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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ............................................................................................ 6
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 All life forms are made up of cells ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 The Chemical Transformations taking place in Cells ............................................................................................. 9
1.4 Reproduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 The Process of Reproduction ......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.6 The Human Body .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 Pharmacology ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 What is a Drug? ...................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.3 How are Drugs Discovered? ........................................................................................................................................... 18
2.4 How are Drugs Named? .................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Pharmacodynamics or How Drugs Work ................................................................................................................ 19
2.6 Pharmacokinetics .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Bioavailability of Drugs ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
2.8 Routes of Administration of Drugs .............................................................................................................................. 26
2.9 What Factors Govern our Choice of Routes of Administration? ................................................................ 27
2.10 Dosage of drugs...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.11 Adverse Reactions ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
2.12 What are the Different Forms of Drugs Available? ............................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
INTRODUCTION TO BIOPHARMACOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 33
3.1 Biopharmacology .................................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 What exactly are ‘recombinant’ biopharmaceutical therapeutics ?............................................................. 33
3.3 Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) ....................................................................................................................................... 34
3.4 Immuno-suppressive Biopharmaceuticals ................................................................................................................. 36
3.5 Anti-cancer Biopharmaceuticals ..................................................................................................................................... 39
3.6 Blood boosting Biopharmaceuticals ............................................................................................................................. 41
3.7 Anti-viral Biopharmaceuticals........................................................................................................................................... 42
3.8 Recombinant Hormones ................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.9 Recombinant Vaccines ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
3.10 New DNA/RNA based Biopharmaceuticals ........................................................................................................... 44
3.11 Gene Replacement Therapy ............................................................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
DISEASE PROCESSES AND BACTERIOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 46
4.1 Pathology .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
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4.2 Bacteriology .............................................................................................................................................................................. 48
4.3 The Infectious Diseases ...................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.4 Drugs Used in Treatment of Infectious Diseases ................................................................................................. 56
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 57
INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 57
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 Antibodies.................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
5.3 Disorders of the Immune System ................................................................................................................................. 59
5.4 Vaccination and Immunisation ........................................................................................................................................ 59
5.5 Drugs of the immune system .......................................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 6 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................................... 62
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 62
6.2 Common Diseases of the Digestive System ........................................................................................................... 67
6.3 Drugs of the Digestive System ....................................................................................................................................... 68
6.4 Surgical Procedures Used in the Digestive System ............................................................................................. 69
CHAPTER 7 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
URINARY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................................................... 70
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 70
7.2 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System ..................................................................................................... 71
7.3 Drugs affecting the Urinary System ............................................................................................................................. 73
7.4 Surgical Techniques Used in the Urinary System ................................................................................................. 75
CHAPTER 8 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 76
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................................... 76
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 76
8.2 Respiratory System Diseases ........................................................................................................................................... 80
8.3 Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Disease ............................................................................................................... 82
8.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Respiratory System ......................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER 9 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 83
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................................. 83
9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 83
9.2 Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine Glands................................................................................................ 86
9.3 Drugs used to treat Endocrine Diseases/Disorders ............................................................................................ 89
9.4 Surgical Procedures Used in the Endocrine System ........................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER 10 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
CARDIOVASCULAR & CIRCULATORY SYSTEM .......................................................................................................... 91
10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 91
10.2 Diseases and disorders of the Cardiovascular System ...................................................................................... 97
10.3 Drugs used to treat the Cardiovascular System .................................................................................................101
10.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Cardiovascular System ................................................................................103
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CHAPTER 11 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 104
NERVOUS SYSTEM..................................................................................................................................................................... 104
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 104
11.2 Disorders of the Nervous System ............................................................................................................................. 109
11.3 Drugs of the Nervous System ..................................................................................................................................... 111
11.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Nervous System............................................................................................. 112
CHAPER 12 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 113
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................... 113
12.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 113
12.2 Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System ..................................................................................... 116
12.3 Drugs used to treat disorders of the Reproductive System ........................................................................ 118
12.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Reproductive System .................................................................................. 119
CHAPER 13 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 120
MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................ 120
13.1 The skeleton and muscular system ........................................................................................................................... 120
13.2 The Muscular System ........................................................................................................................................................ 124
13.3 Diseases of the Skeleton and Muscular System ................................................................................................. 126
13.4 Drugs used in the treatment of disorders of the skeletal and muscular system. ............................. 128
13.5 Surgical Procedures Used In the Musculo-Skeletal System .......................................................................... 129
CHAPTER 14 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 130
SKIN EYES EARS NOSE............................................................................................................................................................. 130
14.1 The Skin ................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
14.2 Diseases of the Skin ........................................................................................................................................................... 131
14.3 Surgical Techniques used on the skin ...................................................................................................................... 133
14.4 The Eye .................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
14.5 Surgical Techniques used in the eye ......................................................................................................................... 135
14.6 The Ear ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 135
14.7 ENT Surgical Techniques ................................................................................................................................................ 138
MRII EXAMINATION ................................................................................................................................................................. 139
Paper One .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Paper Two .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Module Marking Scheme ...................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Overall Examination Marks and Grades ....................................................................................................................................... 141
Paper One Sample Questions ........................................................................................................................................................... 141
Paper Two Sample Questions ........................................................................................................................................................... 143
INDEX ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 145
