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8/8/2019 Table of Contents_final
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
APPROVAL
DECLARATION
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
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vi
ix
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xii
xiii
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CHAPTER
1
2
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Research Scope
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Electrical and Electronic Waste or e-waste
2.1.1 Definition of Electric and Electronic Products
2.1.2 Definition of E-waste
2.1.3 Facts and Figures about E-waste
2.2 Why are Used Electronics a Concern?
2.2.1 Represent a rapidly growing waste stream
2.2.2 Industry is shifting to new technological advances
2.2.3 Contain hazardous or toxic substances
2.2.4 Waste valuable resources
2.3 E-waste related impacts, components and substances
2.3.1 Research on E-waste related impacts
2.3.2 Toxic and hazardous components and substances in
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EEE
Legislation/Regulations and Guidelines related to E-waste
2.4.1 Malaysian Regulations and Guidelines – Department
of Environment
2.4.2 E-Waste Legislation Varies Among Asian Nations
2.4.2.1 Malaysia – No proper recycling
2.4.2.2 Thai RoHS – voluntary marking
2.4.2.3 China – introducing RoHS and WEEE but
slow progress
2.5 E-waste inventory project manual
2.5.1 Guidance Notes
2.5.2 Guidance Procedure
2.6 Penang Overview
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
3.2 Study Subject
3.2.1 Target Respondents
3.2.2 Target Electrical and Electronic Equipment
3.2.2.1 Household
3.2.2.1 Offices
3.3 Geographic Distribution
3.4 Questionnaires
3.5 Data Collection Activities
3.5.1 Personal Interviews
3.5.2 Emailing and By Hand Questionnaire
3.5.3 Online Survey
3.6 Data Compilation and Analysis
3.7 Report Output
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Returned Questionnaires
4.1.1 Household Questionnaires
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REFERENCES
APPENDICES
4.1.2 Business Entities and Institution Questionnaire
4.2 Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Households and
Businesses
4.2.1 Household
4.2.1.1 Socioeconomic and Ethnic for Household
4.2.1.2 EEE Amount for household
4.2.2 Business Entities and Institutions
4.2.2.1 Business scale
4.2.2.2 EEE Amount for Business Entities and
Institutions
4.3 E-waste management practices in Penang Island
4.3.1 Household
4.3.2 Business Entities and Institutions
4.4 Knowledge and awareness of Penang Island community on e-
waste
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra
Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of
Environmental Engineering
A SURVEY ON ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC WASTE AMOUNT,
AWARENESS AND MANAGEMENT IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA
By
JULIYA BINTI AYOB
December 2010
Chair: Prof. Dr. Azni bin Idris
Faculty: Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and electronic waste or e-waste is a definition used to described old, unused
and end of life electrical and electronic appliances such as computer, television set,
washing machine, etc., which is disposed by their first or original users. Electrical and
electronic equipments usage has increase every year due to technology and lifestyle
demand which result in increasing of e-waste generation. These equipments contained
toxic and hazardous substances such as Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, etc which harm to
environment and communities if not dispose in a proper way. Penang Island as one of
the largest industrial state in Malaysia is not in exception to face this issue. The areas
of the study are focused on the inventory, knowledge and awareness as well as
identify the e-waste management system used by household and business entities and
institutions in Penang Island. The results and analysis is done in graphs and tables to
clearly explain and represents the issues faced. This study is successful in disseminate
the real problems associated with e-waste within household and businesses which
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result in addressing the factors and solution in order to increase the knowledge and
awareness of communities and develop an integrated e-waste management system in
Penang Island which currently very lack in emphasizing the effort to protect the
environment from hazardous waste.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Putra
Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Kejuruteraan
Alam Sekitar
SOAL SELIDIK TENTANG JUMLAH, KESEDARAN DAN PENGURUSAN
BAHAN BUANGAN ELEKTRIK DAN ELEKTRONIK DI PULAU PINANG,
MALAYSIA
Oleh
JULIYA BINTI AYOB
Disember 2010
Pengerusi: Prof. Dr. Azni bin Idris
Fakulti: Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Bahan buangan elektrik and elektronik atau dikenali sebagai e-buangan adalah
definisi yang digunakan untuk menerangkan lama, tidak dipakai atau tamat riwayat
sesebuah barangan elektrik dan elektronik contohnya seperti komputer, set televisyen,
mesin basuh, dan sebagainya yang dibuang oleh pengguna pertama atau asal.
Penggunaan peralatan elektrik dan elektronik telah meningkat setiap tahun kesan
daripada permintaan teknologi dan gaya hidup seterusnya menyebabkan peningkatan
generasi e-buangan. Peralatan-peralatan ini mengandungi bahan berbahaya dan
beracun seperti plumbum, cadmium dan merkuri yang sangat berbahaya kepada alam
sekitar dan penduduk. Pulau Pinang sebagai salah satu dari negeri industri yang
terbesar di Malaysia tidak terkecuali menghadapi masalah ini. Kajian ini memfokus
kepada inventori, pengetahuan dan kesedaran dan juga mengenalpasti sistem
pengurusan e-buangan yang digunakan oleh isi rumah dan bisnes-bisnes serta
institusi-institusi in Pulau Pinang. Keputusan dan analisis diterjemah dalam bentuk
graf dan jadual untuk menjelaskan isu yang dihadapi. Kajian ini telah berjaya
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mengenalpasti faktor-faktor dan jalan penyelesaian untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan
dan kesedaran masyarakat dan merangka satu sistem integrasi pengurusan e-buangan
di Pulau Pinang yang sedang ketinggalan dalam usaha memelihara alam sekitar dari
bahan buang berbahaya.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly i would like to express highly appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Dr.
Azni Idris who gives me support and guidance during the study. I also would like to
thanks to all lecturers who are helping me a lot during this though time. To my
husband, i really thank you for everything, every support and always there for me. To
my kids, thanks for your understanding every time ummi have to attend classes. Last
but not least to my entire classmate, I really appreciate all your help.
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This project report attached here to, entitled
A SURVEY ON ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC WASTE AMOUNT,
AWARENESS AND MANAGEMENT IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA
Prepared and submitted by Juliya Binti Ayob to the Faculty if Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia as a partial fulfillment in attaining Degree of Master
of Engineering is hereby accepted.
…………………………………..
Professor Dr. Azni B. Idris
(Project Supervisor)
Date:
…………………………………..
Professor Dr. Fakhru’l-Razi Bin Ahmadun
(Programme Coordinator)
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which
have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and not
concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any
other institution.
………………..………..
JULIYA BINTI AYOB
Date:
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LIST OF TABLES
NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TITLE
E-waste in 2007
National Generation, Recovery and Discards of Consumer
Electronics in the Municipal Waste Stream 2000
Material Constituents of Consumer Electronics in the
Municipal Waste Stream
Mostly Found Toxic and Hazardous Substances in E-Waste
E-waste codes according to Environmental Quality
(Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005
Methodology for estimation of WEEE quantity
Penang: Estimated Population by District
Number of questionnaires in each district targeted for the
survey
Total Number of returned questionnaire – householdcategory
Total Number of returned questionnaire – business entities
category
PAGES
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LIST OF FIGURES
NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
TITLE
Toxic substances contained in a central processing unit and
CRT Monitor
Future projection for WEEE in Malaysia for Year 1981 to
2020
Future Guidance Procedure for Carrying out WEEE/E-
Waste Inventory
Estimated Population for Penang by Ethnic Group
The geographical location of the selected districts in Penang
Island
Online survey homepage
Online survey database
Total Number of returned questionnaires – household
category
Total Number of returned questionnaires – business entities
and institutions category
Percentage of Ethnic – Household
Category of household income
Total amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment –
PAGES
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13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Household
Percentage of Scale/Size of Business Entities and Institutions
Scale of Businesses and total amount of EEE
Amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment – Business
Entities and Institutions
E-waste disposal practices for household
Amounts of e-waste disposed of by the household
E-waste disposal practices for Business Entities and
Institutions
Amount of e-waste disposal of by Business Entities and
Institutions
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
DOE
VCR
DVD
EEE
IT
EPA
WEEE/ E-
waste
CRT
US / USA
PC
HDTV
TV
RCRA
TCLP
PWB
TC
CPU
PBDE
PBB
NRE
SWR
UPM
Department of Environmental Malaysia
Video Cassette Recording
Digital Video Disc
Electronic and Electrical Equipment
Information Technology
Environmental Protection Agency
Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment
Cathode Ray Tube
United States of America
Personal Computer
High Definition Television
Television
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
Printed Wiring Board
Toxicity characteristic
Central Processing Unit
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Polybrominated biphenyls
Natural Resources and the Environment
Scheduled Waste Regulations
Universiti Putra Malaysia
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LIST OF APPENDIXES
NO.
A
B
C
TITLE
Criteria for determination of E-Waste
Questionnaires for Business Entities and Institutions
Questionnaires for Household
PAGES
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58
65
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