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Theory of Evolution. Chapter 15. Table of Contents. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Section 3 Evolution in Action. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought. Chapter 15. What is Evolution. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Theory of EvolutionChapter 15
Table of Contents
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
What is Evolution
• Evolution is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types.– Ex. Giraffes’ long necks.
• Evolution does NOT deal with individuals, but with entire populations
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals
Chapter 15
The Idea of Evolution, continued
• Who is Charles Darwin?– An English naturalist who traveled around the
world on a ship called the Beagle and went on to form one of the most important theories in Biology: Evolution.
• Ideas of Darwin’s Time– Started in 17th and 18th centuries– Because geologists and naturalists started
comparing geologic processes, fossils, and living animals around the world.
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
The Idea of Evolution, continued
• Ideas about Geology– Among geologists, Cuvier (a French anatomist) promoted
the idea of catastrophism by studying and reconstructing fossil.
– Catastrpphism is the idea that sudden geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms at certain points in the past.
– Lyell (english geologist) promoted the idea of uniformitarianism. Which is the idea that the geologic processes that have changed the shape of Earth’s surface in the past continue to work in the same ways.
– Darwin used these ideas when he studied around the world.
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
The Idea of Evolution, continued
• Lamarck’s Ideas on Evolution– Among naturalists, Lamarck (French Biologist)
proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolution.
• He thought simple organisms could arise from nonliving matter, and simple forms developed into complex forms. He thought individuals could acquire traits and pass them down.
– Ex. Maggots• The idea Is no longer accepted.
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Ideas
• Descent with Modification– Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which
he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution (decent with modification).
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Voyage
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Ideas, continued
• Natural Selection– Organisms in a population adapt to their
environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases.
– Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness (an measure of an individual’s heredity contribution to the enxt generation).
• Ex. Zebras
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Natural Selection
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Also known as Differential Reproduction.
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Adaptation
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record
• Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy and development, and biological molecules.
• Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions.
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record, continued
• The Age of Fossils– Geologic evidence supports theories about the
age and development of Earth. – Sometimes fossils are compared to other fossils
and told as a relative age.– Other times fossils are given an actual number
usually due to radioactive dating.• The Distribution of Fossils
– The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time.
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record, continued
• Superposition– The idea that rock strata (layers) are ordered
oldest on the bottom, youngest on top as long as the location has not been disturbed.
• Transitional Species– Fossils of transitional species show evidence of
descent with modification.
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Section 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 15
Evidence of Whale Evolution
Chapter 15
Biogeography
• Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification.– Ex. Animals of Australia
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Anatomy and Physiology• In organisms, analogous
structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins.
• Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin.
• Ex. Forelimbs of humans, penguins, alligators, and bats.
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
•A species with a vestigial structure probably shares
ancestry with a species that has a functional form of
the structure.
Click above to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Vestigial Features
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Related species show similarities in embryological
development.
Click above to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Similarities in Embryology
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Biological Molecules
• Biological Molecules– Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological
molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history.
• Developing Theory– Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with
other advances in biological knowledge. – Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue
to be proposed and investigated.
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Hemoglobin Comparison
Chapter 15
Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards
• Ongoing examples of evolution among living organisms can be observed, recorded, and tested.
• In convergent evolution, organisms that are not closely related resemble each other because they have responded to similar environments.
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards, continued• Divergence and Radiation
– In divergent evolution, related populations become less similar as they respond to different environments.
– Adaptive radiation is the divergent evolution of a single group of organisms in a new environment.
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Comparing Convergent andDivergent Evolution
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Natural Selection of Anole Lizard Species
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Artificial Selection
• The great variety of dog breeds is an example of artificial selection.
Coevolution
• The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria is an example of coevolution in progress.
Section 3 Evolution in Action
