Table of Contents

Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Bonding in Metals

Atoms and Bonding

Elemental EffectsThe table lists some elements found in the compounds used in rockets. It shows the effects these elements produce.

Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

Electron Dot DiagramsThe valence electrons of an atom are shown as dots around the symbol of the element. Complete the electron dot diagram for neon.

Periodic Table of the ElementsThe periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. The number of valence electrons also increases from left to right across a period. What is the number of valence electrons for each group?

Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

The symbols for the elements in Periods 2 and 3 are shown below. Complete the electron dot diagrams for nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and argon.

Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

Groups of Elements

Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table

Summary• The number of valence electrons increases from left to right across

the periodic table• Each period begins with an element that has 1 valence electron and

ends with an element that has 8 valence electrons• Elements within a group always have the same # of valence

electrons and therefore similar properties*• The reactivity of metals decreases from left to right across the

periodic table• Hydrogen shares e-• Metals lose e-• Metalloids lose or share an e-• Non metals gain or share an e-

*hydrogen is the exception

Ionic Bonds

How Ions FormAn atom that loses one of its electrons becomes a positively charged ion. The atom that gains the electron becomes a negatively charged ion.

IonsThe table lists the names of some common ions, their charges, and their symbols.

Ionic Bonds

Formation of an Ionic BondFollow the steps to see how an ionic bond forms between a sodium atom and a chlorine atom. Complete the electron dot diagrams.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

A Maze of IonsWhat are three pairs of oppositely charged ions? What would the electron dot diagrams be for the ionic compounds?

Use the periodic table to complete the table.

Ionic Bonds

HaliteIons in ionic compounds are arranged in three-dimensional shapes called crystals. Some have a cubic shape.

Ionic Bonds

GalenaGalena, or lead sulfide (PbS), has a structure similar to that of table salt.

Ionic Bonds

Sharing ElectronsBy sharing 2 electrons in a covalent bond, each fluorine atom gains a stable set of 8 valence electrons. Which are the shared electrons that form a covalent bond between the 2 fluorine atoms?

Covalent Bonds

Covalent BondsAtoms can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.

Covalent Bonds

How do Oxygen and Carbon Bond to form Carbon Dioxide?

Melting Points of Molecular and Ionic CompoundsWhat information from the table helps to make a bar graph of the melting points of molecular and ionic compounds?

Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar and Polar Bonds Hydrogen forms a nonpolar bond with another hydrogen atom. In hydrogen fluoride, fluorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does. The bond formed is polar.

Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar and Polar MoleculesBoth carbon dioxide and water molecules contain polar bonds. Where would + and - signs be placed to show positive and negative charges?

Covalent Bonds

Metallic Bonding- Many of the properties of metals can be explained by understanding the way they bond:When metals bond with atoms of other elements they lose valence e- and become positive ions because they do no hold onto their e- tightly.

The positively charged metal ions are embedded in a “sea” of valence electrons which drift among them and they are free to move which allows metals to be: conductive, lustrous malleable and ductile.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding Determines the Properties of a SubstanceComplete the information, using water and sodium chloride as examples.

Covalent Bonds