Table of Insulation R-Values and Properties for Various Insulation Materials

1/13inspectapedia.com/interiors/Insulation-Values-Table.htm

SearchInspectAPedia®InspectAPedia

Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis,Repair

Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

HOME AIR CONDITIONING ELECTRICAL EXTERIORS HEATING HOME INSPECTION INTERIORS PLUMBING ROOFING SEPTIC SYSTEMS STRUCTURE WATER SUPPLY

ENERGY SAVINGS ENVIRONMENT INDOOR AIR IAQ INSULATION MOLD INSPECT TEST REMOVE NOISE ODORS SOLAR ENERGY VENTILATION EXPERTS DIRECTORY CONTACT US

Mobile ViewINSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDEINSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT

ACOUSTICAL SEALANT CHOICESAIR BYPASS LEAKSAIR LEAK MINIMIZATIONAIR LEAK SEALING PROCEDUREASBESTOS FLOORING HAZARD REDUCTIONASBESTOS FLOORING REMOVAL GUIDEASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN BUILDINGSASBESTOS LIST of PRODUCTSASBESTOS MATERIAL REGULATIONSASBESTOS PHOTO GUIDE to MaterialsASBESTOS RISK ASSESSMENTASBESTOS REMOVAL, Wetting GuidelinesASBESTOS ROOFING / SIDING DUSTAsbestos Under the MicroscopeATTIC LEAKS, CONDENSATION & MOLDATTIC VENTILATION

BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIERBASEMENT HEAT LOSSBASEMENT LEAKS, INSPECT FORBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGBATH & KITCHEN DESIGN GUIDEBATHROOM VENTILATIONBLOWER DOORS & AIR INFILTRATIONBLOWER FAN CONTINUOUS OPERATIONBLOWER FAN OPERATION & TESTINGBLOWN-IN INSULATIONBOOKSTORE - INTERIORSBRICK LINED WALLSBRICK VENEER WALL INSULATIONBRICK VENEER WALL Loose, BulgedBRICK WALL DRAINAGE WEEP HOLESBUCKLED FOUNDATIONS due to INSULATION?BUILDING NOISE DIAGNOSIS & CURE

CABINETS & COUNTERTOPSCarbon Nanotube MaterialsCACTUS FUNGI / MOLDCAR MOLD CONTAMINATIONCARPET DUST IDENTIFICATIONCARPET MOLD CONTAMINATIONCARPET TEST PROCEDURECARPETING & INDOOR AIR QUALITYCARPETING, SELECTION & INSTALLATION

Table of Insulation Material R-Values & Other Materials' InsulatingPropertiesInspectAPedia® - ShareThis

Insulation materials R-values, rates of heat loss or gain, flame spread, toxicity,durabilityWhat insulation "R" values should be used in a building insulation?Insulation R-Values of materials found in or on buildingsQuestions & answers about the insulating properties of various materials

This article provides a Table of Insulation Values and Properties for Various Insulation Materials useful in procedures to measureor calculate heat loss in a building, defines thermal terms like BTU and calorie, provides measures of heat transmission inmaterials, building insulation design data, and heat loss in a building. Page top photo by the author. Formula-R and OwensCorning which may be visible in this photograph of pink Styrofoam insulation boards are registered trademarks of Owens Corningand were photographed at a Home Depot® building supply center.

InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers nor with topics or services discussed at this website.

© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of

each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you areseries or at this website.

Table of Characteristics of Various Insulating Materials: fiberglass, mineralwool, cellulose, foam insulating board, UFFI, vermiculite, others

Because no amount of insulation can keep a drafty building warm, also review ENERGY SAVINGS PRIORITIES. See BLOWER DOORS & AIRINFILTRATION for a discussion of measuring air leakage in buildings. Also see HEAT LOSS INDICATORS (where is the building losing heat during theheating season, or gaining un-wanted heat during the cooling season), and see HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATIONheat loss (or gain) rates for buildings and building insulation.

Table of Insulation & Other Building Material Properties

Insulation orother Building

Material 9R-Value1 Density2 Perm3 Absorption4

FlameSpread5

Smoke6 Toxicity7

Air, 3/4" 0.87

Air Krete®26

also see Concrete,Insulating, below

3.92.07

lbs/cuFt26

0.1457in/seccoefficient,or 0.3407in/sec flowrate at 68degF

026 026 no

Ads by Google

Insulation

Roof Materials

Foam

Ads by Google

Insulation

Roof Materials

Foam

Structural Thermal Break www.fabreeka.com

Fabreeka's thermal break prevents thermalbridging/reduces heat loss.

Aerofoam Insulation www.aerofoam.ae

Aerofoam cross linked PE foam for BuildingInsulation, Automotive etc

3D Panel Modular Housing www.quikbuild.com

Low cost construction system for quake & fireproof green building

Buy Ceramic FOAM www.taylorceramicengineering.com

Australian Made – High Grade 99%+ Pure AluminaCeramics

TDW Plugging Equipment Trust The True Pioneer and Leader In Pipeline Plugging and Isolation www.tdwill iamson.com

Thermal Insulation Thermal & Heat Insulations Material Manufacturers and Suppliers www.aerolaminsulations.com

Insulation Industrial Flexible Electric Surface Heating Systems. Visit Now www.NicroPads.com

Heat Insulating Paint COAT PC200 is a water and heat insulating paint, it is economical www.carytrad.com.tw/envircoat_e


CARPETING, SELECTION & INSTALLATIONCATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATIONCATHEDRAL CEILING VENTILATIONCEILING FINISHES INTERIORCEILINGS, DROP or SUSPENDED PANELCEILINGS, PLASTER TYPESCEILINGS, PLASTER, LOOSE HAZARDSCEILING TILES - Asbestos-ContainingCONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKSCRAWL SPACES

DEFINITION of Heating & Cooling TermsDEHUMIDIFICATION PROBLEMSDECK & PORCH CONSTRUCTIONDEW POINT CALCULATION for WALLSDEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT GUIDE

ENGINEERED WOOD Flooring

FIBERGLASS HAZARDSFIBERGLASS INSULATIONFIBERGLASS PARTICLE CONTAMINATION TESTFiberboard Insulation Sheathing Mold

Fiberglass Enviro-ScareFIBERGLASS INSULATION MOLDFireproofing containing AsbestosFRAMING DETAILS for BETTER INSULATIONFRAMING DETAILS for DOUBLE WALL HOUSESFRAMING METAL STUD PERFORMANCEFREEZE-PROOF A BUILDING

HEAT LOSS RATE CALCULATIONSHEAT LOSS in buildingsHEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLSHEAT LOSS INDICATORSHEAT LOSS PREVENTION PRIORITIESHEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATIONHOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERSHOUSEWRAP INSTALLATION DETAILSHOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERSHOUSE DOCTOR, how-to beHOUSE PARTS, DEFINITIONSHUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET

ICE DAM PREVENTIONINDOOR AIR QUALITY & HOUSE TIGHTNESSINSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENTINSULATION CHOICESInsulation Air & Heat LeaksINSULATION FACT SHEET- DOEINSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDEINSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENTINSULATION LOCATION - WHERE TO PUT ITINSULATION LOCATION for BRICK VENEER WALLSINSULATION LOCATION for CAPES, CRAWLSPACESINSULATION LOCATION for CATHEDRAL CEILINGSINSULATION LOCATION for GREENHOUSE or SOLARIUMINSULATION MOLDINSULATION R-Values & Properties

KIT HOMES, Aladdin, Sears, Wards, OthersKITCHEN & BATH DESIGN GUIDEKITCHEN VENTILATION

LEED GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATIONLEED Building Designation & IAQLOG HOME ENERGY EFFICIENCYLOG HOME GUIDE

MOLD in FOAM INSULATION, RESISTANCEMOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGSMSDS Material Safety Data SheetsMVOCs & MOLDY MUSTY ODORSMYCOPHOBIA, STAINS MISTAKEN for MOLDMYCOTOXIN EFFECTS of MOLD EXPOSURE

Nanomaterials HazardsNOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURENOISE, AIR CONDITIONER COMPRESSORNOISE, DUCT VIBRATION DAMPENERS

NOISE CONTROL for HEATING SYSTEMSNOISE CONTROL for FLOORSNOISE CONTROL for PLUMBINGNOISE CONTROL for ROOFSNOISES COMING FROM WATER HEATER

ODORS & SMELLS DIAGNOSIS & CUREODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST

PAINT FALURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTIONPaper Duct Insulation Containing AsbestosPASCAL CALCULATIONS

degF

H2O27

Balsam Woolinsulation

2 - 3.5

Brick 0.218

Brick facing, 1" 0.11

Building paper,red rosin paper

0.06

Cardboard asinsulation

3 - 421

Ceiling Panels,

suspended ordrop ceilings

0.4 - 6

Cellulose Insulation R-Values by type

Celluloseinsulation loosefill

3.1 - 3.820,24 2.2-3.0 High 5-20% 15-40 0-45 CO

Celluloseinsulation, spray-on (wet spray)

2.8 - 3.520,24

CementiousFoam

0.35 - 0.6921

Cementasbestos wallshingles

0.03

Concrete Insulating R-values by type

Concrete,uninsulated

0.0818 -0.312517

Concrete-insulated

0.85 - 1.2 12-88 Varies Varies 0 0 0

Concrete, airentrained

3.9021

Air Krete®26

also ThermalKreteand similar air-entraned MgOProducts

3.90262.07

lbs/cuFt26

0.1457in/seccoefficient,or 0.3407in/sec flowrate at 68degF

H2O27

026 026 no

Concrete block,4-inch hollowcore

1.11


1.70


1.90


PASCAL CALCULATIONSPASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN METHODPASSIVE SOLAR HEAT PERFORMANCEPASSIVE SOLAR HOME, LOW COSTPHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS

RADIANT BARRIERSRADIANT HEATRADIANT HEAT Floor Mistakes to AvoidRADIANT HEAT TEMPERATURESRADIANT SLAB FLOORING CHOICESRADIANT SLAB TUBING & FLUID CHOICESREFLECTIVE INSULATIONRIGID FOAM USE INDOORSROT, FUNGUS, TERMITESROT RESISTANT LUMBERROT, TIMBER FRAMEROT, TIMBER ASSESSMENT

SAFETY HAZARDS & INSPECTIONSSEARS KIT HOUSESSHEATHING, FOIL FACED - VENTSSLAB INSULATION, PASSIVE SOLARSOUND CONTROL in buildings

STAIN & BIODETERIORATION AGENT CATALOGSTAINS on buildings - QUICK GUIDESTAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORSSTAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORSSTAIN DIAGNOSIS on ROOFSSTAIN DIAGNOSIS on STONESTAINS & FINISHES, INTERIORSTAINS on INDOOR SURFACES: PHOTO GUIDESTAIRS, RAILINGS, LANDINGS, RAMPSSTONE CLEANING METHODSSTONE VENEER WALLSSTUCCO WAll FAILURES DUE TO WEATHERSTUCCO WALL METHODS & INSTALLATIONSTUCCO OVER FOAM INSULATIONSTUCCO PAINT FAILURESSTRUCTURAL WOOD ASSESSMENTSUMP PUMPS GUIDESWEATING (CONDENSATION) on PIPES, TANKS

Thermal Expansion Cracking of BrickTHERMAL EXPANSION of HOT WATER

THERMAL EXPANSION of MATERIALSTHERMAL IMAGING, THERMOGRAPHYTHERMAL IMAGING MOLD SCANSTHERMAL MASS in BUILDINGSTHERMAL TRACKING Indicates Heat LossTHERMOSTATS, HEATING / COOLINGTRIM, INTERIOR INSTALLATIONTRUSS UPLIFT, ROOFTRUSSES, Floor & Roof

VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in BUILDINGSVENTILATION in buildingsVINYL CHLORIDE HEALTH INFOVINYL SIDINGVINYL Siding or PLASTIC Window ODORS in buildingsVolatile Organic Compounds VOCs

WALL SIDING TRIM & FINISHESWALL FINISHES INTERIORWATER BARRIERS, EXTERIOR BUILDINGWATER ENTRY in buildingsWIND WASHING INSULATION At EAVESWINDOWS & DOORSWINTERIZE A BUILDINGWOOD Burning Heaters Fireplaces Stoves

More Information

core

Concrete block,lightweight 8-inch

2.2

Carpeting withfiber padding

2.08

Carpeting withfoam padding

1.23

Cotton Insulation R-Values by type

Cotton insulation 0.5 .25-10

Cotton Batts 3.722

Dirt or Soil

0.25 - 10.80 typicalat 20%moisture

Drywall, 1/2-inch 0.45

Drywall, 3/4-inch 0.56

Fiberboardinsulating boards

2.8

Fibergoard nailbase, 1/2-inch

1.14

Fiberglass Insulation R-Values by type

Fiberglasschopped, loosefill

2.5 - 3.720

Fiberglasschopped/blowninsulation

3.6 - 4.4 100

Fiberglass battinsulation

3.1 - 4.320 .6 - 1.2 100 1% 15-20 0-20

Fumesfrompaper,binders

Fiberglass,batts, hightdensity

3.6 - 521

Fiberglasspanel, rigid(fiberglass"boards")

2.521

Fiberglass,spray-on

3.7 - 2.920

Flooring, sheetresilient floors,linoleum, or tiles

0.05

Glass 0.1418

Gypsum board 0.6


Home®Foam25

Spray or pour3.921

0.51

lbs/ft3

Icynene Foam Insulation R-Values

Icynene® Foam-poured insulation

or pour fillinsulation

423 .5-2 10 low low low

Icynene® Foam-sprayedinsulation

3.6 - 3.7 23 .5-2 10 low low low

Mineral Woolinsulation(Rock Wool)

3.2 - 3.720 1.5-2.5 100 2% 0 0 0

Perlite insulation 2.5 - 3.720 2-11 High 0 0 0 0

Plywood, A/C 1.4

Phenolic Foam Insulation R-Values

Phenolic foamspray insulation

4.8 - 721

Phenolic foaminsulation

Phenolic rigidpanel

8.3

4.4 - 8.220

4 - 521

Plaster, 1/2"lightweight

0.32

Plastic, foamed:

Home Foam25

low-density

3.9210.51

lbs/ft3

Polyethylenefoam 321

Polyisocyanurate Foam Insulation R-Values

Polyisocyanurate 4.3 - 8.321


Polyisocyanuratespray, poured, orboard insulation

5.5 - 6.2 to7.04 - 8.0

2 2-3 0 25 55-200 CO

Polyisocyanuratefoam board, foilfaced

6.821 - initial,pentaneexpanded

5.521 - aged5 to 10years

Polyisocyanuratecompositeinsulation

2.8(5.8-6.2)

2.0 2-3

Polystyrene Foam Insulation R-Values

Polystyrenepeanuts forbuilding

insulation

not recom-mended

5-25+ 10-400

Polystyreneloose fill beadsfor building orwindow-wallinsulation

2.3 5-25+ 10-400

Polystyreneboard or

beadboard 8

MEPS insulation

molded EPS lowdensity

3.6 - 5.0

3.8521

0.8-2.0 1.2-3.0 0.7-4% 5-25 10-400 CO

PolystyreneExpanded (EPS)insulation

low-density

3.85

3.9 - 4.420

3.6 - 4.721

Polystyreneboard, extrudedexpanded high-density (XPS)

Molded

5 - 5.421

4.221

Polystyreneboard

5 1.5 1.2-3.0

Polyisocyanurate / Polyurethane Foam Insulation R-Values

Polyisocyanurate/ Polyurethane

5.6 - 7.020

Polyurethanespray - closedcell foaminsulation.

Thanks to Thanks toAndrew Cole forcorrecting our dataon this product.

5.0 - 6.8

5.5 - 6.521

Initial 7.14Aged 6.8

2.0 2-3 0 30-50 155-200 CO


Polyurethanefoam insulationrigid panels

7-821 - Initial6.25 - aged5 to 10years

Polyurethanefoam insulationrigid panels

6.821 - Initial5.5 - aged 5to 10 years

Polyurethanespray insulation -open cellinsulation

3.621 - 7(est)

Reflectiveinsulation

2 - 1720

Rock Wool Batts

Slag wool Batts3 - 3.8520

Rock Wool, Slagwool Loose Fillinsulation R-value

2.5 - 3.720

Roofing: Asphaltshingles

0.44

Roofing: built-up3/8" thick plies

0.33

Roofing: woodshingles

0.94

Silica Aerogel 10

Snow 1

Straw Bale 1.45

Stucco,conventionalplaster/cement

0.20

Tectum™insulated roofpanels

2.0

Thinsulate 5.75

Vacuum PowderInsulation 25 - 3020

Vacum powderinsulated panels

20 - 10020

Vermiculiteinsulation

2.1319 - 3.0

2.10 - 3.720 4-10 High 0 0 00 (maycontainasbestos)

Urea Formaldehyde UFFI Foam Insulation R-Values & Properties

UreaFormaldehydeFoam Panels orin-wall spray

4 - 4.621


UFFI insulation(UreaFormaldehydeFoam)

4.2

5.25210.6-0.9 4.5-100 18% 0-25 0-30

0 (mayoutgasformal-dehyde)

Wood, Hardwood, Softwood Insulation R-Values

Wood R-ValuesLog wall R-

Values vary16

1.01 - 1.41(softwoods)0.71(hardwoods)

Wood door,solid, per inch

1.56

Wood, soft 1.25

Wood Flooring,assume 3/4"hardwood

0.68

Wood sheathingpanels(Plywood,OSB)

2.521

Wood shinglesiding, singlecourse

0.87

Wood siding,1/2-inchclapboard orshiplap

0.81

Notes to the Table of Building Insulation Properties

1. R-Value is expressed as rate of heat loss per hour per square foot per inch of thickness of material per deg. F - see "R"

value definition at Definitions of R K U values For some building materials (such as sheet flooring) we give an R-value for aspecfic thickness other than the standard 1".

2. Insulation density is expressed in pounds per cubic foot of material

3. Permeability is expressed as the water vapor permeability of the material per inch of thickness. These numbers are most

useful to compare one insulating material to another.4. Absorption is the tendency of the insulation to absorb water in percent by weight. This is important for assessing the risk of

mold in some materials5. Flame Spread is a measure of fire resistance of the material. Use these numbers to compare one insulating material to

another.6. Smoke is a measure of fire safety - that is, the relative amount of smoke produced if the insulation is exposed to flame or

combustion7. Toxicity is a measure of fire safety - that is, toxins given off if the insulation is exposed to flame or combustion.

8. Polystyrene may be in molded or extruded forms and like some other plastic or foam insulations may be in open or closed

cell form. (Closed cell foams are more moisture resistant). Polystyrene also is referred to as molded expanded polystyrene(MEPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and extruded polystyrene (XPS) - the most common foam board insulation product.MEPS & XPS are used in insulated structural panels and in insulating concrete forms (ICFs).

9. Links to details: Insulation product names in the first table column include links to articles that help identify and provide theproperties of each insulating material listed.

10. Open vs. closed cell: Foam insulation densities vary among closed-cell vs open cell forms. Open cell foams are typically

about 1/2 lb/cubic foot; Closed cell foams are more dense and rigid, typically about 2 lb/cu. ft.

11. C or Thermal conductance of these materials is the reciprocal of the R-value. C is known only when the

conductivity of a material is known. k is the heat transmitted through a 1-inch thickness of homogenous material per squarefoot per hour when there is 1 degree of temperature change. k= (BTU * inch) / sq.ft. * hour * degF.

12. Air film: This table of R-values does not consider the insulating characteristic of the air film on each side of a surface nor the

effects of wind on the air film or on the material itself. Some of these materials are more resistant to wind-caused heattransmission than others.

13. Moisture: Closed cell foams resist moisture uptake (good) but if construction is improper they can trap moisture (bad)

leading to rot or mold problems in other building materials.14. Insects: Exterior foam board on foundations can ease attack by wood destroying insects.

15. Fire & smoke: Foam insulation products present fire-smoke hazards and usually they must be protected with a fire barrier

(usually 1/2" drywall).16. R-Values for wooden log walls given by the U.S. DOE are in error except for square log walls. D-logs and round logs that

are given a nominal log thickness, say 6" logs are calculated by DOE as having an R-value of just over 8. This is incorrect for


are given a nominal log thickness, say 6" logs are calculated by DOE as having an R-value of just over 8. This is incorrect fornon-square logs because the cross section of the log is 6" only at the log's widest point. A correct assessment of the R-valueof a wooden log wall needs to be calculated based on the average wall thickness, considering the variation in thicknessesover the curvature of the logs. Therefore the DOE's value is on the "high" end of the R-value of a log wall.

17. R-Values of uninsulated concrete: Concrete Homes Magazine web search 5/18/2010

18. R-Value for concrete, glass, other materials, Wikipedia web search 5/18/2010 citing Ristinen, Robert A., and Jack J.Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

19. E-Star Colorado. Energy Saving Calculations. Energy Living Alliance, 2008. Web 05/18/201020. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE Handbook, see http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=5.1.3 18

May 2010. The DOE in turn cited these sourcesASHRAE, 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, p. 24-4, 22-5DOE, Insulation Fact Sheet, Jan. 1988, p. 6Journal of Thermal Insulation, 1987, p. 81-95ORNL, ORNL/SUB/88-SA835/1, 1990ORNL, Science and Technology for a Sustainable Energy Future, Mar. 1995, p. 17ORNL for vacuum insulation panel

21. Wikipedia, web search 5/18/2010 R-Values per Inch22. EcoHaus UltraTouch cotton insulation batts batts http://www.ecohaus.com/C-121/ultratouch+batts Web search 5/18/201023. Icynene product information see http://www.icynene.com/icynene-insulation/ - Web search 5/18/201024. ICC Legacy Report ER-2833 - Cocoon Thermal and Sound Insulation Products, ICC Evaluation Services, Inc., Website: icc-

es.org - Web search 5/18/201025. HomeFoam®, Home Insulation Corp. - see http://www.homefoam.ca/articles/Why_HF.htm - Web search 5/18/2010

Home Foam® does not contain formaldehyde, fibrous particulate, HFCs1, CFCs2 or HCFCs3 and is a zero-ODPThe Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) advises that even sensitive individuals may take occupancy just 24 application is complete.

26. Air Krete®, Air Krete Inc., P.O. Box 380, Weedsport NY 13166-0380 Keene Christopher, Principal Telephone: (315) 834-6609, Retrieved 05 Dec 2010, AirKrete® Green Insulation Specifications, original source: http://www.airkrete.com/Specifications for AirKrete® can be found at http://www.airkrete.com/pdf/072101specification.pdf

27. AirKrete® Water Permeability Coefficient, 03/02/2005, letter provided by AirKrete, retrieved 05 Dec 2010, original source:http://www.airkrete.com/testResults_files/PermRating.pdf

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Questions & answers about the insulating properties of various materials

Question: What is the R-value for earth, dirt, soil, backfill, or earth berms?

Sir: Does InspectApedia have an R-value for earth when usedas a berm on an exterior concrete house wall?

Reply: Earth or soil has an R-value of about R 0.25 to R-

1.0 per inch at 20% moisture content and other

assumptions discussed here

But really, the insulating value of earth depends .... as weelaborate below. Also see "Dirt" in our shown just above

Sketch at left, courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associatesthe effects of soil density and moisture as a source of pressureon a foundation wall. As we note below, the R-value of the wetsoil (sketch center) will be much lower than dry soil outside ofthe same volume of dry soil (sketch left). Freezing at the upperlevel of such wet soil also will affect its heat transfer rate as wellas risking foundation damage as we show here.

A short answer to the R-Value of Dirt

Some sources we researched assert that "one inch of 'insulation' is equal to about two feet or more of soil. be a bit more specific, say the most commonly-used material, fiberglass, that's about R3 /inch for fiberglass, or if we believed thesoil R-value rule of thumb about dirt, that's about 24/ 3 = about R 0.8 for arbitrary "dirt" insulation value.

R 0.8 sounds pretty reasonable if we assume about 20% moisture content, and if we consider for comparison or a "sanity that the R-value of uninsulated concrete is about R 0.8/inch.[1] Other engineering sources cite the R-value of earth as about R 0.25per inch. Without normalizing for soil properties and moisture content, these numbers are very arm-waving rules of thumb.

But really this is in my opinion a very unreliable figure given the discussion below about the effects on heat transfer of soilproperties and soil moisture. Heck even snow does better, at about R1/inch. In addition to avoiding the confusion that comes froman unreliable R-value for earth (take R 0.25 if you like), discussions of earth berm housing and underground housing usuallyconsider the effects of thermal mass on building comfort, not just R-values.

R-values measure resistance to heat flow or transfer between materials. But thermal mass considers the storage effects of themass of soil (or concrete block or ?) or other materials that comprise and surround a building. Thermal mass stores heat andreturns it during cooler periods, evening out swings in building temperature. So let's keep in mind that while the R-value of two feetof soil outside of a building wall, say, may be R 0.5, that 24" of dirt has much greater thermal mass than the same quantity (inequivalent R-vale) of an insulating material such as fiberglass or solid foam insulation.


equivalent R-vale) of an insulating material such as fiberglass or solid foam insulation.

What all of this means is that it is a mistake to try to equate thermal mass and insulating values, and it makes no sense to forgetabout heat flow rates in or out of a structure if you are paying to heat or cool a building.

Details about the Insulating Properties of Dirt, Soil, Backfill, or Earth Berms

The R-value of earth depends on the type of soil and its water content. Even more significant can be the movement of groundwaterthrough the surrounding soil, as moving water will significantly increase the rate of heat transfer from warm to cool areas.

At least important to anyone asking this question will be the assumptions about

The soil temperature Ts at some depth where it is stable (such as below the frost line in a freezing climate, perhaps as deep as 20feet. A Journal of Light Construction online forum discussion of soil insulating properties includes the observation that

" [earth provides a ] huge amount of thermal mass, and that's what you'll be working with or fighting against. The soiltemperature at about 20' is equal to the year round ambient temperature, so that will tell you what you'll be workingwith/against. If you want the room warmer or cooler than that, it's easier to install insulation and create a thermal massinside that insulated envelope, if the ambient temperature is close to what you want, well, you don't need heat."

For a more scholarly discussion of the insulating properties of soil you should consult a heat transfer engineer or a soils engineer.But here are my views of some important parameters to consider when assigning an insulating value to soil:

Soil temperature, or average soil temperature, or stable soil temperature at some pertinent depth, say below the frost line,

below or around a structure, Ts.

Soil properties, such as average soil density and moisture levels and, as we cite above, the presence or absence of

moving water through the soil

Target indoor temperature in the conditioned space, that is, the anticipated or target temperature of the indoor

conditioned space, Ti

Building shell: the insulating value of the building shell or its resistance to heat flow from the warm to cool sides of the

building exterior walls - R. Also, the air leakiness of compared building shells; an earth-bermed structure should leak than a similar structure whose exterior walls are exposed

Temperature differences: the difference between surrounding soils and the building interior, or slightly more formally,

between Ts and Ti. If for a given climate those temperatures are close, then the heat flow into or out of the surrounding earthmay be slow enough to give a workable design. If the difference between those two is great, then in my OPINION, a buildingdesign would be wise to include building shell insulation of sufficient R-vale. The temperature difference betweenconditioned and unconditioned space is in my opinion a most critical figure since the larger that difference (faster heat will flow from warm to cool materials.

Material I've reviewed about earth sheltered homes and schemes that use electric radiant heated floors over uninsulated soil(where electricity is dirt cheap), but I'd prefer to evaluate that "design" with comments by heat transfer experts since it seems to methat any system that pumps heat into uninsulated ground in a cold climate is spending a significant portion of their heating dollar toreturn heat to Mother Earth rather than to Mommy upstairs.

The claim that "heat you pump into the ground under or around a home doesn't really go anywhere" is in violation of the basic lawsof thermodynamics and is simply not so. Heat flows from warmer to cooler materials. Sure we can expect there to be atemperature gradient in cool soil beneath or against a heated building, but heat flows from warmer to cooler materials, it magically stop dead at some arbitrary distance. Just where energy costs are very low and are expected to stay low might it soundplausible to use uninsulated earth for heat storage under or around a building.

References for the insulating properties of soil or dirt or earth

[1] Building Envelope, Basement, Kansas State University engineering extension, Energy Extension Service, KSUEngineering Extension 133 Ward Hall Manhattan, KS 66506 Phone: 785.532.6026 Fax: 785.532.6952, web search08/16/11, original source: www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html

[2] "R-value of Dirt", Journal of Light Construction Forum, archive, web search 08/16/11, original source:forums.jlconline.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-42036.html

National Research Council, Canada, NRC Institute for Research in Construction, web search 08/16/11, original source:http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fulltext/nrcc43093/

Hait, John, Passive Annual Heat Storage (PAHS), Rocky Mountain Research Center; 1st ed(1983), ISBN-13: 978-0915207008 "Passive annual heat storage: Improving the design of earth shelters, or, How to store summer'ssunshine to keep your wigwam warm all winter "

Hait, John, Passive Annual Heat Storage: Improving the Design of Earth Shelters, quoting Amazon review: approach to using the earth as a low cost heat storage media which surrounds one's house. Technically accurate and fromthis physicists point of view a correct assessment of the laws of nature involved and how to use them to our advantage.

Hait, John, RMRC earth sheltered vaulted-roof modular building system, Rocky Mountain Research Center (1989), ASIN:B000736VRG

"Earth Thermal Storage Systems, [radiant floor heating], ", Therma-Ray Inc. 670 Wilsey Road, Unit 6 Fredericton, NewBrunswick Canada E3B 7K4 Tel: 866-457-4600 (toll free) or 506-457-4600 Email: [email protected] Web: 08/16/11, original source: http://www.thermaray.com/solutions/earth.html

CanGEA Canadian Geothermal Energy Association, PO Box 1462 Station M Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2L6 Tel:(403)801 6805 Email: [email protected] web search 08/16/11, original source: http://www.cangea.ca/


Search

name

801 6805 Email: [email protected] web search 08/16/11, original source: http://www.cangea.ca/

Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

Comments

enter your comment here

comment

Recommend / Share this Article ShareThis

Print

...

Technical Reviewers & References

InspectAPedia.com® - Daniel Friedman - Publisher & Editor.InspectAPedia Bookstore lists recommended books, organized by topic & available for purchase. Most of our articles alsoinclude a list of recommended books for the specific article topic as well as other references, and information sources.Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish,

to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers whoread and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com.Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.

(Nov 2, 2011) Darrel said:

The R value of soil varies significantly depending on the type of soil, density and moisture content. The U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers Cold Regions Research Lab has done a great amount of research and have identified three classes of soils; siltsand clay, sands and gravels and peat. The thermal conductivity, the reciprocal of the R value, for these soils in a thawed state,frozen state and varying moisture content, can be found in UFC 3-310-06, Figures 2.1 thru 2.6.

(Oct 27, 2011) DanJoeFriedman (mod) said:

Great question MBM. Soil R-values are the purview of heat transfer engineers. I think the idea of a simple field test that aconsumer or armchair scientist could try out is interesting and worth pursuing. But I wouldn't bury a light bulb in a can of soilwhere there is a risk of moisture and a short circuit or even death by electrocution (though you could reduce risk by using aGFCI circuit).

Soil testing for heat transfer rates is significantly complicated by

- variations in soil particles and density - more coarse, more entrained air, more heat movement resistance - variations in soil moisture - more wet, the heat transfer rate increases enormously

I'll look further to see what scientists have done so far by way of models and tests; you may want to do the same posted here and I'll also follow-up here as other readers will also be interested.

Thanks Daniel

(Oct 27, 2011) MBM said:

Is there a field test for soil R-value? For example, bury a 100W bulb in a 1 gallon can and monitor the ground temperature onefoot away, to the side or above depending on situation? In that instance the volume being heated goes up as the cube of thedistance, making the math trickier than I can handle.

Ads by Google Rigid Insulation Foam Insulation Insulation Foam Walls Insulation


Use the links at the left of each page or these links just below to navigate this document or to view other topics at this

website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENTINSULATION CHOICESInsulation Air & Heat LeaksINSULATION FACT SHEET- DOEINSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDEINSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENTINSULATION LOCATION - WHERE TO PUT ITINSULATION R-Values & PropertiesINSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT

Thanks to Andrew Cole, FOAM FACTOR, a Canadian based installer of 2lb. Closed Cell foam. Mr. Cole informs us that theyonly work with this material. "We feel that the superior performance characteristics make it a far superior choice in buildingenvelopes of all types. Our material of choice now is POLARFOAM 7300-0 SOYA which is manufactured by DEMILEC herein Canada." Mr. Cole can be contacted at 905-271-6644 or at [email protected] - 04/30/2009.Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 [email protected]. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission to use illustrations from their publication,

The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides homeinspection education including the ASHI-adopted a Home Inspection Home Study Course, and publications such as the

Home Reference Book, the Home Reference eBook, and report writing materials including the Horizon report writerhome inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.

Asbestos pipe insulation in buildingsBrick "Insulation" in Building WallsHEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS, Insulation Properties, Definitions of R, K, U values, Insulation DesignHow to Choose an Air Conditioner - BTU ChartHow to Detect and Correct Attic Condensation & Prevent Ice Dam Leaks in buildingsHow to Inspect Building Interiors and Building Insulation/Ventilation list of articles about building insulation inspection,defects, design, and ventilation requirementsIndoor Air Quality Investigations: Fiberglass in Indoor Air, HVAC ducts, and Building InsulationInsulation Identification Photographs - Cellulose insulation photos, Mineral wool insulation photos, rock wool insulationphotos, cotton insulation photos, balsam wool insulation photosInsulation Identification Photographs - Vermiculite insulation photosInsulation Materials as Indicators of Building AgeInsulation Properties, Table of R-Values, density, moisture permeability, fire safety, aging effects on various insulationmaterialsInsulation Types, table of common building insulation properties from U.S. DOE."Insulation: Adding Insulation to an Existing Home," U.S. Department of Energy - tips on how to do your own check for thepresence of absence of insulation in a homeLP or Natural Gas Pressures & BTUH per Cubic FootMold in Fiberglass in InsulationRadiant Heat Floor Mistakes to AvoidRated Cooling Capacity - How to Determine Air Conditioning Equipment Rated Cooling CapacityUn-Vented Roof Solutions - How to Prevent Attic Condensation, Ice Dam Leaks, Roof Mold, & Roof Structural Damage inbuildings with Un-vented Roof CavitiesVermiculite Building Insulation & Asbestos

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing,Diagnosis, & Repair

Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, andabout indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia BookstoreReviews - InspectAPedia.

The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd.,

Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, $69.00 U.S., is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pagesthat assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings.The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their homeeffectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.

Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for using this reference on PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad,

iPhone, or Android Smart PhonesNote: InspectAPedia.com ® editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

"The Elimination of Unsafe Guardrails, a Progress Report," Elliott O. Stephenson, Building Standards

"Are Functional Handrails Within Our Grasp" Jake Pauls, Building Standards, January-February 1991Access Ramp building codes:

UBC 1003.3.4.3BOCA 1016.3ADA 4.8.2IBC 1010.2

Access Ramp Standards:ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), Public Law 101-336. 7/26/90 is very often cited by other sources for gooddesign of stairs and ramps etc. even where disabled individuals are not the design target.


design of stairs and ramps etc. even where disabled individuals are not the design target.ANSI A117.4 Accessible and Usable buildings and Facilities (earlier version was incorporated into the ADA)ASTM F 1637, Standard Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces, (Similar to the above standards)

America's Favorite Homes, mail-order catalogues as a guide to popular early 20th-century houses, Robert Schweitzer,Michael W.R. Davis, 1990, Wayne State University Press ISBN 0814320066 (may be available from Wayne State UniversityPress)American Plywood Association, APA, "Portland Manufacturing Company, No. 1, a series of monographs on the history ofplywood manufacturing",Plywood Pioneers Association, 31 March, 1967, www.apawood.orgAnimal Allergens: Dog, Cat, and Other Animal Dander - Cleanup & Prevention Information for Asthmatics and regardingIndoor Air Quality.Asbestos: How to find and recognize asbestos in buildings - visual inspection methods, list of common asbestos-containingmaterialsAsbestos HVAC Ducts and Flues field identification photos and guideAsbestos products and their history and use in various building materials such as asphalt and vinyl flooring includesdiscussion which draws on Asbestos, Its Industrial Applications, D.V. Rosato, engineering consultant, Newton, MA, ReinholdPublishing, 1959 Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 59-12535 (out of print).Asbestos Identification and Testing References

Asbestos Identification, Walter C.McCrone, McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, IL.1987 ISBN 0-904962-11-3. Dr.McCrone literally "wrote the book" on asbestos identification procedures which formed the basis for current work byasbestos identification laboratories.

Stanton, .F., et al., National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 506: 143-151Pott, F., Staub-Reinhalf Luft 38, 486-490 (1978) cited by McCrone

Brick nogging used as soundproofing is mentioned in this article on Popular Forest

Brick Nogging, Historical Investigation and Contemporary Repair, Construction Specifier, April 2006. in timber-framed buildings, drawing on the investigations of the Kent Tavern in Calais, VT. "Brick nogging is a Europeanmethod of construction which was brought to the new world in the early-nineteenth century. It was a common constructionmethod that employed masonry as infill between the vertical uprights of wood framing." -- quoting the web article review.Photo of very rough in-wall brick nogging at an architects websiteBuilding Research Council, BRC, nee Small Homes Council, SHC, School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, brc.arch.uiuc.edu. "The Small Homes Council (our original name) was organized in 1944 during the war at therequest of the President of the University of Illinois to consider the role of the university in meeting the demand the United States. Soldiers would be coming home after the war and would be needing good low-cost housing. ... In 1993,the Council became part of the School of Architecture, and since then has been known as the School of Architecture-Building Research Council. ... The Council's researchers answered many critical questions that would affect the quality of thenation's housing stock.

How could homes be designed and built more efficiently?What kinds of construction and production techniques worked well and which did not?How did people use different kinds of spaces in their homes?What roles did community planning, zoning, and interior design play in how neighborhoods worked

The Circular Staircase, Mary Roberts RinehartConstruction Drawings and Details, Rosemary Kilmer"An Example of Colonial Paneling", Norman Morrison Isham, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 5 (May,1911), pp. 112-116, available by JSTOR.Dust from the World Trade Center collapse following the 9/11/01 attack: the lower floors of this building contained spray-onfire-proofing asbestos materials."Energy Savers: Whole-House Supply Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Supply_Vent.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energyenergysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11880?print"Energy Savers: Whole-House Exhaust Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Exhaust.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energyenergysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11870"Energy Savers: Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy"Energy Savers: Natural Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Natural_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Departmentof Energy"Energy Savers: Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems [copy on file as/interiors/Energy_Savers_Energy_Recovery_Venting.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energyenergysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11900"Energy Savers: Detecting Air Leaks [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Detect_Air_Leaks.pdf ] - ", U.S. Departmentof Energy"Energy Savers: Air Sealing [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Air_Sealing_1.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of EnergyFalls and Related Injuries: Slips, Trips, Missteps, and Their Consequences, Lawyers & Judges Publishing, (June 2002),ISBN-10: 0913875430 ISBN-13: 978-0913875438"Falls in the home and public places are the second leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in the United States, but are overlooked in

literature. This book is unique in that it is entirely devoted to falls. Of use to primary care physicians, nurses, insurance adjusters,

writers of building codes, attorneys, or anyone who cares for the elderly, this book will tell you how, why, and when people will

likely will be injured, and how such injuries come about. "

Fiberglass: Indoor Air Quality Investigations: Health Concerns About Airborne Fiberglass: Fiberglass in Indoor Air fromHVAC ducts, and Building Insulation

Humidity: What indoor humidity should we maintain in order to avoid a mold problem?Lighting, proper use of: proper aiming of a good flashlight can disclose hard to see but toxic light or white mold colonies onwalls.Nogging: See this photo of exposed bricks on a building exterior on a building exterior in Canada. [Thanks to CarsonDunlop, Toronto - see References below].Pergo AB, division of Perstorp AB, is a Swedish manufacturer or modern laminate flooring products. Information about theU.S. company can be found at http://www.pergo.com where we obtained historical data used in our discussion of the age offlooring materials in buildings.Piquet Wall Construction: See this photo of piquet wall construction - involving timber-framed wall construction with long topgirts, diagonal timber bracing, and small diameter logs placed vertically along with concrete chinking to fill in the wall plane.


girts, diagonal timber bracing, and small diameter logs placed vertically along with concrete chinking to fill in the wall plane.Plank House Construction: weblog from plankhouse.wordpress.com/2009/01/25/plank-house-construction/ and where plankhouses were built by native Americans, see Large 1:6 Scale Plank House Construction / P8094228, Photographer: Mike Meuser 06/12/2007 documented at yurokplankhouse.com where scale model Museum quality Yurok Plank Houses are being sold toraise money for the Blue Creek - Ah Pah Traditional Yurok Village project.Re-Bath, tub lining products is a bath tub relining manufacturer and distributor located in Tempe, Arizona - see rebath.comRubblestone Wall Filler: See this Lartigue House using exterior-exposed rubblestone filler between vertical timbers of a postand beam-framed Canadian building.Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Second Edition, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen,A. S. Hyde, Jon R.Abele, ISBN-13: 978-1-933264-01-1 or ISBN 10: 1-933264-01-2, available from the publisher, Lawyers ^ Judges PublishingCompany,Inc., www.lawyersandjudges.com [email protected] and also from the InspectAPedia Bookstore(Amazon.com)The Stairway Manufacturers' Association, (877) 500-5759, provides a pictorial guide to the stair and railing portion of theInternational Residential Code. [copy on file as http://www.stairways.org/pdf/2006%20Stair%20IRC%20SCREEN.pdf ] -What Mold and Allergens Look Like: mold identification photos to help identify mold - choosing what to sample in buildingsHow to Clean Moldy Wood Framing & Sheathing How to clean/seal mold from/on exposed lumber or plywood subfloor orroof sheathing indoors - some suggestions based on our field and laboratory researchLighting, proper use of: proper aiming of a good flashlight can disclose hard to see but toxic light or white mold colonies onwalls.Manufactured & Modular Homes: Modular Building Systems Association, MBSA, modularhousing.com, is a tradeassociation promoting and providing links to contact modular builders in North America. Also see the Manufactured HomeOwners Association, MHOAA, at www.mhoaa.us. The Manufactured Home Owners Association of America isOrganization dedicated to the protection of the rights of all people living in Manufactured Housing in the United States.Mold spores in the Home - a Photo ID Library for detection and identification of mold allergens.How to Find and Test For Mold in buildings A "how to" photo and text primer on finding and choosing the right spots to testfor mold in buildingsStuff that is not mold but is often mistaken for it - things you may not want to test. Also, not all "black mold" is toxic - here areexamples of harmless black mold.Simple Adhesive Tape Sampling of Moldy Surfaces - how to send a mold sample to our labMold Sampling Methods in the Indoor Environment - In-depth article: detailed critique of popular mold testing methods - Isyour mold test kit worth the bother?Mold-Resistant Building Practices, advice from an expert on how to prevent mold after a building flood and how to preventmold growth in buildings by selection of building materials and by anti-mold construction details.Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen, Jon R. Abele, Alvin LaRue, Lawyers and Judges Publishing; ISBN-10: 1933264012 ISBN-13: 978-1933264011Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Second Edition, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen,A. S. Hyde, Jon R.Abele, ISBN-13: 978-1-933264-01-1 or ISBN 10: 1-933264-01-2, available from the publisher, Lawyers & JudgesPublishing Company,Inc., www.lawyersandjudges.com [email protected] and also from the

Bookstore (Amazon.com)Steps and Stairways, Cleo Baldon & Ib Melchior, Rizzoli, 1989.The Staircase, Ann RinaldiCommon Sense Stairbuilding and Handrailing, Fred T. HodgsonThe Art of Staircases, Pilar ChuecaBuilding Stairs, by pros for pros, Andy EngelA Simplified Guide to Custom Stairbuilding, George R. ChristinaBasic Stairbuilding, Scott SchuttnerThe Staircase (two volumes), John Templar, Cambridge: the MIT Press, 1992The Staircase: History and Theories, John Templar, MIT Press 1995Steps and Stairways, Cleo Baldon & Ib Melchior, Rizzoli, 1989."The Dimensions of Stairs", J. M. Fitch et al., Scientific American, October 1974."The Elimination of Unsafe Guardrails, a Progress Report," Elliott O. Stephenson, Building Standards

"Are Functional Handrails Within Our Grasp" Jake Pauls, Building Standards, January-February 1991"Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and installhousewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOEWeaver: Beaver Board and Upson Board: Beaver Board and Upson Board: History and Conservation of Early Wallboard,Shelby Weaver, APT Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 2/3 (1997), pp. 71-78, Association for Preservation Technology International(APT), available online at JSTOR.What Style Is It?: A Guide to American Architecture, Rev., John C. Poppeliers, S. Allen Chambers, Wiley; Rev Sub edition(October 6, 2003), ISBN-10: 0471250368, ISBN-13: 978-0471250364...

Home About Us Accuracy Contact Us Content Use Policy Printing Tips Privacy Website Description © 2012 Copyright InspectAPedia.com

Documents

Table of Insulation R-Values and Properties for Various Insulation Materials