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1/9/2009 ELF 1
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Missile Design and Integration Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Propulsion Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Weight Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Flight Performance Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises, Example of
Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms, Conversion Factors,
Syllabus )
1/9/2009 ELF 2
Evaluate Alternatives and Iterate the
System-of-Systems Design
• Mission / Scenario
/ System Definition
• Weapon System
Requirements,
Trade Studies
and Sensitivity
Analysis
• Launch Platform
Integration
• Weapon Concept
Design Synthesis
• Technology
Assessment and
Dev Roadmap
Initial
Tech
Initial
Reqs
Baseline
Selected
Alt
Concepts
Initial Carriage /
LaunchIteration
Refine
Weapons
Req
Initial Revised
Trades / Eval Effectiveness / Eval
Tech
Trades
Initial
Roadmap
Revised
Roadmap
Update
Note: Typical design cycle for conceptual design is usually 3 to 9 months
Alternate Concepts Select Preferred Design Eval / Refine
1/9/2009 ELF 3
Exploit Diverse Skills for a Balanced Design
Customer ( requirements pull )
mission / MIR weighting
Operations analysts
system-of-systems analysis
System integration engineers
launch platform integration
Missile design engineers
missile concept synthesis
Technical specialists ( technology push )
technology assessment / roadmap
1/9/2009 ELF 4
Utilize Creative Skills
Use Creative Skills to Consider Broad Range of Alternatives
Ask Why? of Requirements / Constraints
Project into Future ( e.g., 5 – 15 years )
State-of-the-art ( SOTA )
Threat
Scenario / Tactics / Doctrine
Concepts
Technology Impact Forecast
Recognize and Distill the Most Important, Key Drivers
Develop Missile Concept that is Synergistic within a
System-of-Systems
Develop Synergistic / Balanced Combination of High
Leverage Subsystems / Technologies
1/9/2009 ELF 5
Identify, Quantify, and Balance the Cost Effective Measures of Merit
Max / MinRange
Time to
TargetRobustness
WeightSurvivability
Lethality Miss Distance
Observables
Reliability
1/9/2009 ELF 6
Start with a Good Baseline
I would have
used the wheel
as a baseline.
Evaluate Prediction Methods for Uncertainty in
Accuracy and Precision
1/9/2009 ELF 7
Precision
Accuracy
1/9/2009 ELF 8
Conduct Balanced, Unbiased Trade-offs
Aerodynamics
Propulsion
Structures
Seeker
Guidance and
Control
Warhead – Fuze
Production
1/9/2009 ELF 9
AA- 8 / R-60 Python 4 Magic 550 U-Darter
Python 5 Derby / R-Darter AIM-9L Aspide
AA-10 / R-27 Skyflash AIM-7 R-37
AA-12 / R-77 AIM-9x Super 530D AIM-132
AA-11 / R-73 SD-10 / PL12 AIM-120 Mica
IRIS-T Meteor A-Darter Taildog
Evaluate Many Alternatives
Note: Although all of the above are supersonic air-to-air missiles, they have different configuration geometry
1/9/2009 ELF 10
Search a Broad Design Solution Space
( Global Optimization vs Local Optimization )
Local Optimum ( e.g., Lowest Cost Only in Local Solution Space )
Local Optimum ( e.g., Lowest Cost Only in Local Solution Space )
Global Optimum ( e.g., Lowest Cost in Global Solution Space ) within Constraints
1/9/2009 ELF 11
Evaluate and Refine as Often as Possible
1/9/2009 ELF 12
Provide Balanced Emphasis of
Analytical vs Experimental
Thomas Edison: "Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration."
Albert Einstein: "The only real valuable thing is intuition."
1/9/2009 ELF 13
Use Design, Build, and Fly Process, for Feedback
Leading to Broader Knowledge / Understanding
Design
Build
Fly ( Test )
Prediction Satisfies
Customer
Requirements?
Test Results Satisfy
Customer Requirements
and Consistent with
Prediction?
Is it Producible?
No
Yes
Data
Failure / Success
Information
Understanding
Wisdom
No
No
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?--T. S. Eliot ( The Rock )
Knowledge comes by taking things apart: analysis. But wisdom comes by putting things together.--John A. Morrison
We are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.--John Naisbitt ( Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives )
We learn wisdom from failure much more than from success. We often discover what will do, by finding out what will not do; and probably he who never made a mistake never made a discovery.--Samuel Smiles ( Self Help )
Knowledge
1/9/2009 ELF 14
Consider Follow-on Consequences of Decisions -Actions Have Consequences
1/9/2009 ELF 15
Keep Track of Assumptions and Develop
Real-Time Documentation
It’s finally
finished ! . . .
1/9/2009 ELF 16
Develop Good Documentation
Mission flight profiles of
preferred concept( s )
1/9/2009 ELF 17
Effectively Utilize Conceptual Design Group Skills
- Maximize Strengths and Minimize Weaknesses
Source: Nicolai, L.M., “Designing a Better Engineer,” AIAA Aerospace America, April 1992
Detail /
Production
Design –
30%
Other Than
Design –
60%
Preliminary Design – 8%Conceptual Design – 2%
(Test, Analysis,
Configuration
Management, Software,
Program Management,
Integration,
Requirements,
etc.)
1/9/2009 ELF 18
Balance the Trade-off of
Importance Versus Priority
Advanced Programs /
Conceptual Design
SDD Programs /
Preliminary Design
Production Programs /
Detail Design
1/9/2009 ELF 19
Evaluate Alternatives and Iterate the
Configuration Design
Yes
Establish Baseline
Meet
Performance?
No
No
Yes
Resize / Alt Config / Subsystems / Tech
Alt Mission
Alt Baseline
Define Mission Requirements
Aerodynamics
Propulsion
Weight
Trajectory
Measures of Merit and Constraints
1/9/2009 ELF 20
Configuration Sizing Conceptual Design
Guidelines: Aeromechanics
Configuration Sizing Parameter Aeromechanics Design Guideline Body fineness ratio 5 < l / d < 25
Nose fineness ratio lN / d 2 if M > 1
Boattail or flare angle < 10 deg
Efficient cruise dynamic pressure q < 1,000 psf
Missile homing velocity VM / VT > 1.5
Ramjet combustion temperature > 4,000 F
Oblique shocks prior to inlet normal > 2 oblique shocks / compressions if M > shock to satisfy MIL-E-5008B 3.0, > 3 shocks / compressions if M > 3.5
Inlet flow capture Shock on cowl lip at Mmax cruise
Ramjet Minimum cruise Mach number M > 1.2 x MInletStart , M > 1.2 MMaxThrust = Drag
Subsystems packaging Maximize available volume for fuel / propellant
1/9/2009 ELF 21
Configuration Sizing Conceptual Design
Guidelines: Guidance & Control
Configuration Sizing Parameter G&C Design Guideline
Body bending frequency BB > 2 ACT
Trim control power / > 1
Neutral stability tail-body If low aspect ratio, b / d 2, c / d > 1
Stability & control cross coupling < 30%
Airframe time constant < 0.2 s
Missile maneuverability nM / nT > 3
Proportional guidance ratio 3 < N’ < 5
Target span resolution by seeker < btarget
Missile heading rate .M >
.T
Missile turn radius RTM< RTT
1/9/2009 ELF 22
Wrap Up ( Part 1 of 2 )
Missile Design Is a Creative and Iterative Process that Includes
System integration considerations
Missile concepts and sizing
Technology assessment
Flight trajectory evaluation
Measures of merit evaluation
Cost / Performance / Risk Drivers Often “Locked In” During
Conceptual Design
Missile Design Is Best Conducted by a Diverse Group
Military customer mission / scenario definition
Operations analysts system-of-systems modeling
System integration engineers launch platform integration
Missile design engineers missile concept synthesis
Technical specialists technology assessment / technology roadmap
1/9/2009 ELF 23
Wrap Up ( Part 2 )
The Missile Conceptual Design Philosophy Requires
Iteration, iteration, iteration
Evaluation of a broad range of alternatives
Traceable flow-down allocation of requirements
Starting with a good baseline
Pareto sensitivity analysis to determine most important, driving
parameters
Synergistic compromise / balanced subsystems and technologies
that are high leverage
Awareness of technology SOTA / technology assessment
Technology impact forecast
Robust design
Creative design decisions made by the designer ( not the computer )
Fast, simple, robust, physics-based prediction methods
1/9/2009 ELF 24
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Missile Design and Integration Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Propulsion Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Weight Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Flight Performance Considerations in Missile Design and Integration
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises, Example of
Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms, Conversion Factors,
Syllabus )
1/9/2009 ELF 25
References
1. “Missile.index,” http://missile.index.ne.jp/en/
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3. Bonney, E.A., et al, Aerodynamics, Propulsion, Structures, and Design Practice, “Principles of Guided Missile Design”,
D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1956
4. Jerger, J.J., Systems Preliminary Design Principles of Guided Missile Design, “Principles of Guided Missile Design”, D.
Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1960
5. Chin, S.S., Missile Configuration Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961
6. Mason, L.A., Devan, L., and Moore, F.G., “Aerodynamic Design Manual for Tactical Weapons,” NSWCTR 81-156, 1981
7. Pitts, W.C., Nielsen, J.N., and Kaattari, G.E., “Lift and Center of Pressure of Wing-Body-Tail Combinations at Subsonic,
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8. Jorgensen, L.H., “Prediction of Static Aerodynamic Characteristics for Space-Shuttle-Like, and Other Bodies at Angles
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13. Anderson, J.D. Jr., “Modern Compressible Flow,” Second Edition, McGraw Hill, 1990
14. Kinroth, G.D. and Anderson, W.R., “Ramjet Design Handbook,” CPIA Pub. 319 and AFWAL TR 80-2003, June 1980
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16. Oswatitsch, K.L., “Pressure Recovery for Missiles with Reaction Propulsion at High Supersonic Speeds”, NACA TM -
1140, 1947
17. Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, 1988
1/9/2009 ELF 26
References ( cont )
18. Allen, J. and Eggers, A.J., “A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic Missiles Entering the Earth’s
Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds”, NACA Report 1381, April 1953
19. Levens, A.S., Nomography, John Wiley & Sons, 1937
20. Schneider, S.H., Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, Oxford University Press, 1996
21. Klein, L.A., Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Multisensor Design and Signal Processing, Artech House, Boston, 1997
22. US Army Ordnance Pamphlet ORDP-20-290-Warheads, 1980
23. Taylor, G.I., “The Formation of a Blast Wave by a Very Intense Explosion,. Part I. Theoretical Discussion”,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 201, March 1950
23. Carleone, J. (Editor), Tactical Missile Warheads, “AIAA Vol. 155 Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics,” American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993
24. Christman, D.R. and Gehring, J.W., “Analysis of High-Velocity Projectile Penetration Mechanics,” Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 37, 1966
25. Heaston, R.J. and Smoots, C.W., “Precision Guided Munitions,” GACIAC Report HB-83-01, May 1983
26. Donatelli, G.A. and Fleeman, E.L., “Methodology for Predicting Miss Distance for Air Launched Missiles,” AIAA-82-
0364, January 1982
27. Bennett, R.R. and Mathews, W.E., “Analytical Determination of Miss Distances for Linear Homing Navigation Systems,”
Hughes Tech Memo 260, 31 March 1952
28. Crispin, J. W., Jr., Goodrich, R. F., and Siegel, K. M., “A Theoretical Method for the Calculation of the Radar Cross
Section of Aircraft and Missiles,” University of Michigan Report 2591-1-H, July 1959
29. Nicholas, T. and Rossi, R., “US Missile Data Book, 1999,” Data Search Associates, 1999
30. Cengel, Y. A., Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill, 2006
31. Jarvinen, P. O., and Hill, J. A. F., “Universal Model for Underespanded Rocket Plumes in Hypersonic Flow”,
Proceedings of the 12th JANAF Liquid Propulsion Meeting, Nov. 1970
1/9/2009 ELF 27
References ( cont )
32. Bithell, R.A. and Stoner, R.C., “Rapid Approach for Missile Synthesis,” AFWAL TR 81-3022, March 19822.
33. Fleeman, E.L. and Donatelli, G.A., “Conceptual Design Procedure Applied to a Typical Air-Launched Missile,” AIAA 81-
1688, August 1981
34 Hindes, J.W., “Advanced Design of Aerodynamic Missiles ( ADAM ),“ October 1993
35. Frits, A.P., et al, “A Conceptual Sizing Tool for Tactical Missiles, “ AIAA Missile Sciences Conference, November 2002
36. Bruns, K.D., Moore, M.E., Stoy, S.L., Vukelich, S.R., and Blake, W.B., “Missile DATCOM,” AFWAL-TR-91-3039, April
1991
37. Moore, F.G., et al, “The 2002 Version of the Aeroprediction Code”, Naval Surface Warfare Warfare Center, March 2002
38. Nicolai, L.M., “Designing a Better Engineer,” AIAA Aerospace America, April 1992
1/9/2009 ELF 28
Bibliography of Other Reports and Web Sites
System Design
Fleeman, E.L., Tactical Missile Design, 2nd Edition, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006
“DoD Index of Specifications and Standards,” http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/dodiss.html
“Periscope,” http://www.periscope1.com/
Defense Technical Information Center, http://www.dtic.mil/
NATO Research & Technology Organisation, http://www.rta.nato.int/
“Missile System Flight Mechanics,” AGARD CP270, May 1979
Hogan, J.C., et al., “Missile Automated Design ( MAD ) Computer Program,” AFRPL TR 80-21, March 1980
Rapp, G.H., “Performance Improvements With Sidewinder Missile Airframe,” AIAA Paper 79-0091, January 1979
Nicolai, L.M., Fundamentals of Aircraft Design, METS, Inc., 1984
Lindsey, G.H. and Redman, D.R., “Tactical Missile Design,” Naval Postgraduate School, 1986
Lee, R.G., et al, Guided Weapons, Third Edition, Brassey’s, 1998
Giragosian, P.A., “Rapid Synthesis for Evaluating Missile Maneuverability Parameters,” 10th AIAA Applied
Aerodynamics Conference, June 1992
Fleeman, E.L. “Aeromechanics Technologies for Tactical and Strategic Guided Missiles,” AGARD Paper
presented at FMP Meeting in London, England, May 1979
Raymer, D.P., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989
Ball, R.E., The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design, American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1985
“National Defense Preparedness Association Conference Presentations,” http://www.dtic.mil/ndia
1/9/2009 ELF 29
Bibliography of Other Reports and Web Sites ( cont )
System Design ( continued )
Eichblatt, E.J., Test and Evaluation of the Tactical Missile, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
1989
“Aircraft Stores Interface Manual (ASIM),” http://akss.dau.mil/software/1.jsp
“Advanced Sidewinder Missile AIM-9X Cost Analysis Requirements Description (CARD),”
http://deskbook.dau.mil/jsp/default.jsp
Wertz, J.R and Larson W.J., Space Mission Analysis and Design, Microprism Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999
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Fleeman, E.L., et al, “Technologies for Future Precision Strike Missile Systems,” NATO RTO EN-018, July 2001
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“Defense Acquisition Guidebook”, http://akss.dau.mil/dag/
“Weaponry”, http://www.deagel.com/
Aerodynamics
“A Digital Library for NACA,” http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/
Briggs, M.M., Systematic Tactical Missile Design, Tactical Missile Aerodynamics: General Topics, “AIAA Vol. 141
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics,” American Institute of Aeronautics, 1992
Briggs, M.M., et al., “Aeromechanics Survey and Evaluation, Vol. 1-3,” NSWC/DL TR-3772, October 1977
“Missile Aerodynamics,” NATO AGARD LS-98, February 1979
“Missile Aerodynamics,” NATO AGARD CP-336, February 1983
“Missile Aerodynamics,” NATO AGARD CP-493, April 1990
“Missile Aerodynamics,” NATO RTO-MP-5, November 1998
Nielsen, J.N., Missile Aerodynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960
1/9/2009 ELF 30
Bibliography of Other Reports and Web Sites ( cont )
Aerodynamics ( continued )
Mendenhall, M.R. et al, “Proceedings of NEAR Conference on Missile Aerodynamics,” NEAR, 1989
Nielsen, J.N., “Missile Aerodynamics – Past, Present, Future,” AIAA Paper 79-1818, 1979
Dillenius, M.F.E., et al, “Engineering-, Intermediate-, and High-Level Aerodynamic Prediction Methods and
Applications,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 36, No. 5, September-October, 1999
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Combinations with Rectangular Wings,” NACA Tech. Note 2677, 1952
Spreiter, J.R., “The Aerodynamic Forces on Slender Plane-and Cruciform-Wing and Body Combinations”, NACA
Report 962, 1950
Simon, J.M., et al, “Missile DATCOM: High Angle of Attack Capabilities, AIAA-99-4258
Burns, K.A., et al, “Viscous Effects on Complex Configurations,” WL-TR-95-3060, 1995
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Software MISL3,’’ AIAA-2002-0274
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Astronautics, 2000
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Propulsion
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St. Peter, J., The History of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Development in the United States: A Tradition of Excellence, ASME International Gas Turbine Institute, 1999
1/9/2009 ELF 31
Bibliography of Other Reports and Web Sites ( cont )
Propulsion ( continued )
Mahoney, J.J., Inlets for Supersonic Missiles, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990
Sutton, G.P., Rocket Propulsion Elements, John Wiley & Sons, 1986
“Tri-Service Rocket Motor Trade-off Study, Missile Designer’s Rocket Motor handbook,” CPIA 322, May 1980
Humble, R.W., Henry, G.N., and Larson, W.J., Space Propulsion Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1995
Jenson, G.E. and Netzer, D.W., Tactical Missile Propulsion, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
1996
Durham, F.P., Aircraft Jet Powerplants, Prentice-Hall, 1961
Bathie, W.W., Fundamentals of Gas Turbines, John Wiley and Sons, 1996
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Materials and Heat Transfer
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1/9/2009 ELF 32
Bibliography of Other Reports and Web Sites ( cont )
Materials and Heat Transfer ( continued )
Mallick, P.K., Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Second Edition, Maecel
Dekker, 1993
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Guidance, Navigation, Control, and Sensors
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American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990
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1/9/2009 ELF 33
Bibliography of Other Reports and Web Sites ( cont )
Guidance, Navigation, Control, and Sensors ( continued )
Moir, I., and Seavridge, A., Military Avionics Systems, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006
Mahafza, B. A., Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB ® , 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall / CRC, 2005
1/9/2009 ELF 34
Follow-up Communication
I would appreciate receiving your comments and
corrections on this presentation, as well as any data,
examples, or references that you may offer.
Thank you,
Gene Fleeman
Tactical Missile Design
E-mail: [email protected]
Web Site: http://genefleeman.home.mindspring.com