TABLE OF DECISIONS - · PDF fileAbovian v. INS, 219 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2000), reh’g denied, 257 F.3d 971 ... No. 2:14-cv-01323-JLR-MAT (W.D. Wash. Dec. 8 ... Akhtar v. Burzynski

915 Copyright © 2017. American Immigration Lawyers Association. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF DECISIONS

Litigating Immigration Cases in Federal Court, 4th Edition

88.88 Acres of Land; U.S. v., 907 F.2d 106 (9th Cir. 1990) ....................................................... 779 1903 Obscene Magazines; U.S. v., 907 F.2d 1338 (2d Cir. 1990) .............................................. 234 $12,248 U.S. Currency; U.S. v., 957 F.2d 1513 (9th Cir. 1992) ......................... 772, 788, 803, 810 $186,416; U.S. v., 642 F.3d 753 (9th Cir. 2011) ......................................................................... 799 $191,910.00 in U.S. Currency; U.S. v., 16 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir. 1994) ........................................ 247

A A-A-, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 492 (BIA 1992) ........................................................................... 636 A-A-, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 140 (BIA 1998) ........................................................................... 361 Abbassi v. INS, 143 F.3d 513 (9th Cir. 1998) ............................................................... 99, 100, 764 Abbott v. Abbott, 560 U.S. 1 (2010) ............................................................................................ 728 Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 (1967) ............ 15, 37–40, 77, 473, 474, 485, 548, 550, 570 Abboud v. INS, 140 F.3d 843 (9th Cir. 1998) ........................................................... 15, 17, 69, 493 Abdelfattah v. DHS, 488 F.3d 178 (3d Cir. 2007) ....................................................................... 692 Abdelghany, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 254 (BIA 2014) ............................................................... 651 Abdelhamid v. Ilchert, 774 F.2d 1447 (9th Cir. 1985) ........................................................ 392, 507 Abdel-Masieh v. INS, 73 F.3d 579 (5th Cir. 1996) ...................................................................... 122 Abdelwahab v. Frazier, 578 F.3d 817 (8th Cir. 2009) ................................................................ 144 Abdisalan v. Holder, 774 F.3d 517 (9th Cir. 2014) ................................................ 91, 96, 328, 609 Abdur-Rahman v. Napolitano, 814 F. Supp. 2d 1087 (W.D. Wash. 2010) ................. 165, 457, 512 Abdur-Rahman v. Napolitano, 868 F. Supp. 2d 1158 (W.D. Wash. 2012) ................................. 795 Abebe v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 53, 102 Abedi-Tajrishi v. INS, 752 F.2d 441 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................................... 476 Abela v. Gustafson, 888 F.2d 1258 (9th Cir. 1989) ............................................................ 775, 791 Abourezk v. Reagan, 785 F.2d 1043 (D.C. Cir. 1986), aff’d, 484 U.S. 1 (1987)

............................................................................................. 495, 496, 542, 551, 558, 564 Aboushaban v. Mueller, 475 F. Supp. 2d 943 (N.D. Cal. 2007) ......................................... 775, 789 Abovian v. INS, 219 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2000), reh’g denied, 257 F.3d 971 (2001) .................... 152 Abramski v. U.S., 134 S. Ct. 2259, 189 L. Ed. 2d 262 (2014) .................................................... 606 Abudu; INS v., 485 U.S. 94 (1988) ..................................................................................... 346, 371 Abu Hasirah v. DHS, 478 F.3d 474 (2d Cir. 2007) ..................................................................... 341 Abu-Khaliel v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 627 (6th Cir. 2006) .............................................................. 145 Abulashvili v. Attorney Gen., 663 F.3d 197 (3d Cir. 2011) ......................................................... 204 Aburto-Rocha v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 500 (6th Cir. 2008) ........................................................... 162 A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Constr. Co., 960 F.2d 1020 (Fed. Cir. 1990) ..................... 492 Accardi, U.S. ex rel. v. Shaughnessy, 347 U.S. 260 (1954)

.............................................................. 131, 141, 187, 279, 390, 395, 399, 409, 518, 522 Acevedo-Rojas v. Clark, No. 2:14-cv-01323-JLR-MAT (W.D. Wash. Dec. 8, 2014) ................ 440 Achaval-Bianco v. Gustafson, 736 F. Supp. 214 (C.D. Cal. 1989) ............................................. 772 ACLU of Ohio v. Ashbrook, 375 F.3d 484 (6th Cir. 2004) ........................................................... 26 Acosta v. Gaffney, 558 F.2d 1153 (3d Cir. 1977) ........................................................................ 550 Acosta v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 550 (9th Cir. 2006) .............................................................. 610, 673 Acosta Hidalgo, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 103 (BIA 2007) .......................................................... 589

916 LITIGATING IMMIGRATION CASES IN FEDERAL COURT, 4TH ED.

Copyright © 2017. American Immigration Lawyers Association. All rights reserved.

Acosta-Olivarria v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 1271 (9th Cir. 2015) ................................................. 672, 674 Action on Smoking & Health v. Civil Aeronautics Bd., 724 F.2d 211 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ............. 804 Acura of Bellevue v. Reich, 90 F.3d 1403 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................ 69 Adame v. Holder, 762 F.3d 667 (7th Cir. 2014), petition for reh’g denied, 777 F.3d 390 (7th Cir. 2015)

............................................................................................................................. 156, 173 Adams v. Baker, 909 F.2d 643 (1st Cir. 1990) ............................................................................ 565 Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 (1972) ............................................................................ 237, 244 Adams Fruit Co. v. Barrett, 494 U.S. 638 (1990) ............................................................... 581, 605 Adamson v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 745 F.2d 541 (9th Cir. 1984) .................. 231, 259 Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979) ................................................................................... 578 Adeniji, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1102 (BIA 1999) ............................................................. 421, 432 Adeyemo v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2004) .................................................................... 338 Aetna Life Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227 (1937) ................................................ 12 Afanwi v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 788 (4th Cir. 2008), vacated, 130 S. Ct. 350 (2009) ............ 212, 215 Afful v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2004) ............................................................................... 660 Afridi v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 176 Afriyie v. Holder, 613 F.3d 924 (9th Cir. 2010) .......................................................................... 103 Afroyim v. Rusk, 387 U.S. 253 (1967) ................................................................................ 123, 579 Agarwal v. Napolitano, 663 F. Supp. 2d 528 (W.D. Tex. 2009) ........................................ 584, 586 Agbemaple v. INS, 1998 WL 292441 (N.D. Ill. 1998) .................................................................. 73 Agonafer v. Sessions, 859 F.3d 1198 (9th Cir. 2017) .......................................................... 172, 173 Agosto v. INS, 436 U.S. 748 (1978) ............................................................................................ 124 Aguilar v. ICE, 510 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2007) .................................................................................. 513 Aguilar; U.S. v., 883 F.2d 662 (9th Cir. 1989) ............................................................................ 725 Aguilar-Aquino, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 747 (BIA 2009) .......................................................... 433 Aguilar Gonzales v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 1204 (9th Cir. 2008) .................................................... 109 Aguilar-Solis v. INS, 168 F.3d 565 (1st Cir. 1999) ..................................................................... 194 Aguilera v. Kirkpatrick, 241 F.3d 1286 (10th Cir. 2001) .................................................... 413, 462 Aguilera-Cota v. INS, 914 F.2d 1375 (9th Cir. 1990) ......................................................... 109, 174 Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS, 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir. 1975) ............................................................ 210 Aguirre-Aguirre; INS v., 526 U.S. 415 (1999) ............................................................................ 604 Aguirre-Tello; U.S. v., 353 F.3d 1199 (10th Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 192 Agunobi v. Thornburgh, 745 F. Supp. 533 (N.D. Ill. 1990) ................................................ 419, 456 Agyeman v. INS, 296 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................................. 55, 108, 150, 227, 315 Ahmed v. DHS, 328 F.3d 383 (7th Cir. 2003) ............................................................................. 522 Ahmed v. Gonzales, 398 F.3d 722 (6th Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 201, 204 Ahmed v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 433 (5th Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 145 Ahmed v. Holder, 569 F.3d 1009 (9th Cir. 2009) ................................................................ 145, 190 Ahmed v. Mayorkas, 719 F. Supp. 2d 1080 (N.D. Cal. 2009) ..................................................... 523 Ahmed v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 768 (9th Cir. 2008) ....................................................... 214, 348, 366 Ah Sing, Matter of, 13 Fed. 286 (9th Cir. 1882) ......................................................................... 391 Ah Tie, In re, 13 Fed. 291 (9th Cir. 1882) ................................................................................... 391 Air Line Pilots Ass’n v. Eastern Air Lines, 672 F. Supp. 525 (D.D.C. 1987) ............................. 498 Ajlani v. Chertoff, 545 F.3d 229 (2d Cir. 2008) .......................................................................... 588 Akhtar v. Burzynski, 384 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 618 Akinola v. Weber, 2010 WL 376603 (D.N.J. 2010) ............................................................ 430, 472 Akins; FEC v., 524 U.S. 11 (1998) ....................................................................................... 24, 701 Akinwale v. Ashcroft, 287 F.3d 1050 (11th Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 420, 438 Alaelua v. INS, 45 F.3d 1379 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................. 103 Alaka v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 456 F.3d 88 (3d Cir. 2006) ....................................... 143, 176, 622 Alam v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 184 (2d Cir. 2006) .......................................................................... 104

TABLE OF DECISIONS 917


Alarcon-Chavez v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 343 (5th Cir. 2005) ....................................................... 342 Albathani v. INS, 318 F.3d 365 (1st Cir. 2003) ........................................................... 129, 130, 135 Albert v. Carovano, 851 F.2d 561 (2d Cir. 1988) ....................................................................... 752 Albillo-DeLeon v. Gonzales, 410 F.3d 1090 (9th Cir. 2005) ...................................... 361, 368, 369 Albrektsen; U.S. v., 151 F.3d 951 (9th Cir. 1998) ............................................................... 239, 262 Alcala v. Holder, 563 F.3d 1009 (9th Cir. 2009) .......................................................... 87, 321, 326 Alcantara-Perez, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 882 (BIA 2006) .......................................................... 90 Alcaraz v. INS, 384 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2004) .............................................................................. 56 Alexandre v. Attorney Gen., 452 F.3d 1204 (11th Cir. 2006) ............................................. 404, 410 Alfaro, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 417 (BIA 2011) ........................................................................ 623 Alfaro-Garcia v. Johnson, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 164454 (N.D. Cal. 2015) ............................ 303 Alfonso; U.S. v., 759 F.2d 728 (9th Cir. 1985) ............................................................................ 234 Alghamdi v. Ridge, 2006 WL 5670940 (N.D. Fla. Sept. 25, 2006) ............................. 776, 784, 789 Alghawi v. Mukasey, 543 F. Supp. 2d 1252 (W.D. Wash. 2008) ................................................ 776 Al-Harbi v. INS, 284 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................................................... 777 Ali v. Ashcroft, 346 F.3d 873 (9th Cir. 2003), withdrawn sub nom. on denial of reh’g,

Ali v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 795 (9th Cir. 2005) ............... 64, 180, 181, 329, 489, 490, 510 Ali v. INS, 661 F. Supp. 1234 (D. Mass. 1986) ............................................................................. 42 Ali v. Lynch, 814 F.3d 306 (5th Cir. 2016) ................................................................................. 618 Ali v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 478 (2d Cir. 2008) .............................................................................. 204 Ali v. Reno, 22 F.3d 442 (2d Cir. 1994) ...................................................................................... 520 Alibasic v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 78 (2d Cir. 2008) .......................................................................... 91 Alikhani v. Fasano, 70 F. Supp. 2d 1124 (S.D. Cal. 1999) ......................................................... 432 Al Khouri v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 461 (8th Cir. 2004) ................................................... 136, 151, 301 Al-Kudsi v. Gonzales, No. 05-1584, 2006 WL 752556 (D. Or. Mar. 22, 2006) ......................... 581 Allen v. U.S. Steel Corp., 665 F.2d 689 (5th Cir. 1982) .............................................................. 807 Allende v. Shultz, 709 F. Supp. 18 (D. Mass. 1989) .................................................................... 795 Allentown Mack Sales & Serv., Inc. v. NLRB, 522 U.S. 359 (1998) ........................................... 617 Alli v. Decker, 644 F. Supp. 2d 535 (M.D. Pa. 2009), rev’d, 650 F.3d 1007 (3d Cir. 2011) ....... 472, 490 Al-Maleki v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1200 (10th Cir. 2009) ......................................... 584, 776, 784, 787 A.L. Mechling Barge Lines, Inc. v. U.S., 368 U.S. 324 (1961) ..................................................... 31 Almeida-Amaral v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 231 (2d Cir. 2006) ........................................ 258, 259, 265 Almeida-Sanchez v. U.S., 413 U.S. 266 (1973) ................................................... 234, 235, 237, 246 Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743 (6th Cir. 2006) ...................................................... 158, 177 Almutairi v. Holder, 722 F.3d 996 (7th Cir. 2013) ................................................................. 91, 93 Al Mutarreb v. Holder, 561 F.3d 1023 (9th Cir. 2009) ............................................................... 120 Alphonsus v. Holder, 705 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 2013) .................................................. 118, 172, 620 Alrefae v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 353 (2d Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 345 Alsamhouri v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 117 (1st Cir. 2007) ....................................................... 129, 145 Al-Siddiqi v. Achim, 531 F.3d 490 (7th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 463 Altamirano v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 586 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 105 Alvarado; U.S. v., 635 F. Supp. 2d 586 (W.D. Tex. 2009) ......................................................... 246 Alvarado de Rodriguez v. Holder, 585 F.3d 227 (5th Cir. 2009) ........................................ 159, 164 Alvarado-Ramirez; U.S. v., 975 F. Supp. 906 (W.D. Tex. 1997) ................................................ 239 Alvarenga-Villalobos v. Ashcroft, 271 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2001) .............................. 311, 319, 320 Alvarez v. Hill, 518 F.3d 1152 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................................................................ 752 Alvarez-Machain; U.S. v., 504 U.S. 655 (1992) ......................................................................... 728 Alvarez-Portillo v. Ashcroft, 280 F.3d 858 (8th Cir. 2002) ......................................................... 311 Alvarez-Santos v. INS, 332 F.3d 1245 (9th Cir. 2003) .......................................... 56, 110, 171, 176 Alwan v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 35, 605 Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness Soc’y, 421 U.S. 240 (1975) ....................................... 797



A-M-, Matter of, 7 I&N Dec. 332 (BIA 1956) ............................................................................ 122 Amadou v. INS, 226 F.3d 724 (6th Cir. 2000) ............................................................................. 198 Amanullah v. Nelson, 811 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1987) ................................................................ 399, 566 Amarel v. Connell, 102 F.3d 1494 (9th Cir. 1996) ...................................................................... 808 Amarjeet Singh v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 969 (9th Cir. 2007) .................................. 97, 329, 408, 513 Amarjit Singh v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................. 225, 367 Amarjit Singh v. Moyer, 867 F.2d 1035 (7th Cir. 1989) ............................................................. 507 American Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff, 463 F. Supp. 2d 400 (S.D.N.Y. 2006), vacated & remanded

sub nom. American Acad. of Religion v. Napolitano, 573 F.3d 115 (2d Cir. 2009) ................................................................................................. 18, 41, 558, 559, 564, 565

American Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff, 2007 WL 4527504 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) ........................... 558 American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm. v. Ashcroft, 272 F. Supp. 2d 650 (E.D. Mich. 2003)

............................................................................................................................... 285–87 American Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm.; Reno v., 525 U.S. 471, decision on remand,

200 F.3d 603 (9th Cir. 1999) .......................................... 79, 179, 398, 401, 403, 409, 510 American Immigr. Council v. DHS, 905 F. Supp. 2d 206 (D.D.C. 2012) .......... 685–87, 696, 702, 703 American Immigr. Council v. DHS, 950 F. Supp. 2d 221 (D.D.C. 2013) ........................... 685, 690 American Immigr. Lawyers Ass’n v. DHS, 852 F. Supp. 2d 66 (D.D.C. 2012) .......... 681, 690, 691 American Immigr. Lawyers Ass’n v. Exec. Office for Immigr. Review, 830 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2016)

..................................................................................................................................... 688 American Immigr. Lawyers Ass’n v. Reno, 70 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir. 1995), rev’d, 575 U.S. 421 (1999) 40 American Immigr. Lawyers Ass’n v. Reno, 18 F. Supp. 2d 38 (D.D.C. 1998) ............................... 283 American Pac. Concrete Pipe Co. v. NLRB, 788 F.2d 586 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................ 779 American Rivers v. National Marine Fisheries Serv., 126 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 1997) .................. 28 American Sociological Ass’n v. Chertoff, 588 F. Supp. 2d 166 (D. Mass. 2008) ....................... 566 American Sur. Co. of N.Y. v. Sullivan, 7 F.2d 605 (2d Cir. 1925) .............................................. 539 American Trucking Ass’n; U.S. v., 310 U.S. 534 (1940) ............................................................ 594 Amouzadeh v. Winfrey, 467 F.3d 451 (5th Cir. 2006) ................................................................. 623 Amponsah v. Holder, 736 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2015) .................................................................. 609 ANA Int’l, Inc. v. Way, 393 F.3d 886 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................. 144, 149, 525 Anaya-Aguilar v. Holder, 683 F.3d 369, clarified, 697 F.3d 1189 (7th Cir. 2012),

cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 1467 (2013) ............................................................ 371, 372, 507 Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564 (1985) ....................................................................... 158 Andia v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................... 105, 338 Andreiu v. Ashcroft, 253 F.3d 477 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................ 99, 764 Andrew v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 875 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................................. 772, 787 Andriasian v. INS, 180 F.3d 1033 (9th Cir. 1999) ...................................................................... 165 Angel v. Ridge, No. 04-4121, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10667 (S.D. Ill. 2005) .................... 580, 581 Angulo-Guerrero; U.S. v., 328 F.3d 449 (8th Cir. 2003) ............................................................ 238 Animal Def. Council v. Hodel, 840 F.2d 1432 (9th Cir. 1988),

amended, 867 F.2d 1244 (9th Cir. 1989) ..................................................................... 500 An Na Peng v. Holder, 673 F.3d 1248 (9th Cir. 2012) ....................................................... 114, 654 Anselmo, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 25 (BIA 1989) ....................................................................... 622 A-P-, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 468 (BIA 1999) ........................................................................... 217 Aponte v. Holder, 683 F.3d 6 (1st Cir. 2012) .............................................................................. 118 Application of. See name of party Aragon-Ayon v. INS, 206 F.3d 847 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................................. 55, 287 Arango-Marquez v. INS, 346 F.3d 892 (9th Cir. 2003) .......................................................... 64, 65 Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500 (2006) ....................................................... 48, 49, 60, 80–83 Arboleda v. Attorney Gen., 434 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2006) ....................................................... 112 Ardestani v. INS, 502 U.S. 129 (1991) .......................................................... 66, 771, 772, 785, 801



Arej v. Sessions, 852 F.3d 665 (7th Cir. 2017) ............................................................................ 175 Aremu v. DHS, 450 F.3d 578 (4th Cir. 2006) ............................................................................. 602 Arevalo v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2003) .................. 222, 307, 310, 311, 319, 516, 611, 655 Arias-Ordonez; U.S. v., 597 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2010) .......................................... 50, 193, 227, 324 Arif v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 677 (5th Cir. 2007) ............................................................................ 158 Aris v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 595 (2d Cir. 2008) .................................................................... 212, 341 Arkansas v. Sanders, 442 U.S. 753 (1979) ................................................................................. 240 Armendarez-Mendez, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 646 (BIA 2008) ......................................... 355, 623 Armendariz-Montoya v. Sonchik, 291 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................... 651, 738, 739 Armentero v. INS, 340 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2003), withdrawn, 382 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2004),

appeal dismissed, 412 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................ 415, 468 Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545 (1965) ................................................................................. 188 Arobelidze v. Holder, 653 F.3d 513 (7th Cir. 2011) ................................................. 50, 52, 53, 613 Aronov v. Napolitano, 562 F.3d 84 (1st Cir. 2009) ..................................................................... 782 Arrazabal v. Lynch, 822 F.3d 961 (7th Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... 304 Arredondo v. Holder, 623 F.3d 1317 (9th Cir. 2010) ................................................................. 119 Arredondo v. Lynch, 824 F.3d 801 (9th Cir. 2016) ..................................................................... 341 Arreguin-Moreno v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 1229 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................................... 53, 67 Arreola-Arreola v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................ 319, 320, 325 Arrieta v. INS, 117 F.3d 429 (9th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................... 333, 338 Arrieta; U.S. v., 224 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................. 301, 335 Arrozal v. INS, 159 F.3d 429 (9th Cir. 1998) ...................................................................... 122, 351 Arteaga v. INS, 836 F.2d 1227 (9th Cir. 1988) ........................................................................... 109 Arteaga de Alvarez v. Holder, 704 F.3d 730 (9th Cir. 2012) ...................................................... 163 Arvizu; U.S. v., 534 U.S. 266 (2002) .......................................................................................... 243 Asakura v. City of Seattle, 265 U.S. 332 (1924) ................................................................. 728, 729 Asani v. INS, 154 F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 1998) ......................................................................... 188, 217 ASARCO v. Environmental Prot. Agency, 616 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1980) .................................. 499 A-S-B-, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 493 (BIA 2008) ........................................................................ 154 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) ................................................................................. 751–53 Aslam v. Gonzales, 2006 WL 3749905 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 19, 2006) ........................................ 582 Aslam v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008) ......................................................................... 206 Aslam v. Mukasey, 531 F. Supp. 2d 736 (E.D. Va. 2008) ........................................................... 582 ASPCA v. Feld Entm’t, Inc., 659 F.3d 13 (D.C. Cir. 2011) .......................................................... 24 Assaad v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 471 (5th Cir. 2004) ....................................................................... 219 ASSE Int’l, Inc. v. Kerry, 809 F.3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2015) .................................................... 507, 519 Associated Gen. Contractors v. EPA, 488 F. Supp. 861 (D. Nev. 1980) .................................... 710 Association of Data Processing Serv. Orgs. v. Board of Governors of Fed Reserve Sys.,

745 F.2d 677 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ..................................................................................... 503 Association of Data Processing Serv. Orgs. v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150 (1970) .................. 20, 22, 552 Association of Gen. Contractors v. Coalition for Econ. Equity, 950 F.2d 1401 (9th Cir. 1991) 100 Association of Mexican-American Educators v. California, 231 F.3d 572 (9th Cir. 2000) ........ 808 Association of Nat’l Advertisers v. FTC, 627 F.2d 1151 (D.C. Cir. 1979),

cert. denied, 447 U.S. 921 (1980) .................................................................................. 44 Astafieva v. Gonzales, 2007 WL 1031333 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 2007) .......................................... 582 Aston v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 808 F.2d 9 (2d Cir. 1986) ................................. 809 Astrue v. Ratliff, 560 U.S. 586 (2010) ......................................................................................... 812 A-T-, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 296 (BIA 2007) ........................................................................... 625 AT&T Corp. v. Portland, 216 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................................. 621 Ateka v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 954 (8th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................... 52 Atkinson v. Attorney Gen., 479 F.3d 222 (3d Cir. 2007) ............................................. 637, 643, 651



Atlantic Fish Spotters Ass’n v. Daley, 205 F.3d 488 (1st Cir. 2000) .......................................... 795 Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997) ........................................................................ 595, 627, 628 Augustin v. Sava, 735 F.2d 32 (2d Cir. 1984) ..................................................................... 187, 198 Au Yi Lau v. INS, 445 F.2d 217 (D.C. Cir. 1971) ........................................................................ 251 Avagyan v. Holder, 646 F.3d 672 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................... 348, 361, 368, 369 Avetova-Elisseva v. INS, 213 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 103 Avila v. Attorney Gen., 560 F.3d 1281 (11th Cir. 2009) ............................................................. 766 Avila v. Galaza, 297 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................................................................ 365 Avila-Macias v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 108 (3d Cir. 2003) ...................................................... 311, 319 Avila-Ramirez v. Holder, 764 F.3d 717 (7th Cir. 2014) .............................................................. 162 Avila-Santoyo v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 713 F.3d 1357 (11th Cir. 2013) ....................................... 361 Awolesi v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 227 (3d Cir. 2003) ....................................................................... 121 Ayala v. Attorney Gen., 605 F.3d 941 (11th Cir. 2010) .......................................................... 2, 120 Ayala v. Sessions, 855 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2017) ......................................................................... 95 Ayala-Villanueva v. Holder, 572 F.3d 736 (9th Cir. 2009) ......................................................... 124 Ayman Mohammad Fat Salama, In re, 2010 Immigr. Rptr. LEXIS 5336 (BIA 2010) ............... 384

B Babaisakov, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 306 (BIA 2007) ................................................................ 623 Bachelier v. INS, 625 F.2d 902 (9th Cir. 1980) .......................................................................... 476 Backer v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 275 F.2d 141 (5th Cir. 1960) ............................. 504 Baeta v. Sonchik, 273 F.3d 1261 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................ 123, 125 Bagot v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 252 (3d Cir. 2005) .......................................................................... 124 Bah v. Cangemi, 489 F. Supp. 2d 905 (D. Minn. 2007) ...................................................... 426, 443 Bah v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 857 (8th Cir. 2008) ....................................................................... 48, 60 Bah v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2008) .......................................................................... 2, 625 Baires, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 467 (BIA 2008) ........................................................................ 626 Baires v. INS, 856 F.2d 89 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................................. 187, 192, 209 Bajakajian; U.S. v., 524 U.S. 321 (1998) ................................................................................... 109 Baker v. Bowen, 839 F.2d 1075 (5th Cir. 1988) .......................................................................... 797 Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962) ...................................................................................... 13, 558 Baker & Hostetler LLP v. Dep’t of Commerce, 473 F.3d 312 (D.C. Cir. 2006) ......................... 707 Balbir Singh v. Holder, 591 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2010) .............................................................. 144 Balbir Singh v. INS, 213 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................ 346, 350 Baliza v. INS, 709 F.2d 1231 (9th Cir. 1983) .............................................................................. 197 Baltazar-Alcazar v. INS, 386 F.3d 940 (9th Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 227 Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabatino, 376 U.S. 398 (1964) ....................................................... 733 Bangura v. Hansen, 434 F.3d 487 (6th Cir. 2006) ................................................................ 69, 493 Bank of United States v. Moss, 47 U.S. (6 How.) 31 (1848) ....................................................... 378 Banks v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 449 (7th Cir. 2006) ....................................................................... 217 Barahona-Gomez v. Reno, 236 F.3d 1115 (9th Cir. 2001) ......................................................... 180 Barber v. Kimbrell’s, Inc., 577 F.2d 216 (4th Cir. 1978) ............................................................ 710 Barcenas, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 609 (BIA 1988) ........................................................... 267, 268 Barlow v. Collins, 397 U.S. 159 (1970) ........................................................................................ 22 Barmo v. Reno, 899 F. Supp. 1375 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...................................................................... 42 Barnes v. Holder, 625 F.3d 801 (4th Cir. 2010) ................................................................. 587, 589 Barradas v. Holder, 582 F.3d 754 (7th Cir. 2009) ...................................................................... 267 Barrientos v. Lynch, 829 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir. 2016) ..................................................................... 97 Barrios-Cantarero v. Holder, 772 F.3d 1019 (5th Cir. 2014) ..................................................... 344 Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 52, 57



Barry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 721 (6th Cir. 2008) ................................................................ 370, 371 Barsky v. Board of Regents, 347 U.S. 442 (1954) ...................................................................... 514 Bartlett v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 695 (D.C. Cir. 1987) .................................................. 78, 79, 220, 221 Barton v. Ashcroft, 152 F. Supp. 2d 235 (D. Conn. 2001) .................................................. 415, 469 Bassiri v. Xerox Corp., 463 F.3d 927 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................................. 628 Batalova v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir. 2004) ................................................................ 132 Batanic v. INS, 12 F.3d 662 (7th Cir. 1993) ............................................................................... 228 Batista v. Ashcroft, 270 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2001) ............................................................................ 123 Batterton v. Francis, 432 U.S. 416 (1977) .................................................................................. 664 Batterton v. Marshall, 648 F.2d 694 (D.C. Cir. 1980) ................................................................ 665 Batton v. Evers, 598 F.3d 169 (5th Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 700, 710 Batubara v. Holder, 733 F.3d 1040 (10th Cir. 2013) .............................................................. 91, 93 Baumgartner v. U.S., 322 U.S. 665 (1944) ................................................................................. 576 Bautista v. Sabol, 862 F. Supp. 2d 375 (M.D. Pa. 2012) ............................................................ 458 Bayo v. Napolitano, 593 F.3d 495 (7th Cir. 2010) .............................................................. 295, 298 Beatty, In re, 306 F.3d 914 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................. 492 Becker v. Montgomery, 532 U.S. 757 (2001) ................................................................................ 80 Bedoya-Melendez v. Attorney Gen., 680 F.3d 1321 (11th Cir. 2012) ......................................... 147 Begna v. Ashcroft, 392 F.3d 301 (8th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................ 132 Beharry v. Ashcroft, 183 F. Supp. 2d 584 (E.D.N.Y. 2002), overruled, 329 F.3d 51 (2003)

............................................................................................................... 52, 723, 734, 741 Bejar v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 127 (3d Cir. 2003) ........................................................................... 328 Bejjani v. INS, 271 F.3d 670 (6th Cir. 2001) ...................................................... 307, 420, 438, 611 Belay-Gebru v. INS, 327 F.3d 998 (10th Cir. 2003) ................................................................... 370 Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 (1971) ........................................................................................... 515 Bell v. Fowler, 99 F.3d 262 (8th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................ 361 Bell v. Reno, 218 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) .................................................................................... 649 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) ............................................... 748, 750, 752, 753 Bell Co.; NLRB v., 416 U.S. 267 (1974) ..................................................................................... 671 Beltran v. INS, 332 F.3d 407 (6th Cir. 2003) .............................................................................. 333 Benavides v. Bureau of Prisons, 993 F.2d 257 (D.C. Cir. 1993) ................................................ 705 Benitez-Mendez v. INS, 760 F.2d 907 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................................ 242 Benjamin v. Bureau of Customs, 401 F. Supp. 2d 184 (D. Conn. 2005) ..................................... 123 Benslimane v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 828 (7th Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 2 Bensman v. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 49 F. Appx. 646 (7th Cir. 2002) ........................................... 705 Berberena v. Coler, 753 F.2d 629 (7th Cir. 1985) ...................................................................... 805 Berger; U.S. v., 473 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2007) ........................................................................... 768 Berhane v. Holder, 606 F.3d 819 (6th Cir. 2010) ............................................................... 119, 144 Berishaj v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 314 (3d Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 136 Berman v. Schweiker, 713 F.2d 1290 (7th Cir. 1983) ................................................................. 772 Bernardo v. Johnson, 814 F.3d 481 (1st Cir. Mass. 2016) ......................................................... 144 Bertrand v. Sava, 684 F.2d 204 (2d Cir. 1982) ........................................................................... 398 Bezman v. Ashcroft, 245 F.2d 446 (D. Conn. 2003) ................................................................... 464 Bhasin v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 349, 350 Bhatt v. BIA, 328 F.3d 912 (7th Cir. 2003) ................................................................................... 73 Bhupinder Singh v. Holder, 656 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2011) .......................................... 92, 109, 163 Bigford v. Taylor, 834 F.2d 1213 (5th Cir. 1988) ....................................................................... 247 Billeke-Tolosa v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 708 (6th Cir. 2004) ................................................... 164, 167 Bilokumsky v. Tod, 263 U.S. 149 (1923) ..................................................................................... 272 Birt v. Montgomery, 709 F.2d 690 (7th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 874 (1984) .............. 366 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) ..................................................... 511



Biwot v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 191, 210 B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2002) ...................................................... 797 Blackburn v. Alabama, 361 U.S. 199 (1960) .............................................................................. 238 Blake, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 722 (BIA 2005) ......................................................................... 672 Blancada v. Turnage, 891 F.2d 688 (9th Cir. 1989) ..................................................................... 99 Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87 (1989) ............................................................................... 710 Blanco de Belbruno v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 272 (4th Cir. 2004) ................................................... 129 Blue v. Bureau of Prisons, 570 F.2d 529 (5th Cir. 1978) .................................................... 708, 709 Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886 (1984) ................................................................ 772, 792, 798, 799 Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972) .................................................................... 514–16 Bobbitt v. Milberg LLP, 801 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2015) ............................................................. 503 Bocova v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 257 (1st Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 100, 765 Boeing Co.; U.S. v., 747 F. Supp. 319 (E.D. Va. 1990) .............................................................. 793 Bolieiro v. Holder, 731 F.3d 32 (1st Cir. 2013) .......................................................................... 104 Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954) ...................................................................................... 514 Bona v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 663 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................... 57, 107 Bondarenko v. Holder, 733 F.3d 899 (9th Cir. 2013) ................................................................. 189 Bong Youn Choy v. Barber, 279 F.2d 642 (9th Cir. 1960) .......................................................... 265 Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442 (3d Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 192 Bonilla v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 575 (9th Cir. 2016) .................................................................. 327, 372 Borges v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 398 (3d Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 213, 324 Borrero v. United Health Care of N.Y., 610 F.3d 1296 (11th Cir. 2010) ...................................... 27 Borrome v. Holder, 687 F.3d 150 (3d Cir. 2012) ................................................................ 107, 607 Bosede v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 946 (7th Cir. 2008) ................................................................ 57, 151 Boudin v. Thomas, 732 F.2d 1107 (2d Cir. 1984) ............................................................... 773, 774 Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008) ......................................... 139, 279, 284, 396, 400, 554 Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977) ........................................................................................ 209 Bourguignon v. MacDonald, 667 F. Supp. 2d 175 (D. Mass. 2009) ........................... 430, 445, 469 Bowen v. American Hosp. Ass’n, 476 U.S. 610 (1986) ............................................................... 115 Bowen v. City of N.Y., 476 U.S. 467 (1986) ............................................................................ 43, 45 Bowen v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 488 U.S. 204 (1988) ................... 308, 613, 662, 665, 667, 668 Bowen v. Massachusetts, 487 U.S. 879 (1988) ........................................................................... 473 Bowen v. Michigan Acad. of Family Physicians, 476 U.S. 667 (1986) ........................................ 77 Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205 (2007) .......................................................... 48, 49, 51, 60, 82, 83 Bowley; U.S. v., 435 F.3d 426 (3d Cir. 2006) ..................................................................... 261, 275 Bowman Transp. v. Arkansas Best Freight Sys., 419 U.S. 281 (1974) ............................... 188, 518 Boyanivskyy v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 286 (7th Cir. 2006) ............................................................. 187 Braden v. 30th Judicial Cir. Ct. of Ky., 410 U.S. 484 (1973) ..................................... 416, 462, 471 Bradley v. Attorney Gen., 603 F.3d 235 (3d Cir. 2010) ...................................................... 295, 298 Bradley v. Heckler, 785 F.2d 954 (11th Cir. 1986) ..................................................................... 780 Bradley v. School Bd. of City of Richmond, 416 U.S. 696 (1974) .............................................. 781 Braude v. Wirtz, 350 F.2d 702 (9th Cir. 1965) ............................................................ 546, 547, 553 Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249 (2007) ............................................................................... 242 Brezilien v. Holder, 569 F.3d 403 (9th Cir. 2009) .............................................................. 158, 173 Brickwood Contractors, Inc. v. U.S., 288 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2002) ........................................ 783 Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135 (1945) ........................ 131, 141, 183, 184, 187, 380, 383, 395, 567 Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398 (2006) ...................................................................... 240, 241 Brignoni-Ponce; U.S. v., 422 U.S. 873 (1975) ................................................... 237, 238, 244, 245 Brijmati Singh v. INS, 134 F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................................................... 110 Brimstone R.R. Co. v. U.S., 276 U.S. 104 (1928) ....................................................................... 668 Brinegar v. U.S., 338 U.S. 160 (1949) ........................................................................................ 233



Briones, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 355 (BIA 2007) ........................................................ 610, 672–74 Briones-Sanchez v. Heinauer, 319 F.3d 324 (8th Cir. 2003) ...................................................... 319 Broad Ave. Laundry & Tailoring v. U.S., 693 F.2d 1367 (Fed. Cir. 1982) ................................. 790 Broaddhus v. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 380 F.3d 162 (4th Cir. 2004) ........................................... 779 Bromfield v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1071 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................................................ 172 Bronisz v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 632 (7th Cir. 2004) ........................................................ 89, 327, 375 Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590 (1975) ....................................................................................... 269 Brown v. Sullivan, 916 F.2d 492 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................ 796, 798 Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47 (1979) ................................................................................... 241, 243 Brownell v. We Shung, 352 U.S. 180 (1956) ...................................................................... 390, 549 Brownlee v. Conine, 957 F.2d 353 (7th Cir. 1992) ..................................................................... 747 Brubaker v. Dickson, 310 F.2d 30 (9th Cir. 1962) ...................................................................... 365 Bruland v. Howerton, 742 F. Supp. 629 (S.D. Fla. 1990) ................................................... 787, 790 Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598 (2000)

....................................................................................................... 585, 707, 780, 782–84 Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976) ........................................................................................... 485 Bullfrog Films, Inc. v. Wick, 959 F.2d 782 (9th Cir. 1992) ......................................................... 786 Bulnes-Nolasco, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 57 (BIA 2009) ........................................................... 337 Bumpers v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543 (1968) ...................................................................... 233 Bunker Hill Co. v. Environmental Prot. Agency, 572 F.2d 1286 (9th Cir. 1977) ....................... 500 Burbano, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 872 (BIA 1994) ....................................................... 53, 102, 126 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 464 U.S. 89 (1983) ... 594 Burgos, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 278 (BIA 1975) ....................................................................... 268 Burka v. HHS, 142 F.3d 1286 (D.C. Cir. 1998) .......................................................................... 706 Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. U.S., 371 U.S. 156 (1962) ......................................................... 105 Burnham v. Superior Ct., 495 U.S. 604 (1990) ........................................................................... 330 Burns v. Cicchi, 702 F. Supp. 2d 281 (D.N.J. 2010) ............................................................. 65, 618 Burrafato v. DOS, 523 F.2d 554 (2d Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 910 (1976)

............................................................................................................. 544, 545, 553, 555 Bustamante v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2008) ..................................... 520, 561, 566, 567 Bustamante v. Napolitano, 582 F.3d 403 (2d Cir. 2009) ............................................................ 584 Butalova v. Attorney Gen., 768 F.3d 1179 (11th Cir. 2014) ....................................................... 147 Butka v. Attorney Gen., 827 F.3d 1278 (11th Cir. 2016) ............................................................ 372 Button Depot, Inc. v. DHS, 386 F. Supp. 2d 1140 (C.D. Cal. 2005) ................................... 493, 502

C Cabaccang v. USCIS, 627 F.3d 1313 (9th Cir. 2010) ................................................................. 484 Caballero v. Caplinger, 914 F. Supp. 1374 (E.D. La. 1996) ...................................................... 456 Cabrera-Alvarez v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................... 166 Cabrera-Perez v. Gonzales, 456 F.3d 109 (3d Cir. 2006) .......................................................... 342 Caceres; U.S. v., 440 U.S. 741 (1979) ........................................................................................ 266 Cadena; U.S. v., 588 F.2d 100 (5th Cir. 1979) ........................................................................... 234 Cajun Elec. Power Coop., Inc. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 924 F.2d 1132 (D.C. Cir. 1991)

..................................................................................................................................... 616 Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386 (1798) ............................................................................................... 632 Calderon-Median; U.S. v., 591 F.2d 529 (9th Cir. 1979) ........................................................... 266 Calexico Warehouse, Inc. v. Neufeld, 259 F. Supp. 2d 1067 (S.D. Cal. 2002) ........................... 149 Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977) ...................................................................... 75, 489, 522 California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621 (1991) ............................................................................ 241 Calle-Vujiles v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 472 (3d Cir. 2003) .............................................................. 370



Calma v. Holder, 663 F.3d 868 (7th Cir. 2011) .................................................................. 144, 351 Camara v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 361 (4th Cir. 2004) ..................................................................... 136 Camara v. Municipal Ct., 387 U.S. 523 (1967) .................................................................. 232, 256 Cameo Mapele Sika, In re, 2008 Immigr. Rptr. LEXIS 9879 (BIA 2008) ................................. 384 Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253 (D.C. Cir. 1993) ........................................................... 498 Camins v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. 2007) ..................................................... 452, 611, 644 Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138 (1973) ............................................................................................ 499 Campbell, U.S. ex rel. v. Pate, 401 F.2d 55 (7th Cir. 1968) ............................................... 199, 517 Camphill Soltane v. DOJ, 381 F.3d 143 (3d Cir. 2004) .............................................. 149, 502, 629 Campos v. INS, 62 F.3d 311 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................... 525 Campos v. Nail, 43 F.3d 1285 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................... 192, 489 Camposeco-Montejo v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................... 52, 136 Cano-Merida v. INS, 311 F.3d 960 (9th Cir. 2002) .................... 108, 114, 151, 205, 225, 301, 315 Cano-Saldarriaga v. Holder, 729 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2013) ............................................................ 92 Capogrosso v. Supreme Court of N.J., 588 F.3d 180 (3d Cir. 2009) .......................................... 753 Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234 (1968) .......................................................................... 413, 462 Carbonell v. INS, 429 F.3d 894 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 783, 784 Cardenas v. Lynch, 826 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2016) ............................................................. 532, 561 Cardenas-Delgado v. Holder, 720 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. 2013) .................................................... 651 Cardoso v. Reno, 216 F.3d 512 (5th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................... 483 Cardoso-Tlaseca v. Gonzales, 460 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2006) ............................................ 358, 383 Cardoza-Fonseca; INS v., 480 U.S. 421 (1987) ................................. 598, 599, 615, 673, 728, 740 Carlton; U.S. v., 512 U.S. 26 (1994) .................................................................................. 633, 634 Caro v. Calderon, 165 F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 1999) ....................................................................... 365 Carpio v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1091 (10th Cir. 2010) ..................................................................... 613 Carranza-de Salinas v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 200 (5th Cir. 2007) .......................................... 54, 646 Carrillo, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 30 (BIA 1979) ....................................................................... 275 Carroll v. U.S., 267 U.S. 132 (1925) .......................................................................... 234, 246, 247 Carson v. Billings Police Dep’t, 470 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................... 799 Casares-Castellon v. Holder, 603 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. 2010) ..................................................... 629 Casas-Castrillon v. DHS, 535 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................. 420, 422, 425, 439, 464 Castañeda v. Souza, 952 F. Supp. 2d 307 (D. Mass. 2013), aff’d, 769 F.3d 329 (1st Cir. 2014),

reh’g en banc granted, 810 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 2015) ............. 433, 435, 436, 595, 600, 613 Castaneda-Castillo v. Holder, 723 F.3d 48 (1st Cir. 2013) ................................ 772, 778, 784, 785 Castaneda-Delgado v. INS, 525 F.2d 1295 (7th Cir. 1975) ........................................ 190, 210, 226 Castilho de Oliveira v. Holder, 564 F.3d 892 (7th Cir. 2009) .................................................... 205 Castillo v. ICE Field Office Dir., 907 F. Supp. 2d 1235 (W.D. Wash. 2012) ..................... 441, 442 Castillo v. Pratt, 162 F. Supp. 2d 575 (N.D. Tex. 2001) ............................................................ 471 Castillo-Perez v. INS, 212 F.3d 518 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................... 315, 364 Castillo-Villagra v. INS, 972 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1992) ....................................................... 56, 208 Castracani v. Chertoff, 377 F. Supp. 2d 71 (D.D.C. 2005) ......................................... 580, 581, 584 Castrejon-Garcia v. INS, 60 F.3d 1359 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................................ 92 Castro v. DHS, 835 F.3d 422 (3d Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... 286, 290 Castro v. Holder, 727 F.3d 125 (1st Cir. 2013) .......................................................................... 147 Castro-Cortez v. INS, 239 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................. 209, 307, 310 Castro-O’Ryan v. INS, 847 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1988) ............................................... 209, 211, 794 Catalina Arreguin De Rodriguez, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 38 (BIA 1995) ........................ 162, 165 Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. v. Ashcroft, 268 F. Supp. 2d 1172 (E.D. Cal. 2002) ............................. 36 Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. v. INS, 232 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................ 180, 490, 511 Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. v. Napolitano, 837 F. Supp. 2d 1059 (E.D. Cal. 2011) .............. 796, 805 Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc.; Reno v., 509 U.S. 43 (1993) ........................................ 39, 473, 474, 485



Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. v. Reno, No. Cv. S-86-1343-LKK (E.D. Cal. Nov. 1986) .................... 70 Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. v. Reno, No. Cv. S-98-629-LKK (E.D. Cal. Apr. 1998) ...................... 70 Cazalas v. DOJ, 709 F.2d 1051 (5th Cir. 1983) ............................................................ 704, 706–10 Cazares v. Barber, 959 F.2d 753 (9th Cir. 1992) ........................................................................ 798 Cazun v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 856 F.3d 249 (3d Cir. 2017) ......................................................... 303 CBS v. FCC, 454 F.2d 1018 (D.C. Cir. 1971) ............................................................................. 617 CDI Info. Servs., Inc. v. Reno, 278 F.3d 616 (6th Cir. 2002) .............................................. 145, 509 Cece v. Holder, 733 F.3d 662 (7th Cir. 2013) ............................................................................. 102 Cedar Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers of Am., 560 F.2d 1153 (4th Cir. 1977) ......................... 31 Celis-Castellano v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 888 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 340 Cen v. Attorney Gen., 825 F.3d 177 (3d Cir. 2016) .................................................................... 107 Centennial Archaeology v. AECOM, 688 F.3d 673 (10th Cir. 2012) ......................................... 799 Centeno v. Schultz, 817 F.2d 1212 (5th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1005 (1988) ............ 546 Centeno-Ortiz v. Culley, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5910 (S.D. Cal. 2012) .............................. 36, 384 Center for Food Safety v. Johanns, 451 F. Supp. 2d 1165 (D. Haw. 2006) ................................ 776 Cerda-Pena; U.S. v., 799 F.2d 1374 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................. 224 Cerezo v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 107, 346 Cerrillo-Perez v. INS, 809 F.2d 1419 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................................. 743 Cervantes v. Holder, 597 F.3d 229 (4th Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 103 Cervantes-Gonzalez v. INS, 244 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................ 166, 655 Cervantez v. Sullivan, 739 F. Supp. 517 (E.D. Cal. 1990) .......................................................... 776 Cevilla v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 658 (7th Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 371 Chacon-Botero v. Attorney Gen., 427 F.3d 954, (11th Cir. 2005) .............................................. 178 Chacon-Corral v. Weber, 259 F. Supp. 2d 1151 (D. Colo. 2003) ...................................... 325, 409 Chadha v. INS, 634 F.2d 408 (9th Cir. 1980), aff’d, 462 U.S. 919 (1983)

.............................................................. 21, 22, 30, 34, 139, 159, 222, 278, 285, 393, 558 Chae Chan Ping v. U.S., 130 U.S. 581 (1889) .................... 278, 534, 558, 715, 716, 718, 723, 724 Chaidez v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir. 2007) .......................................................... 335, 338 Chairez-Castrejon v. Bible, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66523 (D. Utah 2016) ............................... 429 Chakonos v. City of Chi., 42 F.3d 1132 (7th Cir. 1994) ............................................................. 361 Chalmers v. City of L.A., 796 F.2d 1205 (9th Cir. 1986) ............................................................ 799 Cham v. Attorney Gen., 445 F.3d 683 (3d Cir. 2006) ................. 107, 151, 190, 201, 203, 204, 216 Chamber of Commerce v. Dep’t of Energy, 627 F.2d 289 (D.C. Cir. 1980) ................................. 31 Chambers v. Florida, 309 U.S. 227 (1940) ................................................................................. 254 Chambers v. NASCO, 501 U.S. 32 (1991) .......................................................................... 796, 797 Chambers v. Reno, 307 F.3d 284 (4th Cir. 2002) ....................................................... 643, 645, 651 Champion v. Holder, 626 F.3d 952 (7th Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 163 Chan v. Reno, 113 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................. 480 Chan v. Reno, 916 F. Supp. 1289 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) .................................................................... 484 Chandra v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2014) .................................................................... 347 Chang v. INS, 327 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................... 41, 51, 482, 672 Chapman v. U.S., 365 U.S. 610 (1961) ....................................................................................... 239 Chaunt v. U.S., 364 U.S. 350 (1960) .......................................................................................... 576 Chavarria-Reyes v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 275 (7th Cir. 2016) ............................................... 2, 192, 200 Chavez-Alvarez v. Warden York Cnty. Prison, 783 F.3d 469 (3d Cir. 2015) .............................. 429 Chehazeh v. Attorney Gen., 666 F.3d 118 (3d Cir. 2012) ........................... 373, 491, 508, 510, 513 Chen v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................................ 132, 133, 136 Chen v. Bureau of Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 470 F.3d 509 (2d Cir. 2006) .......... 159, 164, 174 Chen v. DOJ, 434 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2006) ................................................................................. 177 Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268 (2d Cir. 2005) .......................................................................... 201 Chen v. INS, 87 F.3d 5 (1st Cir. 1996) ........................................................................................ 130



Chen v. INS, 266 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................... 110 Chen v. INS, 359 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2004) ................................................................................... 201 Chen v. Reno, 1997 WL 316482, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8072 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...................... 483 Chen v. Slattery, 842 F. Supp. 597 (D.D.C. 1994) ...................................................................... 793 Chenery Corp.; SEC v., 318 U.S. 80 (1943) ............................................... 101, 104, 105, 121, 501 Chenery Corp.; SEC v., 332 U.S. 194 (1947) .............. 101, 104, 105, 115, 117, 501, 617, 664, 671 Cheng Fan Kwok v. INS, 392 U.S. 206 (1968) ................................................................... 474, 476 Chen Zhou Chai v. Carroll, 48 F.3d 1331 (4th Cir. 1995) .......................................................... 667 Chernekoff v. U.S., 219 F.2d 721 (9th Cir. 1955) ............................................................... 188, 518 Chete Juarez v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 944 (9th Cir. 2004) ...................................................... 136, 339 Cheuk Fung S-Yong v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1028 (9th Cir. 2010) ..................................................... 54 Cheung Tin Wong v. INS, 468 F.2d 1123 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ......................................................... 243 Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97 (1971) .................................................................. 670, 676 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984) 8, 106, 107, 501, 593, 595–98, 600, 602Chew Heong v. U.S., 112 U.S. 536 (1884) .................................................................. 634, 641, 716 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & P.R. Co. v. U.S., 585 F.2d 254 (7th Cir. 1978) ....................... 518 The Chinese Exclusion Case. See Chae Chan Ping v. U.S. Ching v. Mayorkas, 725 F.3d 1149 (9th Cir. 2013) .................................................... 197, 494, 519 Chin Len; U.S. v., 187 Fed. 544 (2d Cir. 1911) .......................................................................... 390 Chin Yow v. U.S., 208 U.S. 8 (1908) ........................................................................................... 394 Chisholm v. FCC, 538 F.2d 349 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 890 (1976) ........................ 664 Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 419 (1793) ...................................................... 723, 724, 732 Chlomos v. INS, 516 F.2d 310 (3d Cir. 1975) ............................................................................. 190 Cho v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 96 (1st Cir. 2005) ............................................................................. 156 Choin v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 614 Chong v. District Dir., 264 F.3d 378 (3d Cir. 2001) ..................................................................... 35 Chowdhury v. Ashcroft, 241 F.3d 848 (7th Cir. 2001) ........................................................ 340, 350 Chowdhury v. INS, 249 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. 2001) ....................................................................... 171 Christensen v. Harris Cnty., 529 U.S. 576 (2000) ...................................................................... 612 Christopher v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., 132 S. Ct. 2156 (2011) .................................... 627, 628 Christopher; United States v., 239 F.3d 1191 (11th Cir. 2001) .................................................. 647 Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281 (1979) .......................................................................... 680 Chung v. DOJ, 333 F.3d 273 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ........................................................................... 492 Chung Shee; U.S. v., 76 Fed. 951 (9th Cir. 1896) ....................................................................... 390 Chupina v. Holder, 570 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2009) ............................................................................ 92 Church of Scientology v. Dep’t of Army, 611 F.2d 738 (9th Cir. 1979) ...................................... 691 Church of Scientology v. U.S. Postal Serv., 700 F.2d 486 (9th Cir. 1983) ......................... 707, 708 Church of Scientology of Cal. v. IRS, 792 F.2d 146 (D.C. Cir. 1986) ........................................ 703 Cinapian v. Holder, 567 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 2009) .................................................................... 189 Circu v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 990 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................................................ 202 Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. DHS, 648 F. Supp. 2d 152 (D.D.C. 2009) ...... 687 Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. Federal Elections Comm’n,

711 F.3d 180 (D.C. Cir. 2011) ............................................................................. 697, 701 Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402 (1971)

............................................................................. 104, 113, 477, 499–501, 524, 615, 617 City of. See name of city Clark v. Allen, 331 U.S. 503 (1947) ............................................................................................ 740 Clark v. K-Mart Corp., 979 F.2d 965 (3d Cir. 1992) .................................................................... 31 Clark v. Martinez, 543 U.S. 371 (2005) ........................................................ 34, 425, 445, 458, 598 Clarke v. Security Indus. Ass’n, 479 U.S. 388 (1987) ................................................................... 23 Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 (1974) ........................................................... 514



Clifton v. Holder, 598 F.3d 486 (8th Cir. 2010) .................................................................. 348, 354 Clinton v. New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998) .................................................................................... 13 Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854 (D.C. Cir. 1980) ... 684, 686, 692, 693 Cohen v. Virginia, 300 U.S. 264 (1937) ....................................................................................... 20 Coit Independence Joint Venture v. FSLIC, 489 U.S. 561 (1989) .......................................... 45, 73 Cojocari v. Sessions, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 12394 (7th Cir. July 11, 2017) .................... 102, 113 Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977) ...................................................................................... 739 Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................................................. 118 Coleman v. Block, 589 F. Supp. 1411 (D.N.D. 1984) ................................................................. 806 Coleman v. U.S., 454 F. Supp. 2d 757 (N.D. Ill. 2006) ................................................................ 18 Colgate-Palmolive Co.; FTC v., 380 U.S. 374 (1965) ................................................................ 594 Colindres-Aguilar v. INS, 819 F.2d 259 (9th Cir. 1987) ..................................................... 211, 228 Collado-Munoz, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1061 (BIA 1998) ........................ 448, 449, 453, 505, 641 Collins v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm., 737 F. Supp. 1467 (N.D. Ill. 1990) ................. 505 Colmenar v. INS, 210 F.3d 967 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................. 152, 184, 195, 205, 301, 315 Comite de Jornaleros de Redondo Beach v. City of Redondo Beach, 657 F.3d 936 (9th Cir. 2011) .... 24 Commercial Solvents Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 371 F. Supp. 247 (S.D.N.Y. 1974) .......... 191 Committee for Immigr. Rights v. County of Sonoma, 644 F. Supp. 2d 1177 (N.D. Cal. 2009) ..... 19 Communications Satellite Corp. v. FCC, 836 F.2d 623 (D.C. Cir. 1988) ................................... 503 Comollari v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 694 (7th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 105 Compean, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 710 (AG 2009) ............................................ 211, 212, 216, 353 Compean, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 1 (AG 2009) ................................................................ 211, 362 Computerware, Inc. v. Knotts, 626 F. Supp. 956 (E.D.N.C. 1986) ............................................. 497 Concentrated Phosphate Exp. Ass’n; U.S. v., 393 U.S. 199 (1968) .............................................. 28 Connecticut Bd. of Pardons v. Dumschat, 452 U.S. 458 (1981) ................................................. 516 Connolly; U.S. v., 479 F.2d 930 (9th Cir. 1973) ......................................................................... 248 Conrad v. Barnhart, 434 F.3d 987 (7th Cir. 2006) ..................................................................... 787 Constanza v. Holder, 647 F.3d 749 (8th Cir. 2011) .................................................................... 172 Consumer Fed’n of Am. v. FCC, 348 F.3d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ................................................ 26 Continental Ill. Sec. Litig., Matter of, 962 F.2d 566 (7th Cir. 1992) .......................................... 805 Contreras-Bocanegra v. Holder, 678 F.3d 811 (10th Cir. 2012) ........ 104, 324, 327, 356, 600, 623 Contreras-Rodriguez v. Attorney Gen., 462 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2006) ............................ 337, 358 Cooper v. McGrath, 314 F. Supp. 2d 967 (N.D. Cal. 2004) ....................................................... 377 Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384 (1990) ............................................................ 503 Copeland; U.S. v., 376 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 2004) ................................................... 193, 222, 227, 516 Corado-Arriaza v. Lynch, 844 F.3d 74 (1st Cir. 2016) ............................................................... 266 Corcoran v. CBS, Inc., 121 F.2d 575 (9th Cir. 1941) ................................................................. 781 Corder v. Gates, 947 F.2d 374 (9th Cir. 1991) ........................................................................... 799 Cordero-Trejo v. INS, 40 F.3d 482 (1st Cir. 1994) ..................................................................... 201 Cordes v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 89 Cordova, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 966 (BIA 1999) ............................................................. 186, 217 Cordova v. Holder, 759 F.3d 332 (4th Cir. 2014) ....................................................................... 118 Cordova-Soto v. Holder, 659 F.3d 1029 (10th Cir. 2011) .................................................. 313, 322 Cordova-Soto v. Holder, 732 F.3d 789 (7th Cir. 2013) .............................................................. 767 Cornella v. Schweiker, 728 F.2d 978 (8th Cir. 1984) ......................................................... 772, 799 Coronado-Durazo v. INS, 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................................... 171 Correa-Rivera v. Holder, 706 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 2013) ........................................................... 214 Cortes-Medina, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 79 (BIA 2013) ............................................................ 622 Costello v. U.S., 365 U.S. 265 (1961) ................................................................................. 492, 576 Cotterman; U.S. v., 709 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 2013) ....................................................................... 234 Cotzojay v. Holder, 725 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2013) ........................................................ 260, 262, 268



County of. See name of county Coyotl v. Kelly, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108953 (N.D. Ga. 2017) .............................. 180, 511, 513 Coyt v. Holder, 593 F.3d 902 (9th Cir. 2010) ....................................................................... 57, 357 Crandon v. U.S., 494 U.S. 152 (1990) ................................................................................ 606, 613 C-R-C-, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 677 (BIA 2008) ....................................................................... 343 Credit Francais Int’l, S.A. v. Bio-Vita, Ltd., 78 F.3d 69 (1st Cir. 1996) ..................................... 378 Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117 (4th Cir. 2011) ............................................... 88, 104 Crews; U.S. v., 445 U.S. 463 (1980) ........................................................................................... 268 Crooker v. ATF, 670 F.2d 1051 (D.C. Cir. 1981) ....................................................................... 684 Cruz, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 236 (BIA 1975) ........................................................... 588, 589, 591 Cruz; U.S. v., 701 F. Supp. 440 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) ....................................................................... 239 Cruz-Camey v. Gonzales, 504 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2007) ................................................................. 88 Cruz-Garcia, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1155 (BIA 1999) ............................................................ 331 Cruz-Gomez v. Lynch, 801 F.3d 695 (6th Cir. 2015) .................................................................. 342 Cruz-Rendon v. Holder, 603 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................. 145, 189, 195 Csapo; SEC v., 533 F.2d 7 (D.C. Cir. 1976) ............................................................................... 504 Cuevas-Gaspar v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 1013 (9th Cir. 2005) ...................................................... 623 Cui v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1289 (9th Cir. 2008) .......................................................................... 114 Cummings v. Sullivan, 950 F.2d 492 (7th Cir. 1991) .................................................................. 776 Cunanan v. INS, 856 F.2d 1373 (9th Cir. 1988) ......................................................................... 197 Curran v. Laird, 420 F.2d 12 (D.C. Cir. 1969) ............................................................................. 15 Curtiss-Wright Exp. Corp.; U.S. v., 299 U.S. 304 (1936) ................................................... 718, 723 Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335 (1980) ............................................................................. 216, 217 Czerkies v. DOL, 73 F.3d 1435 (7th Cir. 1996) .......................................................................... 489

D Dabone v. Karn, 763 F.2d 593 (3d Cir. 1985) ...................................................................... 98, 406 Dabone v. Thornburgh, 734 F. Supp. 195 (E.D. Pa. 1990) ......................................................... 780 Dada v. Mukasey, 554 U.S. 1 (2008) .................................................................. 100, 324, 359, 765 Dailide v. Attorney Gen., 387 F.3d 1335 (11th Cir. 2004) ............................................................ 35 Dakaj v. Holder, 580 F.3d 479 (7th Cir. 2009) ................................................................... 145, 348 Dakane v. Attorney Gen., 399 F.3d 1269 (11th Cir. 2005) ......................................................... 215 D’Alessandro v. Mukasey, 628 F. Supp. 2d 368 (W.D.N.Y. 2009) ............................ 443, 444, 446 Dalip Singh v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................. 108, 607, 608 D’Amico v. Indus. Union of Marine & Shipbuilding Workers of Am., 630 F. Supp. 919 (D. Md. 1986)

..................................................................................................................................... 811 Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 2005) .............................................................................. 801 Danilov v. Aguirre, 370 F. Supp. 2d 441 (E.D. Va. 2005) .......................................................... 580 Dantran, Inc. v. DOL, 246 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2001) ..................................................................... 786 Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137 (1993) ................................................................. 66–69, 480, 484 Darnbrough v. DOS, 924 F. Supp. 2d 213 (D.D.C. 2013) .......................................................... 682 Da Silva v. Kinsho Int’l Corp., 299 F.3d 358 (2d Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 81 Davidson v. Glickman, 169 F.3d 9960 (5th Cir. 1999) ............................................................... 501 Davidson v. Veneman, 317 F.3d 503 (5th Cir. 2003) .................................................................. 786 Davin v. DOJ, 60 F.3d 1043 (3d Cir. 1995) ................................................................................ 692 Davis v. City & Cnty. of S.F., 976 F.2d 1536 (9th Cir. 1992) ............................................. 804, 807 Davis v. FEC, 554 U.S. 724 (2008) .............................................................................................. 12 Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 (1969) .................................................................................. 272 Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979) ..................................................................................... 752 Davy v. CIA, 456 F.3d 162 (D.C. Cir. 2006) ............................................................................... 783



Davy v. CIA, 550 F.3d 1155 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ..................................................................... 708, 709 Dawoud v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 608 (7th Cir. 2005) .................................................................... 315 D.B. v. Cardall, 826 F.3d 721 (4th Cir. 2016) ............................................................................ 519 Dean Foods Co.; FTC v., 384 U.S. 597 (1966) ............................................................ 98, 329, 406 Dearinger ex rel. Volkova v. Reno, 232 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................. 97, 315, 367 DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla. Gulf Coast Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, 485 U.S. 568 (1988) ..... 598 Debeato v. Attorney Gen., 505 F.3d 231 (3d Cir. 2007) ............................................. 316, 321, 322 Decker v. Northwest Envtl. Def. Ctr., 133 S. Ct. 1326 (2013) .................................................... 627 De Horta Garcia; U.S. v., 519 F.3d 658 (7th Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 643 De Jesus Corona v. Derosa, 325 F. Supp. 2d 516 (D.N.J. 2004) ............................................... 123 De Jesus Ramirez v. Reich, 156 F.3d 1273 (D.C. 1998) ....................................................... 23, 493 De Jimenez v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 783 (8th Cir. 2004) ................................................................ 341 De La Cruz, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 346 (BIA 1991) ................................................................ 431 De La Cruz; U.S. v., No. 11-5114, 2013 WL 93170 (10th Cir. Jan. 9, 2013) ............................. 273 de la Llana-Castellon v. INS, 16 F.3d 1093 (10th Cir. 1994) ............................................. 202, 208 Delaney, Migdail & Young, Chartered v. IRS, 826 F.2d 124 (D.C. Cir. 1987) .......................... 686 De La Paz v. Coy, 786 F.3d 367 (5th Cir. 2015) ......................................................................... 258 De Lara Bellajaro v. Schiltgen, 378 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................. 588, 590, 591 De La Rosa v. Holder, 598 F.3d 103 (2d Cir. 2010) ................................................................... 175 De Laurentiis v. Haig, 686 F.2d 192 (3d Cir. 1982) ................................................................... 682 Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979) .......................................................................... 235, 236 De Leon v. INS, 115 F.3d 643 (9th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................... 98, 763 Delgadillo v. Carmichael, 332 U.S. 388 (1947) ........................................................... 396, 450–53 Delgado v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................. 119, 201, 594, 626 Delgado; INS v., 466 U.S. 210 (1984) ................................................................................ 241, 244 Delgado v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 2008) ....................................................................... 311 Delgado-Reynua v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 596 (5th Cir. 2006) ................................................ 88, 411 DeLorme v. Sullivan, 924 F.2d 841 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................................................... 218 Deloso v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. 2004) ....................................................................... 136 Del Pilar v. Attorney Gen., 326 F.3d 1154 (11th Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 91 DeMelo v. Cobb, 936 F. Supp. 30 (D. Mass. 1996), vacated, 108 F.3d 328 (1st Cir. 1997) ....... 431 Democratic Senatorial Campaign Comm.; FEC v., 454 U.S. 27 (1981) ............................ 594, 617 De Morales v. INS, 116 F.3d 145 (5th Cir. 1997) ....................................................................... 341 Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510 (2003) .................................... 417, 419, 421–23, 427, 430, 455, 463 Denessy, Petition of, 200 F. Supp. 354 (D. Del. 1961) ............................................................... 759 De Niz Robles v. Lynch, 803 F.3d 1165 (10th Cir. 2015) ................................................... 672, 676 Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717 (6th Cir. 2003) ....................................................................... 129, 132 Dent v. Holder, 627 F.3d 365 (9th Cir. 2010) ..................................................................... 194, 227 Dent v. West Va., 129 U.S. 114 (1889) ....................................................................................... 199 De Osorio v. Mayorkas, 695 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. 2012) ............................................................. 600 Department of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352 (1976) .............................................................. 679 Department of Def. v. Federal Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487 (1994) ...................... 680, 688 Department of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1 (2001) ..... 679, 680, 683 Department of Justice (DOJ) v.. See name of opposing party Department of State (DOS) v.. See name of opposing party Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326 (1980) ............................................................ 33 de Rodriguez-Echeverria v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................................ 133 De Sandoval v. Attorney Gen., 440 F.3d 1276 (11th Cir. 2006) ................................................. 310 Descamps v. U.S., 133 S. Ct. 2276 (2013) .................................................................................. 423 Desta v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2003) ....................................................................... 88 Desta v. Ashcroft, 365 F.3d 741 (9th Cir. 2004) ......................................................................... 177



Detroit Free Press v. Ashcroft, 195 F. Supp. 2d 948 (E.D. Mich. 2002) .................................... 489 De Vega v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2007) ...................................................................... 452 Devine v. Cleland, 616 F.2d 1080 (9th Cir. 1980) ...................................................................... 490 Dewalt v. Sullivan, 963 F.2d 27 (3d Cir. 1992) .......................................................................... 793 Dhangu v. INS, 812 F.2d 455 (9th Cir. 1987) ............................................................................... 50 Dhuka v. Holder, 716 F.3d 149 (5th Cir. 2013) .......................................................................... 612 Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228 (3d Cir. 2003) ............................................. 110, 113, 129, 130, 136 Diallo v. INS, 232 F.3d 279 (2d Cir. 2000) ................................................................................. 110 Dias v. INS, 311 F.3d 456 (1st Cir. 2002) ................................................................................... 651 Diaz-Covarrubias v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 2009) ................................................... 145 Diaz-Resendez v. INS, 960 F.2d 493 (5th Cir. 1992) .................................................................. 617 Dickerson v. U.S., 530 U.S. 428 (2000) ...................................................................................... 255 Dickerson; U.S. v., 873 F.2d 1181 (9th Cir. 1988) ..................................................................... 247 Diggs v. Richardson, 555 F.2d 848 (D.C. Cir. 1976) .......................................................... 728, 731 Dillingham v. INS, 267 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................ 171 D-I-M-, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 448 (BIA 2008) ....................................................................... 154 Din v. Kerry, 718 F.3d 856 (9th Cir. 2013) ......................................................................... 559, 561 Dina v. Attorney Gen., 793 F.2d 473 (2d Cir. 1986) ................................................................... 507 Dinnall v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 247 (3d Cir. 2005) .............................................. 307, 321, 611, 656 Diop v. ICE/DHS, 656 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2011) ...................................................... 32, 34, 424, 427 Diouf v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 1222 (9th Cir. 2008), rev’d after remand sub nom. Diouf v. Napolitano,

634 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2011) .......................................... 34, 426, 428, 439, 445, 446, 455 Di Pasquale v. Karnuth, 158 F.2d 878 (2d Cir. 1947) ........................................ 450, 452, 455, 658 D-J-, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 572 (BIA 2003) ........................................................................... 468 Djavaherian v. Holder, 592 F. App’x 648 (9th Cir. 2015) ......................................................... 354 Djedovic v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 547 (7th Cir. 2006) ................................................................... 187 Doan v. INS, 311 F.3d 1160 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................................................................... 465 Dobrota v. INS, 311 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................................................... 333 Doe v. Boston Pub. Schs., 358 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2004) ............................................................... 782 Doe v. Harris, 696 F.2d 109 (D.C. Cir. 1982) .............................................................................. 29 Doe v. U.S., 821 F.2d 694 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ........................................................................ 106, 501 Doherty; INS v., 502 U.S. 314 (1992) ......................................................................................... 346 Doissaint v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................................................ 104, 120 DOJ v., See name of opposing party Donawa v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 735 F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2013) ................................................ 107 Dong v. Chertoff, 513 F. Supp. 2d 1158 (N.D. Cal. 2007) .......................................................... 524 DOS v., See name of opposing party Douglas, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 197 (BIA 2013) ..................................................................... 626 Douglas v. Baker, 809 F. Supp. 131 (D.D.C. 1992) ........................................................... 794, 806 Dow v. Circuit Ct. of First Cir., 995 F.2d 922 (9th Cir. 1993) ................................................... 461 Drayton; U.S. v., 536 U.S. 194 (2002) ................................................................................ 238, 241 Dream Palace v. County of Maricopa, 384 F.3d 990 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................... 29 Driver; U.S. v., 776 F.2d 807 (9th Cir. 1985) ............................................................................. 240 Drysdale, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 815 (BIA 1994) .................................................................... 431 D.S., Matter of, Precautionary Measure No. 152-16 (IACHR 2016) .......................................... 744 DSE, Inc. v. U.S., 169 F.3d 21 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ........................................................................... 69 Duarte-Ceri v. Holder, 630 F.3d 83 (2d Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 577 Dugdale v. CBP, 88 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2015), aff’d sub nom. Dugdale v. Lynch,

2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 19332 (D.C. Cir. 2016) .................................................. 286, 290 Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Envtl. Study Group, 438 U.S. 59 (1978) ......................................... 14 Duldulao v. INS, 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................... 77



Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200 (1979) ...................................................... 241, 243, 244, 247 Dung Van Chau v. INS, 247 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2001) .............................................................. 124 Duran Gonzales v. DHS, 508 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2007) ...................................... 306, 307, 625–27 Duran Gonzales v. DHS, 659 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. 2011) .............................................................. 307 Duran Gonzales v. DHS, 712 F.3d 1271 (9th Cir. 2013) ............................................................ 306 Duran-Hernandez v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. 2003) ................................................. 311

E Echavarria-Escobar; U.S. v., 270 F.3d 1265 (9th Cir. 2001) ....................................................... 63 Echevarria v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 168 (1st Cir. 2007) ................................................................... 494 Ed A. Wilson, Inc. v. General Servs. Admin., 126 F.3d 1406 (Fed. Cir. 1997) ........... 772, 792, 799 Edelman v. Lynchburg Coll., 535 U.S. 106 (2002) ....................................................................... 81 Edge v. Robertson, 112 U.S. 580 (1884) ..................................................................... 714, 725, 727 Edu v. Holder, 624 F.3d 1137 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................................................ 172 Eduard v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 182 (5th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 136 Edwards v. Barnhart, 214 F. Supp. 2d 700 (W.D. Tex. 2002) ................................................... 793 Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160 (1941) .............................................................................. 714 Edwards v. INS, 393 F.3d 299 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................................................. 228 EG Enters., Inc. v. DHS, 467 F. Supp. 2d 728 (E.D. Mich. 2006) ........................................ 69, 493 Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972) ................................................................................... 514 Ekanem v. Health & Hosp. Corp., 778 F.2d 1254 (7th Cir. 1985) .............................................. 779 Ekimian v. INS, 303 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................... 370, 371, 507 Ekiu v. U.S., 142 U.S. 651 (1892) 6, 139, 142, 278, 284, 285, 291, 292, 389, 390, 392, 394, 395, 534, 535, 542, 5El Al Israel Airlines, Ltd. v. Tsui Yuan Tseng, 525 U.S. 155 (1999) .......................................... 728 El Badrawi v. DHS, 583 F. Supp. 2d 285 (D. Conn. 2008) ........................................ 683, 685, 691 El-Daour v. Chertoff, 417 F. Supp. 2d 679 (W.D. Pa. 2005) .............................................. 580, 581 Electronic Frontier Found. v. DOJ, 826 F. Supp. 2d 157 (D.D.C. 2011) ........................... 691, 692 El Himri v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 1261 (9th Cir. 2003) .......................................................... 100, 765 Elias v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 444 (6th Cir. 2007) ............................................................................. 2 Elias-Zacarias; INS v., 502 U.S. 478 (1992) ........................................................................ 110–12 El-Khader v. Monica, 366 F.3d 562 (7th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 144 Elkins v. U.S., 364 U.S. 206 (1960) ............................................................................................ 232 Ellis, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 641 (BIA 1993) ........................................................................... 431 Elmo Div. of Drive-X Co. v. Dixon, 348 F.2d 342 (D.C. Cir. 1965) ........................................... 489 El Rescate Legal Servs., Inc. v. Exec. Office for Immigr. Review, 959 F.2d 742 (9th Cir. 1991) ... 58, 64 Eneh v. Holder, 601 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 119, 172 Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 (1982) .................................................................................... 739 Enriquez-Alvarado v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 246 (5th Cir. 2004) ............................................ 370, 371 Environmental Def. Fund v. Ruckelshaus, 439 F.2d 584 (D.C. Cir. 1971) ................................. 159 Enwonwu v. Chertoff, 376 F. Supp. 2d 42 (D. Mass. 2005) ........................................................ 405 Enwonwu v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 22 (1st Cir. 2006) .................................................................... 176 EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73 (1973) ........................................................................................ 680, 681 Equal Rights Ctr. v. Post Props., Inc., 633 F.3d 1136 (D.C. Cir. 2010) ....................................... 25 E-R-M-F- & A-S-M-, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 580 (BIA 2011) .................................................. 252 Errico; INS v., 385 U.S. 214 (1966) ........................................................................................... 576 Escobar Barraza v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 388 (7th Cir. 2008) ...................................................... 618 Escobar-Grijalva v. INS, 206 F.3d 1331 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 364, 367 Escobedo v. State of Ill., 378 U.S. 478 (1964) ............................................................................ 249 Escudero-Arciniega v. Holder, 702 F.3d 781(5th Cir. 2012) ...................................................... 172 Espinoza; U.S. v., 490 F.3d 41 (1st Cir. 2007) ............................................................................ 245



Espinoza-Gutierrez v. Smith, 94 F.3d 1270 (9th Cir. 1996) .......................................................... 57 Esquivel v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 919 (7th Cir. 2008) .................................................................... 599 Esquivel-Quintana v. Lynch, 810 F.3d 1019 (6th Cir. 2016) ...................................................... 606 Essa v. USCIS, No. 05-1449(DSD/JJG), 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38803 (D. Minn. Dec. 14, 2005) .. 581 Estep v. U.S., 327 U.S. 114 (1946) ............................................................................................. 395 Estrada-Espinoza v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................................... 608, 614 Estrada-Rosales v. INS, 645 F.2d 819 (9th Cir. 1981) ........................................................ 382, 383 Etape v. Chertoff, 497 F.3d 379 (4th Cir. 2007) ................................................................. 584, 590 Ettienne v. Holder, 659 F.3d 513 (6th Cir. 2011) ....................................................................... 162 Ettlinger v. FBI, 596 F. Supp. 867 (D. Mass. 1984) ................................................................... 703 Etuk v. Slattery, 936 F.2d 1433 (2d Cir. 1991) ................................................................. 12, 17, 35 Ewing v. Rodgers, 826 F.2d 967 (10th Cir. 1987) ...................................................................... 773 Ex parte. See name of party Ezeagwuna v. Ashcroft, 325 F.3d 396 (3d Cir. 2003) ................................................................. 197

F Fadiga v. Attorney Gen., 488 F.3d 142 (3d Cir. 2007) ....................... 107, 213, 346, 363, 366, 370 Fair Hous. Council v. Roommate.com, LLC, 666 F.3d 1216 (9th Cir. Cal. 2012) ........................ 24 Fair Hous. of Marin v. Combs, 285 F.3d 899 (9th Cir. 2002) ...................................................... 24 Faiz-Mohammad v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 799 (7th Cir. 2005) ....................................... 307, 309, 657 Fajardo v. Attorney Gen., 659 F.3d 1303 (11th Cir. 2011) ......................................................... 601 Fakhry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2008) .................................................................... 178 Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................ 58, 129, 130, 132–35 Families for Freedom v. Customs & Border Prot., 797 F. Supp. 2d 375 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ........ 691 Families for Freedom v. Customs & Border Prot., 837 F. Supp. 2d 331 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) ........ 703 Farez-Espinoza v. Chertoff, 600 F. Supp. 2d 488 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) .................................... 469, 471 Farhoud v. INS, 122 F.3d 794 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................ 335 Farinas, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 467 (BIA 1967) .............. 305, 316, 317, 375, 376, 381, 382, 384 Farjado v. INS, 300 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................................... 368 Faruki v. Rogers, 349 F. Supp. 723 (D.D.C. 1972) .................................................................... 718 Faruqi v. DHS, 360 F.3d 985 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................. 414 FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615 (1982) ....................................................................................... 680 FCC v. See name of opposing party FEC v. See name of opposing party Federal Labor Relations Auth. v. Dep’t of Navy, 966 F.2d 747 (3d Cir. 1992) .......................... 664 Federal Open Mkt. Comm’n of Fed. Reserve Sys. v. Merrill, 443 U.S. 340 (1979) .................... 684 Federenko v. U.S., 449 U.S. 490 (1981) ..................................................................................... 576 Federiso v. Holder, 605 F.3d 695 (9th Cir. 2010) ...................................................................... 107 Fedorenko, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 57 (BIA 1984) ................................................................... 386 Feinman v. FBI, 680 F. Supp. 2d 169 (D.D.C. 2010) ................................................................. 699 Feldman v. Perrill, 902 F.2d 1445 (9th Cir. 1990) ..................................................................... 398 Ferguson v. Attorney Gen., 563 F.3d 1254 (11th Cir. 2009) ...................................................... 651 Fernandez, In re, A13 063 649 (BIA 2001) ................................................................................ 384 Fernandez v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 592 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................ 145, 147, 352, 353 Fernandez v. Wilkinson, 505 F. Supp. 787 (D. Kan. 1980) ........................................................ 735 Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 466 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2006) .............................................. 608, 631 Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales, 548 U.S. 30 (2006) ............ 303, 307–10, 420, 639, 653, 655, 656 Ferreira v. Lynch, 831 F.3d 803 (7th Cir. 2016) ........................................................................ 117 Ferry v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 1117 (10th Cir. 2006) ...................................................... 95, 296, 299 Fiadjoe v. Attorney Gen., 411 F.3d 135 (3d Cir. 2005) .......................................................... 2, 315



Fiallo v. Levi, 406 F. Supp. 162 (E.D.N.Y. 1975), aff’d sub nom. Fiallo v. Bell, 430 U.S. 787 (1977) ............................................................................................................. 279, 543, 544, 565

Fields; U.S. v., 516 F.3d 923 (10th Cir. 2008) ............................................................................ 171 Fierro v. Reno, 217 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2000) .................................................................................. 171 Figueroa v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................................................... 164 Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980) ................................................... 723, 732–34 Fink v. Gomez, 239 F.3d 989 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................. 797 Fischer v. SJB-P.D., Inc., 214 F.3d 1115 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................... 798, 803, 810 Fisher v. Snyder, 476 F.2d 375 (8th Cir. 1973) .......................................................................... 199 Fitzgerald v. Jordan, 747 F.2d 1118 (7th Cir. 1984) .................................................................... 32 Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968) .............................................................................................. 11 Flores v. Holder, 699 F.3d 998 (8th Cir. 2012) .......................................................................... 118 Flores v. INS, 524 F.2d 627 (9th Cir. 1975) ............................................................................... 413 Flores; Reno v., 507 U.S. 292 (1993) ......................................................................................... 184 Flores v. USCIS, 718 F.3d 548 (6th Cir. 2013) ................................................................... 483, 600 Flores-Nova v. Attorney Gen., 652 F.3d 488 (3d Cir. 2011) ....................................... 713, 731, 739 Flores-Powell v. Chadbourne, 677 F. Supp. 2d 455 (D. Mass. 2010) ........................................ 430 Flores-Sandoval; U.S. v., 422 F.3d 711 (8th Cir. 2005) ............................................................. 251 Flores-Torres v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 708 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................... 417, 460, 464, 579 Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429 (1991) ............................................................................. 241, 242 Florida v. Mellon, 273 U.S. 12 (1927) .......................................................................................... 15 Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491 (1983) ............................................................... 233, 241, 243, 248 Florida Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729 (1985) ....................................................... 499 Floroiu v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 970, subsequent decision, 498 F.3d 746 (7th Cir. 2007) .... 204, 786 Fogo de Chao (Holdings), Inc. v. DHS, 769 F.3d 1127 (D.C. Cir. 2014) ........................... 502, 629 Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178 (1962) ........................................................................................ 747 Fong v. Phelan, 181 F.2d 589 (9th Cir. 1950) .................................................................... 285, 395 Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan, 333 U.S. 6 (1948) .............................................................. 256, 395, 642 Fong Yang Lo v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 934 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................ 215, 225, 341, 363, 364 Fong Yue Ting v. U.S., 149 U.S. 698 (1893) ............................................... 278, 291, 418, 538, 716 Fonseca-Sanchez v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 439 (7th Cir. 2007) ..................................................... 475 Food & Drug Admin. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120 (2000) ........ 598, 603 Forbes v. Perryman, 222 F. Supp. 2d 1076 (N.D. Ill. 2002) ...................................................... 465 Former Employees of Motorola Ceramic Prods. v. U.S., 336 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2003) . 778, 785 Fornalik v. Perryman, 223 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2000) .............................................................. 2, 300 Foster v. Boorstin, 561 F.2d 340 (D.C. Cir. 1977) ..................................................................... 781 Foster v. INS, 376 F.3d 75 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................................................. 96, 328 Foster v. Mydas Assocs., 943 F.2d 139 (1st Cir. 1991) .............................................................. 778 Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. (2 Pet.) 253 (1829) .................................................................... 726, 727 Foti v. INS, 375 U.S. 217 (1963) .......................................................................................... 89, 475 Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992) ........................................................................... 418, 419 Fox Television Stations, Inc.; FCC v., 129 S. Ct. 1800 (2009) ................................................... 619 Francis v. Coughlin, 891 F.2d 43 (2d Cir. 1989) ........................................................................ 518 Francis v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 112 Franco-Gonzales v. Holder, 767 F. Supp. 2d 1034 (C.D. Cal. 2010) ................................... 58, 181 Franco-Rosendo v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 965 (9th Cir. 2006) ...................................................... 349 Frazer v. U.S., 18 F.3d 778 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................................................ 263 Fred 26 Imps., Inc. v. DHS, 445 F. Supp. 2d 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2006) .................................. 493, 502 Freeman v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................................... 296–98 Fregozo v. Holder, 576 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2009) ..................................................................... 607 Freire v. Holder, 647 F.3d 670 (2d Cir. 2011) ............................................................................ 145



Friends of Animals v. Salazar, 626 F. Supp. 2d 102 (D.D.C. 2009) ............................................. 24 Friends of Earth v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., 528 U.S. 167 (2000) ................................. 14, 28, 29, 32 Frisbie v. Collins, 342 U.S. 519 (1952) ...................................................................................... 272 FTC v. See name of opposing party Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67 (1972) .......................................................................................... 62 Fuentes-Argueta v. INS, 101 F.3d 867 (2d Cir. 1996) ................................................................ 335 Fujii v. California, 38 Cal. 2d 718, 242 P.2d 617 (1952) ................................................... 730, 731 Fuller v. BIA, 2012 WL 4875696 (2d Cir. 2012) .......................................................................... 89 Full Gospel Portland Church v. Thornburgh, 927 F.2d 628 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ........................... 806 Fund for Animals, Inc. v. Norton, 322 F.3d 728 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ................................................ 12

G G-, Matter of, 9 I&N Dec. 159 (BIA 1960; AG 1961) ................................................................ 635 Gaberov v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 590 (7th Cir. 2008) .................................................................... 367 Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973) .................................................................................. 210 Gahagan v. USCIS, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36931 (E.D. La. 2016) .......................................... 709 Gailius v. INS, 147 F.3d 34 (1st Cir. 1998) ................................................................................. 106 Galina v. INS, 213 F.3d 955 (7th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................... 2 Galindo-Del Valle v. INS, 213 F.3d 594 (11th Cir. 2000) ............................................................ 48 Galindo-Romero v. Holder, 621 F.3d 924 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................................ 87 Gallarde v. INS, 486 F.3d 1136 (9th Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 601 Gallegos-Vasquez v. Holder, 636 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2011) ...................................................... 650 Gallo-Alvarez v. Ashcroft, 266 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................. 314, 409 Galluzzo v. Holder, 633 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2011) ........................................................................ 295 Galvez v. Howerton, 503 F. Supp. 35 (C.D. Cal. 1980) .............................................................. 300 Galvez-Vergara v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 798 (5th Cir. 2007) ....................... 105, 120, 213, 341, 481 Gama Puga v. Chertoff, 488 F.3d 812 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................................... 406 Garberding v. INS, 30 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 1994) ......................................................................... 58 Garces v. Attorney Gen., 611 F.3d 1337 (11th Cir. 2010) .......................................................... 171 Garcia, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 319 (BIA 1980) ....................................................................... 265 Garcia v. Attorney Gen., 665 F.3d 496 (3d Cir. 2011) ............................................................... 105 Garcia v. Baker, 765 F. Supp. 426 (N.D. Ill. 1990) .................................................... 532, 546, 557 Garcia v. Boldin, 691 F.2d 1172 (5th Cir. 1982) ........................................................................ 410 Garcia v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 789 (9th Cir. 2015) ................................................. 62, 63, 83, 316, 375 Garcia v. Schweiker, 829 F.2d 396 (3d Cir. 1987) ............................................................. 778, 793 Garcia v. Sessions, 856 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2017) .......................................................................... 303 Garcia v. Shanahan, 615 F. Supp. 2d 175 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ................................................. 65, 602 Garcia; U.S. v., 272 F. Supp. 286 (S.D.N.Y. 1967) .................................................................... 268 Garcia-Aguilar v. Lynch, 806 F.3d 671 (1st Cir. 2015) .............................................................. 258 Garcia Arreola, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 267 (BIA 2010) .......................................................... 437 Garcia-Beltran; U.S. v., 389 F.3d 864 (9th Cir. 2004) ....................................................... 272, 274 Garcia-Carias v. Holder, 697 F.3d 257 (5th Cir. 2012) ............................................................. 356 Garcia de Rincon v. Mukasey, 539 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2008) ................... 286, 288, 316, 322, 323 Garcia-Echavarria v. U.S., 376 F.3d 507 (6th Cir. 2004) .......................................................... 462 Garcia-Flores, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 325 (BIA 1980) .................................................... 252, 266 Garcia-Guzman v. Reno, 65 F. Supp. 2d 1077 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ................................................ 226 Garcia-Lopez v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................... 153, 608 Garcia-Marrufo v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 1061 (10th Cir. 2004) .................................................... 319 Garcia-Martinez v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2004) ..................................................... 136 Garcia-Martinez; U.S. v., 228 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 292



Garcia-Quintero v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2006) .................................................... 614 Garcia-Rubio v. INS, 703 F. Supp. 859 (S.D. Cal. 1989) ........................................................... 202 Garcia-Santana; U.S. v., 774 F.3d 528 (9th Cir. 2014) .............................................................. 193 Garcia-Villeda v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2008) ........................................................... 310 Garfias-Rodriguez v. Holder, 649 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2011),

aff’d on reh’g, 702 F.3d 504 (9th Cir. 2012) .................................. 101, 306, 673–76, 765 Garza-Moreno v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 239 (6th Cir. 2007) ................................................. 145, 206 Gasca-Kraft; U.S. v., 522 F.2d 149 (9th Cir. 1975) .................................................................... 386 Gatcliffe v. Reno, 23 F. Supp. 2d 581 (D.V.I. 1998) ........................................................... 590, 591 Gate Guard Servs. v. Perez, 792 F.3d 554 (5th Cir. 2015) ......................................................... 797 Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................................. 803 Gates v. Gomez, 60 F.3d 525 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................. 810 Gault, In re, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) ........................................................................................... 210, 250 Gayle v. Johnson, 81 F. Supp. 3d 371 (D.N.J. 2015), rev’d, 838 F.3d 297 (3d Cir. 2016) ......... 422 Ge v. Holder, 588 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2009) ........................................................................... 102, 178 Gegiow v. Uhl, 239 U.S. 3 (1915) ............................ 6, 140, 279, 285, 390, 395, 396, 535, 551, 555 General Dynamics Land Sys., Inc. v. Cline, 540 U.S. 581 (2004) .............................................. 599 Generi v. Ashcroft, 2004 WL 771138 (W.D. Mich. Apr. 13, 2004) ........................................... 661 Georcely v. Ashcroft, 375 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 766, 767 George v. Napolitano, 693 F. Supp. 2d 125 (D.D.C. 2010) ........................................................ 494 Georgis v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2003) .............................................................. 129, 136 Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103 (1975) ....................................................................................... 271 Gertsenshteyn v. DOJ, 544 F.3d 137 (2d Cir. 2008) ........................................................... 171, 608 Getachew v. INS, 25 F.3d 841 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................................ 202, 208, 320 Gete v. INS, 121 F.3d 1285 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................ 520 Ghahremani v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 2007) ..................................................... 173, 369 Ghaly v. INS, 48 F.3d 1426 (7th Cir. 1995) .......................................................................... 17, 495 Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................................................ 102 Ghanem v. Upchurch, 481 F.3d 222 (5th Cir. 2007) .................................................................. 144 Ghanim v. Mukasey, 545 F. Supp. 2d 1146 (W.D. Wash. 2008) ........................................ 776, 785 Ghebllawi v. INS, 28 F.3d 83 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................................. 111, 112, 157 Ghorbani v. INS, 686 F.2d 784 (9th Cir. 1982) .......................................................................... 477 Ghounem v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 345 Giammarco v. Beers, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34819 (D. Conn. 2016) ............................... 492, 527 Giddings v. Chandler, 979 F.2d 1104 (5th Cir. 1992) ................................................................ 525 Gill v. INS, 420 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 2005) ......................................................................................... 54 Gilmore v. Dep’t of Energy, 33 F. Supp. 2d 1184 (N.D. Cal 1998) .................................... 703, 710 Ginters v. Frazier, 614 F.3d 822 (8th Cir. 2010) ........................................................................ 148 Giova v. Rosenberg, 379 U.S. 18 (1964) .................................................................................... 475 Giraldo v. Holder, 654 F.3d 609 (6th Cir. 2011) .......................................................................... 92 Girard v. Klopfenstein, 930 F.2d 738 (9th Cir. 1991) ................................................................... 45 Giron-Castro v. Asher, No. 2:14-cv-00867-JLR-JPD (W.D. Wash. Oct. 2, 2014) ..................... 440 Gjeci v. Gonzales, 451 F.3d 416 (7th Cir. 2006) ........................................................ 190, 210, 216 Gjeerjaj v. Holder, 691 F.3d 288 (2d Cir. 2012) ........................................................................ 298 Gjyzi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 710 (6th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 121, 179 Gladysz v. Donovan, 595 F. Supp. 50 (N.D. Ill. 1984) ......................................................... 16, 494 Glisson v. U.S. Forest Serv., 55 F.3d 1325 (7th Cir. 1995) .......................................................... 68 Go v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................................................................ 91 Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970) ..................................................................... 196, 202, 515 Goldstein v. Moatz, 445 F.3d 747 (4th Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 783 Golembiewski v. Barnhart, 382 F.3d 721 (7th Cir. 2004) ........................................................... 786



Gollwitzer; U.S. v., 697 F.2d 1357 (11th Cir. 1983) ................................................................... 234 Gomez-Beleno v. Holder, 644 F.3d 139 (2d Cir. 2011) .............................................................. 787 Gomez-Chavez v. INS, 308 F.3d 796 (7th Cir. 2002) .......................................................... 311, 319 Gomez-Lopez v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................. 148 Gomez-Vigil v. INS, 990 F.2d 1111 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................... 208 Goncalves v. Reno, 144 F.3d 110 (1st Cir. 1998) ....................................................................... 389 Gonzaga-Ortega v. Holder, 736 F.3d 795 (9th Cir. 2012) .......................................................... 506 Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243 (2006) .................................................................................. 603 Gonzales v. U.S., 348 U.S. 407 (1955) ....................................................................................... 188 Gonzales v. Williams, 192 U.S. 1 (1904) ...................................................................................... 51 Gonzales v. Zurbrick, 45 F.2d 934 (6th Cir. 1930) ..................................................................... 199 Gonzalez v. Arizona, 677 F.3d 383 (9th Cir. 2012) .................................................................... 426 Gonzalez v. Chertoff, 454 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. 2006) .................................................................... 307 Gonzalez v. INS, 867 F.2d 1108 (8th Cir. 1989) ......................................................................... 525 Gonzalez v. INS, 82 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................. 102 Gonzalez v. Napolitano, 684 F. Supp. 2d 555 (D.N.J. 2010),

aff’d sub nom. Gonzalez v. Sec’y, DHS, 678 F.3d 254 (3d Cir. 2012) ......... 586, 587, 591 Gonzalez v. O’Connell, 355 F.3d 1010 (7th Cir. 2004) ...................................................... 422, 463 Gonzalez-Julio v. INS, 34 F.3d 820 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................... 207 Gonzalez-Martinez v. DHS, 677 F. Supp. 2d 1233 (D. Utah 2009) ............................................ 618 Gonzalez-Oropeza v. Attorney Gen., 321 F.3d 1331 (11th Cir. 2003) ........................................ 509 Gonzalez-Rivera v. INS, 22 F.3d 1441 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................... 245, 259, 263 Gonzalez-Vega v. Lynch, 839 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 2016) ...................................................... 114, 117 Goonsuwan v. Ashcroft, 252 F.3d 383 (5th Cir. 2001) ......................................................... 58, 213 Gor v. Holder, 607 F.3d 180 (6th Cir. 2010) ...................................................................... 371, 507 Gorbach v. Reno, 219 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................ 575, 602 Gordillo v. Holder, 640 F.3d 700 (6th Cir. 2011) ............................................................... 368, 369 Gordon, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 392 (1980) .............................................................................. 646 Gordon v. Johnson, 300 F.R.D. 31 (D. Mass. 2014) ........................................................... 602, 618 Gordon v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 66 (1st Cir. 2016) ............................................................................ 434 Gornicka v. INS, 681 F.2d 501 (7th Cir. 1982) ........................................................................... 476 Goromou v. Holder, 721 F.3d 569 (8th Cir. 2013) ....................................................................... 91 Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975) .................................................................................... 514, 515 Grace Korean United Methodist Church v. Chertoff, 437 F. Supp. 2d 1174 (D. Or. 2005) ....... 522 Graddick v. Newman, 453 U.S. 928 (1981) .................................................................................. 20 Graham; U.S. v., 117 F. Supp. 2d 1015 (W.D. Wash. 2000) ...................................................... 235 Grand Cent. P’ship v. Cuomo, 166 F.3d 473 (2d Cir. 1999) ...................................................... 684 Grannis v. Ordean, 234 U.S. 385 (1914) .................................................................................... 188 Grano v. Barry, 783 F.2d 1104 (D.C. Cir. 1986) ........................................................................ 780 Graphic Commc’ns Int’l Union, Local 554 v. Salem-Gravure Div. of World Color Press, Inc.,

843 F.2d 1490 (D.C. Cir. 1988), cert. denied sub nom. World Color Press, Inc. v. Dole, 489 U.S. 1011 (1989) ................................................................................................... 617

Gray; U.S. v., 878 F.2d 702 (3d Cir. 1989) ................................................................................. 366 Gray Panthers v. Schweiker, 652 F.2d 146 (D.C. Cir. 1980) ...................................................... 199 Greater Boston Television Corp. v. FCC, 444 F.2d 841 (D.C. Cir. 1970),

cert. denied, 403 U.S. 923 (1971) ........................................................................ 116, 620 Great Lakes Screw Corp. v. NLRB, 409 F.2d 375 (7th Cir. 1969) .............................................. 504 Green v. Adm’rs of Tulane Educ. Fund, 284 F.3d 642 (5th Cir. 2002) ....................................... 803 Green v. Napolitano, 627 F.3d 1341 (10th Cir. 2010) ................................................................ 144 Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474 (1959) ........................................................................... 188, 518 Grewal v. Ashcroft, 301 F. Supp. 2d 692 (N.D. Ohio 2004) ....................................................... 588



Griffin Indus. Inc. v. EPA, 640 F.3d 682 (6th Cir. 2011) ............................................................ 797 Grijalva, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 713 (BIA 1988) ..................................................................... 165 Grijalva, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 27 (BIA 1995) ......................................................... 333–37, 342 Grijalva-Barrera, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 472 (BIA 1996) ....................................................... 341 Grimaldo v. Reno, 187 F.R.D. 643 (D. Colo. 1999) ................................................................... 490 Grinberg v. Swacina, 478 F. Supp. 2d 1350 (S.D. Fla. 2007) .................................................... 523 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) ........................................................................... 514 Grodzki v. Reno, 950 F. Supp. 339 (N.D. Ga. 1996) .......................................................... 431, 437 Grolier; FTC v., 462 U.S. 19 (1983) .......................................................................................... 683 Grullon v. Kissinger, 417 F. Supp. 337 (E.D.N.Y. 1976), aff’d, 559 F.2d 1203 (2d Cir. 1977) ........ 545 Grullon v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. 2007) ...................................................... 48, 49, 51, 83 Guadalupe-Cruz v. INS, 240 F.3d 1209, amended, 250 F.3d 1271 (9th Cir. 2001) .................... 228 Guaylupo-Moya v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2005) ........................ 654, 713, 724, 731, 734 Guchshenkov v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 554 (7th Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 121 Guentchev v. INS, 77 F.3d 1036 (7th Cir. 1996) ......................................................... 129, 131, 207 Guerra, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 37 (BIA 2006) ................................................................. 421, 435 Guerra v. Shanahan, 831 F.3d 59 (2d Cir. 2016) ............................................................... 440, 628 Guerra v. Shanahan, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 176850 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ..................................... 440 Guerra v. U.S., 75 F. Supp. 3d 1276 (W.D. Wash. 2014) ................................................... 797, 798 Guerra v. U.S., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132999 (W.D. Wash. 2010) ......................................... 683 Guerra-Soto v. Ashcroft, 397 F.3d 637 (8th Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 218 Guerrero v. Aviles, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 154233 (D.N.J. 2014) ............................................ 440 Guerrero v. Dep’t of Interior. See People of Saipan ex rel. Guerrero v. Dep’t of Interior Guerrero-Real, In re, 2005 Immigr. Rptr. LEXIS 9347 (BIA 2005) .......................... 316, 375, 384 Guevara, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 238 (BIA 1991) ..................................................................... 275 Guevara-Martinez; U.S. v., 262 F.3d 751 (8th Cir. 2001) .......................................................... 274 Guido v. Schweiker, 775 F.2d 107 (3d Cir. 1985) ....................................................................... 778 Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556 (3d Cir. 2004) ..................................................................... 113, 349 Gurung v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 718 (10th Cir. 2004) .................................................................... 336 Gutierrez v. Ashcroft, 289 F. Supp. 2d 555 (D.N.J. 2003) .......................................................... 222 Gutierrez v. Barnhart, 274 F.3d 1255 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................ 787, 791 Gutierrez v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................................................ 129 Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 1142 (10th Cir. 2016) .................................... 603, 610, 619 Gutierrez-Castillo v. Holder, 568 F.3d 256 (1st Cir. 2009) ........................................................ 654 Gutierrez-Chavez v. INS, 298 F.3d 824 (9th Cir. 2002) .............................................................. 398 Guy F. Atkinson Co.; NLRB v., 195 F.2d 141 (9th Cir. 1952) .................................................... 671 Guzman-Andrade v. Gonzales, 407 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................... 193, 570 G-Y-R-, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 181 (BIA 2001) ............................................................... 335, 336

H Habib v. Lynch, 787 F.3d 826 (7th Cir. 2015) ............................................................................ 214 Habich v. City of Dearborn, 331 F.3d 524 (6th Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 783 Habtemicael v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 774 (8th Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 121 Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430 (6th Cir. 2011) ............................................................... 101, 765 Hafner v. Sullivan, 972 F.2d 249 (8th Cir. 1992) ........................................................................ 786 Haidar v. Coomey, 401 F. Supp. 717 (D. Mass. 1974), appeal denied, 530 F.2d 962 (1st Cir. 1976) . 51 Haidari v. Frazier, 2006 WL 3544922 (D. Minn. Dec. 8, 2006),

opinion after remand, 2007 WL 5118370 (D. Minn. May 10, 2007) .................. 524, 775 Haim, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 641 (BIA 1988) .......................................................................... 332



Haitian Refugee Ctr. v. Meese, 791 F.2d 1489 (11th Cir.), vacated in part, 804 F.2d 1573 (11th Cir. 1986) .................................................. 776, 789

Haitian Refugee Ctr. v. Smith, 676 F.2d 1023 (5th Cir. 1982) .................................................... 486 Hajro v. U.S., 811 F.3d 1086 (9th Cir. 2016) ............................................................. 699, 701, 702 Hajro v. U.S., 832 F. Supp. 2d 1095 (N.D. Cal. 2012) ............................................... 692, 694, 699 Hajro v. U.S., 900 F. Supp. 2d 1034 (N.D. Cal. 2012) ............................................................... 810 Hakim v. Holder, 611 F.3d 73 (1st Cir. 2010) .............................................................................. 92 Haley v. Pataki, 60 F.3d 137 (2d Cir. 1995) ................................................................................. 31 Hall v. Cole, 412 U.S. 1 (1973) .................................................................................................. 796 Halo v. Gonzales, 419 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 2005) ........................................................................... 120 Halpern v. FBI, 181 F.3d 279 (2d Cir. 1999) ..................................................... 679, 680, 693, 703 Hamama v. Adducci, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115112 (E.D. Mich. July 24, 2017) ..................... 329 Hamazaspayan v. Holder, 590 F.3d 744 (9th Cir. 2009) ............................................................ 333 Hamid v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 642 (7th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 79 Hamilton v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 564 (10th Cir. 2007) .................................................................. 87 Hammond v. Lenfest, 398 F.2d 705 (2d Cir. 1968) ............................................................. 199, 517 Hana v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 472 (6th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 112 Handa v. Clark, 401 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................ 294–96, 298 Hanif v. DHS, 472 F. Supp. 2d 914 (E.D. Mich. 2007) ................................................................ 69 Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754 (1980) .............................................................................. 780 Hansen v. Haff, 291 U.S. 559 (1934) .......................................................................................... 396 Haoud v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 201 (1st Cir. 2003) .................................................. 132, 134–36, 508 Harchenko v. INS, 379 F.3d 405 (6th Cir. 2004) ................................................................ 370, 371 Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U.S. 580 (1952) ............................................... 292, 535, 716, 720 Harmon v. Holder, 758 F.3d 728 (6th Cir. 2014) ......................................................................... 34 Haroco v. American Nat’l Bank & Trust of Chi., 38 F.3d 1429 (7th Cir. 1994) ......................... 808 Haroutunian v. INS, 87 F.3d 374 (9th Cir. 1996) ................................................................... 96, 97 Harper v. Virginia Dep’t of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86 (1993) ......................................................... 676 Harpinder Singh v. Ilchert, 63 F.3d 1501 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................. 110, 741 Harriott v. Ashcroft, 277 F. Supp. 2d 538 (E.D. Pa. 2003) ......................... 521, 525, 528, 775, 796 Harris v. Federal Aviation Admin., 353 F.3d 1006 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ......................................... 492 Harris v. Sullivan, 968 F.2d 263 (2d Cir. 1992) ......................................................................... 793 Hashish v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2006) .................................................................... 623 Hashmi v. Attorney Gen., 531 F.3d 256 (3d Cir. 2008) .............................................. 114, 145, 190 Haswanee v. Attorney Gen., 471 F.3d 1212 (11th Cir. 2006) ..................................................... 145 Hatmaker v. Memorial Med. Ctr., 619 F.3d 741 (7th Cir. 2010) ................................................ 752 Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U.S. 363 (1982) ................................................................ 24 Haver v. Yaker, 76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 32 (1869) .............................................................................. 725 Hayes v. Florida, 470 U.S. 811 (1985) ............................................................................... 272, 273 Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238 (1944) .................................. 377–79 He v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 593 (9th Cir. 2003) .............................................................................. 198 The Head Money Case. See Edge v. Robertson Hearst Publ’ns., Inc.; NLRB v., 322 U.S. 111 (1944) ................................................................. 593 Heaven v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 167 (5th Cir. 2006) ..................................................................... 661 Heavrin; U.S. v., 330 F.3d 723 (6th Cir. 2003) ........................................................................... 811 Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985) ............................................................ 132, 507, 524, 551 Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U.S. 602 (1984) ........................................................................................ 77 Heikkila v. Barber, 345 U.S. 229 (1953) .................................................................... 321, 389, 392 Heitland, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 563 (BIA 1974) ..................................................................... 666 Hem v. Maurer, 458 F.3d 1185 (10th Cir. 2006) ................................................................ 611, 645 Henderson v. INS, 157 F.3d 106 (2d Cir. 1998) .................................. 140, 393, 413, 462, 469, 471



Henderson v. Shinseki, 131 S. Ct. 1197 (2011) .............................................. 49–51, 60, 80, 81, 83 Hendricks v. Vasquez, 908 F.2d 490 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................................. 757 Henriquez v. Ashcroft, 269 F. Supp. 2d 106 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) .............................................. 67, 528 Henry v. Ashcroft, 175 F. Supp. 2d 688 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ........................................................... 660 Henry v. INS, 8 F.3d 426 (7th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................... 327 Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983) ................................................ 780, 792, 798–802, 810 Hensley v. Municipal Ct., 411 U.S. 345 (1973) .......................................................................... 461 Herbert v. Ashcroft, 325 F.3d 68 (1st Cir. 2003) ................................................................ 136, 341 Herman v. Claudy, 350 U.S. 116 (1956) ............................................................................. 377, 379 Herman & Maclean v. Huddleston, 459 U.S. 375 (1983) ........................................................... 578 Hernandez v. Ashcroft, 345 F.3d 824 (9th Cir. 2003) ..................... 78, 146–48, 160, 165, 166, 473 Hernandez v. CBP, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14290 (E.D. La. 2012) ........................................... 708 Hernandez v. Holder, 606 F.3d 900 (8th Cir. 2010) ................................................................... 145 Hernandez v. Holder, 738 F.3d 1099 (9th Cir. 2013) ................................................................... 83 Hernandez v. Lynch, No. 16-00620-JGB, 2016 WL 7116611 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2016) 419, 465, 466 Hernandez v. Reno, 238 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2000) ......................................................................... 406 Hernandez v. Reno, 258 F.3d 806 (8th Cir. 2001) ...................................................................... 201 Hernandez-Avalos v. INS, 50 F.3d 842 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 826 (1995) .............. 525 Hernandez-Barrera v. Ashcroft, 373 F.3d 9 (1st Cir. 2004) ....................................................... 170 Hernandez-Carrera v. Carlson, 547 F.3d 1237 (10th Cir. 2008) ............................... 445, 456, 598 Hernandez-Cuevas v. Taylor, 637 F.3d 1047 (1st Cir. 2013) ..................................................... 753 Hernandez de Anderson v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 927 (9th Cir. 2007) ................... 589, 644, 646, 652 Hernandez-Garza v. INS, 882 F.2d 945 (5th Cir. 1989) ............................................................. 197 Hernandez-Gil v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 803 (9th Cir. 2007) ......................................... 190, 209, 224 Hernandez-Guadarrama v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 674 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................... 150, 197 Hernandez-Mendoza v. Gonzales, 537 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2007) ........................................ 220, 363 Hernandez-Ortez v. Holder, 741 F.3d 644 (5th Cir. 2014) ......................................................... 362 Hernandez-Rivera v. INS, 630 F.2d 1352 (9th Cir. 1980) ..................................................... 96, 312 Hernandez-Velasquez v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2010) ................................................ 119 Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390 (1993) ..................................................................................... 378 Herrera-Molina v. Holder, 597 F.3d 128 (2d Cir. 2010) .............................. 96, 303, 309, 328, 656 Hibi; INS v., 414 U.S. 5 (1973) ................................................................................................... 361 Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947) .................................................................................... 686 Higashi; SEC v., 359 F.2d 550 (9th Cir. 1966) ........................................................................... 504 Higgs v. Attorney Gen., 655 F.3d 333 (3d Cir. 2011) ................................................................... 53 Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Ct. of Nev., 542 U.S. 177 (2004) ................................... 242, 244, 275 Hill, In re Petition of, 775 F.2d 1037 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................................. 774 Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770 (1987) ...................................................................... 98, 99, 763 Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113 (1895) ......................................................................................... 732 Hintopoulos v. Shaughnessy, 353 U.S. 72 (1957) ....................................................................... 399 Hitai v. INS, 343 F.2d 466 (2d Cir. 1965) ........................................................................... 713, 732 Hizam v. Kerry, 747 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2014) ............................................................................. 578 H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 209 (BIA 2010) ....................................................... 155 Hoang v. Comfort, 282 F.3d 1247 (10th Cir. 2002), rev’d, 538 U.S. 1010 (2003) ..................... 464 Hoctor v. Dep’t of Agric., 82 F.3d 165 (7th Cir. 1996) ............................................................... 665 Holder v. See name of opposing party Holguin-Mendoza v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 508 (5th Cir. 2016) ........................................................... 91 Holmes v. New York City Hous. Auth., 398 F.2d 262 (2d Cir. 1968) .................. 159, 199, 515, 517 Holy Spirit Ass’n v. DOS, 526 F. Supp. 1022 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) .................................................. 682 Hom Sin v. Esperdy, 239 F. Supp. 903 (S.D.N.Y. 1965) ...................................................... 18, 494 Honda v. Clark, 386 U.S. 484 (1967) ......................................................................................... 361



Hong v. Napolitano, 772 F. Supp. 2d 1270 (D. Haw. 2011) ....................................................... 618 Hong Wang v. Chertoff, 550 F. Supp. 2d 1253 (W.D. Wash. 2008) ................................... 523, 525 Hongyok v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 547 (5th Cir. 2007) ..................................................................... 54 Hopt v. Utah, 110 U.S. 574 (1884) ............................................................................................. 249 Hoque v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 102 Hor v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................... 313 Hose v. INS, 141 F.3d 932 (9th Cir.), withdrawn, 161 F.3d 1225 (9th Cir. 1998),

on reh’g en banc, 180 F.3d 992 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................... 179, 401–3 Hosh v. Lucero, 680 F.3d 375 (4th Cir. 2012) ...................................................................... 434–36 Hoshiyar Singh v. Holder, 658 F.3d 879 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................................ 214 Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 953 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................................... 102 Hosseini v. Johnson, 826 F.3d 354 (6th Cir. 2016) ............................................................. 156, 483 Houghton v. Shafer, 392 U.S. 639 (1968) ..................................................................................... 44 Hovsepian; U.S. v., 359 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2004) ..................... 511, 580, 581, 583, 584, 589, 590 Howard; U.S. v., 480 F.3d 1005 (9th Cir. 2007) ........................................................................... 32 Howell v. INS, 72 F.3d 288 (2d Cir. 1995) ................................................................... 50, 483, 484 Hoxha v. Holder, 559 F.3d 157 (3d Cir. 2009) ............................................................................. 54 Huang v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................ 61 Huang v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 945 (7th Cir. 2005) ...................................................................... 206 Huang v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2012) ................................................................... 107, 174 Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586 (2006) ................................................................................. 263 Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft, 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2003) .......................................................... 63 Huete, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 250 (BIA 1991) ......................................................... 332, 334, 336 Hughes v. Ashcroft, 255 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2001) .............................................................. 124, 606 Hughes Aircraft Co. v. U.S. ex rel. Schumer, 520 U.S. 939 (1997) .............................. 637–39, 642 Huicochea-Gomez v. INS, 237 F.3d 696 (6th Cir. 2001) ............................................................ 218 Humane Soc’y of U.S. v. Hodel, 840 F.2d 45 (D.C. Cir. 1988) ..................................................... 26 Hunt v. Washington State Apple Adver. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333 (1977) ....................................... 26 Hussain v. DHS, 674 F. Supp. 2d 260 (D.D.C. 2009) ................................................................. 685 Hussain v. Mukasey, 510 F.3d 739 (7th Cir. 2007) ..................................................................... 426 Husyev v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 178, 508 Hy v. Gillen, 588 F. Supp. 2d 122 (D. Mass. 2008) .............................................................. 65, 619 Hyatt v. Barnhart, 315 F.3d 239 (4th Cir. 2002) ........................................................................ 807

I Iasu v. Smith, 511 F.3d 881 (9th Cir. 2007) .................................. 59, 125, 126, 410, 411, 460, 580 Iavorski v. INS, 232 F.3d 124 (2d Cir. 2000) ...................................................................... 324, 361 Ibarra v. Holder, 736 F.3d 903 (10th Cir. 2013) ........................................................................ 600 Ibarra v. Swacina, 628 F.3d 1269 (11th Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 483 Ibrahim v. DHS, 669 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. 2012) ........................................................................... 554 Idaho Watersheds Project v. Hahn, 307 F.3d 815 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................ 69 Iddir v. INS, 301 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 2002) .................................................... 73, 149, 480, 523, 525 Igartua v. U.S., 417 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2005) ............................................................................. 726 Igartua v. U.S., 626 F.3d 592 (1st Cir. 2010) ............................................................................. 726 Ignatova v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 1209 (8th Cir. 2005) ................................................................. 177 Iliev v. INS, 127 F.3d 638 (7th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................... 202 Illinois Migrant Council v. Pilliod, 540 F.2d 1062 (7th Cir. 1976),

modified, 548 F.2d 715 (7th Cir. 1977) ........................................................................ 245 Ilyabaev v. Kane, 847 F. Supp. 2d 1168 (D. Ariz. 2012) .................... 149, 181, 409, 493, 495, 512 Immigrant Assistance Project v. INS, 306 F.3d 842 (9th Cir. 2002) ....................................... 41, 70



Immigration & Naturalization Serv. (INS) v. See name of opposing party Immigration Petitions, In re, 702 F.3d 160 (2d Cir. 2012) ................................................... 98, 762 Impink; U.S. v., 728 F.2d 1228 (9th Cir. 1984) ........................................................................... 262 Indradjaja v. Holder, 737 F.3d 212 (2d Cir. 2013) ..................................................................... 347 In re. See name of party INS v. See name of opposing party International House v. NLRB, 676 F.2d 906 (2d Cir. 1982) ....................................................... 518 International Molders’ & Allied Workers’ Local Union v. Nelson, 799 F.2d 547 (9th Cir. 1986) ...... 19 International Union v. Brock, 477 U.S. 274 (1986) ...................................................................... 27 International Woodworkers of Am. v. Donovan, 769 F.2d 1388 (9th Cir.),

opinion amended, 792 F.2d 762 (9th Cir. 1985) .......................................................... 809 Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844 (1982) ....................................................... 158 Irigoyen-Briones v. Holder, 644 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................................... 83, 624 Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89 (1990) .............................................................. 492 Islam v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 53 (2d Cir. 2006) ........................................................................... 206 Israel v. INS, 785 F.2d 738 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................................................................. 115 Issaq v. Holder, 617 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2010) .......................................................... 50, 52, 84, 172 Itaeva v. INS, 314 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. 2003) ............................................................................ 294 Iturribarria v. INS, 321 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................................... 324, 361 Ixcot v. Holder, 646 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................................................... 309, 657 Iyamba v. INS, 244 F.3d 606 (8th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................. 660 Izumi, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 169 (BIA 1998) .................................................................. 482, 672

J Jaa v. INS, 779 F.2d 569 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................... 300, 480, 481 Jaber v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 223 (6th Cir. 2007) .................................................................. 96, 328 Jacinto v. INS, 208 F.3d 725 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................. 152, 193, 227, 301, 315 Jackson, Matter of, 15 Mich. 417 (1867) .................................................................................... 416 Jackson v. Donovan, 758 F.2d 1313 (9th Cir. 1985) .................................................................. 111 Jacobus v. Alaska, 338 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................................ 28 Jaggernauth v. Attorney Gen., 432 F.3d 1346 (11th Cir. 2005) .............................................. 61, 89 Jaghoori v. Holder, 772 F.3d 764 (4th Cir. 2014) .............................................................. 610, 660 Jalloh v. Holder, No. 12-4930 (2d Cir. Oct. 16, 2014) ............................................................... 311 Jama v. Gonzales, 431 F.3d 230 (5th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 766 Jama v. ICE, 543 U.S. 335 (2005) ...................................................................................... 180, 490 Jama v. INS, 329 F.3d 630 (8th Cir. 2003) ................................................................................. 511 James v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 505 (5th Cir. 2006) ................................................................. 87, 411 James v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 250 (2d Cir. 2008) ......................................................................... 608 James v. U.S., 366 U.S. 213 (1961) ............................................................................................ 632 The Japanese Immigrant Case. See Kaoru Yamataya v. Fisher Jara-Navarette v. INS, 813 F.2d 1340 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................................................ 115 Jarnail Singh v. Bardini, 2010 WL 308807 (N.D. Cal. 2010) .................................................... 480 Jarnail Singh v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2005) .......................................................... 151 Jarno v. DHS, 365 F. Supp. 2d 733 (E.D. Va. 2005) .................................................................. 708 Jay v. Boyd, 351 U.S. 345 (1956) ............................................................................................... 218 Jean; Commissioner, INS v., 496 U.S. 154 (1990) ............................................. 772, 799, 802, 806 Jean v. Nelson, 711 F.2d 1455 (11th Cir. 1983), vacated & rev’d, 727 F.2d 957 (11th Cir. 1984),

aff’d, 472 U.S. 846 (1985) ................................................................................... 558, 666 Jean v. Nelson, 863 F.2d 759 (11th Cir. 1988) ................................................................... 780, 807 Jean-Louis v. Attorney Gen., 582 F.3d 462 (3d Cir. 2009) ................................................. 601, 608



Jean-Pierre v. Attorney Gen., 500 F.3d 1315 (11th Cir. 2007) ........................................... 172, 173 Jeffries v. Olsen, 121 F. Supp. 463 (S.D. Cal. 1954) .................................................... 23, 191, 518 J.E.F.M. v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... 512 Jefrey v. INS, 710 F. Supp. 486 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) ....................................................... 527, 775, 790 Jenkins v. Missouri, 127 F.3d 709 (8th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................... 779 Jennings v. Rodriguez. See Rodriguez v. Robbins Jerezano v. INS, 169 F.3d 613 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................................................ 342 Jeudy v. Holder, 768 F.3d 595 (7th Cir. 2014) ................................................... 610, 634, 644, 661 Jezierski v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 886 (7th Cir. 2008) .................................................... 212, 214, 516 Jiang v. Houseman, 904 F. Supp. 971 (D. Minn. 1995) .............................................................. 226 Jideonwo v. INS, 224 F.3d 692 (7th Cir. 2000) ........................................................................... 634 Jimenez-Angeles v. Ashcroft, 291 F.3d 594 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 653 Jimenez-Galicia v. Attorney Gen., 690 F.3d 1207 (11th Cir. 2012) ............................................ 161 Jimenez-Morales v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 821 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. 2016) .......................... 303, 311 Jin Tao Lin v. Holder, 611 F.3d 228 (4th Cir. 2010) .......................................................... 105, 119 J-J-, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 976 (BIA 1997) ............................................................................ 370 Jobson v. Ashcroft, 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir. 2003) ........................................................................ 631 John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146 (1989) ................................................ 679, 704 Johnson v. Ashcroft, 286 F.3d 696 (3d Cir. 2002) ...................................................................... 624 Johnson v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 164 (2d Cir. 2004) ........................................................................ 56 Johnson v. Attorney Gen., 602 F.3d 508 (3d Cir. 2010) ............................................................. 147 Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950) ..................................................................... 554, 716 Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974) ................................ 807 Johnson v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 205 (3d Cir. 2005) ............................................................. 785, 795 Johnson v. New York State Educ. Dep’t, 409 U.S. 75 (1972) ....................................................... 31 Johnson v. Robison, 415 U.S. 361 (1974) ............................................................................. 77, 570 Johnson v. Rogers, 917 F.2d 1283 (10th Cir. 1990) ................................................................... 525 Johnson v. Sullivan, 919 F.2d 503 (8th Cir. 1990) ...................................................................... 793 Johnson v. Tertzag, 2 F.2d 40 (1st Cir. 1924) ............................................................................. 535 Johnson v. University Coll., 706 F.2d 1205 (11th Cir. 1983) ..................................................... 804 Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) ...................................................................................... 295 Johnson, U.S. ex rel. v. Shaughnessy, 336 U.S. 806 (1949) ........................................................ 395 Joint Anti-Fascist Comm. v. McGrath, 341 U.S. 123 (1951) ...................................................... 183 Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236 (1963) ....................................................................... 413, 461 Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220 (2006) ....................................................................................... 330 Jones v. Meehan, 175 U.S. 1 (1899) ........................................................................................... 727 Jones v. U.S., 357 U.S. 493 (1958) ............................................................................................. 262 Jones v. U.S., 362 U.S. 257 (1960) ............................................................................................. 253 Jones; U.S. v., 565 U.S. 400 (2012) ............................................................................................ 242 Jones; U.S. v., 678 F.3d 293 (4th Cir. 2012) ............................................................................... 244 Jordan v. DOJ, 591 F.2d 753, 192 U.S. App. D.C. 144 (D.C. Cir. 1978) .................................. 684 Jordan v. DOJ, 691 F.2d 514 (D.C. Cir. 1982) ................................................................... 710, 807 Jordon v. Attorney Gen., 424 F.3d 320 (3d Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 626 Jorgji v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2008) ........................................................................... 178 Joseph, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 799 (BIA 1999) ....................................................................... 422 Joseph v. Holder, 579 F.3d 827 (7th Cir. 2009) .................................................................. 628, 629 Joshi v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 732 (7th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 336, 345 J-P-, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 33 (BIA 1998) .............................................................................. 340 Juarez, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 340 (BIA 1991) ........................................................................ 569 Juarez v. Holder, 599 F.3d 560 (7th Cir. 2010) .......................................................................... 145 Juarez; U.S. v., 672 F.3d 381 (5th Cir. 2012) ............................................................................. 226



Juarez-Torres; U.S. v., 441 F. Supp. 2d 1108 (D.N.M. 2006) .................................................... 274 Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Dep’t of Energy, 412 F.3d 125 (D.C. Cir. 2005) .................................... 684 Judicial Watch, Inc. v. DHS, 857 F. Supp. 2d 129 (D.D.C. 2012) .............................................. 702 Judulang v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 476 (2011)

...................... 114, 117, 152, 160, 220, 299, 394, 435, 451, 452, 455, 502, 517, 615, 624 Jung Ah Lung, In re, 25 Fed. 141 (D. Cal. 1885), aff’d, 124 U.S. 621 (1888) ............ 391, 535, 555 Junior Cox v. Monica, 2007 WL 1804335 (M.D. Pa. June 20, 2007) ........................................... 65 Juvenile Female; U.S. v., 566 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2009) .............................................. 250, 251, 277

K Kabba v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 1239 (10th Cir. 2008) ................................................................... 159 Kadic v. Karadzic, 70 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 1995) ........................................................................... 734 Kaganvich v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 894 (9th Cir. 2006) .................................................................. 54 Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp. v. Bonjorno, 494 U.S. 827 (1990) ......................................... 662 Kalaw v. INS, 133 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................... 146–48, 154 Kali v. Bowen, 854 F.2d 329 (9th Cir. 1988) .............................................................................. 786 Kalilu v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 1215 (9th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 353 Kaloudis v. Shaughnessy, 180 F.2d 489 (2d Cir. 1950) .............................................................. 399 Kalubi v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1134 (9th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 114 Kamagate v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2004) ..................................................................... 35 Kamara v. Attorney Gen., 420 F.3d 202 (3d Cir. 2005) ...................................... 110, 154, 170, 174 Kamara v. INS, 149 F.3d 904 (8th Cir. 1998) ............................................................................. 333 Kanacevic v. INS, 448 F.3d 129 (2d Cir. 2006) .................................................................... 95, 300 Kandamar v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 65 (1st Cir. 2006) .................................................................. 264 Kankamalage v. INS, 335 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. 2003) ...................................................... 108, 668–70 Kansas v. Colorado, 514 U.S. 673 (1995) .................................................................................. 492 Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407 (2002) ............................................................................... 418, 419 Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997) ......................................................................... 418, 419 Kaoru Yamataya v. Fisher, 189 U.S. 86 (1903) .......................................... 183, 279, 290, 291, 393 Karaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 113 (2d Cir. 2006) ........................................................................... 52 Karim v. Mukasey, 2009 WL 801732 (D. Colo. Mar. 25, 2009) ......................................... 523, 526 Karimian-Kaklaki v. INS, 997 F.2d 108 (5th Cir. 1993) ............................................................... 96 Karpova v. Snow, 497 F.3d 262 (2d Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 502 Kashkool v. Chertoff, 553 F. Supp. 2d 1131 (D. Ariz. 2008) .............................................. 523, 525 Kastigar v. U.S., 406 U.S. 441 (1972) ........................................................................................ 275 Katz v. Commissioner of Immigr., 245 Fed. 316 (9th Cir. 1917) ........................................ 397, 398 Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 347 (1967) ............................................................................................... 242 Kaweesa v. Ashcroft, 345 F. Supp. 2d 79 (D. Mass. 2004),

transferred to, Kaweesa v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 62 (1st Cir. 2006) ................ 60, 339, 340 Kay v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 664 (7th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................ 214 Kay v. Ehrler, 499 U.S. 432 (1991) .................................................................................... 694, 706 Kebede v. Gonzales, 544 U.S. 947 (2005) .................................................................................. 135 Keene Corp. v. U.S., 508 U.S. 200 (1993) .................................................................................... 77 Keith v. Volpe, 833 F.2d 850 (9th Cir. 1987) .............................................................................. 805 Kelava v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 810 (2006) ...................... 645 Kellman v. District Dir., 750 F. Supp. 625 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) .............................................. 419, 456 Kemper v. INS, 705 F.2d 1150 (9th Cir. 1983) ........................................................................... 476 Kenner v. Commissioner, 387 F.2d 689 (7th Cir. 1968) ..................................................... 376, 378 Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849 (2011) ................................................................................... 240



Kentucky W. Va. Gas Co. v. Pa. PUC, 837 F.2d 600 (3d Cir. 1988) .......................................... 504 Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23 (1963) ........................................................................................ 240 Kerciku v. INS, 314 F.3d 913 (7th Cir. 2003) ............................................................. 151, 195, 204 Kerr Ctr. Parents Ass’n v. Charles, 897 F.2d 1463 (9th Cir. 1990) ............................................. 44 Kerry v. Din, 135 S. Ct. 2148 (2015) .......................................................... 515, 519, 532, 559, 565 Kessler v. Strecker, 307 U.S. 22 (1939) ...................................................................... 393, 395, 398 Kestelboym v. Chertoff, 538 F. Supp. 2d 813 (D.N.J. 2008) ....................................................... 587 Keys v. Humana, Inc., 684 F.3d 605 (6th Cir. 2012) .................................................................. 753 Khalid v. Holder, 655 F.3d 363 (5th Cir. 2011) .......................................................................... 601 Khalifah, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 107 (BIA 1995) ..................................................................... 709 Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2009) ............................................................................ 55 Khan, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 797 (BIA 2016) .......................................................................... 622 Khan v. Attorney Gen., 448 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. 2006) .................................................................. 145 Khan v. Attorney Gen., 691 F.3d 488 (3d Cir. 2012) ............................................................ 96, 328 Khan v. Chertoff, No. CV-05-00560-PHX-SRB,

2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48937 (D. Ariz. July 14, 2006) ............................................... 581 Khan v. Holder, 584 F.3d 773 (9th Cir. 2009) ............................................................................ 154 Khan v. Holder, 608 F.3d 325 (7th Cir. 2010) .................................................................... 286, 289 Khelifa v. Chertoff, 433 F. Supp. 2d 836 (E.D. Mich. 2006) ...................................................... 581 Khodr v. Adduci, 697 F. Supp. 2d 774 (E.D. Mich. 2010) .......................................................... 437 Kholyavskiy v. Achim, 443 F.3d 946 (7th Cir. 2006) .................................................................. 469 Kholyavskiy v. Schlecht, 479 F. Supp. 2d 897 (E.D. Wis. 2007) ........................ 774, 783, 784, 789 Khoury v. Asher, 3 F. Supp. 3d 877 (W.D. Wash. 2014), aff’d, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 14296

(9th Cir. Aug. 4, 2016), petition for cert. filed, No. 16-1363 (May 11, 2017) ..... 436, 602 Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 88 Khouzam v. Attorney Gen., 549 F.3d 235 (3d Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 766 Khunaverdiants v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 760 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................................ 156, 178 Khup v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2004) .......................................................................... 136 Kim v. Ashcroft, 340 F. Supp. 2d 384 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) .............................................................. 526 Kim Ho Ma v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2001) ...................................................... 398, 741 King v. DOJ, 830 F.2d 210, 265 U.S. App. D.C. 62 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ........................................ 693 King v. Palmer, 950 F.2d 771 (D.C. Cir. 1991) .......................................................................... 560 Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 445 U.S. 136 (1980) ............................... 701 Klapprott v. U.S., 335 U.S. 601 (1949) ....................................................................................... 575 Klein; U.S. v., 80 U.S. 128 (1872) ................................................................................................ 79 Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 753 (1972) ..................... 531–33, 542–44, 546, 553–55, 558, 565 Klene v. Napolitano, 697 F.3d 666 (7th Cir. 2012) ..................................................................... 587 Knauer v. U.S., 328 U.S. 654 (1946) .......................................................................................... 576 Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537 (1950) .............................................. 288, 291, 394, 547, 550 Knezevic v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 136 Knoll Assocs. v. FTC, 397 F.2d 530 (7th Cir. 1968) ................................................................... 255 Ko v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 453 (7th Cir. 2005) ............................................................................ 339 Koerner v. Grigas, 328 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2003) ...................................................................... 762 Kone v. Holder, 596 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2010) ............................................................................... 52 Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443 (2004) ............................................................................. 48, 80–82 Kopunec v. Nelson, 801 F.2d 1226 (10th Cir. 1986) ................................................................... 780 Korematsu v. U.S., 323 U.S. 214 (1944) ..................................................................................... 419 Korematsu v. U.S., 584 F. Supp. 1406 (N.D. Cal. 1984) ............................................................ 377 Korytnyuk v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 272 (3d Cir. 2005) ........................................................... 112, 158 Kousar v. Mueller, 549 F. Supp. 2d 1194 (N.D. Cal. 2008) ....................................................... 523 Kovac v. INS, 407 F.2d 102 (9th Cir. 1969) ................................................................................ 383



Kozak v. Gonzales, 502 F.3d 34 (1st Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 344 Kramer v. Jenkins, 180 F.R.D. 429 (N.D. Ill. 1985) ................................................................... 471 Kucana v. Holder, 130 S. Ct. 827 (2010) ...................................... 78, 139, 144, 145, 370, 371, 510 Kulle v. Springer, 566 F. Supp. 279 (N.D. Ill. 1983) .................................................................... 73 Kumarasamy v. Attorney Gen., 453 F.3d 169 (3d Cir. 2006) ............................................. 329, 408 Kummer v. Shultz, 578 F. Supp. 341 (N.D. Tex. 1984) .............................................. 548, 551, 557 Kumpf; U.S. v., 438 F.3d 785 (7th Cir. 2006) ............................................................................. 532 Kungys v. U.S., 485 U.S. 759 (1988) .................................................................................. 109, 575 Kurapati v. USCIS, 775 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2014) ....................................................... 16, 23, 150 Kuykendall; FTC v., 466 F.3d 1149 (10th Cir. 2006) ................................................................. 797 Kuzma v. IRS, 821 F.2d 930 (2d Cir. 1987) ................................................................................ 711 Kwai Fun Wong; U.S. v., 135 S. Ct. 1625 (2015) ....................................................................... 361 Kwai Fun Wong v. U.S., 373 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 2004) ......................................................... 80, 511 Kwak v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1140 (6th Cir. 2010) .......................................................................... 145 Kwok Jan Fat v. White, 253 U.S. 454 (1920) ............................................................................. 394 Kwong Hai Chew v. Colding, 344 U.S. 590 (1953) .................... 326, 451, 453, 454, 457, 505, 554 Kyei v. INS, 65 F.3d 279 (2d Cir. 1995) ...................................................................................... 329

L La Asociacion de Trabajadores de Lake Forest v. City of Lake Forest, 624 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 2010)

....................................................................................................................................... 24 Labojewski v. Gonzales, 407 F.3d 815 (7th Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 656 Labotest, Inc. v. Bonta, 297 F.3d 892 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................. 783 Labrie v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 976 F.2d 779 (1st Cir. 1992) ........................... 806 Lacey v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 514 (6th Cir. 2007) ........................................................................ 298 Ladha v. INS, 215 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................ 610 La Duke v. Nelson, 762 F.2d 1318 (9th Cir. 1985) ....................................................... 19, 238, 789 Lagandaon v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................ 153 Lahmidi v. INS, 149 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. 1998) ........................................................................... 331 Lair v. Bullock, 697 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir. 2012) ........................................................................... 560 La Jeune Eugenie; U.S. v., 26 F. 832 (D. Mass. 1822) ............................................................... 733 Lakhwinder Singh v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 207 (2d Cir. 2009) ...................................... 232, 264, 265 Lal v. INS, 255 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................. 629, 762 Lam, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 168 (BIA 1972) ........................................................................... 202 Lam v. Holder, 698 F.3d 529 (7th Cir. 2012) ............................................................................. 163 Landano v. DOJ, 873 F. Supp. 884 (D.N.J. 1994) ...................................................................... 708 Landeros-Gonzales; U.S. v., 262 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. 2001) ......................................................... 110 Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244 (1994)

................................ 308, 309, 610, 632–34, 637, 638, 642, 643, 655, 657, 662, 668, 669 Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21 (1982) ........................................................... 394, 454, 457, 554 Lanza v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 917 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 134–36 Lara v. Lynch, 789 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. 2015) .............................................................................. 162 Lara-Torres v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 968 (9th Cir. 2004), amended, 404 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. 2005)

..................................................................................................................................... 353 Larita-Martinez v. INS, 220 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................................. 326 Lassister v. Dep’t Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18 (1981) ..................................................................... 210 Lauer v. Barnhart, 321 F.3d 762 (8th Cir. 2003) ........................................................................ 786 Lavira v. Attorney Gen., 478 F.3d 158 (3d Cir. 2007),

rev’d sub nom. Pierre v. Attorney Gen., 528 F.3d 180 (3d Cir. 2008) ......................... 174 Lawson v. USCIS, 795 F. Supp. 2d 283 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ........................................................... 584



Lazli v. USCIS, 2007 WL 2156659 (D. Or. July 25, 2007) ......................................................... 774 Lazo v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 53 (2d Cir. 2006) .............................................................................. 88 Lazo-Majano v. INS, 813 F.2d 1432 (9th Cir. 1987) .................................................................. 110 L.D.G. v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1022 (7th Cir. 2014) ........................................................................ 622 Leader v. Blackman, 744 F. Supp. 500 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) .................................................... 419, 456 LEAP v. INS. See Immigrant Assistance Project v. INS Ledezma-Galicia v. Holder, 636 F.3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................... 611, 635, 648, 649 Lee v. Ashcroft, 216 F. Supp. 2d 51 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) ................................................................. 415 Lee v. INS, 590 F.2d 497 (3d Cir. 1979) ..................................................................................... 243 Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................................................. 379 Lee v. Oregon, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997) .............................................................................. 37 Leedom v. Kyne, 358 U.S. 184 (1958) .................................................................................. 44, 489 Lee Hon Lung v. Dulles, 261 F.2d 719 (9th Cir. 1958) ....................................................... 124, 578 Legal Assistance for Vietnamese Asylum Seekers v. DOS, 45 F.3d 469 (D.C. Cir. 1995) ............ 17 Leiva-Perez v. Holder, 640 F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................................... 99, 100, 764 Lema v. INS, 341 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................................................................. 439 Lem Moon Sing v. U.S., 158 U.S. 538 (1895) ............................................................................. 547 Lemus v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 641 (9th Cir. 2016) ............................................................................ 677 Lemus-Galvan v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................................................ 172 Leng May Ma v. Barber, 357 U.S. 185 (1958) ........................................................................... 286 Lenis v. Attorney Gen., 525 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir. 2008) ............................................................. 370 Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004) ......................................................................................... 607 Leon; U.S. v., 468 U.S. 897 (1984) ............................................................................................. 231 Leonardo v. Crawford, 646 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2011) ......................................................... 64, 464 Leroy v. Great W. Union Corp., 443 U.S. 173 (1979) ................................................................ 470 Leslie v. Attorney Gen., 611 F.3d 171 (3d Cir. 2010) ................................................. 213, 224, 225 Leslie v. Attorney Gen., 678 F.3d 265 (3d Cir. 2012) ......................................... 420, 429, 438, 442 Lettman, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 365 (BIA 1988) ..................................................................... 647 Lettman v. Reno, 207 F.3d 1368 (11th Cir. 2000) ....................................................................... 648 Levander v. Prober (In re Levander), 180 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 1999) ........................................ 376 Lewis v. Connett, 291 F. Supp. 583 (W.D. Ark. 1968) ............................................................... 757 Lewis v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 2007) ............................................................. 96, 97, 328 Lewis v. INS, 194 F.3d 539 (4th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................. 171 Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, 134 S. Ct. 1377 (2014) ............................ 20, 40 Lezama-Garcia v. Holder, 666 F.3d 518 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................ 613, 628, 629 Li v. Holder, 666 F.3d 147 (4th Cir. 2011) ................................................................................... 92 Li v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 913 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................... 772, 777, 783–86, 788 Liacakos v. Kennedy, 195 F. Supp. 630 (D.D.C. 1961) .............................................................. 578 Liang v. Attorney Gen., 2007 WL 3225441 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 30, 2007) ....................................... 527 Libas, Ltd. v. U.S., 314 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2003) .................................................................... 786 Library of Cong. v. Shaw, 478 U.S. 310 (1986) .................................................................. 793, 809 Libretti v. U.S., 516 U.S. 29 (1995) ............................................................................................ 365 Licea-Gomez v. Pilliod, 193 F. Supp. 577 (N.D. Ill. 1960) ................................................. 540, 541 Li Fang Lin v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 685 (4th Cir. 2008) ............................................................... 105 Lifshaz v. Gonzales, 2007 WL 1169169 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 19, 2007) ....................................... 581 Li Hing of Hong Kong, Inc. v. Levin, 800 F.2d 970 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................... 532, 546 Lim v. Mitchell, 431 F.2d 197 (9th Cir. 1970) ............................................................................ 124 Lin v. Ashcroft, 356 F.3d 1027 (9th Cir.), amended & superseded on denial of reh’g, 377 F.3d

1014 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................................ ̀ 215, 315 Lin v. DOJ, 416 F.3d 184 (2d Cir. 2005) .................................................................................... 614 Lin v. Holder, 681 F.3d 1236 (11th Cir. 2012) ........................................................... 324, 356, 623



Lin v. McElroy, 1996 WL 546881 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ..................................................................... 65 Linares Huarcaya v. Mukasey, 550 F.3d 224 (2d Cir. 2008) ...................................................... 628 Lincoln v. Vigil, 508 U.S. 182 (1993) ......................................................................................... 132 Linda R. S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614 (1973) ............................................................................ 13 Lindems v. Mukasey, 530 F. Supp. 2d 1044 (E.D. Wis. 2008) .................................................... 524 Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320 (1997) ....................................................................................... 634 Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397 (1937) .............................................................................. 642 Lin Xing Jiang v. Holder, 639 F.3d 751 (7th Cir. 2011) ............................................................. 214 Lisotta v. U.S., 3 F.2d 108 (5th Cir. 1924) .................................................................................. 399 Liu v. Novak, 509 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2007) .......................................................................... 524 Liu v. Waters, 55 F.3d 421 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................................................... 57 Liverpool S.S. Co. v. Commissioners of Emigration, 113 U.S. 33 (1885) .................................... 11 Loa-Herrera v. Trominski, 231 F.3d 984 (5th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 16 Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422 (1982) ............................................................... 631 Lok v. INS, 548 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1977) ....................................................................................... 794 Lolong v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2007) .............................................................. 88, 411 London v. Phelps, 22 F.2d 288 (2d Cir. 1927) .................................................................... 536, 537 Long v. IRS, 693 F.2d 907 (9th Cir. 1982) .................................................................................. 701 Lonyem v. Attorney Gen., 352 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 340 Lopes v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2006) ........................................................................... 345 Lopez v. DOS, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4273 (D. Or. 2013) ........................................................ 578 Lopez v. INS, 184 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. 1999) ...................................................................... 324, 368 Lopez v. Napolitano, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36188 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2014) ......................... 441 Lopez-Castellanos v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 848 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................... 336, 652, 653 Lopez-Chavez v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 650 (7th Cir. 2004) .................................................... 100, 765 Lopez-Dubon v. Holder, 609 F.3d 642 (5th Cir. 2010) ............................................................... 371 Lopez-Esparza v. Holder, 770 F.3d 606 (7th Cir. 2014) ............................................................. 162 Lopez-Flores v. DHS, 376 F.3d 793 (8th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 307 Lopez-Loera, In re, A90-559-166 (BIA 2003) ............................................................................ 384 Lopez-Mendoza; INS v., 468 U.S. 1032 (1984) ................................ 231, 256–58, 260–64, 271–74 Lopez-Meza v. Lynch, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 15957 (9th Cir. 2015) ........................................ 313 Lopez-Ortiz; U.S. v., 313 F.3d 225 (5th Cir. 2002) ............................................................. 192, 219 Lopez-Rodriguez v. Holder, 683 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2012) ............................................... 159, 163 Lopez-Rodriguez v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2008),

petition for reh’g denied, 560 F.3d 1098 (2009) .......................................... 238, 259, 262 Lopez-Ruiz v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 886 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................................... 89, 375 Lopez-Umanzor v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................. 2, 151, 193, 204 Lopez-Urenda v. Ashcroft, 345 F.3d 788 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................... 653 Lopez-Valdez; U.S. v., 178 F.3d 282 (5th Cir. 1999) .................................................................. 245 Lopez-Vasquez; U.S. v., 1 F.3d 751 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................... 208 Lora v. Shanahan, 804 F.3d 601 (2d Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 2494 (2016)

............................................................................................... 424, 427, 428, 434–36, 459 Lorenzo v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 1278 (10th Cir. 2007) ......................................................... 316, 322 Los Angeles, City of v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95 (1983) .................................................................. 18, 32 Los Angeles, Cnty. of v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625 (1979) .............................................................. 28–30 Los Angeles Council on Deafness v. Community Television, 813 F.2d 217 (9th Cir. 1987) ....... 804 Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 669 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2012) ...................................... 32 Louisaire v. Muller, 758 F. Supp. 2d 229 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) .......................................................... 65 Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra v. INS, 44 F. Supp. 2d 800 (E.D. La. 1999) .......................... 66 Loulou v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 706 (8th Cir. 2003) ....................................................................... 129 Lovan v. Holder, 659 F.3d 653 (8th Cir. 2011) ................................................................... 611, 672



Love v. Reilly, 924 F.2d 1492 (9th Cir. 1991) ............................................................................. 794 Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) ......................................................................................... 514 Low Joe, Ex parte, 287 Fed. 545 (N.D. Cal. 1922) ..................................................................... 394 Low Wah Suey v. Backus, 225 U.S. 460 (1912) .......................................................................... 393 Low Yam Chow, In re, 13 Fed. 605 (9th Cir. 1882) .................................................................... 391 Loza-Bedoya v. INS, 410 F.2d 343 (9th Cir. 1969) ............................................................. 541, 546 Lozada, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (BIA 1988) ....................................................... 211, 348, 362 Ludecke v. Watkins, 335 U.S. 160 (1948) ........................................................................... 419, 714 Lugo-Resendez v. Lynch, 831 F.3d 337 (5th Cir. 2016) .............................................................. 361 Luis v. INS, 196 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 1999) ..................................................................................... 370 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992) ................................ 11–15, 38, 525, 552, 553 Lujan-Armendariz v. INS, 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................. 171, 602, 670 LULAC v. INS. See Newman v. INS Luna v. Holder, 637 F.3d 85 (2d Cir. 2011) ......................................... 97, 324, 355, 358, 407, 623 Luna v. INS, 709 F.2d 126 (1st Cir. 1983) .................................................................................. 115 Luna-Garcia v. Holder, 777 F.3d 1182 (10th Cir. 2015) .................................................... 312, 313 Luna-Madellaga; U.S. v., 315 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................... 320 Ly v. Hansen, 351 F.3d 263 (6th Cir. 2003) ................................................................ 424, 427, 429 Lyden v. Howerton, 731 F. Supp. 1545 (S.D. Fla. 1990) ............................................................ 795 Lyon v. ICE, 300 F.R.D. 628 (N.D. Cal. 2014) ............................................................................. 36

M Ma v. Reno, 114 F.3d 128 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................... 69 Madrane v. Hogan, 520 F. Supp. 2d 654 (M.D. Pa. 2007) ................................................. 424, 430 Madrigal v. Holder, 572 F.3d 239 (6th Cir. 2009) ...................................................................... 312 Madu v. Attorney Gen., 470 F.3d 1362 (11th Cir. 2006) .................... 180, 181, 329, 408, 412, 513 Magala v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2005) ..................................................................... 221 Magana-Pizano v. INS, 152 F.3d 1213, amended, 159 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir. 1998), vacated,

526 U.S. 1001, decision on remand, 200 F.3d 603 (9th Cir. 1999) ........ 79, 179, 325, 401–3 Maharaj v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 963 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................... 414 Mahler v. Eby, 264 U.S. 32 (1924) ............................................................................................. 396 Mahmood v. Holder, 570 F.3d 466 (2d Cir. 2009) ...................................................................... 372 Mah Shee v. White, 242 F. 868 (9th Cir. 1917) ................................................................... 285, 395 Mai v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 162 (5th Cir. 2006) ................................................................... 213, 367 Majestic Weaving Co.; NLRB v., 355 F.2d 854 (2d Cir. 1966) ........................................... 669, 671 Maknojiya v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 588 (5th Cir. 2005) ................................................................ 345 Malagon de Fuentes v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 498 (5th Cir. 2006) ........................................ 449, 452 Maldonado v. Dep’t of Agric., 154 F.3d 1086 (9th Cir. 1998) .................................................... 503 Maldonado v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2015) .................................................................... 31 Malkit Singh v. INS, 362 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 301 Mallory v. U.S., 354 U.S. 449 (1957) ......................................................................................... 255 Malone, Matter of, 11 I&N Dec. 730 (BIA 1966) ...................................... 316, 375, 381, 384, 386 Mamigonian v. Biggs, 710 F.3d 936 (9th Cir. 2013) .................................................................. 509 Mancusi v. DeForte, 392 U.S. 364 (1968) .................................................................................. 253 Manguriu v. Lynch, 794 F.3d 119 (1st Cir. 2015) ......................................................... 31, 150, 503 Manjit Kaur v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 734 (9th Cir. 2004) ....................................................... 151, 195 Manjit Singh v. Ilchert, 784 F. Supp. 759 (N.D. Cal. 1992) ................................................. 36, 527 Manmohanjit Singh v. Still, 470 F. Supp. 2d 1064 (N.D. Cal. 2007) .................................. 525, 527 Manos v. Dep’t of Air Force, 829 F. Supp. 1191 (N.D. Cal. 1993) ............................................ 706 Mansour v. Holder, 739 F.3d 412 (8th Cir. 2014) ...................................................................... 628



Mansour v. INS, 230 F.3d 902 (7th Cir. 2000) ............................................................................ 121 Mantena v. Johnson, 809 F.3d 721 (2d Cir. 2015) .......................................... 15, 16, 150, 493, 509 Mantilla v. DOS, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 136152 (S.D. Fla. 2012) ............................................ 682 Manzano-Garcia v. Gonzales, 413 F.3d 462 (5th Cir. 2005) ...................................................... 143 Manzo-Jurado; U.S. v., 457 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................................ 245 Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961) ............................................................................................ 254 Maravilla Maravilla v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 855 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................. 353 Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803) ............................................. 77, 106, 552, 594 Marcello v. Bonds, 349 U.S. 302 (1955) ....................................................................................... 66 Marcus v. Shalala, 17 F.3d 1033 (7th Cir. 1994) ........................................................................ 787 Marczak v. Greene, 971 F.2d 510 (10th Cir. 1992) .................................................... 399, 409, 565 Maria v. McElroy, 68 F. Supp. 2d 206 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) ............................................ 634, 735, 740 Marin, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 581 (BIA 1978) ......................................................................... 220 Marine Mammal Conservancy, Inc. v. Dep’t of Agric., 134 F.3d 409 (D.C. Cir. 1998) ............... 68 Marin-Rodriguez v. Holder, 612 F.3d 591 (7th Cir. 2010) ................................. 324, 355, 357, 623 Mario Alfredo Lares-Reyes v. U.S., No. 12.379 (Inter-Am. C.H.R. 2002) ..................................... 9 Mariscal-Sandoval v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 851 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................ 100, 765 Marks v. U.S., 430 U.S. 188 (1977) ............................................................................................ 560 Marmolejo-Campos v. Holder, 558 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 2009) ............................................. 612, 620 Marolf; U.S. v., 277 F.3d 1156 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................... 786, 788, 790 Marozsan v. U.S., 852 F.2d 1469 (7th Cir. 1988) ................................................. 79, 220, 221, 489 Marrero Pichardo v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 46 (2d Cir. 2004) .................................................... 51, 60 Marshall v. Commissioner of Soc. Sec., 444 F.3d 837 (6th Cir. 2006) ....................................... 783 Mart v. Beebe, 94 F. Supp. 2d 1120 (D. Or. 2000) ..................................................................... 509 Martin v. Heckler, 754 F.2d 1262 (5th Cir. 1985) ...................................................................... 779 Martin v. Heckler, 773 F.2d 1145 (11th Cir. 1985) .................................................................... 790 Martinez v. Bureau of Prisons, 444 F.3d 620 (D.C. Cir. 2006) .................................................. 700 Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902 (4th Cir. 2014) .............................................................. 102, 613 Martinez v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 255 (5th Cir. 2007) ................................................................... 129 Martinez v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 532 (5th Cir. 2008) ................................................................... 153 Martinez v. Sessions, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 13078 (9th Cir. July 20, 2017) .............................. 95 Martinez-Camargo v. INS, 282 F.3d 487 (7th Cir. 2002) ........................................................... 266 Martinez-Carcamo v. Holder, 713 F.3d 916 (8th Cir. 2013) ...................................................... 262 Martinez-Fuerte; U.S. v., 428 U.S. 543 (1976) ........................................................................... 236 Martinez Gutierrez; Holder v., 132 S. Ct. 2011 (2012) .............................................. 615, 616, 623 Martinez-Merino v. Mukasey, 525 F.3d 801 (9th Cir. 2008) .............................................. 322, 325 Martinez-Montoya v. INS, 904 F.2d 1018 (5th Cir. 1990) .................................................. 108, 572 Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256 (9th Cir. 1996) ....................................................... 96, 768 Martini, Application of, 184 F. Supp. 395 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) ....................................................... 381 Martins v. USCIS, 962 F. Supp. 2d 1106 (N.D. Cal. 2013) ........................................................ 684 Maslenjak v. U.S., 198 L. Ed. 3d 460 (June 22, 2017) ................................................................ 583 Massachusetts v. Environmental Prot. Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007) ........................................... 13 Massachusetts v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447 (1923) ........................................................................... 552 Massachusetts Fair Share v. Law Enforcement Assistance Admin., 758 F.2d 708 (D.C. Cir. 1985)

............................................................................................................................. 187, 518 Massis v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d 631 (4th Cir. 2008) ................................................................... 48, 60 Mastrapasqua v. Shaughnessy, 180 F.2d 999 (2d Cir. 1950) ..................................................... 397 Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians v. Patchak, 132 S. Ct. 2199 (2012)

......................................................................................................... 22, 23, 494, 552, 553 Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67 (1976) ........................................................................... 45, 183, 513 Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976) .................. 40, 45, 46, 58, 184, 188, 394, 456, 517, 518



Matter of. See name of party Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, [1924] P.C.I.J., ser. A, No. 2 .......................................... 719 Mayock v. INS, 714 F. Supp. 1558 (N.D. Cal. 1989) .................................................. 697, 701, 708 Mazariegos v. Lynch, 790 F.3d 280 (1st Cir. 2015) ............................................................ 145, 352 McBrearty v. Perryman, 212 F.3d 985 (7th Cir. 2000) ............................................................... 483 McCandless v. U.S. ex rel Diabo, 25 F.2d 71 (3d Cir. 1928) ...................................................... 727 McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140 (1992) ................................................................... 43, 59, 483 McCarthy v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 459 (5th Cir. 2009) .................................................................. 298 McCleary-Evans v. Maryland DOT, 780 F.3d 582 (4th Cir. 2015) ............................................ 753 McCoy v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48370 (E.D. Ky. 2005) ............. 710 McDonald v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 884 F.2d 1468 (1st Cir. 1989) ................... 778 McDonald v. Watt, 653 F.2d 1035 (5th Cir. 1981) ..................................................................... 670 McGhehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095 (D.C. Cir. 1983) .................................................................... 704 McGrath v. County of Nev., 67 F.3d 248 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................ 804 MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. AT&T Co., 512 U.S. 218 (1994) ....................................................... 603 McKart v. U.S., 395 U.S. 185 (1969) ............................................................................................ 43 McLeod v. Peterson, 283 F.2d 180 (3d Cir. 1960) ........................................ 316, 317, 375, 379–81 McNabb v. U.S., 318 U.S. 332 (1943) ........................................................................................ 255 McNary v. Haitian Refugee Ctr., Inc., 498 U.S. 479 (1991) ............................... 180, 408, 487, 519 McNeese v. Board of Educ., 373 U.S. 668 (1963) ........................................................................ 44 McQuiggin v. Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 1924 (2013) ................................................................... 378, 379 McQuiston v. Marsh, 707 F.2d 1082 (9th Cir. 1983) .................................................................. 780 M-D-, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 540 (BIA 2002) .......................................................................... 334 Mead Corp.; U.S. v., 533 U.S. 218 (2001) .................................................................. 603, 604, 611 Mead Data Cen., Inc. v. U.S. Air Force, 566 F.2d 242 (D.C. Cir. 1977) .................................... 691 Medellin-Reyes v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 721 (7th Cir. 2006) ........................................................ 406 Medillin v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008) .............................................. 713, 727, 728, 731, 739, 742 Medina v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................................... 136 Medina-Hincapie v. DOS, 700 F.2d 737 (D.C. Cir. 1983) .......................................................... 682 Medina-Lara v. Holder, 771 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2014) ............................................... 55, 101, 171 Medina-Morales v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 520 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................ 165, 166, 351 Medlmmune, Inc. v. Genetech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118 (2007) ............................................................ 37 Medrano, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 216 (BIA 1990) ...................................................................... 56 Mehanna v. USCIS, 677 F.3d 312 (6th Cir. 2012) ...................................................................... 144 Mehilli v. Gonzales, 433 F.3d 86 (1st Cir. 2005) ................................................................ 158, 177 Mejia v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 873 (9th Cir. 2002) ......................................................................... 350 Mejia v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................................ 668, 670 Mejia-Hernandez v. Holder, 633 F.3d 818 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................. 337, 367, 371, 507 Mejia-Rodriguez v. DHS, 562 F.3d 1137 (11th Cir. 2009) ................................................. 153, 483 Mejia-Rodriguez v. Reno, 178 F.3d 1139 (11th Cir. 1999) ......................................... 218, 220, 516 Mekhael v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 326 (7th Cir. 2007) .................................................................... 120 Melkonyan v. Sullivan, 501 U.S. 89 (1991) ................................................................ 778, 785, 806 Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980 (2015) .................................................................................. 617 Melnitsenko v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2008) ................................................. 260, 346, 349 Melvin; U.S. v., 596 F.2d 492 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 837 (1979) ............................... 247 Mena-Flores v. Holder, 776 F.3d 1152 (10th Cir. 2015) ............................................................ 170 Mendenhall; U.S. v., 446 U.S. 544 (1980) .................................................................................. 242 Mendez v. Holder, 566 F.3d 316 (2d Cir. 2009) ......................................................................... 164 Mendez v. INS, 563 F.2d 956 (9th Cir. 1977) ..................................................................... 319, 383 Mendez-Castro v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. 2009) ......................................................... 148 Mendez-Gutierrez v. Ashcroft, 340 F.3d 865 (9th Cir. 2003) ..................................................... 508



Mendez-Moranchel v. Ashcroft, 338 F.3d 176 (3d Cir. 2003) .................................................... 509 Mendiola v. Holder, 576 F. App’x 828 (10th Cir. 2014) ............................................................ 372 Mendoza v. Asher, No. 2:14-cv-14-0811-JCC-JPD (W.D. Wash. Sept. 16, 2014) ..................... 441 Mendoza v. Attorney Gen., 327 F.3d 1283 (11th Cir. 2003) ............................................... 129, 130 Mendoza v. Perez, 754 F.3d 1002 (D.C. Cir. 2014) .................................................................... 492 Mendoza-Lopez; U.S. v., 481 U.S. 828 (1987) ................................................................... 325, 385 Mendoza Manimbao v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 655 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................. 151 Mendoza-Mazariegos v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................. 362 Menendez; U.S. v., 48 F.3d 1401 (5th Cir. 1995) .......................................................................... 68 Mengistu v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1044 (7th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 105 Meng Li v. Eddy, 259 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 2001),

vacated as moot, 324 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................... 285–88 Meraz v. Comfort, 2006 WL 861859 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 9, 2006) .................................................... 584 Mercado-Zazueta v. Holder, 580 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2009)624 ................................................ 624 Merchant v. Attorney Gen., 461 F.3d 1375 (11th Cir. 2006) ...................................................... 145 Mesquite, City of v. Aladdin’s Castle, 455 U.S. 283 (1982) ......................................................... 29 Metropolitan Sch. Dist. v. Davila, 969 F.2d 485 (7th Cir. 1992) ................................................ 667 Metropolitan Stevedore Co. v. Rambo, 521 U.S. 121 (1997) ...................................................... 607 Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923) .................................................................................... 515 Meyersiek v. USCIS, No. 05-398, 2006 WL 1582397 (D.R.I. June 6, 2006) .............................. 581 Meza-Vallejos v. Holder, 669 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2012) .............................................................. 327 Mezvrishvili v. Attorney Gen., 467 F.3d 1292 (11th Cir. 2006) .................................................. 120 M-H-, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 46 (BIA 2012) ............................................................................ 622 Michael v. INS, 48 F.3d 657 (2d Cir. 1995) .......................................................... 98, 328, 329, 406 Michigan v. Fisher, 130 S. Ct. 546 (2009) .................................................................................. 243 Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692 (1981) ............................................................................... 244 Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499 (1978) ..................................................................................... 239 Mickeviciute v. INS, 327 F.3d 1159 (10th Cir. 2003) .................................................................. 121 Mid-Hudson Catskill Rural Migrant Ministry, Inc. v. Fine Host Corp.,

418 F.3d 168 (2d Cir. N.Y. 2005) .................................................................................. 24 Miguel v. INS, 359 F.3d 408 (6th Cir. 2004) ....................................................................... 259, 275 Miguel-Miguel v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 941 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................... 55, 672 Mihalev v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 722 (9th Cir. 2004) ..................................................................... 136 Mihaylov v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 121, 136 Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384 (6th Cir. 1998) .................................................................... 194 Miller v. Alamo, 983 F.2d 856 (8th Cir. 1993) ............................................................................ 807 Miller v. Albright, 523 U.S. 420 (1998) ........................................................................................ 20 Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423 (1987) ....................................................................................... 642 Miller v. Mukasey, 539 F.3d 159, (2d Cir. 2008) ................................................................ 323, 324 Miller v. Pate, 385 U.S. 1 (1967) ................................................................................................ 377 Miller v. U.S., 357 U.S. 301 (1958) ............................................................................................ 255 Milner v. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562 (2011) ............................................................................ 693 Minasyan v. Gonzales, 401 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................. 59, 606, 609 Minasyan v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir. 2009) ................................................................ 178 Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978) ..................................................................................... 239 Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366 (1993) ............................................................ 233, 244, 246 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) ........................................................................... 250, 265 Miranda v. Reno, 238 F.3d 1156 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................ 414 Miranda Alvarado v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 915 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................... 612 Mireles-Valdez v. Ashcroft, 349 F.3d 213 (5th Cir. 2003) .......................................................... 509 Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274 (1989) ........................................................................... 804, 807



Mitondo v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 784 (7th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 95 Moab v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 656 (7th Cir. 2007) ........................................................................ 105 Mobil Oil Corp. v. Federal Power Comm’n, 483 F.2d 1238 (D.C. Cir. 1973) ........................... 111 Mocanu v. Mueller, 2008 WL 372459 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 8, 2008) .................................................. 583 M.O.C.H.A. Soc’y v. City of Buffalo, 199 F. Supp. 2d 40 (W.D.N.Y. 2002) ................................ 24 Mohamed v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 522 (8th Cir. 2007) ......................................................... 404, 410 Mohammadi-Motlagh v. INS, 727 F.2d 1450 (9th Cir. 1984) ..................................................... 478 Mohammed v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 785 (9th Cir. 2005) .............................................. 227, 315, 346 Mohammed v. Reno, 205 F. Supp. 2d 39 (E.D.N.Y.), aff’d, 309 F.3d 95 (2d Cir. 2002) .... 99, 643, 764 Mohideen v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 567 (7th Cir. 2005) ................................................................. 201 Mojica v. Reno, 970 F. Supp. 130 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) ................................... 413, 415, 450, 469, 470 Mokarram v. Attorney Gen., 2009 WL 511500 (11th Cir. Mar. 2, 2009) ................................... 295 Molaire v. Smith, 743 F. Supp. 839 (S.D. Fla. 1990) .................................................................. 226 Molham, Matter of, 2008 WL 4868678 (BIA Oct. 9, 2008) ....................................................... 479 Molina v. INS, 981 F.2d 14 (1st Cir. 1992) ................................................................................. 671 Molina v. Sewell, 983 F.2d 676 (5th Cir. 1993) .......................................................................... 218 Molina-Camacho v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 937 (9th Cir. 2004) ...................................................... 296 Molina-Estrada v. INS, 293 F.3d 1089 (9th Cir. 2002) .............................................................. 102 Molina Jerez v. Holder, 625 F.3d 1058 (8th Cir. 2010) ...................................................... 309, 657 Momeni v. Chertoff, 521 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 296, 298 Moncrieffe v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 1678 (2013) ............................................................................ 423 Mondaca-Vega v. Holder, 808 F.3d 413 (9th Cir. 2015) ............................................................ 576 Monestime v. Reilly, 704 F. Supp. 2d 453 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) ......................................... 65, 429, 464 Monreal, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 56 (BIA 2001) ....................................................................... 166 Montalvo-Murillo; U.S. v., 495 U.S. 711 (1990) ................................................................ 434, 435 Montana Envtl. Info. Ctr. v. Stone-Manning, 766 F.3d 1184 (9th Cir. 2014) ............................... 37 Montana Nat’l Bank of Billings v. Yellowstone Cnty., 276 U.S. 499 (1928) ................................ 44 Montanez-Gonzalez v. Holder, 780 F.3d 720 (6th Cir. 2015) ..................................................... 220 Montano Cisneros v. Attorney Gen., 514 F.3d 1224 (11th Cir. 2008) .......................... 54, 341, 349 Montenegro v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 651 Monter v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 546 (2d Cir. 2005) ...................................................................... 110 Monterey Mech. Co. v. Wilson, 125 F.3d 702 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................... 100 Montero v. Cobb, 937 F. Supp. 88 (D. Mass. 1996) ............................................................. 65, 431 Montero-Martinez v. Ashcroft, 277 F.3d 1137 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................... 157, 176 Montes v. Thornburgh, 919 F.2d 531 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................... 64 Montes-Lopez v. Holder, 694 F.3d 1085 (9th Cir. 2012) .................................................... 190, 225 Montgomery Ward & Co. v. FTC, 691 F.2d 1322 (9th Cir. 1982) .............................. 671, 676, 677 Montilla v. INS, 926 F.2d 162 (2d Cir. 1991) ..................................................... 136, 187, 223, 520 Montoya v. Holder, 744 F.3d 614 (9th Cir. 2014) ...................................................................... 657 Montoya de Hernandez; U.S. v., 473 U.S. 531 (1984) ........................................................ 234, 235 Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103 (1935) .................................................................................. 377 Morales v. City of San Rafael, 96 F.3d 359 (9th Cir. 1996) ........................................................ 803 Morales v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................................ 172, 176 Morales Apolinar v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 893 (9th Cir. 2008) ..................................... 227, 363, 366 Morales-Izquierdo v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 1299 (9th Cir. 2004), amended & superseded on denial of

reh’g sub nom. Morales-Izquierdo v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 484 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................................................................................. 310, 319, 322, 323

Morales-Izquierdo v. DHS, 600 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2010) ........................................ 307, 310, 674 Morales-Morales v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 418 (7th Cir. 2004) ............................................... 136, 509 Moran-Enriquez v. INS, 884 F.2d 420 (9th Cir. 1989) ............................................................... 217 Moreira v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 709 (5th Cir. 2007) .............................................................. 96, 328



Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................... 798, 804, 805, 811 Moreno-Bravo v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 253 (2d Cir. 2006) ................................................... 766, 767 Moreno-Morante v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2007) ..................................................... 54 Morfin v. Tillerson, 851 F.3d 710 (7th Cir. 2017) .............................................................. 532, 561 Morillo-Cedron v. District Dir., 452 F.3d 1254 (11th Cir. 2006) ............................................... 783 Morisath v. Smith, 988 F. Supp. 1333 (W.D. Wash. 1997) ........................................................... 65 Morissette v. U.S., 342 U.S. 246 (1952) ..................................................................................... 598 Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108 (D.C. Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 702 Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471 (1972) ................................................................................. 517 Mortlock v. U.S., Case 12.534, IACHR, Report No. 63/08 (2005) ............................................. 737 Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199 (1974) .................................................................. 159, 187, 503, 604 Mosleh v. Strapp, 992 F. Supp. 874 (N.D. Tex. 1998) ................................................................ 587 Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29 (1983)

............................................................................. 104, 160, 501, 502, 617, 619, 624, 625 Moussa v. INS, 302 F.3d 823 (8th Cir. 2002) ............................................................... 59, 123, 579 Movsisian v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................ 121, 136, 358, 360 Moyer v. Peabody, 212 U.S. 78 (1909) ....................................................................................... 419 M-R-A-, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 665 (BIA 2008) ...................................................................... 343 M-S-, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 349 (BIA 1998) ........................................................................... 337 Muehler v. Mena, 544 U.S. 93 (2005) ................................................................................. 244, 245 Muhur v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 958, on subsequent appeal, 382 F.3d 653 (7th Cir. 2004)

................................................................................................. 1, 136, 137, 785, 794, 795 Mukadam v. DOL, 458 F. Supp. 164 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) ............................................................... 494 Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950) ........................ 188, 330, 518 Mulligan v. Schultz, 848 F.2d 655 (5th Cir. 1988) ...................................................................... 532 Munoz v. Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 950 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................................ 724 Munoz-Pacheco v. Holder, 673 F.3d 741 (7th Cir. 2012) ........................................................... 161 Munoz-Yepez v. Gonzales, 465 F.3d 3471 (8th Cir. 2006) .......................................................... 171 Murchison, In re, 349 U.S. 133 (1955) ....................................................................................... 202 Murillo v. Musegades, 809 F. Supp. 487 (W.D. Tex. 1992) ....................................................... 246 Murillo-Robles v. Lynch, 839 F.3d 88 (1st Cir. 2016) ................................................................ 341 Murillo-Salmeron v. INS, 327 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................................. 149 Murphy v. INS, 54 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................... 122 Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15 (1885) ...................................................................................... 718 Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478 (1986) ............................................................................. 376, 378 Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804) ................................... 732, 740 Murray v. Vaughn, 300 F. Supp. 688 (D.R.I. 1969) ................................................................... 522 Mustata v. DOJ, 179 F.3d 1017 (6th Cir. 1999) ................................... 98, 180, 328, 406, 413, 462

N Nadarajah v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2006) ...... 417, 423, 427, 443, 459, 471, 513, 566 Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2009) ........................... 774, 795, 799, 800, 805, 807 Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275 (1st Cir. 1978) .................................................................... 780 Nadler v. INS, 737 F. Supp. 658 (D.D.C. 1989) ................................................. 775, 790, 795, 796 Nagahi v. INS, 219 F.3d 1166 (10th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................... 581 Naik v. Renaud, 947 F. Supp. 2d 464 (D.N.J. 2013) ..................................................................... 69 Najaf-Ali v. Meese, 653 F. Supp. 833 (N.D. Cal. 1987) .............................................................. 195 Nakamoto v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 874 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................. 144, 148, 156 Nakaranurack v. U.S., 68 F.3d 290 (9th Cir. 1995), appeal after remand, 231 F.3d 568 (9th Cir. 2000)

..................................................................................................................... 168, 413, 462



Nakimbugwe v. Gonzales, 475 F.3d 281 (5th Cir. 2007) ............................................................ 179 Naporano Metal & Iron Co. v. Secretary of Labor, 529 F.2d 537 (3d Cir. 1976) ...................... 521 Narine v. Holder, 559 F.3d 246 (4th Cir. 2009) ............................................................................ 63 National Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157 (2004) ....................................... 680 National Ass’n of Regulatory Util. Comm’rs v. Interstate Commerce Comm’n, 41 F.3d 721

(D.C. Cir. 1994) ........................................................................................................... 615 National Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967 (2005)

............................................................................. 8, 306, 307, 619, 621–26, 673–75, 677 National Council of La Raza v. DOJ, 411 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2005) ............................................ 684 National Ctr. for Immigrants’ Rights v. INS, 791 F.2d 1351 (9th Cir. 1986),

vacated, 481 U.S. 1009 (1987) ............................................................................... 65, 476 National Day Laborer Org. Network v. ICE, 811 F. Supp. 2d 713 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ......... 685, 690 National Immigr. Project of NLG v. DHS, 842 F. Supp. 2d 720 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ............. 685, 687 National Immigr. Project of NLG v. DHS, 868 F. Supp. 2d 284 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ..................... 692 National Park Hospitality Ass’n v. Dep’t of Interior, 538 U.S. 803 (2003) ......................... 37, 485 National Taxpayers Union, Inc. v. U.S., 68 F.3d 1428 (D.C. Cir. 1995) ...................................... 24 National Whistleblower Ctr. v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 849 F. Supp. 2d 13 (D.D.C. 2012)

..................................................................................................................................... 690 National Wildlife Fed’n v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 870 F.2d 542 (9th Cir. 1989) 794 Nationwide Bldg. Maint., Inc. v. Sampson, 559 F.2d 704 (D.C. Cir. 1977) ................................ 709 Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Winter, 543 F.3d 1152 (9th Cir. 2008) .................................. 809 Navarro-Chalan v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 19 (1st Cir. 2004) .......................................................... 266 Navarro-Diaz; U.S. v., 420 F.3d 581 (6th Cir. 2005) ......................................................... 261, 274 Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................... 102, 107 Navia-Duran v. INS, 568 F.2d 803 (1st Cir. 1977) ............................................................. 184, 265 Nazarova v. INS, 171 F.3d 478 (7th Cir. 1999) .................................................................. 198, 341 N-B-, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 590 (BIA 1999) ........................................................................... 340 N’Diom v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 494 (6th Cir. 2006) ........................................................ 2, 213, 367 Ndom v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 743 (9th Cir. 2004) ......................................................................... 762 Negrete-Ramirez v. Holder, 741 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2014) ....................................................... 600 Negrete-Rodriguez v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 2008) ................................................... 671 Negusie v. Holder, 129 S. Ct. 1159 (2009) ................................................................. 616, 625, 626 Nehad v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................................................... 214, 227 The Nereide, 3 U.S. (9 Cranch) 388 (1815) ................................................................................ 732 Newman v. Apfel, 223 F.3d 937 (9th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................... 503 Newman v. INS, No. CV 87-4757-WDK (C.D. Cal. July 1987) ................................................... 70 News-Press v. DHS, 489 F.3d 1173 (11th Cir. 2007) ................................................................. 688 New York Indians v. U.S., 170 U.S. 1 (1898) .............................................................................. 726 New York Times Co. v. U.S., 403 U.S. 713 (1971) ...................................................................... 718 Ngarurih v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 182 (4th Cir. 2004) ............................................................ 100, 765 Ng Fung Ho v. White, 259 U.S. 276 (1922) ................................................................ 123, 515, 579 Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 975 (8th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................ 132 Nguyen v. INS, 208 F.3d 528 (5th Cir. 2000), aff’d, 533 U.S. 53 (2001) .................................... 123 Nguyen v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 853 (8th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 156 Ngwana v. Attorney Gen., 40 F. Supp. 2d 319 (D. Md. 1999) ............................................ 587, 588 Niam v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 2, 121 Nian v. Holder, 683 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2012) ............................................................................. 95 Niarchos v. INS, 393 F.2d 509 (7th Cir. 1968) ........................................................................... 198 Nibagwire v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 153 (4th Cir. 2006) ................................................................ 345 Nicacio v. INS, 797 F.2d 700 (9th Cir. 1986) ....................................................................... 19, 246 Nicanor-Romero v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 992 (9th Cir. 2008) ....................................................... 623



Nieto-Baquera v. Longshore, 948 F. Supp. 2d 1248 (D. Colo. 2013) ......................................... 435 Nigmadzhanov v. Mueller, 550 F. Supp. 2d 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) .............................................. 523 Nijjar v. Holder, 2012 WL 3104616 (9th Cir. 2012) .................................................................. 605 Nirmal Singh v. Wiles, 747 F. Supp. 2d 1223 (W.D. Wash. 2010) ..................................... 480, 500 Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 129 S. Ct. 1749, on remand, 585 F.3d 818 (4th Cir. 2009)

.................................................................. 98, 99, 120, 327, 348, 375, 685, 687, 763, 764 NLRB v. See name of opposing party Noble, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 672 (BIA 1997) ................................................................. 432, 433 Noel v. Chapman, 508 F.2d 1023 (2d Cir. 1975) ........................................................ 553, 555, 664 Nong v. Reno, 28 F. Supp. 2d 27 (D.D.C. 1998) ......................................................................... 775 Noriega-Lopez v. Ashcroft, 335 F.3d 874 (9th Cir. 2003) ......................... 61, 87, 88, 171, 411, 412 Noriega-Sandoval v. INS, 911 F.2d 258 (9th Cir. 1990) ............................................................. 569 Northwest Coal. for Alternatives to Pesticides v. Browner, 965 F. Supp. 59 (D.D.C. 1997) ...... 710 Northwest Envtl. Def. Ctr. v. Bonneville Power Admin., 477 F.3d 668 (9th Cir. 2007)

....................................................................................................... 96, 104, 501, 620, 624 Nose v. Attorney Gen., 993 F.2d 75 (5th Cir. 1993) ............................................................ 294, 295 Nourse; U.S. v., 9 Pet. 8 (1835) .................................................................................................... 77 Nowak v. INS, 94 F.3d 390 (7th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................. 312 Nowak v. U.S., 356 U.S. 660 (1958) ........................................................................................... 576 Nreka v. Attorney Gen., 408 F.3d 1361 (11th Cir. 2005) ...................................................... 95, 300 Nunes-Reyes v. Holder, 646 F.3d 684 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................................................ 670 Nunez v. Holder, 594 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2010) ................................................................. 613, 622 Nuveen Mun. Trust v. Withum Smith Brown, P.C., 692 F.3d 283 (3d Cir. 2012) ....................... 753 Nwakanma v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 325 (6th Cir. 2003) ........................................................ 100, 765 Nwaokolo v. INS, 314 F.3d 303 (7th Cir. 2002) .................................................................. 766, 767 Nwozuzu v. Holder, 726 F.3d 323 (2d Cir. 2013) ....................................................... 576, 577, 600 Nyaga v. Ashcroft, 186 F. Supp. 2d 1244 (N.D. Ga. 2002), rev’d, 323 F.3d 906 (11th Cir. 2003)

............................................................................................................................. 485, 529

O Obale v. Attorney Gen., 453 F.3d 151 (3d Cir. 2006) ................................................... 90, 100, 765 Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015) ............................................................................ 514 O’Brien v. Moore, 395 F.3d 499 (4th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 773 Ocampo-Ugalde, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1301 (BIA 2000) ........................................................ 63 Occidental Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766 (9th Cir. 1985) ....................................................... 502 Ochieng v. Mukasey, 520 F.3d 1110 (10th Cir. 2008) ................................................................ 513 Ochoa-Carrillo v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 842 (8th Cir. 2006) ........................................................ 310 Oddo v. Reno, 17 F. Supp. 2d 529 (E.D. Va. 1998) .................................................................... 495 Oestereich v. Selective Serv. Sys., 393 U.S. 233 (1968) ............................................................... 46 Ogbolumani v. Napolitano, 557 F.3d 729 (7th Cir. 2009) .......................................................... 148 Ogbudimkpa v. Ashcroft, 342 F.3d 207 (3d Cir. 2003) ....................................................... 174, 397 Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57 (D.C. Cir. 1990) .................................................... 700, 702 Oguachuba v. INS, 706 F.2d 93 (2d Cir. 1983) .......................................................................... 790 Ogunfuye v. Holder, 610 F.3d 303 (5th Cir. 2010) ..................................................................... 589 Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Utils. Comm’n, 301 U.S. 292 (1937) ............................................. 199 Oil, Chem. & Atomic Workers Int’l Union v. Dep’t of Energy, 288 F.3d 452 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ..... 707 Ojeda-Ramos; U.S. v., 455 F.3d 1178 (10th Cir. 2006) .............................................................. 238 Ojeda-Terrazas v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 292 (5th Cir. 2002) ......................................... 311, 314, 319 Ojeda-Vinales v. INS, 523 F.2d 286 (2d Cir. 1975) .................................................................... 251 OKC Corp. v. Williams, 461 F. Supp. 540 (N.D. Tex. 1978) ..................................................... 255



Okeke v. Gonzales, 407 F.3d 585 (3d Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 660 Oklevueha Native Am. Church of Haw., Inc. v. Holder, 676 F.3d 829 (9th Cir. 2012) .......... 26, 37 Okpa v. INS, 266 F.3d 313 (4th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................. 654 Olabanji v. INS, 973 F.2d 1232 (5th Cir. 1992) .......................................................................... 197 Olajide v. ICE, 402 F. Supp. 2d 688 (E.D. Va. 2005) ................................................................... 42 Olatunji v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 383 (4th Cir. 2004) ..................................................... 637, 643, 645 Olegario v. U.S., 629 F.2d 204 (2d Cir. 1980) ............................................................................ 558 Oliva-Ramos v. Holder, 694 F.3d 259 (3d Cir. 2012) ................................................. 258, 260, 264 Olivares-Rangel; U.S. v., 458 F.3d 1104 (10th Cir. 2006) ......................................... 259, 261, 273 Olivas-Motta v. Holder, 716 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2013) ............................................................. 196 Olmos v. Holder, 780 F.3d 1313 (10th Cir. 2015) .............................................................. 434, 435 Olmstead v. L.C. by Zimring, 527 U.S. 581 (1999) ...................................................................... 32 Olmstead v. U.S., 277 U.S. 438 (1928) ....................................................................................... 231 Omari v. Holder, 562 F.3d 314 (5th Cir. 2009) ................................................................ 48, 60, 83 Omolo v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 404 (5th Cir. 2006) ................................................................ 59, 579 Omondi v. Holder, 674 F.3d 793 (8th Cir. 2012) ........................................................................ 118 One 56 Foot Yacht; U.S. v., 702 F.2d 1276 (9th Cir. 1983) ........................................................ 247 One 1958 Plymouth Sedan v. Pennsylvania, 380 U.S. 693 (1965) ............................................. 256 One 1984 Ford Van; U.S. v., 873 F.2d 1281 (9th Cir. 1989) ...................................................... 790 Ong Chew Lung v. Burnett, 232 Fed. 853 (9th Cir. 1916) .......................................................... 398 Ontiveros-Lopez v. INS, 213 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 353 Onyinkwa v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 797 (8th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 143 Orantes-Hernandez v. Holder, 713 F. Supp. 2d 929 (C.D. Cal. 2010) ....................... 789, 791, 796 Orantes-Hernandez v. Meese, 685 F. Supp. 1488 (C.D. Cal. 1988), aff’d sub nom.

Orantes-Hernandez v. Thornburgh, 919 F.2d 549 (9th Cir. 1990) .................... 19, 192, 486 Orantes-Hernandez v. Smith, 541 F. Supp. 351 (C.D. Cal. 1982) .............................................. 486 Ore v. Clinton, 675 F. Supp. 2d 217 (D. Mass. 2009) .................................................................. 69 Oregon Advocacy Ctr. v. Mink, 322 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................... 26 Oregon Natural Res. Council v. Madigan, 980 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................. 790 Orhorhaghe v. INS, 38 F.3d 488 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................................ 259, 263 Orlando Ventura; INS v., 537 U.S. 12 (2002) .................................................................... 616, 625 Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S. 690 (1996) ......................................................................................... 244 Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2006) ..................................................... 174 Oropeza-Wong v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1135 (9th Cir. 2005) ....................................................... 149 Orquera v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 413 (4th Cir. 2003) ..................................................................... 571 Ortega v. Holder, 592 F.3d 738 (7th Cir. 2010) ......................................................................... 577 Ortiz; U.S. v., 422 U.S. 891 (1975) ..................................................................................... 236, 246 Ortiz v. U.S. Border Patrol, 39 F. Supp. 2d 1321 (D.N.M. 1999) ...................................... 250, 277 Ortiz-Alfaro v. Holder, 694 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2012) ..................................... 95, 311–13, 440, 442 Ortiz-Cornejo v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 610 (8th Cir. 2005) ................................................... 158, 509 Ortiz-Franco v. Holder, 782 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2015) .................................................................. 172 Ortiz-Hernandez; U.S. v., 441 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................... 274, 275 Ortiz-Lopez; U.S. v., 385 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 193 Osei v. INS, 305 F.3d 1205 (10th Cir. 2002) ............................................................................... 215 Oshodi v. Holder, 729 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2013) ......................................................................... 194 Osman v. Mukasey, 553 F. Supp. 2d 1252 (W.D. Wash. 2008) .......................... 776, 784, 789, 796 O’Sullivan v. USCIS, 453 F.3d 809 (7th Cir. 2006) .................................................................... 605 Otarola v. INS, 270 F.3d 1272 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................... 228 Otero v. Johnson, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151961 (D. Ariz. 2016) ............................................ 484 Othi v. Holder, 734 F.3d 259 (4th Cir. 2013) ............................................................................. 452 Ovalles v. Holder, 577 F.3d 288 (5th Cir. 2009) ........................................................................ 356



O. Vasquez, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 817 (BIA 2012) ................................................................ 672 Oyama v. California, 332 U.S. 633 (1948) ................................................................................. 740 Oyedeji v. Ashcroft, 332 F. Supp. 2d 747 (M.D. Pa. 2004) ................................................. 443, 446 Oyeniran v. Holder, 672 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 2012) .............................................................. 348, 386 Ozkok, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 546 (BIA 1988) ................................................................. 614, 671

P Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. Federal Power Comm’n, 506 F.2d 33 (D.C. Cir. 1974) .......... 665, 667 Packard Motor Car Co. v. NLRB, 330 U.S. 485 (1947) ............................................................. 594 Padash v. INS, 358 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................ 602 Padilla v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 921 (9th Cir. 2003) ....................................................................... 320 Padilla v. Gonzales, 397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir. 2005) ................................................................... 623 Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010) ............................................................... 212, 256, 364 Padilla-Agustin v. INS, 21 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. 1994) ........................................................... 208, 218 Padilla-Padilla v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2006) .................................................. 56, 177 Padmore v. Holder, 609 F.3d 62 (2d Cir. 2010) ................................................................. 163, 165 Page v. U.S., 356 F.2d 337 (9th Cir. 1966) ................................................................................. 762 Pai v. USCIS, 810 F. Supp. 2d 102 (D.D.C. 2011) ..................................................................... 494 Pak v. Reno, 196 F.3d 666 (6th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................. 180 Palavra v. INS, 287 F.3d 690 (8th Cir. 2002) ............................................................................. 201 Pallares-Galan U.S. v., 359 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................ 63 Palmer v. Ashe, 342 U.S. 134 (1951) .......................................................................................... 379 Paloka v. Holder, 762 F.3d 191 (2d Cir. 2014) ............................................................................ 53 P&V Enter. v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 516 F.3d 1021 (D.C. Cir. 2008) .............................. 491 Papa v. U.S., 281 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................................................................... 701 Papazoglou v. Napolitano, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62409 (N.D. Ill. May 3, 2012) ................... 422 The Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677 (1900) ........................................................ 713, 724, 732, 733 Paramasamy v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................... 121 Parker v. Sigler, 419 F.2d 827 (8th Cir. 1969) ........................................................................... 409 Parlak v. Baker, 374 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Mich. 2005), vacated as moot after BIA final order of

removal, 2006 WL 3634385 (6th Cir. Apr. 27, 2006) .......................................... 430, 469 Partington v. Broyhill Furniture Indus., Inc., 999 F.2d 269 (7th Cir. 1993) ...................... 792, 804 Partyka v. Attorney Gen., 417 F.3d 408 (3d Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 108 Pasha v. Gonzales, 433 F.3d 530 (7th Cir. 2005) ......................................................... 2, 53, 56, 67 Passenger Cases, 48 U.S. (7 How.) 283 (1849) ......................................................................... 714 Pastor-Camarena v. Smith, 977 F. Supp. 1415 (W.D. Wash. 1997) .................................... 65, 432 Patel, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 666 (BIA 1976) .................................................................. 420, 431 Patel v. Attorney Gen., 619 F.3d 230 (3d Cir. 2010) .......................................................... 101, 765 Patel v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 685 (6th Cir. 2005) ......................................................................... 654 Patel v. INS, 638 F.2d 1199 (9th Cir. 1980) ............................................................................... 666 Patel v. Reno, 134 F.3d 929 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................... 525, 532, 557, 562, 563 Patel v. USCIS, 732 F.3d 633 (6th Cir. 2013) ................................................................... 15, 16, 23 Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693 (1976) ............................................................................................ 514 Paunescu v. INS, 76 F. Supp. 2d 896 (N.D. Ill. 1999) .................................. 73, 149, 497, 524, 528 Pawlowska v. Holder, 623 F.3d 1138 (7th Cir. 2010) ........................................................ 101, 765 Paxton v. INS, 745 F. Supp. 1261 (E.D. Mich. 1990), dismissed as moot,

925 F.2d 1465 (6th Cir. 1991) .............................................................................. 419, 456 Payan; U.S. v., 905 F.2d 1376 (10th Cir. 1990) .......................................................................... 236 Payne v. Arkansas, 356 U.S. 560 (1958) .................................................................................... 255 Payne-Barahona v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2007) ...................................................... 20, 22



Payne Enters., Inc. v. U.S., 837 F.2d 486 (D.C. Cir. 1988) ................................................ 701, 702 Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980) .................................................................................. 261 PDK Labs., Inc. v. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, 362 F.3d 786 (D.C. Cir. 2004) .......... 616, 675 Pelich v. INS, 329 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2003) .............................................................................. 439 Pena v. Kissinger, 409 F. Supp. 1182 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) ...................................... 544, 545, 555, 558 Pena v. Lynch, 815 F.3d 452 (9th Cir. 2016) .............................................................................. 322 Pena-Muriel v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 438, reh’g denied, 510 F.3d 350 (1st Cir. 2007) ........ 356, 358 Pena-Rosario v. Reno, 83 F. Supp. 2d 349 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) .............................................. 415, 469 Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546 (1986) .......... 805 Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717 (1984) ..................................... 633 People of Saipan ex rel. Guerrero v. Dep’t of Interior, 502 F.2d 90 (9th Cir. 1974), cert. denied,

420 U.S. 1003 (1975) ................................................................................................... 729 Peoples v. Dep’t of Agric., 427 F.2d 561 (D.C. Cir. 1970) ......................................................... 521 Perales v. Casillas, 950 F.2d 1066 (5th Cir. 1992) ............................................................. 793, 797 Perales v. Thornburgh, 762 F. Supp. 1036 (S.D.N.Y. 1991), rev’d, 967 F.2d 798 (2d Cir. 1992),

reconsideration after remand, Perales v. Reno, 48 F.3d 1305 (2d Cir. 1995) ............. 520 Perales-Cumpean v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 977 (10th Cir. 2005) .......................................... 146, 147 Peralta v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 23 (1st Cir. 2006) ........................................................................ 660 Peralta-Cabrera v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 837 (7th Cir. 2007) ........................................................ 35 Peralta-Sanchez; United States v., 847 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2017) ............................................. 283 Perdomo-Padilla v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. 2003) ....................................................... 606 Perez v. Ashcroft, 236 F. Supp. 2d 899 (N.D. Ill. 2002) ............................................................... 66 Perez v. Brownell, 356 U.S. 44 (1958) ....................................................................................... 718 Perez v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 2008) ......................................................................... 341 Perez; U.S. v., 213 F. Supp. 2d 229 (E.D.N.Y. 2002), aff’d, 330 F.3d 97 (2d Cir. 2003) . 212, 227, 315 Perez-Arellano v. Smith, 279 F.3d 791 (9th Cir. 2002) .............................................................. 783 Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 783 (9th Cir. 2004) ......................... 306, 307, 623, 625, 626 Perez-Guzman v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2016) ..................................................... 303, 624 Perez-Lastor v. INS, 208 F.3d 773 (9th Cir. 2000) ..................................... 152, 198, 227, 301, 315 Perez-Valle, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 581 (BIA 1980) ................................................................ 386 Perez-Vargas v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 191 (4th Cir. 2007) ............................................................. 91 Perkins v. Standard Oil Co., 399 U.S. 222 (1970) ...................................................................... 778 Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615 (6th Cir. 1994) .................................................................... 51, 92, 94 Perlman v. DOJ, 312 F.3d 100 (2d Cir. 2002), vacated & remanded, 541 U.S. 970,

reaff’d, 380 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................................................ 689 Perriello v. Napolitano, 579 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2009) ................................................................. 589 Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121 (D.C. Cir. 1982) ................................................................... 696, 701 Pervaiz v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 488 (7th Cir. 2005) ............................................................. 345, 369 Pesikoff v. Secretary of Labor, 501 F.2d 757 (D.C. Cir. 1974) ............................................. 17, 556 Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc. v. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 471 F.3d 1350 (D.C. Cir. 2006)

..................................................................................................................... 616, 620, 675 Peters; U.S. v., 10 F.3d 1517 (10th Cir. N.M. 1993) .................................................................. 246 Peterson v. Shalala, 818 F. Supp. 241 (S.D. Ill. 1993) ............................................................... 793 Petition for Naturalization of La Voie, In re, 349 F. Supp. 68 (D.V.I. 1972) ............................. 124 Petition of. See name of party Petty-Torres v. DOS, 404 F. Supp. 2d 140 (D.D.C. 2005) .......................................................... 682 Peugnet, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 233 (BIA 1991) ..................................................................... 332 Pfaff v. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 88 F.3d 739 (9th Cir. 1996) ........................................... 671 Phelps; NLRB v., 136 F.2d 562 (5th Cir. 1943) .......................................................................... 202 Photo Data, Inc. v. Sawyer, 533 F. Supp. 348 (D.D.C. 1982) .................................................... 772 Picca v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 75 (2d Cir. 2008) .................................................................... 109, 223



Pickford v. Talbott, 225 U.S. 651 (1912) .................................................................................... 376 Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552 (1988) ................................................ 775, 786, 787, 790, 794 Pierre v. Attorney Gen. See Lavira v. Attorney Gen. Pierre v. Sabol, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66231 (M.D. Pa. May 11, 2012) .................................. 441 Pieschacon-Villegas v. Attorney Gen., 671 F.3d 303 (3d Cir. 2011) .......................................... 172 Pignatello v. Attorney Gen., 350 F.2d 719 (2d Cir. 1965) .......................................................... 123 Pilch v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 585 (7th Cir. 2003) .......................................................................... 370 Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941 (6th Cir. 2004) ................................................................. 121, 351 Pineda-Chinchilla; U.S. v., 712 F.2d 942 (5th Cir. 1983) .......................................................... 275 Pinho v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. 2005) ................................... 69, 153, 300, 475, 482, 483 Pinto v. Holder, 648 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2011) ........................................................................ 91, 93 Pirir-Boc v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2014) ................................................................... 117 Pirus v. Brown, 869 F.2d 536 (9th Cir. 1989) ............................................................................. 788 Pitts v. Terrible Herbst, 653 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2011) ................................................................ 34 Place; U.S. v., 462 U.S. 696 (1983) ............................................................................................ 244 Plasencia-Ayala v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 738 (9th Cir. 2008) ......................................... 89, 327, 608 Pllumi v. Attorney Gen., 642 F.3d 155 (3d Cir. 2011) ................................................................ 372 Plyler v. Doe, 458 F. Supp. 569 (E.D. Tex. 1978), aff’d, 628 F.2d 448 (5th Cir. 1980),

aff’d, 457 U.S. 202 (1982) ................................................................................... 517, 740 Podio v. INS, 153 F.3d 506 (7th Cir. 1998) ................................................................ 108, 195, 205 Polanco v. U.S. Drug Enforcement Admin., 158 F.3d 647 (2d Cir. 1998) .................................. 753 Polaroid Corp. v. Casselman, 213 F. Supp. 379 (S.D.N.Y. 1962) ............................................. 192 Political Contributions Data, Inc.; FEC v., 995 F.2d 383 (2d Cir. 1993) .................................. 777 Pollgreen v. Morris, 911 F.2d 527 (11th Cir. 1990) ........................................... 785, 796, 801, 806 Ponce de Leon-Ruiz, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 154 (BIA 1996) ................................................... 131 Ponce-Osorio v. Johnson, 824 F.3d 502 (5th Cir. 2016) ...................................................... 91, 312 Pondoc Hernaez v. INS, 244 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................... 171 Ponnapula v. Ashcroft, 373 F.3d 480 (3d Cir. 2004) .................................................. 637, 645, 651 Ponta-Garcia v. Attorney Gen., 557 F.3d 158 (3d Cir. 2009) ............................. 310, 313, 314, 326 Popal v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 249 (3d Cir. 2005) ............................................................... 51, 93, 94 Poradisova v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 741 Portillo-Rendon v. Holder, 662 F.3d 815 (7th Cir. 2011) ................................................... 152, 187 Portland Audubon Soc’y v. Endangered Species Comm., 984 F.2d 1534 (9th Cir. 1993) .......... 500 Pottinger v. Reno, 51 F. Supp. 2d 349 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) ..................................................... 415, 469 Pouhova v. Holder, 726 F.3d 1006 (7th Cir. 2013) .................................................................... 196 Poveda v. Attorney Gen., 692 F.3d 1168 (11th Cir. 2012) .......................................................... 452 Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932) ...................................................................................... 209 Powell v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 927 F.2d 1239 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ............................................ 691 Power Auth. of N.Y. v. Federal Power Auth., 247 F.2d 538 (D.C. Cir. 1957),

vacated as moot, 355 U.S. 64 (1957) ........................................................................... 726 Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400 (1991) ........................................................................................... 22 PPG Indus., Inc. v. Harrison, 587 F.2d 237 (5th Cir. 1979) ....................................................... 477 Preap v. Johnson, 303 F.R.D. 566 (N.D. Cal. 2014), aff’d, 831 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir. 2016), petition

for cert. filed, No. 16-1363 (May 11, 2017) ........................................... 433, 435–37, 464 Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475 (1973) ................................................................................. 462 Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) v. U.S., 870 F.2d 518 (9th Cir. Ariz. 1989) ................................... 25 Prestol Espinal v. Attorney Gen., 653 F.3d 213 (3d Cir. 2011) .......................... 324, 355, 356, 601 Pretzantzin v. Holder, 725 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2013) ............................................ 262, 271, 272, 274 Prieto-Romero v. Clark, 534 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. 2008) ............................. 420, 438, 439, 459, 466 Probe v. State Teachers’ Ret. Sys., 780 F.2d 776 (9th Cir. 1986) ............................................... 805 Probert v. INS, 750 F. Supp. 252 (E.D. Mich. 1990), aff’d, 954 F.2d 1253 (6th Cir. 1992) ...... 419, 456



Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396 (1974) ............................................................................... 209 Professional Reactor Operator Soc’y v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm.,

939 F.2d 1047 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ................................................................................... 504 Pronsivakulchai v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 903 (7th Cir. 2006) ............................................... 151, 196 Proyecto San Pablo v. INS, 189 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir. 1999) ........................................................ 569 Prudencio v. Holder, 669 F.3d 472 (4th Cir. 2012) ............................................................ 196, 601 Pruidze v. Holder, 632 F.3d 234 (6th Cir. 2011) .................................. 84, 105, 324, 355, 357, 623 Prus v. Holder, 660 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2011) ...................................................................... 107, 171 Przhebelskaya v. USCIS, 338 F. Supp. 2d 399 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) ................................................ 528 Public Citizen, Inc. v. OMB, 598 F.3d 865 (D.C. Cir. 2010) ...................................................... 684 Public Power Council v. Johnson, 674 F.2d 791 (9th Cir. 1982) ....................................... 499, 500 Public Serv. Comm’n of N.Y. v. Mid-Louisiana Gas Co., 463 U.S. 319 (1983) ......................... 617 Public Utils. Comm’n v. United Fuel Gas Co., 317 U.S. 456 (1943) ........................................... 44 Puc-Ruiz v. Holder, 629 F.3d 771 (8th Cir. 2010) ...................................................... 258, 261, 266 Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273 (1982) ....................................................................... 178 Pumphrey v. K.W. Thompson Tool Co., 62 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 1995) ....................................... 376 Puri v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................................................ 404

Q Qiu v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 2003) ............................................................................. 121 Quesada v. Thomason, 850 F.2d 537 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................................. 803 Quezada-Bucio v. Ridge, 317 F. Supp. 2d 1221 (W.D. Wash. 2004) ................................. 432, 464 Quinonez-Flores v. U.S., 108 F. Supp. 3d 126 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) ................................................ 499 Quintero-Salazar v. Keisler, 506 F.3d 688 (9th Cir. 2007) ......................................................... 623 Qun Wang v. Attorney Gen., 423 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. 2005) .............................................. 2, 206, 300 Qureshi v. Holder, 663 F.3d 778 (5th Cir. 2011) ........................................................................ 480

R R-, Matter of, 4 I&N Dec. 720 (BIA 1952) ................................................................................. 275 Rabiu v. INS, 41 F.3d 879 (2d Cir. 1994) ................................................................... 213, 222, 367 Raduga U.S.A. Corp. v. DOS, 440 F. Supp. 2d 1140 (S.D. Cal. 2005) ................................. 18, 532 Rafaelano v. Wilson, 471 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2006) .......................................................... 412, 413 Rafeedie v. INS, 880 F.2d 506 (D.C. Cir. 1989) ..................................................................... 48, 51 Rafiyev v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 853 (8th Cir. 2008) .............................................................. 212, 216 Rahman v. Napolitano, 814 F. Supp. 2d 1098 (W.D. Wash. 2011) ............................................ 789 Rajah v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 449 (2d Cir. 2008) ......................................................................... 191 Rajasekaran v. Hazuda, 815 F.3d 1095 (8th Cir. 2016) ............................................................. 510 Ram v. INS, 243 F.3d 510 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................... 660 Ramadan v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 2007) ............ 79, 110, 140, 144, 155, 178, 179, 279 Ramira-Cordova, Matter of, No. A21 095 659 (Feb. 21, 1980) ................................................. 262 Ramirez v. Brown, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017) ........................................................................ 599 Ramirez v. Clinton, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77941 (D. Minn. 2011) .......................................... 578 Ramirez v. Webb, 719 F. Supp. 610 (W.D. Mich. 1989) ............................................................. 248 Ramirez-Alejandre v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................... 150 Ramirez-Mejia v. Lynch, 794 F.3d 485 (5th Cir. 2015) .............................................................. 303 Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar, 436 F.3d 508 (5th Cir. 2006) .................................................... 316, 322 Ramirez-Osorio v. INS, 745 F.2d 937 (5th Cir. 1984) .................................................................. 61 Ramirez-Perez v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 166



Ramirez-Peyro v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 637 (8th Cir. 2007), appeal after remand sub nom. Ramirez-Peyro v. Holder, 574 F.3d 893 (8th Cir. 2009) ...................................... 175, 176

Ramirez-Sanchez, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 503 (BIA 1980) ....................................................... 268 Ramirez-Vargas, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 599 (BIA 2008) ................................................ 623, 677 Ramon-Sepulveda v. INS, 824 F.2d 749 (9th Cir. 1987) ............................................................... 51 Ramon-Sepulveda v. INS, 863 F.2d 1458 (9th Cir. 1988) ........................................... 788, 793, 795 Ramos v. Attorney Gen., 709 F.3d 1066 (11th Cir. 2013) ........................................................... 607 Ramos; U.S. v., 623 F.3d 672 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................................................. 386 Ramos; U.S. v., 753 F. Supp. 75 (W.D.N.Y. 1990) .................................................................... 239 Ramos-Vasquez v. INS, 57 F.3d 857 (9th Cir. 1995) .......................................................... 110, 113 Ramsey; U.S. v., 431 U.S. 606 (1977) ........................................................................................ 234 Ram Singh v. INS, 315 F.3d 1186 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................................................. 96, 765 Randall v. Meese, 854 F.2d 472 (D.C. Cir. 1988) ....................................................................... 484 Rangel-Perez v. Lynch, 816 F.3d 591 (9th Cir. 2016) ................................................................ 598 Rangel-Portillo; U.S. v., 586 F.3d 376 (5th Cir. 2009) ............................................................... 245 Ranjit Singh v. INS, 295 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................................................ 340, 349 Rantesalu v. Cangemi, No. 04-1375 (JRT/SRN), 2004 WL 898584 (D. Minn. Apr. 23, 2004) .... 413 Rapheal v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 521 (7th Cir. 2008) .................................................................... 206 Rashtabadi v. INS, 23 F.3d 1562 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................... 57 Ravulapalli v. Napolitano, 773 F. Supp. 2d 41 (D.D.C. 2011) ........................... 154, 475, 481, 495 Ray v. DOJ, 87 F.3d 1250 (11th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................ 706 Ray v. DOJ, 770 F. Supp. 1544 (S.D. Fla. 1990) ........................................................................ 703 Ray; DOS v., 502 U.S. 164 (1991) ...................................................................................... 679, 710 Ray v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 582 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................................... 214, 225, 363 Raya-Vaca; U.S. v., 771 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 2014) ............................................ 183, 225, 226, 286 Razkane v. Holder, 562 F.3d 1283 (10th Cir. 2009) ................................................................... 205 Real Prop. Known as 22249 Dolorosa St.; U.S. v., 190 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 1999) ...................... 809 Recinos De Leon v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................ 2, 120, 136, 137 Reddy, Inc. v. DOL, 492 F.2d 538 (5th Cir. 1974) ...................................................................... 493 Rehman v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 506 (7th Cir. 2006) .................................................................... 187 Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957) ............................................................................................... 718 Reid v. Donelan, 819 F.3d 486 (1st Cir. 2016) ........................................................... 424, 427, 429 Reid v. INS, 766 F.2d 113 (3d Cir. 1985) .............................................................................. 98, 406 Reiter v. MTA N.Y. City Transit Auth., 457 F.3d 224 (2d Cir. 2006) .......................................... 792 Renaut v. Lynch, 791 F.3d 163 (1st Cir. 2015) ........................................................... 102, 333, 336 Rendon v. Mukasey, 520 F.3d 967 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................................................................ 52 Renne v. Geary, 501 U.S. 312 (1991) ........................................................................................... 32 Reno v. See name of opposing party Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press v. DOJ, 816 F.2d 730 (D.C. Cir. 1987),

rev’d, 489 U.S. 749 (1989) .......................................................................... 679, 680, 694 Residential Fin. Corp. v. USCIS, 839 F. Supp. 2d 985 (S.D. Ohio 2012) .................................. 521 Restrepo v. McElroy, 369 F.3d 627 (2d Cir. 2004) ..................................... 633, 637, 646, 647, 735 Retail, Wholesale & Dep’t. Store Union v. NLRB, 466 F.2d 380 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ............ 671, 672 Retired Chi. Police Ass’n v. City of Chi., 7 F.3d 584 (7th Cir. 1993) ........................................... 27 Retuta v. Holder, 591 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2010) ................................................................ 612, 614 Reyes v. Holder, 714 F.3d 731 (2d Cir. 2013) ............................................................................ 629 Reyes-Lechuga v. Reno, 183 F.3d 867 (8th Cir. 1999) ............................................................... 399 Reyes-Mata v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 2150 (2015) .................................................... 145, 327, 352, 361 Reyes-Melendez v. INS, 342 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. 2003) ...................................... 150, 205, 301, 315 Reyes-Palacios v. INS, 836 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir. 1988) ....................................................... 209, 210 Reyes-Reyes v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 782 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................... 136



Reyes-Torres v. Holder, 645 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2011) ..................................................... 324, 357 Reyes-Vasquez v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 903 (8th Cir. 2005) ........................................................... 156 Reynoso-Cisneros v. Gonzales, 491 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. 2007) .......................................... 357, 623 Rhoa-Zamora v. INS, 971 F.2d 26 (7th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 906 (1993) ................ 61 Rhodes-Bradford v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 77 (2d Cir. 2007) ........................................ 87, 88, 411, 412 Richards v. Secretary of State, 752 F.2d 1413 (9th Cir. 1985) ........................................... 576, 577 Richardson v. Byrd, 709 F.2d 1016 (5th Cir. 1983) .................................................................... 807 Richlin Sec. Serv. Co. v. Chertoff, 553 U.S. 571 (2008) ............................................................. 807 Richmond, City of v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989) ............................................... 263, 632 Ridge at Red Hawk, LLC v. Schneider, 493 F.3d 1174 (10th Cir. 2007) .................................... 753 Ridore v. Holder, 696 F.3d 907 (9th Cir. 2012) .......................................................................... 175 Riera-Riera v. Lynch, 841 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2016) ................................................................. 294 Rife v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 606 (8th Cir. 2004) .................................................................... 100, 765 Riley v. INS, 310 F.3d 1253 (10th Cir. 2002) ...................................................................... 324, 361 Rios-Berrios v. INS, 776 F.2d 859 (9th Cir. 1985) ...................................................... 209, 210, 224 Rios-Valenzuela v. DHS, 506 F.3d 393 (5th Cir. 2007) .............................................................. 577 Rivas v. Fischer, 687 F.3d 514 (2d Cir. 2012) ............................................................................ 379 Rivas v. Napolitano, 677 F.3d 849 (9th Cir. 2012) ............................................................. 531, 563 Rivens, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 623 (BIA 2011) ........................................................................ 455 Rivera, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 232 (BIA 1996) ........................................................................ 328 Rivera v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................ 59, 123, 125, 414, 579 Rivera v. Holder, 307 F.R.D. 539 (W.D. Wash. 2015) ............................. 17, 36, 64, 438, 464, 469 Rivera de Gomez v. Kissinger, 534 F.2d 518 (2d Cir. 1976) ...................................................... 545 Rivera-Jimenez v. INS, 214 F.3d 1213 (10th Cir. 2000) ..................................................... 111, 452 Rivera-Martinez v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 207 (1st Cir. 2004) ......................................................... 123 Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298 (1994) ...................................................... 638, 674 Riverside, City of v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561 (1986) ............................................................... 798, 803 Riverside, Cnty. of v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991) ................................................................ 33 Roanoke River Basin Ass’n v. Hudson, 991 F.2d 132 (4th Cir. 1993) ........................................ 787 Roberts v. Roadway Express, Inc., 149 F.3d 1098 (10th Cir. 1998) ........................................... 803 Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332 (1989) ......................................... 627 Robertson-Dewar v. Holder, 646 F.3d 226 (5th Cir. 2011) ........................................................ 589 Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772 (W.D. Tex. 2009) ..................................... 577 Robinson v. Bowen, 679 F. Supp. 1011 (D. Kan. 1988) ............................................................. 780 Robledo-Gonzales v. Ashcroft, 342 F.3d 667 (7th Cir. 2003) ..................................................... 415 Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165 (1952) ......................................................................... 249, 259 Rodriguez v. Attorney Gen., 735 F.3d 1302 (11th Cir. 2013) ............................................. 304, 313 Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. 2010) ........................................................ 35, 41, 490 Rodriguez v. Robbins, 715 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2013) ................................................................ 424 Rodriguez v. Robbins, 804 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2015), cert. granted sub nom.

Jennings v. Rodriguez, 136 S. Ct. 2489 (2016) ...................... 424, 426–28, 438, 458, 459 Rodriguez; U.S. v., 976 F.2d 592 (9th Cir. 1992) ....................................................................... 246 Rodriguez v. U.S., 542 F.3d 704 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................................................... 796–98 Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2005) ..................................................... 623 Rodriguez-Diaz Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1320 (BIA 2000) .......................................................... 62 Rodriguez-Ferenandez v. Wilkinson, 654 F.2d 1382 (10th Cir. 1981) ................................ 723, 741 Rodriguez Galicia v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 529 (7th Cir. 2005) ............................................ 187, 195 Rodriguez-Lariz v. INS, 282 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 2002) ...................................... 114, 324, 364, 367 Rodriguez-Preciado; U.S. v., 399 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 2015) ..................................................... 560 Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 991 (BIA 1999) ........................................ 598, 614 Rodriquez-Herrera v. INS, 52 F.3d 238 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................. 623



Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) .......................................................................................... 31, 32 Rojas, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 117 (BIA 2001) ................................................................... 432–34 Role Models Am., Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ................................... 793, 810 Roman, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 855 (BIA 1988) ............................................................... 376, 382 Roman v. Ashcroft, 340 F.3d 314 (6th Cir. 2003) ............................................................... 415, 469 Roman v. INS, 233 F.3d 1027 (7th Cir. 2000) ............................................................................. 194 Romani v. INS, 146 F.3d 737 (9th Cir. 1998) ..................................................................... 331, 342 Romer v. Holder, 663 F.3d 40 (1st Cir. 2011) ............................................................................ 118 Romero v. Consulate of U.S., 860 F. Supp. 319 (E.D. Va. 1994) ....................................... 547, 553 Romero-Morales v. INS, 25 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 1994) .......................................................... 339, 350 Romero-Torres v. Ashcroft, 327 F.3d 887 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................. 133, 147, 148, 157 Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005) ..................................................................................... 740 Rosal-Aguilar; U.S. v., 652 F.2d 721 (7th Cir. 1981) ................................................................. 386 Rosales v. ICE, 426 F.3d 733 (5th Cir. 2005) ............................................................................. 461 Rosario v. Holder, 627 F.3d 58 (2d Cir. 2010) ................................................................... 146, 147 Rosciszewski v. Adducci, 983 F. Supp. 2d 910 (E.D. Mich. 2013) ............................................. 433 Rose v. Dep’t of Air Force, 495 F.2d 261 (2d Cir. 1974) ............................................................ 680 Rosenberg v. Fleuti, 374 U.S. 449 (1963) ............................. 448, 451–55, 457, 554, 640, 658, 659 Rosenberg v. ICE, 959 F. Supp. 2d 61 (D.D.C. 2013) ................................................................ 703 Rotimi v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 55 (2d Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 614 Royal Siam Corp. v. Ridge, 424 F. Supp. 2d 338 (D.P.R. 2006), aff’d, 484 F.3d 139 (1st Cir. 2007)

..................................................................................................................................... 493 Roye v. Attorney Gen., 693 F.3d 333 (3d Cir. 2012) ................................................................... 175 Rranci v. Attorney Gen., 540 F.3d 165 (3d Cir. 2008) ................................ 348, 363, 366, 741, 742 Rubman v. USCIS, 800 F.3d 381 (7th Cir. 2015) ........................................................................ 703 Rueda-Menicucci v. INS, 132 F.3d 493 (9th Cir. 1997) .............................................. 785, 788, 794 Ruginski v. INS, 942 F.2d 13 (1st Cir. 1991) .............................................................................. 569 Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 526 U.S. 574 (1999) ............................................................. 330 Ruiz, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 91 (BIA 1989) ............................................................................. 332 Ruiz v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 269 (2d Cir. 2009) ............................................................................ 148 Ruiz-Del-Cid v. Holder, 765 F.3d 635 (6th Cir. 2014) ............................................................... 162 Ruiz-Martinez v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 404 Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426 (2004) ............................................. 413, 415, 461, 466–68, 470 Rusk v. Cort, 369 U.S. 367 (1962) ........................................................................................ 77, 542 Rusk v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991) ........................................................................................ 619 Russell v. National Mediation Bd., 775 F.2d 1284 (5th Cir. 1985) ............................................. 787 Rusu v. INS, 296 F.3d 316 (4th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................. 206

S S-A-, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1050 (BIA 1997) ......................................................................... 341 Saad v. Barrows, 2004 WL 1359165 (N.D. Tex. 2004) .............................................................. 587 Saakian v. INS, 252 F.3d 21 (1st Cir. 2001) ............................................................................... 212 Saavedra Bruno v. Albright, 197 F.3d 1153 (D.C. Cir. 1999) .................................... 549, 550, 556 Saba-Bakare v. Chertoff, 507 F.3d 337 (5th Cir. 2007) .............................................................. 587 Sabhari v. Reno, 197 F.3d 938 (8th Cir. 1999) ........................................................................... 149 Sabido Valdivia v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 1144 (10th Cir. 2005) .................................................... 157 Sabir v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 456 (7th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 339 Sacks v. Office of Foreign Assets Control, 466 F.3d 764 (9th Cir. 2007) ..................................... 37 Sadowski v. INS, 107 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) ....................................................... 73, 529 Safadi v. Howard, 466 F. Supp. 2d 696 (E.D. Va. 2006) ............................................................ 523



Sagaydak v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................ 178 Sague v. U.S., 416 F. Supp. 217 (D.P.R. 1976) .......................................................... 548, 549, 555 Said v. Gonzales, 2006 WL 2711765 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 21, 2006) ........................................... 582 Saidane v. INS, 129 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................... 197 Saidi v. Jenifer, No. 05-71832, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35466 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 23, 2005) ...... 581 St. Cyr v. INS, 229 F.3d 406 (2d Cir. 2000), aff’d, 533 U.S. 289 (2001) 78, 139, 140, 142, 152, 153, 155, 160, 16Saintha v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 243 (4th Cir. 2008) ...................................................................... 172 St. John v. McElroy, 917 F. Supp. 243 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ............................................................ 456 Sakhawati v. Lynch, 839 F.3d 476 (6th Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... 791 Salameda v. INS, 70 F.3d 447 (7th Cir. 1995) ................................................................................ 1 Salazar-Gonzalez v. Lynch, 798 F.3d 917 (9th Cir. 2015) .......................................... 214, 224, 347 Saldarriaga v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 461 (4th Cir. 2005), cert. denied 126 S. Ct. 1330 (2006) ...... 91 Saleem v. Keisler, 520 F. Supp. 2d 1048 (W.D. Wis. 2007) ................................................. 524–27 Salem v. INS, 122 F. Supp. 2d 980 (C.D. Ill. 2000) .................................................................... 785 Salerno; U.S. v., 481 U.S. 739 (1987) ........................................................................ 418, 419, 465 Salgado-Diaz v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 1158 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................. 87, 318, 319 Salta v. INS, 314 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................ 342 Salvador-Calleros v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2004) ..................................................... 129 Samaniego-Meraz v. INS, 53 F.3d 254 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................... 655 Samayoa-Martinez v. Holder, 558 F.3d 897 (9th Cir. 2009) ...................................................... 252 Samirah v. Holder, 627 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. 2010) ....................................................................... 559 Samirah v. Mukasey, 716 F. Supp. 2d 734 (N.D. Ill. 2008) ........................................................ 457 Samirah v. O’Connell, 335 F.3d 545 (7th Cir. 2003) .......................................................... 414, 509 Samsen, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 28 (BIA 1974) ........................................................................ 479 Samuels v. Chertoff, 550 F.3d 252 (2d Cir. 2008) ...................................................... 654, 668, 670 Sanchez v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 641 (7th Cir. 2007) ....................................................................... 214 Sanchez v. Sessions, 857 F.3d 757 (7th Cir. 2017) ..................................................................... 117 Sanchez v. Sessions, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 9064 (7th Cir. 2017) ............................ 117, 145, 352 Sanchez; U.S. v., 635 F.2d 47 (2d Cir. 1980) .............................................................................. 251 Sanchez-Cruz v. INS, 255 F.3d 775 (9th Cir. 2001) ...................................................................... 57 Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 548 U.S. 331 (2006) ............................................................... 232, 264 Sanchez-Penunuri v. Longshore, 7 F. Supp. 1136 (D. Colo. 2013) ............................................ 468 Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS, 620 F. Supp. 1361 (W.D.N.C. 1985) ............................................. 18, 494 Sanchez-Velasco v. Holder, 593 F.3d 733 (8th Cir. 2010) .................................................. 101, 765 Sanders v. Ratelle, 21 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir. 1994) ........................................................................ 365 Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995) ...................................................................................... 517 Sandoval v. Holder, 641 F.3d 982 (8th Cir. 2011) .............................................................. 118, 618 Sandoval-Luna v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 1243 (9th Cir. 2008) ....................................................... 145 Sandoval-Vera v. INS, 667 F.2d 792 (9th Cir. 1982) .................................................................. 122 Sangha v. INS, 103 F.3d 1482 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................ 110 Sanon v. INS, 52 F.3d 648 (7th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................. 122 San Pedro v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 1156 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................................ 102, 136 Santa Maria; U.S. v., 15 F.3d 879 (9th Cir. 1994) ...................................................................... 250 Santana v. Holder, 731 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2013) .......................................................................... 356 Santana-Albarran v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 699 (6th Cir. 2005) ............................................. 158, 509 Santana Gonzalez v. Attorney Gen., 506 F.3d 274 (3d Cir. 2007) .............................................. 344 Santiago; U.S. v., 837 F.2d 1545 (11th Cir. 1988) ...................................................................... 235 Santiago-Ochoa; U.S. v., 447 F.3d 1015 (7th Cir. 2006) ............................................................ 192 Santillan v. Gonzales, 388 F. Supp. 2d 1065 (N.D. Cal. 2005) .................................................. 527 Santos v. Frederick Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 725 F.3d 451 (4th Cir. 2013) .................................. 242 Sanusi v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 193 (2d Cir. 2006) ........................................................................ 145



Saravia-Paguada v. Gonzales, 488 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................... 645 Sarmiento Cisneros v. Attorney Gen., 381 F.3d 1277 (11th Cir. 2004) ...... 307, 309, 311, 611, 657 Satwinder Singh v. USCIS, 2011 WL 1485368 (N.D. Ill. 2011) ......................................... 479, 480 Save Our Ecosystems v. Clark, 747 F.2d 1240 (9th Cir. 1984) ................................................... 788 Savina Home Indus., Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 594 F.2d 1358 (10th Cir. 1979) ...................... 255 Saysana, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 602 (BIA 2008) ..................................................................... 437 Saysana v. Gillen, 590 F.3d 7 (1st Cir. 2009) ..................................................................... 433, 436 Sayyah v. Farquharson, 382 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2004) .................................................................... 48 Scales v. INS, 232 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................................................. 124 Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401 (2004) ................................................... 773, 777, 786, 811 Schiller v. NLRB, 964 F.2d 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ..................................................................... 693 Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298 (1995) .................................................................................... 376–78 Schmitt v. Maurer, 451 F.3d 1092 (10th Cir. 2006) .............................................................. 296–99 Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973) ....................................................................... 238 Schneiderman v. U.S., 320 U.S. 118 (1943) ............................................................................... 575 Schreiber; FCC v., 329 F.2d 517 (9th Cir. 1964) ....................................................................... 504 Schwab v. Coleman, 145 F.2d 672 (4th Cir. 1944) ..................................................................... 585 Schware v. Board of Bar Exam’rs of N.M., 353 U.S. 232 (1957) ............................................... 199 Schwarz v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 73 F.3d 895 (9th Cir. 1995) .......................... 801 Scorteanu v. INS, 339 F.3d 407 (6th Cir. 2003) .......................................................................... 341 Seafarers Int’l Union v. Coast Guard, 736 F.2d 19 (2d Cir. 1984) ............................................ 473 Sealed Case, In re, 146 F.3d 881 (D.C. Cir. 1998) ..................................................................... 686 Sears, Roebuck & Co.; NLRB v., 421 U.S. 132 (1975) ............................................... 683, 684, 701 Sebastian-Soler v. Attorney Gen., 409 F.3d 1280 (11th Cir. 2005) ............................................ 605 SEC v. See name of opposing party Secaida-Rosales v. INS, 331 F.3d 297 (2d Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 108, 174 Seck v. Attorney Gen., 663 F.3d 1356 (11th Cir. 2011) .............................................................. 119 Seegull Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 741 F.2d 882 (6th Cir. 1984) ........................................................... 690 Segal; U.S. v., 549 F.2d 1293 (9th Cir. 1977) ............................................................................. 518 Sembiring v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 981 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................................. 344 Senate of P.R. v. DOJ, 823 F.2d 574 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ............................................................... 686 Sepulveda v. Gonzales, 407 F.3d 59 (2d Cir. 2005) ............................................ 148, 156, 158, 509 Serrano-Alberto v. Attorney Gen., 859 F.3d 208 (3d Cir. 2017) ................................................. 204 Service v. Dulles, 354 U.S. 363 (1957) ....................................................................... 187, 395, 518 Sewak v. INS, 900 F.2d 667 (3d Cir. 1990) ......................................................................... 332, 338 Shaboyan v. Holder, 652 F.3d 988 (9th Cir. 2011) ..................................................................... 406 Shah v. INS, 220 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................ 102 Shahandeh-Pey v. INS, 831 F.2d 1384 (7th Cir. 1987) ....................................................... 195, 228 Shahwan v. Chertoff, 2005 WL 3369991 (N.D. Cal. 2005) ........................................................ 457 Shaibu; U.S. v., 920 F.2d 1423 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................... 239, 262 Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292 (1993) ........................................................................... 776, 784 Shalan v. Chertoff, No. 05-10980, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 253 (D. Mass. Nov. 14, 2006) ........ 581 Shalom Pentecostal Church v. Acting Sec’y of DHS, 783 F.3d 156 (3d Cir. 2015) ................ 16, 23 Shamsher Singh v. Reno, 182 F.3d 504 (7th Cir. 1999) .......................................................... 58, 60 Shanti, Inc. v. Reno, 36 F. Supp. 2d 1151 (D. Minn. 1999) ........................................ 149, 493, 509 Sharkey v. Quarantillo, 541 F.3d 75 (2d Cir. 2008) ..................................................... 41, 164, 519 Sharma v. INS, 89 F.3d 545 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................... 341 Sharpe; U.S. v., 470 U.S. 675 (1985) .......................................................................................... 244 Shaughnessy v. Pedreiro, 349 U.S. 48 (1955) ............................................................................ 540 Shaughnessy v. U.S. ex rel. Accardi, 349 U.S. 280 (1955) ......................................................... 500 Shaughnessy v. U.S. ex rel. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 (1953) .................................................... 291, 451



Shawnee Trail Conservancy v. Dep’t of Agric., 222 F.3d 383 (7th Cir. 2000) ............................. 68 Shawnee Tribe v. U.S., 298 F. Supp. 2d 21 (D.D.C. 2002) ......................................................... 498 Sheehan v. Purolator Courier Corp., 676 F.2d 877 (2d Cir. 1981),

cert. denied, 488 U.S. 891 (1988) ................................................................................ 329 Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n v. U.S. Air Force, 63 F.3d 994 (10th Cir. 1995) ..................... 688 Shehu v. Attorney Gen., 482 F.3d 652 (3d Cir. 2007) ................................................... 95, 300, 475 Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948) ............................................................................... 216, 217 Sheng Gao Ni v. BIA, 520 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 2008) ............................................................ 349, 354 Shephard; U.S. v., 21 F.3d 933 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................... 271 Shepherd v. Holder, 678 F.3d 1171 (10th Cir. 2012) .............................................. 50, 94, 171, 173 Sheriff v. Attorney Gen., 587 F.3d 584 (3d Cir. 2009) ................................................................ 120 Sheviakov v. INS, 237 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2001) .......................................................................... 97 Shewchun v. Holder, 658 F.3d 5575 (6th Cir. 2011) .................................................................. 589 Shih, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 697 (BIA 1993) ............................................................................. 62 Shin v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................................................ 613 Shin v. INS, 750 F.2d 122 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ................................................................................ 115 Shokeh v. Thompson, 369 F.3d 865, vacated as moot after petitioner released,

375 F.3d 351 (5th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................................ 466 Shooting Star Ranch v. U.S., 230 F.3d 1176 (10th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 811 Shul-Navarro v. Holder, 762 F.3d 146 (1st Cir. 2014) ............................................................... 118 Shunaula v. Holder, 732 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2013) ....................................................................... 322 Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40 (1968) ....................................................................................... 36 Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1116 (10th Cir. 2007) ............................................................... 56 Siddiqui v. Holder, 670 F.3d 736(7th Cir. 2012) ........................................................................ 104 Sidhu v. Chertoff, 2008 WL 540685 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2008) .................................................. 527 Sidhu v. INS, 220 F.3d 1085 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................................... 110 Sierra Club v. EPA, 75 F. Supp. 3d 1125 (N.D. Cal. 2014) ........................................................ 710 Sierra Club v. Hankinson, 351 F.3d 1358 (11th Cir. 2003) ........................................................ 805 Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972) ................................................................................ 24 Sifuentes-Barraza v. Garcia, 252 F. Supp. 2d 354 (W.D. Tex. 2003) ........................................ 325 Sigmond-Ballesteros; U.S. v., 285 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. 2002) ..................................................... 245 Silva-Calderon v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 1135 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................. 57, 769 Silva-Carvalho Lopes v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2008) ................................................ 344 Silva Rosa v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 403 (5th Cir. 2007) ........................................................ 309, 656 Silva-Trevino, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 687 (BIA 2008) ............................................. 600, 601, 623 Silva-Trevino, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 550 (AG 2014) .............................................................. 623 Silva-Trevino v. Holder, 742 F.3d 197 (5th Cir. 2014) ....................................................... 600, 623 Silverman v. Rogers, 437 F.2d 102 (1st Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 402 U.S. 983 (1971) .............. 553 Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S., 251 U.S. 385 (1920) ............................................................... 269 Simmonds v. INS, 326 F.3d 351 (2d Cir. 2003) ................................................................... 413, 462 Simon v. Holder, 654 F.3d 440 (3d Cir. 2011) .................................................................... 114, 190 Sims v. Apfel, 530 U.S. 103 (2000) ............................................................................................... 52 Singh, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 998 (BIA 1997) ......................................................................... 340 Singh v. DOJ, 461 F.3d 290 (2d Cir. 2006) ................................................................................ 105 Singh v. Gonzales, 413 F.3d 156 (1st Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 54, 158 Singleton v. Apfel, 231 F.3d 853 (11th Cir. 2000) ...................................................................... 777 Sinotes-Cruz v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................................... 661 Siong v. INS, 376 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................... 367 Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944) ........................................... 594, 612, 613, 621, 622 Skurtu v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 651 (8th Cir. 2008) ....................................................................... 513 Slochower v. Board of Educ., 350 U.S. 551 (1956) .................................................................... 199



Small v. Ashcroft, 209 F. Supp. 2d 294 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) .................................................... 415, 469 Smalley v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. 2003) ...................................................................... 608 Smith v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 425 (4th Cir. 2002) ................................. 219, 220, 319, 325, 738, 739 Smith v. Bowen, 867 F.2d 731 (2d Cir. 1989) ............................................................................. 779 Smith v. CBP, 741 F.3d 1016 (9th Cir. 2014) ..................................................................... 286, 289 Smith v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 728 F.2d 359 (6th Cir. 1984) ....................................................... 779 Smith v. Fitchburg Pub. Schs., 401 F.3d 16 (1st Cir. 2005) ........................................................ 783 Smith v. Illinois Bell Tel. Co., 270 U.S. 587 (1926) ................................................................ 45, 73 Smith v. Pacific Props. & Dev. Corp., 358 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 869 (2004)

....................................................................................................................................... 25 Smith; U.S. v., 18 U.S. (5 Wheat) 153 (1820) ............................................................................. 733 Smith v. U.S., 250 F. Supp. 803 (D.N.J. 1966) ............................................................................ 504 Smolniakova v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................................... 136 Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2004) ................................................ 132, 136, 508, 614 Snipe; U.S. v., 515 F.3d 947 (9th Cir. 2008) ....................................................................... 240, 241 So v. Reno, 251 F. Supp. 2d 1112 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) ............................................................ 415, 469 Soadjede v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 830 (5th Cir. 2003) .................................................................... 129 Sobaleva v. Holder, 760 F.3d 592 (7th Cir. 2014) ...................................................................... 163 Socialist Labor Party v. Gilligan, 406 U.S. 583 (1972) .............................................................. 485 Social Sec. Bd. v. Nierotko, 327 U.S. 358 (1954) ....................................................................... 594 Society for Propagation of Gospel v. Wheeler, 22 F. Cas. 756 (C.C.D.N.H. 1814) .. 637, 640, 646, 665 Socop-Gonzalez v. INS, 208 F.3d 838 (9th Cir. 2000),

on reh’g, 272 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................ 55, 108, 350, 361, 368, 508 Sofinet v. INS, 188 F.3d 703 (7th Cir. 1999) ......................................................................... 99, 763 Solano-Chicas v. Gonzales, 440 F.3d 1050 (8th Cir. 2006) .................................................. 88, 411 Solid Waste Agency of N. Cook Cnty. v. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 531 U.S. 159 (2001) ............... 598 Solis-Chavez v. Holder, 662 F.3d 462 (7th Cir. 2011) ................................................................ 117 Solorzano-Patlan v. INS, 207 F.3d 869 (7th Cir. 2000) .............................................................. 108 Song Jin Wu v. INS, 436 F.3d 157 (2d Cir. 2006) ....................................................................... 105 Sopo v. Attorney Gen., 825 F.3d 1199 (11th Cir. 2016) .............................................. 424, 427, 428 Sorcia v. Holder, 643 F.3d 117 (4th Cir. 2011) .................................................................... 84, 766 Sorenson v. Mink, 239 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................... 793, 803 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004) .......................................................................... 732 Sosa; U.S. v., 387 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 2004) ................................................................................... 63 Sosa-Valenzuela v. Gonzales, 483 F.3d 1140 (10th Cir. 2007) ............................................... 87, 88 Sosna v. Iowa, 419 U.S. 393 (1975) ........................................................................................ 32, 33 Sosnovskaia v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 589 (7th Cir. 2005) ............................................................. 315 Sostre v. McGinnis, 442 F.2d 178 (2d Cir. 1971) ....................................................................... 518 Sotelo Mondragon v. Ilchert, 653 F.2d 1254 (9th Cir. 1980) ...................................................... 413 Soto v. DOS, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79093 (D.D.C. 2016) ....................................................... 683 Soucie v. David, 448 F.2d 1067 (D.C. Cir. 1971) ....................................................................... 498 Sousa v. INS, 226 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2000) ..................................................................................... 59 Sousa, U.S. ex rel. v. Day, 22 F.2d 472 (2d Cir. 1927) ............................................................... 397 Sousounis, In re, 239 F. Supp. 126 (E.D. Pa. 1965) .................................................................... 759 Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Norton, 315 F. Supp. 2d 82 (D.D.C. 2004) .................... 498 Spano v. New York, 360 U.S. 315 (1959) .................................................................................... 255 Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1 (1998) ................................................................................... 28, 413 Spencer Enters., Inc. v. U.S., 345 F.3d 683 (9th Cir. 2003) .. 66, 143, 146, 165, 473, 501, 508, 509 Spinelli v. U.S., 393 U.S. 410 (1969) .......................................................................................... 247 Spinnella, In re, 3 F.2d 196 (S.D.N.Y. 1924) ............................................................................. 537 Sprint Commc’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 134 S. Ct. 584 (2013) .............................................................. 21



Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1 (1951) ............................................................................... 419, 465, 466 Stanfield v. Apfel, 985 F. Supp. 927 (E.D. Mo. 1997) ................................................................ 793 Stanford Daily v. Zurcher, 64 F.R.D. 680 (N.D. Cal. 1974) ....................................................... 799 Stanovsek v. Holder, 768 F.3d 515 (6th Cir. 2014) ..................................................................... 600 Steel; U.S. v., 238 F. Supp. 575 (S.D.N.Y. 1965) ....................................................................... 504 Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83 (1998) ............................................................ 81 Steffner, U.S. ex rel. v. Carmichael, 183 F.2d 19 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 340 U.S. 829 (1950) . 318 Steinberg v. DOJ, 23 F.3d 548 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ................................................................. 696, 702 Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000) .................................................................................. 606 Stenographic Machs., Inc. v. Regional Adm’r, 577 F.2d 521 (7th Cir. 1978) ....................... 17, 493 Stepanovic v. Filip, 554 F.3d 673 (7th Cir. 2009) ....................................................................... 147 Stevic; INS v., 467 U.S. 407 (1984) .................................................................................... 713, 731 Stokes v. INS, 393 F. Supp. 24 (S.D.N.Y. 1975) ................................................................. 480, 520 Stokes v. INS, 74 Civ. 1022 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 1976) ............................................................... 520 Stone v. Heckler, 658 F. Supp. 670 (S.D. Ill. 1987) .................................................................... 780 Stone v. INS, 514 U.S. 386 (1995) .................................................................... 61, 88, 96, 103, 765 Stone; U.S. v., 659 F.2d 569 (5th Cir. 1981) ............................................................................... 234 Stoner v. California, 376 U.S. 483 (1964) .................................................................................. 239 Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293 (1967) ....................................................................................... 377 Strickland v. Morton, 519 F.2d 467 (9th Cir. 1975) .................................................................... 392 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) .................................................. 227, 353, 364, 365 Stroe v. INS, 256 F.3d 498 (7th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................. 212 Struniak v. Lynch, 159 F. Supp. 3d 643 (E.D. Va. 2016) ............................................................ 515 Stuart; U.S. v., 489 U.S. 353 (1989) ................................................................................... 726, 728 Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP); U.S. v., 412 U.S. 669 (1973) ... 14 Suassuna v. INS, 342 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2003) ........................................................................... 660 Subhan v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 591 (7th Cir. 2004) .............................................. 143, 164, 191, 351 Subias v. Meese, 835 F.2d 1288 (9th Cir. 1987) ......................................................................... 414 Succar v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2005) ................................................................ 4, 277, 602 Suess v. Pugh, 245 F. Supp. 661 (N.D. W. Va. 1965) ................................................................ 504 Suffolk, Cnty. of v. Secretary of Interior, 562 F.2d 1368 (2d Cir. 1977),

cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1064 (1978) .............................................................................. 500 Sugar Cane Growers Coop. of Fla. v. Veneman, 289 F.3d 89 (D.C. Cir. 2002) ........................... 14 Su Hwa She v. Holder, 629 F.3d 958 (9th Cir. 2010) ......................................................... 119, 200 Sukhwinder Singh v. Clinton, 618 F.3d 1085 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................. 532, 564 Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627 (3d Cir. 2006) ..................................................... 177, 206 Sulaiman v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 347 (1st Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 176 Sullivan v. Hudson, 490 U.S. 877 (1989) .................................................................... 785, 786, 806 Sullivan v. Sullivan, 958 F.2d 574 (4th Cir. 1992) ...................................................................... 793 Sumitomo Shoji Am., Inc. v. Avagliano, 457 U.S. 176 (1982) .................................................... 728 Sun v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................................ 50, 58, 415, 416 Sun v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 802 (9th Cir. 2009) ............................................................................ 369 Sun Il Yoo v. INS, 534 F.2d 1325 (9th Cir. 1976) ....................................................... 202, 527, 528 Super Tire Eng’g Co. v. McCorkle, 416 U.S. 115 (1974) ....................................................... 32, 33 Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 134 S. Ct. 2334 (2014) ................................................... 40, 41 Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106 (D.C. Cir. 2007) .............................................. 692 Swaby v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2004) ........................................................................... 35 Swain v. Pressley, 430 U.S. 372 (1977) ........................ 79, 141, 173, 284, 321, 325, 389, 401, 404 Swartz v. Rogers, 254 F.2d 338 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 357 U.S. 928 (1958) ......................... 553 Sweilem v. USCIS, No. 05-125, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19630 (N.D. Ohio May 10, 2005) ...... 581 Sylvain v. Attorney Gen., 714 F.3d 150 (3d Cir. 2013) ....................................................... 434, 435



T Tabion v. Mufti, 73 F.3d 535 (4th Cir. 1996) .............................................................................. 728 Tadevosyan v. Holder, 743 F.3d 1250 (9th Cir. 2014) ................................................................ 347 Tamenut v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 1000 (8th Cir. 2008) .................................................................. 370 Tamper, Inc.; NLRB v., 522 F.2d 781 (4th Cir. 1975) ................................................................ 202 Tan v. Attorney Gen., 446 F.3d 1369 (11th Cir. 2006) ............................................................... 120 Taneja v. Smith, 795 F.2d 355 (4th Cir. 1986) ...................................................................... 17, 493 Tang, Matter of, 13 I&N Dec. 691 (BIA 1971) .......................................................................... 268 Tang v. Chertoff, 493 F. Supp. 2d 148 (D. Mass. 2007) ............................................................. 524 Tang v. Reno, 77 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................... 480 Tapia v. Ashcroft, 351 F.3d 795 (7th Cir. 2003) ......................................................................... 452 Tapia Garcia v. INS, 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. 2001) ................................................................ 171 Tarlock Singh v. Holder, 771 F.3d 647 (9th Cir. 2014) ...................................................... 372, 628 Tashnizi v. INS, 585 F.2d 781 (5th Cir. 1978) ............................................................................ 264 Taslimi v. Holder, 590 F.3d 981 (9th Cir. 2010) ......................................................................... 156 Tawadrus v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1099 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................ 151, 211, 301 Tawfik, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 166 (BIA 1990) ................................................................ 479, 494 Tax Analysts; DOJ v., 492 U.S. 136 (1989) ........................................................................ 680, 703 Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ........................................................... 683, 687 Taylor v. Alabama, 457 U.S. 687 (1982) .................................................................................... 270 Taylor v. U.S., 749 F.2d 171 (3d Cir. 1984) ............................................................................... 777 Taylor v. U.S., 815 F.2d 249 (3d Cir. 1987) ............................................................................... 791 Tchemkou v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 506 (7th Cir. 2008) ......................................................... 786, 805 T.D. v. LaGrange Sch. Dist. No. 102, 349 F.3d 469 (7th Cir. 2003) ........................................... 783 Tefel v. Reno, 972 F. Supp. 608 (S.D. Fla. 1997), rev’d, 180 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 1999) .... 488–90 Tejeda v. INS, 346 F.2d 389 (9th Cir. 1965) ............................................................................... 379 Tejeda-Mata v. INS, 626 F.2d 721 (9th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 994 (1982) ........ 52, 198 Telecommc’ns Research & Action v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70 (D.C. Cir. 1984) .......................... 489, 527 Tele-Trip Co. v. NLRB, 340 F.2d 575 (4th Cir. 1965) ................................................................ 203 Tellez v. INS, 91 F. Supp. 2d 1356 (C.D. Cal. 2000) .................................................................. 587 Tenneco Oil Co. v. Dep’t of Energy, 475 F. Supp. 299 (D. Del. 1979) ...................................... 500 Terezov v. Gonzales, 480 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2007) ............................................................ 112, 345 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) .......................................... 231, 233, 235, 237, 240, 242–44, 251 Tesfamichael v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 169 (5th Cir. 2005) ............................................................ 764 Teshome-Gebreegziabher v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 330 (4th Cir. 2008) ........................................... 99 Texas E. Prods. Pipeline Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n,

827 F.2d 46 (7th Cir. 1987) .......................................................................................... 501 Thai v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 790 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................... 445 Thangaraja v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d 870 (9th Cir. 2005) ...................... 772, 783, 786, 788, 793, 795 Thapa v. Gonzales, 460 F.3d 323 (2d Cir. 2006) .......................................................... 90, 100, 765 Thaqi v. Jenifer, 377 F.3d 500 (6th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................ 645 Theagene v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 2005) .......................................................... 59, 123 Theodoropoulos v. INS, 358 F.3d 162 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 48, 58 Thiam v. Holder, 677 F.3d 299 (6th Cir. 2012) .................................................................. 207, 766 Thimran v. Holder, 599 F.3d 841 (8th Cir. 2010) ....................................................................... 145 Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 828 (2005) ................... 642 Thomas v. Anchorage Equal Rights Comm’n, 220 F.3d 1134 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................. 37 Thomas v. INS, 976 F.2d 786 (1st Cir. 1992) .............................................................................. 341 Thomas v. National Sci. Found., 330 F.3d 486 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ................................................ 783 Thomas v. Union Carbide Agric. Prods. Co., 473 U.S. 568 (1985) .............................................. 41



Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504 (1994) ........................................................... 627 Thompson v. DOL, 885 F.2d 551 (9th Cir. 1989) ....................................................................... 499 Thompson v. Louisville, 362 U.S. 199 (1960) ............................................................................. 199 Thompson v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 638 (6th Cir. 2015) ...................................................................... 344 Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988) ............................................................................ 739 Thompson v. Schweiker, 665 F.2d 936 (9th Cir. 1982) ....................................................... 189, 518 Thompson v. Sullivan, 980 F.2d 280 (4th Cir. 1992) .................................................................. 804 Tiaco v. Forbes, 228 U.S. 549 (1913) ......................................................................................... 717 Tidwell v. Fort Howard Corp., 989 F.2d 406 (10th Cir. 1989) ................................................... 803 Tigue v. DOJ, 312 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2002) .................................................................................. 683 Tijani v. Willis, 430 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................... 422, 429 Tijerina-Villarreal, Matter of, 13 I&N Dec. 327 (BIA 1969) ..................................................... 579 Tineo v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 382 (3d Cir. 2003) .......................................................... 449, 452, 453 Tod v. Waldman, 266 U.S. 113 (1924) ................................................................................ 396, 399 Todorovic v. Attorney Gen., 621 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 2010) ............................................. 113, 119 Toia v. Fasano, 334 F.3d 917 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................................................. 655 Toilet Goods Ass’n, Inc. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 158 (1967) ..................................................... 38, 39 Tokatly v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 136 Tom Hong v. U.S., 193 U.S. 517 (1904) ..................................................................................... 396 Tooloee v. INS, 722 F.2d 1434 (9th Cir. 1983) ........................................................................... 478 Toor v. Lynch, 789 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2015) ............................................................................ 356 Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 170 Torres v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 616 (7th Cir. 2008) ....................................................................... 205 Torres-Garcia, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 866 (BIA 2006) ........................... 306, 307, 623, 625, 627 Torres-Hernandez v. Lynch, 825 F.3d 266 (5th Cir. 2016) ......................................................... 344 Torres-Tristan v. Holder, 656 F.3d 653 (7th Cir. 2011) ............................................................. 475 Tovar-Landin v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2004) .......................................................... 177 Townsend v. INS, 799 F.2d 179 (5th Cir. 1986) ............................................................................ 48 Trahan v. Regan, 824 F.2d 96 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ......................................................................... 790 Tran v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 937 (6th Cir. 2006) ......................................................................... 172 Tran v. Mukasey, 515 F.3d 478 (5th Cir. 2008) .......................................................................... 445 Trang, In re, 2005 Immig. Rptr. LEXIS 16171 (BIA 2005) ....................................................... 384 Transohio Sav. Bank v. Director Office of Thrift Supervision, 967 F.2d 598 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ..... 4, 277 Transportation Workers Union of Am. v. Transp. Sec. Admin., 492 F.3d 471 (D.C. Cir. 2007)

............................................................................................................................. 620, 666 Traynor v. Turnage, 485 U.S. 535 (1988) ................................................................................... 490 Trejo-Mejia v. Holder, 593 F.3d 913 (9th Cir. 2010) ................................................................. 766 Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................ 799 Troise; U.S. v., 796 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1986) ............................................................................. 234 Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86 (1958) ............................................................................................. 739 Truax v. Raich, 239 U.S. 33 (1915) ............................................................................................ 514 Truesdell v. Philadelphia Hous. Auth., 290 F.3d 159 (3d Cir. 2002) .......................................... 783 Truitt v. DOS, 897 F.2d 540 (D.C. Cir. 1990) ............................................................................. 696 Trustees of Constr. Indus. & Laborers Health & Welfare Trust v. Redland Ins. Co.,

460 F.3d 1253 (9th Cir. 2006) ...................................................................................... 807 Tsegay v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1347 (10th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 132 Tsuji; U.S. v., 199 Fed. 750 (9th Cir. 1912) ................................................................................ 390 Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510 (1927) .......................................................................................... 202 Tun v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1014 (8th Cir. 2007) ......................................................................... 195 Turcios v. INS, 821 F.2d 1396 (9th Cir. 1987) ............................................................................ 113 Turkson v. Holder, 667 F.3d 523 (4th Cir. 2012) ................................................................ 158, 175



Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987) .......................................................................................... 514 Tutun v. U.S., 270 U.S. 568 (1926) ............................................................................................. 585 Twin City Sportservice v. Charles O. Finley & Co., 676 F.2d 1291 (9th Cir. 1982) .................. 792

U Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197 (10th Cir. 2006) ............................................................ 103 Ubaldo-Figueroa; U.S. v., 364 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. 2004) .................... 63, 193, 217, 218, 386, 634 Ulrich v. Kellogg, 30 F.2d 984 (D.C. Cir. 1929) ........................................ 537, 538, 540, 541, 546 Umanzor v. Lambert, 782 F.2d 1299 (5th Cir. 1986) .................................................................... 36 Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575 (1964) ...................................................................................... 189 Union Pac. R.R. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Eng’rs, 130 S. Ct. 584 (2009) .......................... 355 Union Pac. Ry. Co. v. Botsford, 141 U.S. 250 (1891) ................................................................ 232 United Food & Commercial Workers v. Brown Group, 517 U.S. 544 (1996) .............................. 26 United Pub. Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75 (1947) .................................................................. 37 Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474 (1951) .................................................... 111, 502 Upatcha v. Sessions, 849 F.3d 181 (4th Cir. 2017) ............................................................. 108, 109 Urbina-Osejo v. INS, 124 F.3d 1314 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................ 55, 335 Urena, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 140 (BIA 2009) ........................................................................ 435 Uritsky v. Ridge, 286 F. Supp. 2d 842 (E.D. Mich. 2003) .......................................................... 430 Urooj v. Holder, 734 F.3d 1075 (9th Cir. 2013) ......................................................................... 184 U.S. v. See name of opposing party U.S. ex rel. See name of real party in interest U.S. Dist. Ct. for E. Dist. of Mich.; U.S. v., 407 U.S. 297 (1972) ............................................... 233 Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1 (1976) ............................................................ 633 U.S. Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388 (1980) ......................................................... 28, 33 Uttecht v. Napolitano, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156654 (D. Neb. Nov. 1, 2012) ........................ 441 Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe v. Dep’t of Interior, 773 F. Supp. 1383 (E.D. Cal. 1991) ............ 776 Uwineza v. Holder, 781 F.3d 797 (6th Cir. 2015) ....................................................................... 347 Uzuegbu v. Caplinger, 745 F. Supp. 1200 (E.D. La. 1990) .................................................. 668–70

V Vacchio v. Ashcroft, 404 F.3d 663 (2d Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 774, 782 Vahora v. Holder, 626 F.3d 907 (7th Cir. 2010) ......................................................................... 145 Vajtauer v. Commissioner, 273 U.S. 103 (1927) ................................................................ 141, 397 Vakker v. Attorney Gen., 519 F.3d 143 (3d Cir. 2008) ................................................................. 90 Valad, In re, 465 F. Supp. 120 (E.D. Va. 1979) .......................................................................... 759 Valansi v. Ashcroft, 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2002) ....................................................................... 171 Valdez-Sanchez v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1084 (10th Cir. 2007) ............................................ 309, 657 Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Attorney Gen., 663 F.3d 582 (3d Cir. 2011) .......................................... 55 Valencia-Lucena v. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321 (D.C. Cir. 1999) .............................................. 696 Valenzuela Gallardo v. Lynch, 818 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 2016) ..................................................... 599 Valeriano v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 669 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................................. 368 Valle Del Sol Inc. v. Whiting, 732 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2013) ........................................... 12, 16, 25 Vallejo Piedrahita v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 142 (1st Cir. 2008) ..................................................... 103 Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State, Inc.,

454 U.S. 464 (1982) ............................................................................................... 11, 552 Van Dinh v. Reno, 197 F.3d 427 (10th Cir. 1999) ...................................................................... 490 Vanegas-Ramirez v. Holder, 768 F.3d 226 (2d Cir. 2014) ......................................................... 275 Varela v. INS, 204 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 324, 364, 368



Vargas v. INS, 831 F.2d 906 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................................................ 52 Vargas v. Swan, 854 F.2d 1028 (7th Cir. 1988) .......................................................................... 462 Vartelas v. Holder, 620 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2010), vacated, 132 S. Ct. 1479 (2012)

.............................................. 449, 452, 453, 640, 641, 644, 645, 647, 649, 651, 652, 659 Vasile v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 766 (7th Cir. 2005) ....................................................................... 177 Vasquez v. Holder, 602 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. 2010) ............................................. 163, 612, 613, 768 Vasquez v. Reno, 233 F.3d 688 (1st Cir. 2000) ................................................................... 415, 469 Vasquez-Muniz, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 207 (BIA 2002) .......................................................... 671 Vasquez-Zavala v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 1105, (9th Cir. 2003) ...................................................... 653 Vaughn v. Rosen, 523 F.2d 1136 (D.C. Cir. 1975) ..................................................... 684, 685, 693 Velarde-Pacheco, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 253 (BIA 2002) ............................................... 350, 354 Velasquez v. Reno, 37 F. Supp. 2d 663 (D.N.J. 1999) ........................................................ 432, 465 Velasquez-Escovar v. Holder, 768 F.3d 1000 (9th Cir. 2014) ............................................ 118, 344 Velasquez-Gabriel v. Crocetti, 263 F.3d 102 (4th Cir. 2001) ..................................... 311, 656, 657 Velásquez-García v. Holder, 760 F.3d 571 (7th Cir. 2014) ................................ 610, 672, 675, 677 Veltmann-Barragan v. Holder, 717 F.3d 1086 (9th Cir. 2013) ........................................... 326, 462 Venegas-Sapien; U.S. v., 762 F.2d 417 (5th Cir. 1985) .............................................................. 236 Ventura-Escamilla v. INS, 647 F.2d 28 (9th Cir. 1981) .............................................. 545, 546, 548 Verdugo-Urquidez; U.S. v., 494 U.S. 259 (1990) ....................................................................... 554 Victor v. Mukasey, 2008 WL 5061810 (M.D. Pa. 2008) ............................................................. 430 Vidal v. Gonzales, 491 F.3d 250 (5th Cir. 2007) ................................................................ 100, 765 Vidal-Mendoza U.S. v., 705 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2013) ............................................................... 225 Vijendra Singh v. Holder, 638 F.3d 1196 (9th Cir. 2011) ............. 64, 417, 419, 459, 463, 464, 468 Vilchez v. Holder, 682 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 2012) ....................................................................... 207 Villa-Anguiano v. Holder, 727 F.3d 873 (9th Cir. 2013) ............................................ 200, 314, 325 Villamonte-Marquez; U.S. v., 462 U.S. 579 (1983) .................................................................... 236 Villegas de la Paz v. Holder, 640 F.3d 650 (6th Cir. 2010) .......................... 96, 312, 313, 316, 322 Viloria v. Lynch, 808 F.3d 764 (9th Cir. 2015) ............................................................................. 91 Viracacha v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 511 (7th Cir. 2008) ............................................................. 91, 92 Virk v. INS, 295 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................. 349 Vitale v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 673 F. Supp. 1171 (N.D.N.Y. 1987) ................ 780 Vitarelli v. Seaton, 359 U.S. 535 (1959) ..................................................................... 187, 395, 518 Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980) .................................................................................... 210, 514 Vizcarra-Ayala v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 870 (9th Cir. 2008) ......................................................... 175 Volkova v. Reno. See Dearinger ex rel. Volkova v. Reno Volvo GM Heavy Truck Corp. v. DOL, 118 F.3d 205 (4th Cir. 1997) .......................................... 67 Vongsakdy v. INS, 171 F.3d 1203 (9th Cir. 1999) ...................................................................... 103 Vukmirovic v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 136

W Waco, City of v. EPA, 620 F.2d 84 (5th Cir. 1980) ....................................................................... 31 Wade v. Kirkland, 118 F.3d 667 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................... 34 Waffi v. Loiselle, 527 F. Supp. 2d 480 (E.D. Va. 2007) .............................................................. 464 Wagner v. National Transp. Safety Bd., 86 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 1996) ......................................... 501 Wala v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 608 Waldron v. Holder, 688 F.3d 354 (8th Cir. 2012) ....................................................... 159, 161, 175 Waldron v. INS, 17 F.3d 511 (2d Cir. 1994) ............................................................................... 223 Waley v. Johnson, 316 U.S. 101 (1942) ...................................................................................... 377 Walji v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 432 (5th Cir. 2007) ........................................................................ 581



Walters v. Reno, 145 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1003 (1999) .............................................. 180, 193, 228, 489, 511

Wang v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2003) .................................................. 315, 397, 420, 438 Wanjiru v. Holder, 705 F.3d 258 (7th Cir. 2013) ................................................................ 172, 741 Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294 (1967) .................................................................................... 240 Warden, Lewisburg Penitentiary v. Marrero, 417 U.S. 653 (1974) ........................................... 633 Warner v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................... 311 Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490 (1975) ......................................................................... 12, 13, 19, 20 Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990) .............................................................................. 514 Washington Post Co., DOS v., 456 U.S. 595 (1982) ................................................................... 688 Watkins v. Sowders, 449 U.S. 341 (1981) ................................................................................... 255 Watson v. County of Riverside, 300 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................. 783 Wayne Transp; NLRB v., 776 F.2d 745 (7th Cir. 1985) .............................................................. 672 W-C-B-, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 118 (BIA 2007) ...................................................................... 325 Weakley v. Bowen, 803 F.2d 575 (10th Cir. 1986) .............................................................. 790, 809 Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24 (1981) ...................................................................................... 632 Webb v. Board of Educ., 471 U.S. 234 (1985) ............................................................................ 801 Webb v. Sloan, 330 F.3d 1158 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................................................ 801 Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592 (1988) ......................................................................... 395, 463, 489 Wedges/Ledges of Cal., Inc. v. City of Phoenix, 24 F.3d 56 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................... 516 Weeks v. U.S., 232 U.S. 383 (1914) ............................................................................................ 253 Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982) .................................................................................... 740 Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749 (1975) ............................................................................... 43, 46 Weisberg v. DOJ, 627 F.2d 365 (D.C. Cir. 1980) ....................................................................... 703 Welch v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................ 810 Welcome-American Fertilizer Co.; NLRB v., 443 F.2d 19 (9th Cir. 1971) ................................. 518 Wellington v. INS, 108 F.3d 631 (5th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................ 332 Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740 (1984) ................................................................................... 240 Weng v. Attorney Gen., 287 F.3d 1335 (11th Cir. 2002) ............................................................... 99 Wen Yuan Chan v. Lynch, 843 F.3d 539 (1st Cir. 2016) ............................................................. 479 West v. Bergland, 611 F.2d 710 (8th Cir. 1979) ........................................................................... 45 Westchester, Cnty. of v. HUD, 802 F.3d 413 (2d Cir. 2015) ....................................................... 502 Westover v. Reno, 202 F.3d 475 (1st Cir. 2000) ......................................................................... 261 White v. Roughton, 530 F.2d 750 (7th Cir. 1976) ....................................................................... 159 White v. Shalala, 7 F.3d 296 (2d Cir. 1993) ............................................................................... 667 Whitfield v. Hanges, 222 F. 745 (8th Cir. 1915) ................................................................... 45, 400 Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U.S. 190 (1888) ........................................................................ 724, 726 Wiedersperg v. INS, 896 F.2d 1179 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................................... 383 Wiener v. FBI, 943 F.2d 972 (9th Cir. 1991) .............................................................................. 682 Wigglesworth v. INS, 319 F.3d 951 (7th Cir. 2003) .................................................................... 294 Wilderness Soc’y v. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 353 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................. 614 Wilkett v. Interstate Commerce Comm’n, 857 F.2d 793 (D.C. Cir. 1998) .................................. 793 Wilks v. DHS, 2008 WL 4820654 (M.D. Pa. 2008) .................................................................... 430 William v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 329 (4th Cir. 2007) .................................................... 153, 324, 357 Williams v. INS, 795 F.2d 738 (9th Cir. 1986) ............................................................................ 462 Williams; U.S. v., 435 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2006) ........................................................................ 560 Williams-Igwonobe v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 453 (5th Cir. 2006) .................................. 331, 332, 336 Wilmore v. Gonzalez, 455 F.3d 524 (5th Cir. 2006) ................................................................... 147 Wilson v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2006) ....................................................... 471, 644, 646 Wilson v. Smith, 587 F. Supp. 470 (D.D.C. 1984) ...................................................................... 503 Wittje; U.S. v., 422 F.3d 479 (7th Cir. 2005) .............................................................................. 532



Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539 (1974) ........................................................................... 199, 200 Wolff v. Selective Serv. Bd., 372 F.2d 817 (2d Cir. 1967) ............................................................. 45 Wong, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 87 (BIA 1977) ........................................................................... 382 Wong v. DOS, 789 F.2d 1380 (9th Cir. 1986) ..................................................................... 532, 562 Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471 (1963) .............................................................. 246, 247, 268, 269 Wong Wing v. U.S., 163 U.S. 228 (1896) .................................................................................... 513 Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, 339 U.S. 33 (1950) ..................................................................... 183 Wood v. FBI, 432 F.3d 78 (2d Cir. 2005) ........................................................................... 683, 684 Wood v. Ostrander, 879 F.2d 583 (9th Cir. 1989) ...................................................................... 250 Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276 (1966) .................................................................. 122, 256, 454, 455 Woods v. Graphics Commc’ns, 925 F.2d 1195 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................................. 801 Wooldridge v. Marlene Indus. Corp., 898 F.2d 1169 (6th Cir. 1990) ......................................... 804 World Color Press, Inc. v. Dole. See Graphic Commc’ns Int’l Union, Local 554 v.

Salem-Gravure Div. of World Color Press, Inc. Wright v. Riveland, 219 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. 2000) ......................................................................... 13 Wroblewska v. Holder, 656 F.3d 473 (7th Cir. 2011) ......................................................... 258, 261 W. T. Grant Co.; U.S. v., 345 U.S. 629 (1953) ............................................................................. 29 Wyman-Gordon Co.; NLRB v., 394 U.S. 759 (1969) .................................................................. 663 Wyshak v. City Nat’l Bank, 607 F.2d 824 (9th Cir. 1979) ........................................................... 747

X X-Citement Video, Inc.; U.S. v., 982 F.2d 1285 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................. 402 Xiao Fei Zheng v. Holder, 644 F.3d 829 (9th Cir. 2011) ............................................................ 114 Xiao Ji Chen v. DOJ, 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006) ..................................... 109, 154, 155, 170, 399 Xiong v. INS, 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................ 171 X-K-, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 731 (BIA 2005) ........................................................................... 447

Y Yacoubian; U.S. v., 24 F.3d 1 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................................................. 634 Yanez-Marquez v. Lynch, 789 F.3d 434 (4th Cir. 2015) ............................................................. 258 Yang v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 133 (2d Cir. 2007) .......................................................................... 363 Yang v. INS, 109 F.3d 1185 (7th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................ 398 Yang v. Lynch, 822 F.3d 504 (9th Cir. 2016) .............................................................................. 346 Yang v. Shalala, 22 F.3d 213 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................................................. 788 Yang You Lee v. Lynch, 791 F.3d 1261 (10th Cir. 2015) ............................................................ 766 Yan Lan Wu v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 418 (3d Cir. 2005) .................................................................. 54 Yassini v. Crosland, 618 F.2d 1356 (9th Cir. 1980) .................................................................... 558 Ye v. INS, 214 F.3d 128 (9th Cir. 2000) ...................................................................................... 171 Yeboah v. DOJ, 223 F. Supp. 2d 650 (E.D. Pa. 2002) .................................................................. 66 Yellin v. U.S., 374 U.S. 109 (1963) ..................................................................................... 187, 518 Yepes-Prado v. INS, 10 F.3d 1363 (9th Cir. 1993) ............................................................. 115, 572 Yerkovich v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 990 (10th Cir. 2004) ................................................................ 143 Yesil v. Reno, 958 F. Supp. 828 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ....................................................................... 470 Yi v. Maugans, 24 F.3d 500 (3d Cir. 1994) ......................................................................... 415, 469 Yiu Fong Cheung v. INS, 418 F.2d 460 (D.C. Cir. 1969) ................................................... 225, 226 Y-L-, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 270 (AG 2003) ............................................................................ 672 You; U.S. v., 198 F. Supp. 2d 393 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) .................................................................... 239 Young v. Reno, 114 F.3d 879 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................... 68 Young China Daily v. Chappell, 742 F. Supp. 552 (N.D. Cal. 1989) ................................. 493, 503



Youngdale & Sons Constr. Co. v. U.S., 31 Fed. Cl. 167 (1994) .................................................. 777 Yousefi v. INS, 260 F.3d 318 (4th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................. 171 Yu v. Brown, 36 F. Supp. 2d 922 (D.N.M. 1999) .................................................. 73, 525, 526, 528 Yueh-Shaio Yang; INS v., 519 U.S. 26 (1996) ............................................................................ 503 Yuk v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1222 (10th Cir. 2004) ........................................................................ 129 Yusupov v. Attorney Gen., 518 F.3d 185 (3d Cir. 2008) ......................................................... 91, 92 Yu Yun Zhang v. Holder, 702 F.3d 878 (6th Cir. 2012) .............................................................. 347

Z Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374 (1978) ................................................................................... 514 Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 (2001)

............................ 159, 160, 162, 183, 417–19, 425–27, 430, 436, 443–45, 459, 558, 599 Zafar v. Attorney Gen., 426 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir. 2005) ..................................................... 143, 145 Zahren v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 1039 (7th Cir. 2007) ...................................................................... 91 Zaman v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 233 (2d Cir. 2008) ........................................................................ 103 Zambrano-Reyes v. Holder, 725 F.3d 744 (7th Cir. 2013) ......................................................... 220 Zara v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 927 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................. 53 Zaranska v. DHS, 400 F. Supp. 2d 500 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) ........................................................... 584 Zavala-Bonilla v. INS, 730 F.2d 562 (9th Cir. 1984) .................................................................. 115 Zayed v. U.S., 368 F.3d 902 (6th Cir. 2004) ....................................................................... 588, 590 Zazueta-Carrillo v. Ashcroft, 322 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2003) ..................................................... 153 Zegarra-Gomez v. INS, 314 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................ 35, 413, 462, 470 Zegrean v. Attorney Gen., 602 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 2010) ............................................................. 589 Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir. 2010) ........................................................................ 145 Zhang v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 713 (9th Cir. 2004) .......................................................................... 55 Zhang v. DOJ, 362 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................................................... 129 Zhang v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 150 (3d Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 164 Zhang v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2006) ................................................................ 147, 148 Zhang v. Holder, 617 F.3d 650 (2d Cir. 2010) ............................................................................ 356 Zhang v. Slattery, 55 F.3d 732 (2d Cir. 1995) ............................................................................ 666 Zhao v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 295 (5th Cir. 2005) ................................................................. 143, 349 Zhao v. Holder, 728 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2013) .................................................................. 114, 347 Zhao v. INS, 452 F.3d 154 (2d Cir. 2006) ........................................................................... 349, 369 Zhao v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 1027 (9th Cir. 2008) ........................................................................ 112 Zheng v. Attorney Gen., 549 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. 2008) ................................................................. 348 Zheng v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 98 (3d Cir. 2005) .......................................................... 108, 364, 618 Zheng v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 277 (2d Cir. 2009) ......................................................................... 164 Zheng Liu v. Chertoff, 538 F. Supp. 2d 1116 (D. Minn. 2008) ................................................... 776 Zhicay v. Secretary of DHS, No. 3:05-CV-315, 2005 WL 3180188 (D. Conn. Nov. 23, 2005) . 485 Zhislin v. Reno, 195 F.3d 810 (6th Cir. 1999) ............................................................................. 180 Zhong v. DOJ, 480 F.3d 104 (2d Cir. 2007) ........................................................................... 52, 53 Zhou Hua Zhu v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 703 F.3d 1303 (11th Cir. 2013) ............................... 107, 174 Zhu v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 521 (5th Cir. 2004), appeal after remand sub nom.

Zhu v. Gonzales, 493 F.3d 588 (5th Cir. 2007) .................................................... 135, 177

Documents

TABLE OF DECISIONS - · PDF fileAbovian v. INS, 219 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2000), reh’g denied, 257 F.3d 971 ... No. 2:14-cv-01323-JLR-MAT (W.D. Wash. Dec. 8 ... Akhtar v. Burzynski