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DNA Tribes® Digest September 1, 2012

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DNA Tribes® Digest September 1, 2012 Page 1 of 12

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Table of Contents:

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Genetic Links in the East Mediterranean (STR and SNP) .............................................................. 2

Historical Background: Canaan in the Copper and Bronze Age Periods ............................... 2 STR Analysis of the East Mediterranean ................................................................................ 5 SNP Analysis of East Mediterranean Populations .................................................................. 7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 9

SNP Update and Back to School SNP Sale .................................................................................. 10

Introduction

Hello, and welcome to the September 2012 issue of DNA Tribes® Digest. This month’s article includes genetic analysis of the East Mediterranean (Levant) based on autosomal STR and SNP data.

The historical background highlights two early periods: the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, when semi-migratory traders and pastoralists carried new ideas along trade networks linking the Southern Levant and North Euphrates. Migrations during these periods shaped the Bronze Age populations of Canaan, which became the common ancestors of later Phoenicians, Israelites, and other cultures of the East Mediterranean. We are also pleased to announce a new update for DNA Tribes® SNP analysis, including several new features. For a limited time, we are offering special Back to School Sale pricing for new SNP Analysis orders (Sale Price $39.99) and SNP Updates (Sale Price $19.99), available at http://dnatribes.com/snp.html.

Best regards, Lucas Martin DNA Tribes

DNA Tribes® is on Facebook. Find us at http://facebook.com/DNAtribes

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By the Late Bronze Age (the 1300’s BCE), a distinctively Canaanite civilization had emerged in the East Mediterranean, attested in early Semitic writings such as the Amarna Letters and Ras Shamra texts. Early Canaanites participated in two important trade networks: one linking coastal Anatolia (highlighted blue in Figure 3), and another connected to the Nile Valley (highlighted red in Figure 3). Cyprus played a key role in these trade relationships, bringing the East Mediterranean in contact with the adjacent Aegean (Mycenaean) civilization.7 Hints of Middle Bronze Age links with more distant cultures still lingered in the form of Hurrian and Indic personal names, such as Suwardata and Abdi-Heba. However, the migratory waves of the Middle Bronze Age were by this time integrated in a local Canaanite culture whose local rulers were subject to New Kingdom Egypt. In the subsequent Iron Age (c. 1200 BCE), these Egyptianized settlements of lowland Canaan were displaced by two cultural groups: (1) Local semi-pastoralist cultures of the Canaanite highlands and Transjordan (sometimes identified as Shasu or Proto-Israelites); (2) An influx of Aegean (Philistine) cultures, possibly originating as “Sea Peoples” from Cyprus or Coastal Anatolia.8 Material Culture Possible Origin Cultural Links Mentions in Written Sources

Lowland Canaanites

Local (Autochthonous).

Egyptian (New Kingdom) Administrators.

Amarna Letters; Ugaritic languagetexts (Epic of Aqhat, etc.).

Highland Canaanites

Local (Autochthonous).

Emergent Proto‐Israelites; Transjordan.

Apiru; Shashu.

Philistines Cyprus or Coastal Anatolia.

Aegean (Mycenaean) Settlers. Sea Peoples.

Table 1: The three cultural groups that emerged in Canaan in the Iron Age (after 1200 BCE). Interactions among these three groups of cultures (summarized in Table 1) were later described in the Hebrew Bible, which emphasized Israelite links with the semi-nomadic patriarchs of Canaan. For instance, the Israelite leader Joshua was described as erecting a circle of twelve stones (symbolizing the twelve tribes of ancient Israel) near the Jordan River, similar to Bronze Age monuments such as the Rujm el-Hiri (Gilgal Rephaim) near the Sea of Galilee. Similarly, archaeologists have emphasized the continuity of local Canaanite material cultures from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age Israelite and Phoenician cultures (with no archaeological evidence of major migrations since the Middle Bronze Age). That is, despite apparent differences in time period and cultural practices,9 the figures of both the Amarna Letters (Suwardata, Abdi-Hebta, et.al.) and the Hebrew Bible (Joshua, et. al.) probably shared ancestral origins in local populations resident in Canaan since the Bronze Age. Given this continuity of local Canaanite material cultures, the following analysis will assess the genetic components of East Mediterranean populations with reference to trade and migration links dating to the Bronze Age, as well as Aegean settlements during the early Iron Age. This will include genetic components shared with neighboring regions of West Asia, as well as more distant regions of Europe, Africa, and South Asia.

7 For more information about these trade networks, see Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity by Ann E. Killebrew. 8 Ibid. See also Archaeology of the Land of the Bible by Amihai Mazar. 9 For instance, pig bones (abundant in Philistine settlements) are absent in the highland settlements of Iron Age Canaan. This might express religious practices, as well as practical adaptations to semi-nomadic lifeways (for instance, also typical of the Andronovo culture; see E. E. Kuzmina, The Prehistory of the Silk Road p. 60).

DNA Tribes® Digest August 1, 2012





STR Analysis of the East Mediterranean

Genetic contributions to East Mediterranean populations (including Druze, Greek Cypriot,

Jordanian, Northern Arab, Palestinian, and Syrian samples) were identified using autosomal STR data.10 Results are summarized in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 4.

Region Related Populations Estimated Contribution

(%)

Mesopotamian Adyghe; Anatolian Turkish; Armenian; General Turkish; Georgian; Iranian; and Kurdish.

39.8%

Arabian Arabian Peninsula; Iraq; Gulf Arabs. 25.3%

Greek Greeks (not including Cypriots); Sicilians. 15.1%

Basque Basques. 9.7%

North African Berbers and other Northwest Africans. 7.0%

Other 3.1% Table 2: STR based genetic contributions to East Mediterranean populations (including Druze, Greek Cypriot, Jordanian, Northern Arab, Palestinian, and Syrian samples). This analysis excluded contributions from the local Levantine region.

Discussion: Results in Table 2 indicate genetic links with several neighboring world regions. The largest genetic link (39.8%) is with the Mesopotamian STR region (which includes populations from Adyghe, Anatolian Turkish, Armenian, General Turkish, Georgian, Iranian, and Kurdish populations). This genetic link might express ancient patterns of migration and trade contacts between the Canaan and highland West Asia.

The northern orientation of these genetic links suggests an important role for early semi-nomadic pastoralists and traders, similar to the Apiru and Shasu described in Bronze Age texts and the Hebrew patriarchs described in Biblical narratives. In particular, this might suggest an early role for Anatolian and Caucasus Mountains related cultures (such as Kura-Araxes) in helping shape the genetic landscape of the East Mediterranean.

Results also indicate genetic links with the Arabian region (25.3%) that includes the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf Arabs. This might in part express genetic links with early city-states along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, as well as contacts with early semi-nomadic populations near the Arabian Desert. Other southern links include North African (7.0%), which might express contacts via both the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt.

In addition, results identify Greek (15.1%) and Basque (9.7%) genetic links. These links suggest maritime contacts between the Levant and populations of the Aegean and Iberian Peninsula. These genetic relationships might reflect the Late Bronze Age trade links with Mycenaean cultures of the Aegean and Crete, as well as the Iron Age “Sea Peoples” linked Philistine settlements.

10For more information about DNA Tribes® STR based 15, 21, and 27 Marker Kit tests, see http://dnatribes.com/index.html.

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SNP Analysis of East Mediterranean Populations

Regional components of East Mediterranean populations and several Jewish communities were

identified based on autosomal SNP data (excluding local East Mediterranean and Egyptian admixture components).11 Results are summarized in Tables 3-4 and illustrated in Figure 5.

Population Iberian North

CaucasusPersian Arabian

North African

NW Eur.

Balochi Horn of Africa

West Afr.

Other

Armenian 19.5% 37.3% 33.3% 9.3% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Assyrian 16.1% 27.6% 42.2% 12.0% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Cyprus 35.6% 28.0% 14.1% 13.8% 8.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Druze 23.7% 19.8% 25.8% 18.4% 10.1% 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Egypt (Sample 1) 14.4% 6.1% 16.7% 22.2% 21.8% 0.0% 0.0% 15.6% 2.6% 0.6%

Egypt (Sample 2) 14.8% 4.3% 20.6% 17.6% 26.7% 0.0% 0.0% 13.9% 1.7% 0.4%

Jordan 14.9% 16.8% 24.4% 18.9% 15.7% 0.0% 3.8% 5.6% 0.0% 0.0%

Lebanon 23.7% 16.2% 25.2% 13.4% 10.8% 0.0% 5.1% 5.5% 0.0% 0.2%

Palestinian 17.6% 13.7% 24.5% 20.4% 15.1% 0.0% 1.0% 7.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Samaritan 13.1% 17.6% 34.1% 16.1% 19.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Syria 21.8% 22.8% 24.2% 17.4% 8.3% 0.0% 2.3% 3.2% 0.0% 0.0%

Turkey 19.1% 34.1% 37.0% 4.9% 1.4% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 2.7%

Average (East Mediterranean)

19.5% 20.4% 26.8% 15.4% 11.7% 0.0% 1.3% 4.3% 0.4% 0.3%

Ashkenazi Jewish 38.3% 18.4% 11.5% 10.6% 8.4% 12.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Jewish Azerbaijan 16.7% 38.5% 23.6% 14.2% 2.6% 0.0% 4.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Jewish Georgia 12.6% 36.8% 20.9% 19.2% 8.9% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Jewish Iran 8.2% 29.2% 31.8% 20.2% 3.7% 0.0% 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Jewish Iraq 17.8% 20.4% 30.5% 18.3% 6.3% 0.0% 6.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Jewish Morocco 41.9% 10.2% 16.5% 11.4% 19.5% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Jewish Yemen 16.5% 1.8% 24.8% 38.6% 10.4% 0.0% 0.0% 7.8% 0.0% 0.0%

Sephardic Jewish Bulgaria 40.9% 12.3% 17.1% 13.7% 10.6% 5.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Sephardic Jewish Turkey 41.6% 16.4% 14.4% 13.4% 13.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

Average (Jewish Communities)

26.0% 20.5% 21.2% 17.7% 9.4% 2.1% 2.2% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0%

Table 3: Genetic components of individual East Mediterranean populations and several Jewish communities tracing descent from ancient Israel (excluding local East Mediterranean and Egyptian admixture components).

11 The analysis in this article is based on regional components of whole populations (not individuals). For more information including analysis of average individuals in these populations not excluding local components, see http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-snp-admixture-2012-08-01.pdf.






Population Iberian North

Caucasus Persian Arabian

North African

NW Eur.

Balochi Horn of Africa

West Afr.

Other

Average (East Mediterranean)

19.5% 20.4% 26.8% 15.4% 11.7% 0.0% 1.3% 4.3% 0.4% 0.3%

Average (Jewish Communities)

26.0% 20.5% 21.2% 17.7% 9.4% 2.1% 2.2% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0%

Table 4: Averages of the genetic components of East Mediterranean and Jewish populations. Discussion: Results in Tables 3 and 4 indicate several genetic components for general East Mediterranean populations:

These included genetic links with the Iberian region (average 19.5%) that includes populations of present day Spain and Portugal, as well as Basques, Northern Italy, Sardinia, and to some extent France and the Balkan Peninsula. These Iberian genetic links suggest contacts with West Mediterranean populations. For instance, early Mediterranean links might have included Iron Age Sea Peoples (Philistine) related settlers from Cyprus and coastal Anatolia.

North Caucasus links (average 20.4%) were found in ethnic groups throughout the East Mediterranean, possibly expressing genetic traces of ancient trade networks and migrations via the Transcaucasus (attested since the Copper Age). Similarly, Persian components related to Kurdish, Turkmen, and Iranian populations (average 26.8%) might express links with the West Asian highlands that also date to early periods.

Genetic links with southerly populations include Arabian (average 15.4%), North African (11.7%), and Horn of Africa (average 4.3%). These components are largest for the Egyptian samples, suggesting that Nile Valley populations might have mediated contacts between East Mediterranean (Canaanite) populations and southerly regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.

Notably, results also identify a small Balochi component (average 1.3%) for some East Mediterranean populations, such as Lebanon (5.1%), Jordan (3.8%), and Druze (2.2%). This suggests the possibility of some links with South Asian populations, possibly reflecting early trade contacts between the city-states of Mesopotamia and the Harappan civilization. Cultural traces of these contacts might have included the use of Indic personal names in Canaan during the Bronze Age, possibly transmitted by Hurrian related Apiru (migratory populations).

Comparison of general East Mediterraneans and Jewish Diasporic communities: Most of the

genetic components identified for general East Mediterraneans (including Iberian, North Caucasus, Persian, Arabian, North African, and Balochi components) are also identified Jewish Diasporic communities (see comparison in Table 4).

These shared genetic components might in part express common ancestry from ancient Canaanite populations of the Late Bronze Age, which later diverged to become early Israelites, Phoenicians, Moabites, Ammonites, and other ethnic groups during the Iron Age. Further, these results are consistent with traditional accounts describing early migrations of the Hebrew patriarchs near the Northern Euphrates, as well as archaeological evidence for similar migrations during the Copper Age and Middle Bronze Age.

In contrast, a Horn of Africa regional component is identified for some East Mediterranean populations (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinians, and Syria) but not identified for most Jewish populations (except for Yemeni Jewish) or some East Mediterraneans (such as Armenians, Assyrians, Cyprus, Druze, Samaritans, or Turkey). This suggests that Horn of Africa components might not have been present in all ancestral populations of ancient Canaan.

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Documents

Table of Contents: Introduction - DNA Tribes Hyksos, K he cultural or ew language and technical nturies later ond the Euph ests a key r, by transmitt Figure 3: Br Biblical Peop aeology