkwest,andthelackofmaintenanceefforts.Heis also known to take action into his own hands. “Weusedtocut theweedsourselves,” sayKnoefler,“but it’smuchmorebeneficialtobeautifythemandconvertthemintostreetart.Unliketraditionalgraffiti,weedbombingdoesn’t damage private or public property and hasimmediatebenefitstoourqualityoflife.” WhileKnoeflerundertooktheeffortincreativeprotest, he’s found little resistance from the city anddowntowndevelopmentauthority.Still,accordingtoonenewspaperarticle,Knoeflerplans tokeepbombingtheweeds until a more concerted, sanctioned city effort ismade.

BOMBING

Weed bombing can make overgrowth look more like flowers.Credit: Kerry McLaney

A weed bomb just north of downtown Miami.Credit: Kerry McLaney

Weed bombs highlight disparities in where public and private maintenance dollars are spent.

Credit: Kerry McLaney

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Mobile VENDORSPURPOSE: Toofferneededcommercialservices, activatepublicspaces,andhelpcitizens earnincome.LEADERS: Micro-EntrepreneursSCALE: Street||BlockFACT: StreetVendorsselllavarietyofgoods besidesfood,includingart, photographs,clothingandvarious othermerchandise.Vendingisoftena secondsourceofincomeforurban households.

There is nothing more tactical than helpingsmall-scaleentrepreneursgetafootinginthelocalecon-omy.Aswithfoodcarts,small-scalestreetvendorsat-tractpeople,fill small commercial voids, andhelpgivelifetopublicspaces.Overseas,andincreasinglyinNorthAmericancities,inventivestreetvendorsareusingavari-etyoflow-costmobilemeanstotransportandselltheirwares.Bicyclesinparticularhavebecomequitepopularinsomecities.HiroyukiShinohara,aJapanesearchitecthasconductedastudyofthevariousrolesbicycle-basedvendingplaysinthestreetsofChinesecities.Hefoundthatbicycleswerebeingusedasmobilebookshops, icecream vending stations, mobile garbage collectors, andevenasmobilewatertanks. Becausevendorsplayakeyroleinanimatingthevarious spacesof a city,municipalgovernments shouldmake regulations simple, clear, and readily available inmultiple languages. The Center for Urban Pedagogy’sVending Power! A Guide to Vending in New York Citydoesa fantastic job explaining the city’s confusing mobilevending regulations to a wide audience of current andfuturevendors.

The vendor stores his newstand in the basement entrance of a nearby apartment building

Credit: Mike Lydon

Vending Power! A Guide to Street Vending in New York CityCredit: Candy Chang/Center for Urban Pedagogy

This Brooklyn newspaper vendor sets up a mobile stand every morning by the Clinton-Washington subway entrance on Fulton Street.

Credit: Mike Lydon

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Micro- MIXINGPURPOSE: Tooincubatenewbusinessesand sustainexistingonesthroughthe co-locationofmutuallysupportive uses. LEADERS: Entrepreneurs PropertyOwners BusinessImprovementDistrictsSCALE: Block||BuildingFACT: Thesimplestformofretailmicro- mixingisthecoffeeshopinsidethe bookstore,somethingcorporations figuredoutlongago.

Bymixingmultiplebusinesses in a single retailspace, micro-mixing provides entrepreneurial shopowners an opportunity to mitigate the high overheadcostsassociatedwithopeninganewventure.Thistacticalretailing technique combines complimentary uses andactivitiesthatcanbeusedbyexistingretailersaswellascooperativeandstartupincubatorspaces.Thebestuseofthemicro-mixingtechniquecancreatesomeofthemostexcitingandmemorableshoppingexperiences. The success of large format bookstores in the1990’s and 2000’s illustrated the mutually beneficialrelationship that exists between a coffee shop and abookstore.These two uses together, a latte and a newbook,seemtofittogethernaturally. Today, more unconventional and perhaps moreexciting mixes are emerging. In Denver, SalvagettiBicycle Workshop has included an espresso bar on itssalesfloor.InNewYork,Barbershopsaresellingclothing,andjewelrystoresaresellingVietnamesesandwiches.InProvidence,acraftco-opstoreisrunningagalleryoutofthebackofhousespaceandacoffeeshopissellingpottedplantsandgardeningsupplies.Alloftheseoperatorsarecreatively maximizing the return on their space’s floorareabyworkingtogetherwithcomplimentaryretailers. At its core, micro-mixing is a “buddy system”economicdevelopmentstrategythathelpssmallbusinessesgrowincrementally.Byusingclevermerchandisingandefficientspaceplanning,existingretailspacescanquicklybeadaptedtohandlemultipleusersorbusinesses.Thus,micro-mixingprovidesaneasyopportunitytotestnewideas. If successful, micro-mixing tenants can one daystrikeoutontheirown.

Salvagetti Bicycle WorkshopCredit: Panoramio user chachafish

Happy Coffee Espresso WindowCredit: Jonathan Shikes

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The construction of Grand Central Park took one month.Credit: Grand Central Park

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Park- MAKINGPURPOSE: Toincreasethesupplyofpark space byquicklyreclaiming undertutilizedparcelsofvacantland andparkinglots. LEADERS: Activists Artists CityDepartments BusinessImprovementDistricts NeighborhoodOrganizationsSCALE: Lot||BlockFACT: Miami’sGrandCentralParkisa five-acreparkthatwasbuiltin 30days.

Whileit’sexcitingthatthetacticofPARK(ing)Dayhasledtothedevelopmentofparkletsandpavementtoplazasprograms,largerpublicspacesarestillneededinmanyurbanneighborhoods.Anewresponse to thischallengeisthetacticofpark-making,whichutilizesthetechniques of PARK(ing) Day and deploys them at alargerscale.InMiami,FL,localactivistsarepartneringwithprivatesectorcompaniesandgovernmententitiestotransformsomeofthecity’smostoverlookedopportunitysitesintosizeableparks. The5-acreGrandCentralPark,picturedatleft,is the brainchild of theMiami’smostnotoriousWeedBomber, Brad Knoefler (see pgs 36-37). Knoefler, andhis colleagues at the Omni Parkwest RedevelopmentAssociation (OPRA) took it upon themselves totransform the former Miami Arena site into a muchneededparkspace.Aftersecuringalocalgrant,OPRAprocuredprobonolandscapedesignservicesandsignedamulti-yearleasewiththepropertyowner.Feesgeneratedfrom programmed events, concerts, and food vendorswill sustain the maintenance of the park and pay theleaseobligation.Builtinearly2012,andinjust30days,theparkhasalreadybeenahugesuccess. Building on this model is Bayfront Parkway,a one-week installation led by Street Plans and theengineering firm C3TS. While several a downtownplanshavecalledfortransformingBiscayneBoulevard’smedianparkinglotsintoagreendoorstepfordowntownMiami,actionhasneverbeentaken...untilnow.Atthetime of publication, the one-block park interventionis currently underway and generating support fromstakeholderstofollowthroughwiththelong-termparkplan.

In Miami, Biscyane Boulevard’s medians are dedicated parking lots.Credit: Ana Bikic

Biscayne Parkway’s exercise equipment is a popular attraction.Credit: Ana Bikic

Biscayne Parkway transformed one parking lot into a park. Credit: Ana Bikic

CAMPSPURPOSE: Tocreateortakepartinthetemporary occupationofspace,oftenwithaneye towardcreatingpermanentchange.LEADERS: Activists Protesters Refugees Government NGOsSCALE: Lot||Building||Block||District

FAST FACT: InhisbookCamps: A Guide to 21st Century Space,authorCharlieHailey organizes103typesofcampsintothree broadcategories:Autonomy,Control, andNeccessity. Whether for protest, military action, recreation,or necessary shelter, camps provide a ubiquitous cross-culturalreference,andnotjustoneofoutdooroccupation.Whilepervasivetheculturalunderstandingofcampshiftsonanalmostdailybasis.ThemuchdebatedmeaningoftheOccupymovementisoneofourmostrecentexamples. AccordingtoHailey,theprocessofurbanizationoftenbeginswith informalcamps thateventuallymovealongacontinuum,fromtemporarytopermanent,frombeingunsanctionedtosanctionedplacesofhabitation.Bytheirnature, campscapablyadapt tovarious conditionsand therefore serve well in the transitonal phases ofdevelopment.Inthisway,theconnectionsbetweencampandcityisnothingnew.Indeed,manyoftheworld’sgreatcitiesbeganasRomanmilitarycampoutposts,includingVienna,Barcelona, andPrague. A less sexy example isthatofthetrailerparkwherethepossibilityofmobilityisoftenamisnomer—mobilehomesdon’tusuallymove,theyevolveovertimeandverymuchstayrootedinplace. Campsofall types,demonstratehowtheshort-termactionof temporarilyoccupyingspace,often leadstoincremental,permanentchange.

A park in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti before the earthquake.Credit:New York Times.

Same park in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti as post-earth quake relief camp.Credit: New York Times

Occupy Camp.Credit:Chuck Wolfe

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SHARE YOUR TACTICS!Thistacticalurbanismsurveyincludesseveralstrategiesemployedbyindividuals,localcommunitygroups,andmunicipalities.However,it’sbynomeansexhaustive.TheTacticalUrbanismProjectisonlygoingtogetbetterthroughreadercontributions. IfyouorsomeoneyouknowhasanadditiontomakeorwouldliketoorganizeaTacticalUrbanismSalon,pleaseEMAIL INFO@STREETPLANS.ORG orshareitontheTacticalUrbansimFacebookpage.

The Tatical Urbanist’s decision tree. Credit: Fast Company

“...in order to do something big, to think globally and act globally, one starts with something small and one

starts where it counts. Practice, then, is about making the ordinary special and the special more widely accessible — expanding the boundaries of understanding and possibility with vision and common sense. It is about building densely

interconnected networks, crafting linkages between unlikely partners and organizations, and making plans

without the usual preponderance of planning. It is about getting it right for now and at the same time being tactical

and strategic about later. This is not about forecasting, nor about making decisions about the future. But it is

about the long range, about making sure that one plus one equals two or three, about being politically connected and grounded, and about disturbing the order of things in the

interests of change.”

- Nabeel HamdiAuthor, Small Change: About the Art of Practice and the Limits of Planning in Cities

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TACTICAL URBANISMTheStreetPlansCollaborativePatternCitiesTacticalUrbanismSalonTheInterventionistsToolkitTacticalUrbanismFacebookpageGristTheNewYorkTimesTheAtlanticCitiesMoreGrist

OPEN STREETSTheOpenStreetsProject

PLAY STREETSNYCPlayStreetsPlayStreetBecomesaSanctuaryReclaiming The Residential StreetAsPlaySpace

PARK(ING) DAYParkingday.org

BUILD A BETTER BLOCKBuildaBetterBlockFortWorthBetterBlockProjectANewFaceforanOldBroad

GUERRILLA GARDENINGGuerillaGardening.orgWikipedia

PAVEMENT TO PLAZASNYCPlazaProgram

PAVEMENT TO PARKSPavementtoParksProgram

POP-UP CAFESNYCDOTPop-UPCafes

CHAIR BOMBINGDoTank

POP-UP RETAILTrendwatching

DEPAVEDepaveStreetfilms:DepavingDay!

FOOD CARTSPortlandFoodCartsThe Architectural Maturation ofPortlandFoodCarts

SITE PRE-VITALIZATIONDekalbMarketProxyHercules Market: What ComesNext?BoxParkShoreditch

POP-UP TOWN HALLBMWGuggenheimLab

INTERSECTION REPAIRCityRepairStreetfilm

AD-BUSTINGPublicAdCampaign

PARK MOBILENew Forms of Public Space:Parkmobile

WEED BOMBINGWeedBombing

MOBILE VENDORSTheStreetVendorProjectCustomBikeUrbanism

MICRO-MIXING

PARK-MAKINGBayfrontParkway

CAMPSCamps: A Guide to 21st CenturySpace

Sources

TacticalURBANISM46

A project of Locke’s Department of Urban Betterment.Credit: Design Taxi

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Your Guide to

How to

1 Planning Site PlanCall Before You Digneighbors and PermitsReuse and DisposalPossible Soil Contamination

2 Tool SeleCTion Safety FirstHand ToolsPower Tools

3 BReaking! Conventional Techniquesnatural Techniques

4 Soil ReHaBiliTaTion/ReSToRaTion Raised BedsRemoving and Replacing SoilUtilizing Plants to Break up SoilPhytoremediation

5 PoRTlanD ReSoURCeS

THE PARK(ing) DAYMANUALA Primer on User-Generated Urbanism and Temporary Tactics for Improving the Public Realm

Introduction: The Ideas Behind PARK(ing) Day

In urban centers around the world, inexpensive curbside parking results in increased traffi c, wasted fuel and more pollution. The strategies and values that generate these conditions are no longer sustainable, nor do they promote a healthy, vibrant urban human habitat.1 It’s time to rethink the way streets are used and to re-imagine the possibilities of the urban landscape!

A metered parking spot is an inexpensive short-term lease for a plot of precious urban real estate. What is the range of possibilities for creativity in a space usually dedicated to the storage of a private vehicle?

Motivated by the desire to activate the metered parking space as a site for creative experimentation, political and cultural expression, and unscripted social interaction, Rebar offers PARK(ing) Day as a prototype for open-source urban design, accessible to all. In response, thousands of people around the globe—working independently of Rebar but guided by common core principles—have created hundreds of “PARK” installations and formed an annual international event.

Urban inhabitants worldwide recognize the need for new approaches to making the urban landscape, and realize that converting small segments of the automobile infrastructure—even temporarily—can alter the character of the city. From public parks to free health clinics, from art galleries to demonstration gardens, PARK(ing) Day participants have claimed the metered parking space as a rich new territory for creative experimentation and activism.

The event continues to expand virally, over the Internet and by word of mouth. Since its inception in 2005, PARK(ing) Day has blossomed into a global experiment in remixing, reclaiming and reprogramming vehicular space for social exchange, recreation and artistic expression. The project

1 See Donald Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking, (Amer. Planning Assn., 2011)

The vast majority of outdoor urban space is dedicated to the private vehicle, while only a fraction of that land is allocated to open space for people.

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TacticalURBANISM48

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A SALON on OCTOBER 15TH 2011During the CONGRESS OF COLLECTIVESIn LONG ISLAND CITY, NYC Flux Factory

39-31 29th St., Queens NY

Short Term Action // Long Term Change

DESIGN BY SUPPORTED BYNew Urban NewsPlayLabStreetfilmsTransit MiamiSocial Bicycles

Pattern Cities TreeKIT

Transportation Alternatives

CNU New York