Image 01 | World Wide Web Map

Lawrence Technological UniversityCollege Of Architecture and Design

2100 West 10 Mile Rd.Southfi eld MI,48075

2014 © Nigel M JosephAll Rights Reserved

TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject

Introduction.....................................................

Project Management.....................................

Critical Practice.............................................

Th esis I............................................................

Th esis II...........................................................

Design Th eory................................................

Conclusion.....................................................

Index..............................................................

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PREFACE

TYPOLOGY: INITIAL GRADUATE REFLECTION

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Although architectural practice is traditionally celebrated for

its limited focus towards issues of aesthetics, and to a lesser extent, the tectonics of built objects; without the myriad of related and tangential research and practical application efforts of professionals, civic leaders, and academics from a wide range of backgrounds the profession could potentially fall victim to the passing of time and the seemingly ceaseless progression of technology and culture. The practice of architecture has traditionally been linked to foci as far ranging as theory, research, design, and construction. Colloquially celebrated as a “jack of all trades and

a master of none” architects have historically been responsible for the stewardship of our surrounding physical environments, integrating a myriad of varying ephemera architectural thinking and making has traditionally been about networked or systemic organization. More recently however contemporary architectural thinking and making, borrowing from the modern phenomenon of scientific methodology, has become largely dependent on the economic power of linear organization and thinking. Approached in this manner the profession of architecture is typically polarized as either: aesthetic indulgence of the wealthy or economically hyper

efficient construct for the margin. The coursework I have completed during my graduate semesters at Lawrence Technological University (i.e. Project Management, Critical Practice Design Studio, Thesis, and Design Theory) have done a great deal to shift my focus away from the scientifically linear thinking towards a more networked and ubiquitous conception of the profession and the larger surrounding physical environment. The Project Management course introduced the concept of “Scientific Management” as advanced by Frederick Taylor, and Henry Ford during the industrial age. Exploring

the links between architectural project management and scientific management illuminated the manner in which the idea had been borrowed by the architectural profession to serve the economic needs of project constituents. Acknowledging the power of scientific management to optimize economic underpinnings of projects, it must also be stated that architectural projects typically incorporate a much wider array of goals, and measures of success that reach far beyond the limits of financial or technical operating efficiency.Integrating a range of concrete and ephemeral issues not limited to: social, economic, political, environmental,

etc., Architecture works at multiple scales, velocities, locations, times, etc. While monetization is inarguably important to any business organization, the constituent concerns confronting the contemporary field of architectural practitioners requires a much broader, and far less myopic, approach to resolving the diversity of issues they are being confronted with.

INTRODUCTION

Image 03 | Frank Lloyd Wright + Student

4 Preface

studio became less sequential and more ubiquitous and free flowing. Instead if a quintessential concept the project began with several contextual issues, instead of archetypal site design the project sought to excavate and illuminate the existing ecology of the environment, in lieu of design and delivery of a finished object the course sought to establish a design originated call to action that would better serve the broader range of current and evolving community ideals.

Having examined the practical and aesthetic underpinnings of the profession; courses like Design Theory also assisted in expanding the

breadth of the profession beyond the limits of ontologically framed foci. Traditionally conceived of as singularly occurring events along a continuum; the evolution of architectural theory is, conversely, an iterative and ubiquitous process that incorporates a wide array of environmental ephemera. This alternative conception of architectural history as a fluid and interconnected web of perpetually evolving ephemera combined with practical and aesthetic knowledge acquired in courses like Project Management, and Critical Practice assisted greatly in the formation of my graduate thesis project.

Finally, the thesis coursework called into play the full diversity of ideas and skills acquired during the journey through core and elective coursework. The thesis project, an investigation of urban information sensing systems, sought to illuminate the immediacy of future city development means and methods on the contemporary practice of architecture. Oriented towards the expansion of architectural foci, to include real time informatics and data integration, the research advanced a specifically non-traditional understanding of architectural practice and the contemporary importance of the profession.

After exploring the ins and outs of scientific method and its impacts on the profession during the project management course, the Critical Practice Design Studio introduced me to alternative forms of architectural practice. Standing in direct opposition to the traditional Client-Architect-Contractor profit focused architectural business organization are the “Not-For Profit”, “Agency Based Design”, and “Public Interest Design” introduced in the studio coursework. The critical practice studio exploded the contemporary tradition of scientifically linear thinking that began with a concept and ended with a built object. Instead the orientation of the

Image 04 | Contemporary “Integrated” Project Management

Introduction 5

CHAPTER I

TYPOLOGY: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICAL | ELECTIVE COURSEWORK SEMESTER: FALL 2012 PROJECT TITLE: SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT & ARCHITECTURE

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The rise of scientific management in architecture

during the 19th and 20th centuries in the Americas and abroad was realized against a backdrop of radical cultural, fiscal, and socio ethical upheaval. Globally, rapid industrialization and urbanization was centralized in the growing metropolises of the era, and thus had expanded the demand for affordable housing. While the years of war; advanced by fiscal pressure from the military complex and rampant inflation, had prevented cities from tackling these issues before the nineteen hundreds the modernist era

challenge was to build large scale, low cost housing settlements as quickly as possible. In fact, the tight budgetary constraints forced architects to experiment with new forms, materials, and techniques including scientific management.1 Management became a catalyst of successful growth, while the context within which it operated continued to change, shifting from rapid industrialization catalyzed by the industrial military complex, to a capitalist driven society catalyzed by the antagonism of global surplus and deficits. In these new environs scientific management gifted the emergent

global business society sound methods to, “reduce waste and cut costs, and glorify regularity and standardization.”2 Combined with the new capitalist ideology of Monetization, scientific management established the natural outcome of any business as profit, all work as having similar organizational structure, and the authority of science in sublimating all things, opening up a gap for new value. The specific social context of the 19th through 20th centuries, with their increasing demands for housing, and catalyzed by rapid

industrialization, “led to a break with the old role of the architect as the caterer to the tastes of the monarch or the upper class, and paralleled the Scientific Managers desire to make mass consumption widely available and to fix social problems by increasing the size of the pie.”3 Walter Gropius, one of the founders of the modern era, made it clear in the early 1900’s that the new architecture of merging scientific method and aesthetics added value above and beyond what either engineering or art had achieved separately.4 The authority of the new scientifically substantiated

architectural business sublimated the popular social, fiscal, and ethical orientations of the 19th century society establishing an open space within the emerging 20th century society for the evolution of new ideological values posited by the burgeoning systems of capitalization and democratization. Though wildly effective in eschewing the transition from rapid industrialization, through deindustrialization, and on to capitalism the applicability of scientific management has encountered some decisive setbacks at the outset of the present day 21st century globalized monoculture.

Image 05 | Traditional Gantt Project Planning

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

8 Chapter 1

Our 21st century society is largely understood, alternatively, as a conglomeration of multiple variant parts that combine to establish a larger unified structure. The failure of Scientific Management in adjusting to the cumulative nature of new century social organization also opens up room for inconsistencies between industrial era scientific management practices and new century social customs.

While the application of Dr. Frederick Taylor’s principles of Scientific Management, prior to the post modern era, established a practical course of action for

architectural professionals and academics of the industrial age. The question still remains for contemporary practitioners and the larger society whether or not these industrial principles will maintain the same level of validity and impact in the face of new century patterns of socialization. Located within the context of a demilitarizing networked global monoculture that is predicated by multiple complex matrix relationships of perpetual information, and non hierarchical organization Scientific Management subsists in conflict with the multitude of eminent

The emergence of ecological imperatives in the post modern century is but one of the challenges confronting the applicability of industrial scientific management principles on 21st century evolution. Whereas the modern ethical orientation was directed towards, “ideology enforcing sexual and social codification,”5 The 21st century ethical imperative shifts from subjective towards objective concerns directed at environmental, “health and well being.”6 Further exacerbating this contemporary parallax, industrial scientific management is “focused on analysis of tasks and individual performance.”7

issues accepted as precondition to the growth and evolution of 21st century societies.

Image 06 | Contemporary Parametric Gantt Modelling

Project Management 9

CHAPTER II

TYPOLOGY: DESIGN STUDIO | CORE COURSEWORK SEMESTER: SUMMER 2013 PROJECT WHATS THE GAME PLAN

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CRITICAL PRACTICE

Advanced by visiti ng faculty members Interboro Partners

Architects; the summer 2013 Criti cal Practi ce studio course work was concerned largely with the popular issue of “Agency” in architecture. The core objecti ves of the semester’s eff orts involved; 1) uncovering or defi ning impactf ul issues within a given urban context, 2) determining who the key consti tuents are within the region, and lastly 3) developing an architectural response that goes beyond autonomous building, and operates at multi ple levels of socio environmental

stewardship. In response to these objecti ves the project undertaken by our six student group was concerned with the management of waste water resources in the Detroit metropolitan region.

While the goal of the semesters eff ort was oriented towards embracing alternati ve forms of architectural practi ce, the project began with a very traditi onal research process; defi ning the problem. The search for impactf ul issues within the metropolitan Detroit region entailed an extensive review of popular publicati ons, web

resources, and a fair amount of leg work within the varying Detroit neighborhoods to build a diverse catalog of potenti al problems confronti ng the selected region. From these initi al investi gati ons our group uncovered water, electricity, parks, snow removal, etc. as potenti al issues impacti ng the region.

Having accumulated a growing index of potenti al issue, and subsequently selecti ng water resources management as our group focus; the project transiti oned towards establishing a narrati ve for the consti tuents

adversely impacted by water management problems. A range of urban individuals and enti ti es were engaged, interviewed, and further analyzed to gain a fi rmer understanding of how the management of water resources in the metropolitan Detroit area were impacti ng the region and its residents. Informati on was collected, from a variety of urban consti tuents (i.e. Detroit Sewerage and Water Department, Department of Environmental Quality, the River Front Conservancy, the Green Garage Detroit, area residents, etc.) to assist in determining

the level of impact caused by the issues; and to determine viable and equitable soluti ons to engage the issues. From these eff orts emerged the more criti cal focus on the popular issue of metropolitan Detroit storm water and sewerage management.

Finally the course work also required the manifestati on of an alternati ve architectural soluti on to the issue. In our group’s project this materialized in the form of an online and community based informati on and parti cipatory design campaign to catalyze the

Michigan Top 10 Sanitary Sewer Overfl ows 2011 (by county)

County Total (MG)* Events Faciliti es %State Total

Wayne 850.3 26 8 48

St. Clair 605.9 19 2 34

Genesee 107 8 1 0.06

Ionia 55.5 6 1 0.03

Oakland 35.3 11 2 0.02

Macomb 28.47 5 2 0.016

Monroe 10 7 1 0.006

Ingham 5.3 3 1 0.003

Eaton 4.67 6 1 0.0027

Lapeer 3.93 5 1 0.0022

Totals Minus Wayne County

856.1 70 12 48.6

Snow Electricity Water Security

Wayne County Regional Map + Sewerage Infrastructure Overlay + Combined Sewage Overfl ow Photographs

12 Chapter 2

The goal of the semesters coursework; the applicati on of an alternati ve architectural soluti ons was operati onalized by our group in the establishing of an initi al communal “call to acti on” campaign. Furthermore the planned use of a water treatment facility as a civic amenity, was not only alternati ve in functi on, but also aided in creati ng a platf orm upon which proponents of divergent philosophical orientati ons (e.g. neighborhood residents, municipal leaders, and commercial enterprises) could begin to come together in

support of a singular, fl exible, and more equitable soluti on serving the needs of all consti tuents involved. Instead of limiti ng our project to the traditi onal “capstone” building project that seeks to architecturally defi ne (or redefi ne) a geographic locati on; our fi nal project sought to establish a, cross disciplinary, set of shared architecturally craft ed tools with which the metropolitan Detroit region could begin to defi ne (or redefi ne) it own future.

development of an urban runoff water treatment public park located adjacent to the Detroit River. Working at multi ple scales the project sought to increase parti cipati on and educati on of the adjacent community, provide a phased development plan for the realizati on of a Low Impact Development (LID) buff ering the Detroit River to decrease the contaminati on and polluti on caused by storm water runoff , and decrease the current storm water runoff burden on an already overloaded and failing sewerage system.

New Site Design Concept Plan

Project Locati on Map | Wayne County Michigan, Detroit Riverfront Park

Storm Water Management Site Secti ons Low Impact Development ( L.I.D.)

Criti cal Practi ce 13

CHAPTER III

TYPOLOGY: ADVANCED RESEARCH | ADVANCED COURSEWORK

SEMESTER: FALL 2013 REALTIME URBAN USE DATA AND ARCHITECTURE

PROJECT TITLE: SMART CITY SENSOR TECHNOLOGY | BRIDGING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN

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INTERNET OF THINGS

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THESIS I

City planning practice and research has been increasingly

engaged, as of late, with the “Smart City” concept. The complex interweaving of internet communication technology (ICT) and urbanizing geographical regions, smart city urbanism utilizes deployments of sensor technologies to monitor and record urban use information within the rapidly changing physical environments that support contemporary societies and also future city development. Real time urban data resources emerging from smart city sensor initiatives have been employed by a diversity

of academic, professional, and civic entities, however despite the significance of prevailing urban use data in architectural practice and research, there has been a discernible lack of engagement with burgeoning real time data resources by architects. Architects and city planners, the professionals traditionally charged with the duty of stewardship of the physical environment, have historically relied heavily on topical information in the execution of their duty to society. The relationship between the acquisitioning of urban use

information, typically hidden within a cities daily customs, and the application of that usage information, by architects and city planners, in urban development has traditionally been archeologically oriented. While we consistently call upon our architects and city planners to envision and guide the development of our future cities, we have been guilty of supplying them with untimely if not completely antiquated information concerninghow individuals and entities properly utilize their respective urban regions (Berst, 2013). This paradox becomes more readily

Image 09 | “Smart” Urbanism?

Image 10 | Real Time Ubran Usage Data

16 Chapter 3

of the relati onship between architectural professionals and real ti me urban data resources; this investi gati on sought to illuminate the gap between these two disjointed phenomena. By harnessing the real ti me urban use data resources arising from sensor technologies, architects and urban stewards engaged in city planning and development have access to a much broader, more ti mely, and potenti ally more impactf ul set of informati on resources with which to guide the development of contemporary and future citi es globally.

Given the importance of prevailing informati on in architectural practi ce and research; can the real ti me data produced, in perpetuity, by emerging environmental sensor technologies be harnessed to increase the availability of topical urban data resources for practi cing architectural professionals engaged in the stewardship of contemporary citi es and developing urban regions?

apparent when considering the increasing numbers of sensor technologies being put to work in our physical surroundings, which have in turn catalyzed a growth in the availability of real ti me urban usage data.

On the one hand, we have a rapidly expanding quanti ty of real ti me urban data resources emerging from smart city sensor technologies and on the other we have architectural professionals who rely on prevailing urban informati cs within their research and practi ce of city making. Given the estranged nature

Image 11 | Enagaged Architectural ProfessionalsImage 10 | Real Time Ubran Usage Data

?

Thesis I 17

CHAPTER IV

TYPOLOGY: ADVANCED RESEARCH | ADVANCED COURSEWORK SEMESTER: SPRING 2014 REALTIME URBAN USE DATA AND ARCHITECTURE

PROJECT TITLE: SMART CITY SENSOR TECHNOLOGY | BRIDGING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN

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IS II

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THESIS II

Context

The investigation was primarily concerned with real time urban use data resources emerging from the deployment of opportunistic sensing technologies embedded within smart city regions globally. Embedded opportunistic sensors record and report on the traditionally ephemeral and constantly shifting character of an urban region. The data acquired by opportunistic sensing can range from traditional metrics like air temperature to more mystified forms of urban information such as the interaction of individuals in

a shared public space. Assuming the dual roles of host and heuristic the smart city phenomenon both frames and catalyzes the previously discussed core foci of the investigation establishing the over arching context for this research.The real time urban data resources discussed within the context of the investigation were those specifically emerging from the proliferation of embedded opportunistic sensor deployments in smart cities. Real time urban usage data resources included the more familiar forms of urban information such as non-renewable resource consumption (i.e. water, electricity,

fuel, etc.), atmospheric character (i.e. temperature, chemistry, luminosity, etc.), and ecological character (heat island, urban canyon, noise pollution, etc.). In addition to the previous popularly encountered urban data resources; the investigation also sought to illuminate traditionally less tangible forms of urban information becoming increasingly accessible via sensing technology. These data resources included often obscured and ephemeral informatics such as social interrelations (i.e. individual and group spatial interaction, pedestrian movement patterns, building or spatial occupancy

patterns), entity interrelations (i.e. vehicular movement patterns, loading, and capacity etc.), and emergency response (i.e. systemic failure, natural disaster response, emergency egress patterns, etc.)

Problem Statement

The contemporary context of professional architectural engagement in urban stewardship is largely linked to the accessibility and application of topical urban information. Traditionally the information resources used in city making processes have largely been limited to location based

archeological data retrieval methods. While acknowledging the utility of archeological data resources in the traditional management of urban regions, it must also be recognized that the temporal constraints implicit to urban data resources currently available to architects and city planners also introduce practical limitations on their understanding of how individuals and entities are properly using their respective urban surroundings in perpetuity. Charged with the responsibility of stewarding the evolution of our surrounding environment architects and city planning professionals are often

Image 13 | Real Time Urban Use Data Sensing, Real World Applications

20 Chapter 4

and incorporated a triangulated research methodology to structure the eff ort. The triangulated research approach consisted of: 1) criti cal evaluati on of peer reviewed literature seeking to support the immediacy of the issue, 2) analysis of the current fi eld of embedded opportunisti c sensing technologies seeking to provide validati on of the existence and accessibility of both the technology and real ti me urban data, 3) survey of engaged professionals which sought to corroborate the lack of engagement by architectural professionals with sensor technologies and real ti me urban data initi ati ves. Each

porti on of the triangulated strategy was then further refi ned through development of the research to overlap other porti ons of the investi gati on in very controlled instances to provide a cross check and multi ple supports for several core hypotheses that catalyzed the inquiry.

called upon to design the buildings, neighborhoods, citi es and urbanizing regions of the future; yet they are not always properly informed about the things made possible by the interweaving of urbanism and technology (Berst, 2013).

Contributi on

By supplementi ng, traditi onal locati on based archeological urban data resources, with emergent real ti me informati cs architecture and city planning professionals engaged in the stewardship of urban regions

are provided with: 1) access to a broader and more ti mely set of urban data resources allowing for more informed decisions making, 2) a means for visualizing the oft en less tangible socially catalyzed forces of urbanizati on at work in citi es and developing regions, 3) a means for more directly engaging with the ecological forces impacti ng a given geographic region and its consti tuent inhabitants.

Approach

The investi gati on was guided by a central research questi on

Real Time Urban Data Resources

Thesis II 21

CHAPTER V

TYPOLOGY: PHILOSOPHY | CORE COURSEWORK SEMESTER: SPRING 2012 PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AWARENESS

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DESIGN THEORY

Design theory coursework presents graduate students

with the opportunity to criti cally trace the evoluti on of design, from its earliest philosophical roots exemplifi ed in the works of Plato down through the Modern movement demonstrated in the explorati on of Cubist and Diagram theory. Integrati ng a diversity of disciplinary viewpoints the coursework moves fl uidly between philosophy, art, literature, and science to illuminate the evoluti onary path of design. Along with illuminati ng the evoluti onary path of design,

“connecti ng the dots” of history along the lines of precedent phenomena also supports the argument for the complexity, interdependency, and conti nuity of that same phenomena. More important than the ability to simply illuminate historic phenomena in an applied temporal narrati ve is the realizati on that, because of the interdependency and conti nuity implicit to design evoluti on throughout history, what we have illuminated are not in fact disti nct moments in ti me that we can then point to as

exemplary of bounding or beginning to lend defi niti on to the largely irresolvable issues of when or why a design theory phenomena occurs. As exemplifi ed in the following discussion of ethics. Social issues, design, and the recogniti on of an ethics arising within design is traditi onally marked by a moment of historical disti ncti on; while the reality is that ethics like design has evolved throughout history with litt le discernible begging or end:

While social issues were ti tled and ordered during the

Modern era as a result of the rise of psychology and its relocati on from philosophy to the burgeoning fi eld of sciences; “Ethics” and “Social Issues” whether formally recognized or not have formed the foundati on upon which theory has advanced down throughout history. To locate these concepts rigidly within the Modern era does not take into account the work that lead to their recogniti on as argued by professor Philip Plowright, “I’m going to stand by my argument that exact dates are almost irrelevant, … I think that it’s a bit of a myth that we build upon, that we have these absolute moments of beginning and ending.”1 Bothsocial issues and ethics have evolved with theory throughout history.

Though the specifi c defi niti on for ethics will vary by source they all share several similar characteristi cs,” 1) Is the study of human conduct and moral values; 2) May refer to a set of values or moral systems; 3) Comprises duti es and standards of conduct for individuals persons, groups, and professions; 4) Includes writi ngs and treati ses on ethics; and 5) Entails criti cal reasoning with respect to moral considerati ons.”2 In this broader sense it becomes clear that Ethics has formed the structure upon which theory has grown throughout the centuries. Beginning with the platonic search for truth in knowledge, through the struggle to realize a truth in appearance and honesty in character,

500

B.C

.E.

0 500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

Descartes 1596-1650

Socrates 469-399

Aristotle 384-322

Vitruvius 80-15

Pythagoras 579-490 Spinoza 1632-1677

Locke 1632-1704Alberti 1404-1472

Leibniz 1646-1716

Berkley 1685-1753

Hume 1711-1776

Kant 1724-1804

Hegel 1770-1831

Kierkegaard 1813-1855

Marx 1818-1883

Nietzsche 1844-1900

Heidegger 1889-1976

Witt genstein 1889-1954

Traditi onal Linear Evoluti on of Philosophy, Theory, and Social Evoluti on

24 Chapter 5

up to the present day disapprobation lodged against the insincerity of aestheticization in a hyper consumerist culture. Truth, Honesty, Virtue, Character, and Ethics have remained catalyst for the evolution of society it seems since the dawn of time, and as such have been denied, but also furthered by a great many constituents.

Like ethics, social issues have been a part of design theory and philosophy from early history. In Vitruvius’s description of the origins of the dwelling house the architect states, “ … they drew near, and observing that they were very comfortable standing before the

and perpetuity obfuscate all attempts at historical distinction and absolute clarity with respect to design theory. I think this ability to think beyond the boundaries of traditional mental compartmentalization, to comprehend the “larger picture” if you will was the biggest benefit of the design theory course.

warm fire, they put on logs and, while thus keeping it alive, brought up other people too it, showing them by signs how much comfort they got from it,” this narrative gathering, establishes the implications of social issues upon ancient civilizations.3

This orientation towards social ephemera can also be found throughout the historical evolution of design and philosophy from Corbusier’s discussion of the modern dwelling house killing, “… the spirit of the family of the home,”4

to the present day questions of ideology and autonomy as queried by R.E. Somol, “have the zeitgeist theories, and there exhaustion as believable explanations or

justifications of architectural production and form, been replaced with other effective strategies for projecting built form?”5

While the multiplicitous constituent focuses of ethics and society have gained increased specificity over time, to delimit them specifically with a genesis and terminus would not be proper. I think, as described earlier and forwarded by professor Plowright, “it doesn’t really work like that.”6

In fact what we have illuminated is little more than a single strand of the larger complex web of phenomena whose ecological codependence

Image 15 | Force Directed Graph Drawing of Philodophy, Theory, and Social Evolution.

Design Theory 25

CHAPTER VI

TYPOLOGY: CONCLUNDING GRADUATE REFLEFTION

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The biggest lesson I will take away from my experience at Lawrence Technological University concerns the importance of connectivity and ubiquity within the profession. Having experienced a more traditional Beaux-Arts design pedagogy during my undergraduate schooling career the curriculum at Lawrence Technological University allowed me to move beyond the traditional aesthetic and economic constraints that have, in recent years, limited opportunity for architectural professionals. My experiences in the various core and elective courses have given

me a much broader conception of the profession, and the potential for diversity in future architecture business models.

As a profession, Architecture has increasingly been understood in very specific and prescribed terms. Furthermore the professionals who comprise the field of practice have been increasingly marginalized by various forces within and surrounding the profession. While acknowledging the value of traditional architectural specificity and prescription; it is also true that the seemingly

quickening evolution of society, coupled with the rapid growth and dispersion of technology are increasing the complexity of, and speeds at which, we live in our surrounding environment. Instead of further reifying the practice of architecture into the traditional pedagogical dichotomy of technical or aesthetic models of architectural business my graduate experience has illuminated a number of exciting alternative careers made possible via the foundation of integrative architectural thinking and effort.

The Lawrence Technological University graduate curriculum focus on technical and practical sides of architectural practice also went further than merely economic specifications for successful business careers. As discussed earlier, in the project management chapter, with the perpetually changing face of society, commerce, and economics has introduced a new requirement for a more flexible form of architectural business. The Critical Practice and Advanced Design Studio/Thesis coursework offerings while comprised of the standard aesthetics based

design education foci, also include a diversity of practical foci divergent to traditional economic optimization foci. Acknowledgement of precedent aesthetic underpinnings with a practical focus on the present and future development of the architecture profession allows the curriculum at Lawrence Technological University to move beyond the historical limitations implicit to arguments surrounding aesthetics and economics.

Given the increasingly limited role architectural professionals have been

CONCLUSION

Image 17 | The Renaissance “Architect”

28 Chapter 6

architecture business models, etc. LTU inarguably presents students with a diverse array of potential architectural career foci for graduating professionals.

While the curriculum foci and subject matter was successful throughout my time at LTU, the management and administration of the graduate school curriculum was far less so. While the professional core courses were well managed and executed the design studios and the critical practice studio (especially) were horribly managed and executed by the university

staff. Having said that I must also state in full disclosure that during my time at the university the college of architecture did undergo a major shift in faculty and administration, so this may or may not have been the source of all the lacking communication, misdirection, disorderliness that was experienced.

Finally, looking forward, my time at LTU has left me with a definitive focus and direction that I would like to take my architectural career, that being urban information and data systems. The alternative foci in

architectural practices that I have been exposed to during my time at LTU have opened new ways of understanding and interfacing with the practice and design of architecture that I had previously never imagined, and for that I will be forever indebted to the COAD at LTU. My plans after graduation include going back to work in the profession (obviously), I begin my licensing exams this fall, and I will also be applying to Doctoral programs in information sciences in an attempt to earn a PHD in a related field.

assuming since the beginning of the profession, the education experience provided by the Lawrence Technological University is a valuable one for graduating professionals. Incorporating a diversity of views both traditional and non-traditional the curriculum does a good job of establishing a foundation of knowledge, supplemented by research and application in a wide diversity potential career foci explicitly understood as either architectural, or tangentially related to the field. Exploring emerging ideas like public interest design, agency based architecture, and not-for-profit

Image 18 | Lawrence Technological University Technology Learning Center UTLC Building Entry/Exit

Conclusion 29

INDEXIMAGES

01 World Wide Web Maphtt p://ranebalslev.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/1105841711.LGL_.2D.4000x4000.png

02 Intro imagehtt p://dallesdagbog.fi les.wordpress.com/2013/01/2_3.jpg

03 Frank Lloyd Wright + Student(intro Chapter)htt p://arizonaexperience.org/sites/arizonaexperience.org/fi les/base_images/frank-lloyd-wright_frank-lloyd-wright-at-taliesin-west-studio-1955-by-john-amaranti des.jpg

04 Modern Meeti ng (intro chapter)htt p://blog.lpainc.com/Portals/41094/images/C--Users-rveturis-Pictures-Integrated-Project-Delivery-in-real-ti me-at-LPA.jpg

05 Visitor Center Project Schedule (PM Chapter)htt p://fsbaeblog.fi les.wordpress.com/2013/12/cn-visitor-center-schedule.jpg

06 Grasshopper Gantt Chart (pm chapter)htt p://api.ning.com/fi les/7pl2gMgdV-D78tvOit2tWk3Kki2WApIcqBbSM8cXtKJ4kevgbeskTLJP8M2sAVEY0aInvXDP1rIC30jo-GFRfKOnnQbhvLjS/130608grasshoppergantt chart.png?width=737&height=438

07 Criti cal Practi ce Cover Image (protect the Detroit river)htt p://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ItCokbN6kp8/UYEY2zLrGfI/AAAAAAAAHRE/n61I7EpSGkM/s1600/DSC05100.JPG

08 Thesis I (Internet of Things)htt p://photos1.meetupstati c.com/photos/event/3/d/b/0/highres_358455792.jpeg

09 Texti ng at the Dinner Tablehtt p://coolravings.ca/archives/1654

11 Guy at workstati onhtt p://www.frensch.de/uploads/pics/Stefan_Arbeitsplatz_01.jpg

10 Blu Tooth Streethtt p://www.libelium.com/libelium-images/generico2/bluetooth_street_big.png

12 Agent Based Model (Thesis II Chapter intro)htt ps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=htt p%3A%2F%2Fwww.grasshopper3d.com%2Fforum%2Ftopics%2Fgis-import-uti lity&ei=Jc_AU-vZIsWxyASx8IKwAg&usg=AFQjCNEWY87lEtBkv25DJrPsltH1NhGD1w&sig2=lrfgTzfumKBbi3Lk3GLb3g

Grasshopper (Thesis II Chapter intro)htt p://rollinginboston.bostonbiker.org/fi les/2012/04/Bike-Wheel-Grasshopper-Defi niti on.png

13 Libellium Smart worldhtt p://images.libelium.es/content/applicati ons/libelium_smart_world_infographic_big.png

14 Plato (design theory intro)htt p://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Plato_Pio-Clementi no_Inv305_n2.jpg

15 A Force-directed Graph Drawing based on the Hierarchical Individual Timestep Methodhtt ps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=htt p%3A%2F%2Fwww.kecl.ntt .co.jp%2Fas%2Fmembers%2Ftatsushi%2FGALLERY%2FGRAPH%2FvsLGL.html&ei=otHAU662DM6NyAT_-YCQAw&usg=AFQjCNFusqRft u5MABytyfNm1j-4Qbdp8w&sig2=phWzzTnE3eUGVQ4g3ngALw

16 LTU image (quad)htt p://technews.ltu.edu/wp-content/themes/ltu/wallpaper/quad_1920x1200.jpg

17 Anatomy Leonardo Davincihtt p://www.wallpapergate.com/wallpaper25364.html

18 LTU UTLC Exteriorhtt p://onlinedegrees.ltu.edu/wp-content/themes/ltu/images/slider-2.jpg

30

CITATIONS

Chapter 11. Guillen, Mauro F. The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical: Scienti fi c Management and the rise of modernist architecture. New Jersey, Princeton University Press. 2006. (p. 27) Print

2. Ibid (p. 19)

3. Guillen, Mauro F. “Scienti fi c Managements Lost Aestheti c: Architecture, Organizati on, and the Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical.” Administrati ve Science Qaurterly; Dec 97 Vol. 42 Issue 4, (p. 689). EBSCO. 10 October 2012. Web.

4. Gropius, Walter “Principles Of Bauhaus Producti on [Dessau]” & “New Ideas On Architecture”, in Ulrich Conrads & Michael Bullock, Programs and Manifestoes on 20th Century Architecture, 15th ed. Cambridge, The MIT Press. 1975. (p. 47 & 95) Print5. Zizek, Slavoj. The Year of Dreaming Dangerously. London: Verso, 2012 (p. 51) Print

6. Ibid

7. Guillen, Mauro F. The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical: Scienti fi c Management and the rise of modernist architecture. New Jersey, Princeton University Press. 2006. (p. 19) Print

Chapter 3Berst, J. (2013, 8 14). Why architects may mess up smart citi es for the rest of us. Retrieved 11 2, 2013, from Smart Citi es Council Web site: htt p://smartciti escouncil.com/arti cle/why-architects-may-mess-smart-citi es-rest-us

Chapter 4Berst, J. (2013, 8 14). Why architects may mess up smart citi es for the rest of us. Retrieved 11 2, 2013, from Smart Citi es Council Web site: htt p://smartciti escouncil.com/arti cle/why-architects-may-mess-smart-citi es-rest-us

Chapter 51. Plowright, Philip. “Module 13.” Lawrence Tech University, Southfi eld. Feb. 2012 Lecture

2. Wasserman, Barry L., Patrick Sullivan, and Gregory Palermo. Ethics and the Practi ce of Architecture. New York: Wiley, 2000. 25. Print.

3. Vitruvius, Pollio, and M. H. Morgan. Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture. New York: Dover Publicati ons, 1960. 38. Print.

4. Le, Corbusier. Towards a New Architecture. New York: Dover Publicati ons, 1986. 122. Print.

5. Somol, Robert E; Ed. Autonomy and Ideology: Positi oning an Avant-Garde in America. New York: Monacelli, 1997. 24. Print

6. Plowright, Philip. “Module 13.” Lawrence Tech University, Southfi eld. Feb. 2012 Lecture

Index 31

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